Author: Partha Das Sharma, E.Mail:, Website

AUTHOR: PARTHA DAS SHARMA, E.mail: sharmapd1@gmail.
com,
Website: http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com
COASTAL EROSION
1. Coastal Processes.
2. Coastal Land forms
3. Impacts and Hazards on Coasts.
4. Prevention Methods used.

Coastal Erosion
o Erosion is when wind, water, and ice take
sediments away.
o Erosion on coasts by wind and water.
o Water is major agent of erosion.
o About 21% of all erosion in done by coastal

erosion.
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Coastal Processes
o Currents and Waves.
o Swash and Backwash of waves.
o Tides and Tidal Currents.
o Rip Currents.
o Long Shore drift.
o Hurricanes and Tsunami.
o Abrasion & Attrition.
o Corrosion (Salutation).
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Waves and Currents
o A wave is a disturbance
that propagates through
space and time.
o Current is a continuous
flow of water in a
particular direction.
o Both contains
characteristics of Crest
and Trough.
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Swash and Back wash
o Swash is the water
that washes up on
shore after an
incoming wave has
broken.
o Also called as
constructive current.
o Backwash current is a
seaward current that
results from the
receding swash.
o Also called destructive
current.
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Swash and Back wash
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Tides and Tidal currents
o Tidal bulge combine with
daily earth’s rotation
creates broad system of
waves.
o Cause by the gravitational

action.
o Mainly because of moon

and sun.
o Incoming tides and out

going tides.
o Neap and Lunar tides.
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Rip Currents
o Fast, narrow surface
currents.
o Flow seaward at nearly

right angles to shore.
o Mainly in surfing zone.
o Move back to sea by

narrow paths.
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Long Shore Drift
o The movement of
sediments along a
beach or shore by
currents.
o Having a particular
direction.
o Mainly cause by Long

shore currents.
o Swash and Backwash

are major Phenomena.
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Hurricane and Tsunami
Hurricane
o A tropical cyclonic storm
with winds having speed
>120km/hour.
o Mostly hit in late summers
and fall.
Tsunami
o A short period disturbance
create by submarine earth
quake or volcanic vent.
o The waves more than
100feet, might possibly
rise.
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Abrasion & Attrition(Corrasion)
Abrasion.
o The waves pick up the
sediment & hurl it
against the cliffs (uses
the sediment as
ammunition).
Attrition
o As the sediment is
hurled against the cliff,
bits are chipped off,
the sediment gets
smaller & rounder
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Corrosion (Salutation)
o Salt & other
chemicals in sea
water attack &
dissolve the cliffs.
o The cliffs mainly of

limestone and
calcium rich are
mainly effected.
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Coastal Land Forms.
o Headlands and Bay Mouth Bars.
o Barrier islands and Barrier Reef.
o Atolls and Reef Flats.
o Fore shore and Back shore.
o Berms and Spits.
o Cliffs, Crack or Inlet.
o Caves and Arches.
o Stack and Stump.
o Wave Cut Platform
o Tombolos
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Headlands and Bay mouth Bars.
Headlands
o A headland is an area of
land adjacent to water on
three sides.
o Where the rock is hard a
Headland is left
outstanding.
Bay mouth bars

o A shallow bar, extends
partially or completely
across the mouth of bay.
o Where there is softer rock
erosion carves out a bay.
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Barrier Island and Barrier Reef
Barrier Island
o Elongate ridges of sand
and gravel parallel to
coasts, forms at long
shallow shelf.
o Separated from mainland
by shallow lagoon.
Barrier Reef
o Coral reef that parallel to
shore.
o Separated by open water.
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Atolls and Reef Flats.
Atoll
o A ring shaped coral
reef, encloses a lagoon.
o Grows upward from
submerged volcanic
peak.
Reef Flats
o A platform of coral
fragments and sands.
o Exposed only in low
tidal zone.
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Fore Shore and Back Shore.
o Fore shore is the shore between low and high tide lines.
o This area continuously attacked by currents and waves.
o Back shore is the inner portion of the shore that is land
ward having gentle sloping.
o It is only attacked by waves during high tides and in
severe storms.
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Berms and Spits
Berms
o Horizontal portion of a
beach whose edge
abruptly slopes seaward.
o Located in Back shore
zone.
Spits
o A narrow strip of land,
usually of sand.
o Whose one end attached
with mainland and ends
in water.
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Cliffs, Crack or inlet
o A cliff is a steep, often
vertical, rock outcrop
along a coast.
o The waves erode the rock
through processes such
as hydraulic action and
corrosion.
o Wave attack picks out
cracks, joints &
weaknesses in the cliff.
o With time these
weaknesses are widened,
to form inlets or Goes
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Caves and Arches.
o The inlets with

time further
opened due to
action of currents
and waves form
Caves.
o The hole broken
through the rock
makes an arch
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Stack and Stump.
o A pillar of rock
surrounded by sea is
left as a stack.
o Pressure is put on the
arch roof until it
collapses.
o Waves undercut the

base of the stack until
only a rock stump is
left.
o Stump then disappears
later on due to wave
attacks
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Wave cut Platform
o The cliff above the
wave cut notch
eventually collapses
leaving the cliff further
back.
o Repeat this process &

a wave cut platform is
left at the cliff foot,
indicating retreat
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Tombolos
o Derived from an Italian

word means"long
chain of rocks “.
o It is a deposition
landform in which an
island is attached to
the mainland by a
narrow piece of land
such as a spit or bar.
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Impacts and Hazards on Coasts
o Plate Tectonic Impacts.

Due to the movement and collision of
Plates.
o Human made impacts.

Due to Man made artificial structure
and human activity.
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Plate Tectonic Impacts
o Divergent/Convergent plate
boundaries possess steep
continental shelves
o Passive Continental Margins-
have broad continental shelves
and have beaches with spit
o Island Arcs can protect coastlines
o Allows deltas to form
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Human Impacts on Coastline
o Retention walls, groins, and
Revetments all cause large bulk
deposition of sediment somewhere.
o Other areas lose beach sand
o Development destroys vital shoreline
vegetation
o Water and petroleum pumping cause
subsidence
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Hazards Related to Coasts
o Mass wasting.
o Danger to Urbanization.
o Danger to Marine life.
o Permanent Changes in Topography.
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Mass Wasting.
1. Include mainly land slide.
o Land slide causes the sediments to erode in a large bulk.
o Triggered due to hurricanes, Tsunamis.
o Results are heavy loss of property.
2. Process of Rock fall.

o When a hard cliff is under cut by waves the bulk of rocks fall
under the influence of gravity.
o The Speed of fall might exceeds about 500km/hour.
o Cause structures to subside and heavy turbulence in water.
o Triggered coastal floods.
3. Toppling.
o Rotation of a mass of rock, debris, or earth outward from a steep
slope face is called Toppling.
o Toppling also produce turbidity and might also destroy structures
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Danger to Urbanization
o Heavy loss of property taken place every year.
o Loss of life also taken place.
o Oil spillage during extreme storms may also cause various

diseases.
o Sea water intrusions with drinking water bodies also a

major hazard
o Different under ground structures might become exposed

and become collapsed.
o The Most Effected urban countries of world is Holland and

Japan.
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Danger to Marine life.
o The marine life specially the shelf marine
life heavily suffer.
o Due to continuous erosion the shelf life
heavily buried inside and become extinct,
o Oil spillage near shore destroy the coral
reefs and other biodiversities.
o The production rate also disturbed as the
eco system changes with coastal processes.
o Every year about 24-29% of all marine life
near coast effected by various coastal
factors.
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Permanent Changes in Topography
o The continuous erosion move the shelf further

landward.
o The artificial constructed structure don’t control the

rate of sediments.
o A large bulk of sediments erodes from one side and

deposited at some other side, disturbing Isostacy.
o The artificial structures restrict the natural land forms.
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Prevention Methods Used.
o Structural Measures.
o Non-Structural Measures
o Bio Shield Methods
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Structural Measures.
o Sea walls.
o Groins.
o Jetties.
o Bulkheads
o Revetments.
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Sea walls
In order to stop high tides
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Groins
It is oriented perpendicular to shore
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Jetties
On the both side of inlets
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Revetments
Stop the erosion
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Bulk Heads
They also used for steep slope stability
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Non Structural Measures
o Building sand
dunes and growing
vegetation around
them.
o Artificial beach
nourishment
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Coastal Dunes
o Vegetation, wind-flow and
sand transportation are all
inter-dependant in the coastal
dune environment.
o Air movement and not water
movement form the coastal
dune, unlike most coastal
features, and is therefore
quite unique.
o The coastal dune is
characterised by an interaction
between sand transport by the
wind and vegetation cover.
o Under both natural and human
induced circumstances the
dune can become unstable,
and this can lead to coastal
erosion.
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Bio Shields
• Mangroves
• Coral reefs
• Sea grass
• Sea weeds
• Animal habitats
• Marine parks
• Marine sanctuaries
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Author: Partha Das Sharma, E.Mail:, Website

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AUTHOR: PARTHA DAS SHARMA, E.mail: sharmapd1@gmail.

2. Coastal Land forms

3. Impacts and Hazards on Coasts.

4. Prevention Methods used.

o Erosion on coasts by wind and water.

o Water is major agent of erosion.

o About 21% of all erosion in done by coastal

o Swash and Backwash of waves.

o Tides and Tidal Currents.

o Long Shore drift.

o Hurricanes and Tsunami.

o Abrasion & Attrition.

o Cause by the gravitational

o Mainly because of moon

o Incoming tides and out

o Neap and Lunar tides.

o Flow seaward at nearly

o Mainly in surfing zone.

o Move back to sea by

o Mainly cause by Long

o Swash and Backwash

o The cliffs mainly of

Bay mouth bars

o The inlets with

o Waves undercut the

o Repeat this process &

o Derived from an Italian

o Plate Tectonic Impacts.

o Human made impacts.

o Danger to Marine life.

o Permanent Changes in Topography.

2. Process of Rock fall.

o Loss of life also taken place.

o Oil spillage during extreme storms may also cause various

o Sea water intrusions with drinking water bodies also a

o Different under ground structures might become exposed

o The Most Effected urban countries of world is Holland and

o The continuous erosion move the shelf further

o The artificial constructed structure don’t control the

o A large bulk of sediments erodes from one side and

o The artificial structures restrict the natural land forms.

o Bio Shield Methods

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