INDIAN SOCIETY OF PULSES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

(Regn. No. 877)

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EXECUTIVE COUNCIL : 2017-2020

Chief Patron Patron
Dr Trilochan Mohapatra Dr A K Singh
Co-patron
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President Vice President
Dr NP Singh Dr Guriqbal Singh
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Zone I : Dr Brij Nandan, SKUAST, Samba (J&K) Zone V : Dr DK Patil, Badnapur

Zone II : Dr C Bharadwaj, IARI, New Delhi Zone VI : Dr P Jagan Mohan Rao, RARS, Warangal
Zone III : Dr Rajib Nath, BCKV, Kalyani Zone VII : Dr P Jayamani, TNAU, Coimbatore
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Editor-in-Chief
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Editors
Dr Puran Gaur, ICRISAT, Hyderabad Dr Aditya Pratap, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur
Dr Shiv Kumar, ICARDA, Morocco Dr Narendra Kumar, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur
Dr BB Singh, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar Dr Naimuddin, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur
Dr DK Agarwal, ICAR-IISS, Mau Dr Meenaal Rathore, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur
Dr Sarvajeet Singh, PAU, Ludhiana Dr Archana Singh, ICAR-IIPR Regional Station, Bhopal
Dr J Souframanian, BARC Dr Abhishek Bohra, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur
 Journal of Food Legumes
(Formerly Indian Journal of Pulses Research)

Vol. 32 (1) January-March, 2019

CONTENTS

RESEARCH PAPERS

1. Genetic confirmation of mungbean genotypes (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) using molecular markers 1

Anamika Nath, SR Maloo and BL Meena

2. Seed priming improves crop growth and yield performance of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) 9

TN Tiwari, S Rajendra Prasad and DK Agrawal

3. Principal component analysis for yield and yield traits in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) 13

JK Tiwari and AK Singh

4. Effect of spatial arrangement of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and linseed (Linum usitatisimum L.)
on their yields, net returns and pod damage of chickpea 16

KC Gupta, Vipen Kumar, CS Praharaj and PC Bairwa

5. Growth and yield of soybean as influenced by of graded nitrogen and phosphorus dose or under rainfed situations 19

Satyabrata Mangaraj, LH Malligawad, Sadhana V, Paikaray RK and Sahoo TR

6. Integrated weed management in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] 23

Pagar PA, Patil DK, Bantewad SD, Jahagirdar JE and Gosavi SV

7. Effect of application of different sources of nutrients on yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) 28

Chandra Mani Tripathi, Rajesh Kumar, Bhrigu Mani Tripathi, Shashi Mani Tripathi and Virendra Pratap Singh

8. Evaluation of wild germplasm accessions against Botrytis gray mould in Chickpea 33

Manjunatha L, Chaturvedi SK, Mondal B, Srivastava AK, Kumar Y, Krishna Kumar, Shiv Sewak, Dixit GP
and Singh NP

9. Status and etiology of Cercospora leaf spot of greengram in Kashmir province of India 36

Bhat FA

10. Effect of bio control agent on morphological and yield related aspects of Lablab purpureus L. 42

Adsul VD, Mane AV, Burondkar MM, Bhave SG and Kasture MC

11. Pulse based bio-village sustainable models through participatory demonstrations for livelihood security 45

Rajesh Kumar, Narendra Prasad, VK Gautam, Chandra Mani Tripathi, Ravindra Singh, Rohit Kumar
and CS Praharaj

12. Assessment of front line demonstrations on chickpea in Ferozepur district of Punjab 49

Jagdeep Kaur, Vicky Singh, Gurjant Singh Aulakh and Dimpy Raina

13. Comparative accuracy of different machine learning classifiers for characterizing varieties of pulse crops 53

Puneet Dheer, Prdeep Yadav and PK Katiyar

SHORT COMMUNICATIONS

14. Genetic diversity for yield and yield component characters in rice fallow blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] 57

K Nagendra Rao, Hari Ram Kumar Bandi, K Srinivasulu, J Padmavathi and K Vamsi Krishna

15. Assessment of morphological variation for different qualitative characters in pigeonpea

[Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] germplasm 60

Sandeep Kumar Yadav, Niraj Kumar, HC Lal, Krishna Prasad, CS Mahto, Shreya Sen and Binay Kumar

List of Referees for Vol. 32(1) 64

Journal of Food Legumes 32(1): 1-8, 2019
Genetic confirmation of mungbean genotypes (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) using
molecular markers
ANAMIKA NATH, SR MALOO and BL MEENA
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Udaipur, Rajasthan; E-mail:
anamikanath22@gmail.com
(Received : May 22, 2017 ; Accepted : October 13, 2017)
ABSTRACT
Molecular characterization is helpful in understanding the
phylogenetic relationship among various germplasm to
reveal the genetic diversity among the used parental
genotypes. Among several efficient methods for revealing
genetic variability within and among plant populations, one
of the most widely applied method is marker analysis. RAPD
and ISSR, markers are commonly used because they are
quick, simple and environment non-sensitive enabling
genetic diversity analysis in several types of plant material
like natural populations, population in breeding
programmes. Evaluation of genetic diversity would promote
the efficient use of genetic variations, effective conservation
and purity of the genotype to be determined as well as
utilization of germplasm in crop improvement. The RAPD
and ISSR data were evaluated to obtain a combined
similarity matrix. The similarity coefficient values lay
between 0.46-0.68. The RAPD and ISSR cluster tree analysis
showed that the eight genotypes could be divided into 4
clusters. The genotype BM 4 was grouped in separate VI
cluster. However, PDM 139 was grouped on cluster IIA. In
the light of RAPD and ISSR study the parents of the cross
BM 4 x PDM 139 were also noticed for their genetic diversity,
having 53% dissimilarity and grouped into the separate
clusters.
Key words: ISSR Markers, Mungbean, RAPD Marker, Yield
components
Pulses offer one of the viable options for
diversification of contemporary agriculture and
management of natural resources. India is the largest
producer and consumer of pulses in the world accounting
33 per cent of the area and 25 per cent of the global out-put.
Green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is the most
important legume crop in India after chickpea and
pigeonpea. It belongs to family Leguminaceae, subfamily
Papillionaceae and its chromosome number is 2n=2x=22.
India is the primary green gram producer and contributes
to about 75 per cent of the world pulses production. It
contributes to about 14% of total pulses cultivation area
and 7% of total pulses production in India. Green gram is
extensively grown in India under varying soil types and
climatic conditions and it improves soil fertility by fixing
atmospheric nitrogen. It is a small herbaceous annual
drought tolerant crop and suitable for dry land farming and
predominantly used as intercrop with other crops. Being a
short duration (60-65 days) crop with wide adaptability
green gram grown all over the world as a sole crop and as
an inter crop or mixed crop with cereals. Besides being a
rich source of protein, green gram enriches soil fertility
through atmospheric nitrogen fixation with the help of
rhizobium bacteria in nodules and humus thus, plays a
crucial role in furthering sustainable agriculture. For any
successful breeding programme to improve grain yield and
component characters, it is essential to know precisely the
genetic architecture of these characters under prevailing
conditions. Morphological and biochemical markers used
for discriminating cultivars/varieties are not adequate as
they are subject to environmental influences, whereas the
molecular markers especially DNA based, have proven
better. The latter may or may not correlate with phenotypic
expression of a genomic trait. Varietal profiling methods
that directly utilize DNA have been found to potentially
address all the limitations associated with morphological
and biochemical data. They offer numerous advantages
over conventional, phenotype-based characters as they
are stable and detectable in all situations regardless of
growth, differentiation, development or defense status of
the cell. Additionally, they are not confounded by
environmental, pleotropic and epistatic effects. The DNA
markers become the marker of choice for the study of crop
genetic diversity, especially those based on DNA sequence
variations which are increasingly being utilized in crops for
construction of genetic maps and marker-assisted selection
studies. Application of molecular markers to plant breeding
has established the need for information on variation in
DNA sequence even in those crops in which little classical
genetic and cytogenetic information is available.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Final experimental trial comprising 8 parents along
with 28 F1s was evaluated during kharif 2014 in randomized
block design with three replications at RCA College Farm,
MPUAT, Udaipur. Eight diverse and well adapted genotypes
of green gram were selected as parents for crossing
programme, namely IPM 99-125, BM 4, ML 131, IPM 2-3,
PDM 139, RMG 1035, RMG 344 and RMG 1045 (Table 1). All
recommended cultural practices and plant protection
measures were adopted to raise a good crop. Molecular
analysis using RAPD and ISSR markers was done
exclusively for the parental material only. Molecular marker
2 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019

analysis was done for the parental material to see the

diversity present among the parental material. DNA
extracted from different green gram cultivars were compared
using RAPD and ISSR methodology. The leaves were
harvested after 21 days and DNA was isolated with the
help of Doyle and Doyle, 1987 protocol. DNA was extracted
from young leaves (3-4 weeks old) using CTAB method
and was amplified by using decamer random oligonucleotide
primer in a DNA thermo cycler (Biometra). The amplified
samples were separated on agarose gel electrophoresis
(1.2%). The bands were scored for their presence or
absence. The details of the technique of DNA isolation, Protocol for RAPD primers for Protocol for ISSR primers
RAPD and ISSR are as given below: PCR amplification for PCR amplification
Table 1. Experimental material and their pedigree Figure 1. Protocol used for PCR amplification
Parent Pedigree Source
IPM 99-125 PM 3 x APM 36 IIPR, Kanpur These data matrices were then entered into NTSYS-PC
BM 4 MUTANT of T44 ARS, Badnapur developed by Rohlf (1993). The genetic distances obtained
ML 131 ML 1 x ML 23 ARS, Durgapura from cluster analysis through UPGMA were used to
IPM 02-03 IPM 99-125 x Pusa bold 2 IIPR, Kanpur construct the dendrogram, depicting the relationships of
PDM 139 ML 20/19 x ML 5 IIPR, Kanpur the genotypes using computer program NTSYSpc version
RMG 1035 RMG 492 x ML 818 ARS, Durgapura
2.02.
RMG 344 MOONG SEL.1 x J 45 ARS, Durgapura
RMG-1045 RMG-62 x KM 2170 ARS, Durgapura Table 3. PCR reaction cycle
Cycle Denaturation Annealing Extension
The DNA content in 20 ìl of the reaction mixture was
First cycle 94C 5 min - - - -
50 ng. The sequences of these primers were purchased
2-35 Cycle 94C 1 min Tm (Pr) 45 sec 72 C 2 min
from Bangalore Genei Pvt. Ltd. The details of operon code Last cycle - - - - 72C 10min
sequence of the primer and G:C contents are given on
table 3. The reaction contained 10X reaction buffer, 200 µM RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
each of dNTPs (Bangalore Genei), 0.5 µM of each primer
Morphological markers with their complex and
and 1 unit of Taq DNA polymerase (Table 2). Submerged
undeciphered genetic control were used for the individual
gel electrophoresis unit was used for fractionating amplified
identification and diversity studies; they may be affected
PCR products on 1.2% agarose gel. The gel was prepared
by environmental effects and cultivation practices. In
in 1X TAE buffer containing 0.5 µg/ml of ethidium bromides.
contrast to the morphological markers, molecular markers,
The samples and loading dye were mixed in 1:1 ratio and
are now available in plant system involves improvement in
loaded with micropipette. In order to score and preserve
the efficiency of conventional plant breeding by carrying
banding patterns, photographs of the gel were taken by a
out indirect selection through QTL, RAPD and ISSR
Gel Documentation System, under UV transilluminator.
techniques that provide a new alternative for cultivar
Bands were designated on the basis of their molecular size
identification (Gunter et al. 1996, Lashermes et al. 1996,
ranging between 100-1000 bp. Electrophoresis was carried
Bouchired, 1997 and Colombo et al. 2000). Ever since thermo
out at 100 V for 3 hr in 1X TAE electrophoresis buffer. For
stable DNA polymerase was introduced in 1988, the use of
the ISSR and RAPD reactions, 25 primer pairs were used
PCR (Mullis et al. 1986 and Mullis and Faloona, 1987) in
respectively (Table 3).
research has increased tremendously.
Gel was viewed under UV transilluminator and
The present investigation was carried out to analyse
photographed by gel documentation system.
relatedness and diversity among eight parents viz., IPM
Presence of amplified product were scored as 1 and 99-125, BM 4, ML 131, IPM 2-3, PDM 139, RMG 1035, RMG
its absence as 0 for all genotypes and primer combinations. 344 and RMG 1045 (Table 4). Purified and isolated DNA
was subjected to PCR based markers (RAPD and ISSR) for
Table 2. PCR reaction mixture content assessment of genetic diversity. Total genomic DNA was
Components Final concentration Single tube/20 (μl) isolated with CTAB method Doyle and Doyle (1987). The
DNA template 50ng 2.00 μl plant tissues extracted with extraction buffer containing
Master Mixture
chelating agent (EDTA) which helped to inactivate
(i) dNTP MIX 200µM 1.6 μl
(ii) Taq polymerase 1U 0.33μl nucleases released from the plant cells which could cause
(iii) Reaction buffer (10x) 1X 2.00 μl serious degradation of the genomic DNA. Major
(iv) Primer 0.5 µM 1.00μl contaminants in crude DNA preparation are RNA, proteins
(vi) dd H2O 12.07μl and polysaccharides. The RNA was removed by treating
 Nath et al. : Genetic confirmation of mungbean genotypes using molecular markers
with RNase. Extraction with phenol–chloroform mixture was
employed for eliminating most of the proteins. The quality
of DNA was determined by calculating the ratio between
A260 and A280 which ranged from 1.74-1.89. Quality of DNA
was also supported by appearance of single, compact,
sharp band that was not sheared on 0.8% agarose gel
electrophoresis corresponded to the high molecular weight
DNA compared with standard ë hind III DNA marker.
The amount of DNA isolated from various genotypes
of V. radiata ranged from 757 to 1518 ng/µl (Table 4). The
genotype IPM 2-03 yielded the highest amount of DNA
(1518 ng/µl). Whereas the lowest amount of DNA (757ng/
µl) was obtained from genotype RMG 344. The ratio of
absorbance (A260/A280) ranged from 1.70 to 1.89 revealing
that the DNA obtained was free from contaminants like
polysaccharides, protein and RNA. The quality of DNA as
also checked by gel electrophoresis revealed a single
discrete band in all genotypes (Plate-5) showing that
genomic DNA was intact and had high molecular weight,
free from any mechanical or enzymatic degradation, free
from RNA contamination and was of high quality.
Table 4. Quality and quantity of total genomic DNA of V.
radiata L. isolated and purified by CTAB method
Concentration Ratio
Genotypes Parents’ Name
(ng/ µl) 260/280
P1 IPM 99-125 1420 1.81
P2 BM 4 968 1.77
P3 ML 131 1250 1.79
P4 IPM 2-03 1518 1.89
P5 PDM 139 1251 1.80
P6 RMG 1035 1012 1.81
P7 RMG 344 757 1.74
P8 RMG 1045 998 1.82
RAPD has been used extensively for classification
of varieties, identification of cultivars and diversity
estimation in various crops such as green gram
(Karuppanapandian et al. 2006). Similarly, ISSR markers are
useful in detecting polymorphism among accessions by
generating a large number of markers that target multiple
microsatellite loci distributed across the genome (Reddy et
al. 2002). The RAPD and ISSR techniques are more
informative for estimating the extent of genetic diversity
and relationships between green gram varieties. So far, very
little attention has been given to varietal improvement of
legumes (Sultana et al. 2006; Nisar et al. 2006). The present
study aimed to analyze the extent of genetic diversity, using
a total of 25 RAPD and 25 ISSR primers, respectively, to
generate DNA fingerprints of eight parents of V. radiate L.
with a view to detect polymorphism and access to
information on diversity among these genotypes.
Optimization of PCR conditions for RAPD and ISSR
analysis: PCR amplification conditions such as
concentration of template DNA, primers, concentration of
MgCl2, Taq DNA polymerase and annealing temperature
were optimized for RAPD and ISSR primers. Reproducible
3
and clear banding patterns were obtained in a reaction
mixture of 20 µl containing 50 ng of template DNA, 2 µl of
10 X Taq DNA polymerase buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 µM of
each dNTP, 0.30 µM of primer and 1 U of Taq DNA
polymerase, at an annealing temperature of 37°C (RAPD)
and 42.9°C-67°C (ISSR) for PCR amplification. Similarily,
optimization of the concentration of template DNA, MgCl2,
Taq polymerase and of primers were found similar to findings
reported by Khamassi et al. (2011). An annealing
temperature of 37°C (RAPD) and 41.3°C-67.2°C (ISSR) were
found optimum (Fig 1).
Out of 25 RAPD primers only 17 were amplified. A
total of 104 amplified bands were obtained of which 91
were polymorphic and 13 monomorphic that showed 88%
polymorphism (Table 5). The total number of amplified
bands varied between 5 and 8. The average number of bands
per primer was found to be 6.12 and average numbers of
polymorphic bands per primer were 5.35. The polymorphism
amongst all genotypes of V. radiata L. was 88% and the
overall size of PCR amplified products ranged between 100
bp to 2500 bp. The per cent polymorphism ranged from as
low as 60% (OPA 15 and OPB 06) to as high as 100% (OPA
09, OPA 10, OPA 08, OPB 03, OPB 07, OPE 03 and OPA 16).
A total of 112 amplified bands were obtained from the 18
ISSR primers, out of which 88 were polymorphic. The total
number of amplified bands varied between 5 and 8 (Table
7).
Table 5. Details of the RAPD and ISSR primers used for
amplification of DNA in green gram
DNA primers RAPD ISSR
Total number of primers 25 25
Number of primers which showed amplification 17 18
Number of primer which showed polymorphism 17 18
Total number of monomorphic bands 13 21
Total number of polymorphic bands 91 88
Total number of bands 104 109
Total number of amplicon produced 391 563
The average number of bands per primer was found
to be 6.22 and average numbers of polymorphic bands per
primer were 4.89. The polymorphism percentage ranged from
43 % (UBC 845) to 100% for five primers (ISSR 1, UBC 817,
UBC 818, UBC 820 and UBC 854) used. Average
polymorphism across all the genotypes of V. radiata L.
was found to be 79%. Overall size of PCR amplified products
ranged between 100 bp to 2000 bp. Similar results were
hown by Das et al. (2014), Singh et al. (2011), Tantasawat
et al. (2010) Datta et al. (2012), Undal et al. (2011) and Saini
et al. (2010)
Genetic relationship and cluster tree analysis: The data
obtained by using RAPD and ISSR primers (Appendix-VII)
were further used to construct similarity matrix of eight V.
radiata L. genotypes using ‘Simqual’ sub-programme of
software NTSYS-pc. Dendrograms were constructed using
similarity matrix values as determined from RAPD and ISSR
data for V. radiata L. genotypes using unweighted pair
4 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019

Table 6. Similarity matrix of green gram genotypes

IPM 99-125 BM 4 ML 131 IPM 2-03 PDM 139 RMG 1035 RMG 344 RMG 1045
IPM 99-125 1.00
BM 4 0.45 1.00
ML 131 0.56 0.44 1.00
IPM 2-03 0.48 0.42 0.49 1.00
PDM 139 0.44 0.47 0.52 0.45 1.00
RMG 1035 0.48 0.48 0.58 0.46 0.60 1.00
RMG 344 0.50 0.47 0.59 0.47 0.60 0.68 1.00
RMG 1045 0.48 0.47 0.49 0.44 0.59 0.68 0.62 1.00

group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) sub-
programme of NTSYS-pc software.
Similarity matrix for combined RAPD and ISSR markers:
Perusal of the combined RAPD and ISSR similarity matrix
data revealed that the values for different genotypes ranged
from 0.42-0.68 (Table 6).
The average similarity value across the genotypes
was found out to be 0.55, indicating that there is sufficient
genetic diversity among the genotypes. The genotypes
that exhibited the highest similarity matrix values (0.68) are
RMG 1035 and RMG 44, RMG 1035 and RMG 1045.
However, BM 4 and IPM 2-3 were found to be genetically
diverse with a minimum similarity value of 0.42. Similar
findings were reported by Das et al. (2014), Chattopadhyay
et al. (2005), Datta and Lal (2011) and Singh et al. (2013) in
green gram cultivars.
RAPD and ISSR markers based combined cluster tree
analysis: The average linkages between V. radiata L.
genotypes were used for constructing a tree depicting the
phylogenetic relationship among eight V. radiata L.
genotypes. The RAPD and ISSR data were evaluated to
obtain a combined similarity matrix (Table 4). The similarity
coefficient values lay between 0.46-0.68. The RAPD and
ISSR cluster tree analysis showed that the eight genotypes
could be divided into 4 clusters (Fig. 2).
Cluster I included two genotypes viz., IPM 99-125
and ML 131 that were similar to each other at a coefficient
of 0.56. Cluster II included two sub clusters, sub cluster II
A included genotype PDM 139 and IIB divided in two sub
clusters, genotypes RMG 1035 and RMG 344 included in
sub clusters IIB 1 at similarity coefficient 0.68, while sub
clusters IIB 2 has only one genotype RMG 1045. Cluster III
and cluster IV included with each other at similarity
coefficient 0.46. Singh et al. (2014), Dikshit et al. (2009).
Saini et al. (2010), Datta et al. (2012), Lavanya et al. (2008),
Tantasawat et al. (2010) and Bharati et al. (2012).

IPM-99-125

ML-131

PDM-139

RMG-1035

RMG-344

RMG-1045

IPM-02-03

BM-4

0.46 0.51 0.57 0.62 0.68

Coefficient

Figure 2. Dendrogram of greengram genotypes using RAPD and ISSR markers

Nath et al. : Genetic confirmation of mungbean genotypes using molecular markers 5

Fig 3. PCR profiles of mungbean genotypes using RAPD markers

6 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019

Fig 4. PCR profiles of mungbean genotypes using ISSR markers

 Nath et al. : Genetic confirmation of mungbean genotypes using molecular markers 7

Table 7. List of ISSR primers

S No ISSR Primer Sequence (5'-3') Total No of Total no. of Polymorphism % (b/a X Range of band size
bands (a) polymorphic bands (b) 100)
1 ISSR-01 (GGC)5AT 8 8 100 100-1500
2 ISSR-02 (AAG)5GC 7 4 57 200-2000
3 ISSR-03 (AAG)5TC NA NA NA
4 ISSR-04 (AAG)5CC 5 3 60 100-700
5 ISSR-05 (AGC)5CA 7 6 86 200-2000
6 ISSR-06 (AGC)5CG NA NA NA
7 ISSR-07 (GGC)5TA 8 6 75 100-1500
8 ISSR-08 (AGC)5GA 8 7 88 100-1000
9 ISSR-09 (AAG)5CG 5 3 60 100-700
10 ISSR-33 (AG)8AT NA NA NA
11 UBC-810 (GA)8T 7 4 57 300-1000
12 UBC-811 (GA)8C 7 6 86 300-1000
13 UBC-813 (CT)8T NA NA NA
14 UBC-817 (CA)8A 5 5 100 200-600
15 UBC-818 (CA)8G 6 6 100 200-1000
16 UBC-820 (GT)8T 5 5 100 100-700
17 UBC-822 (TC)8A 7 5 71 100-1500
18 UBC-824 (TC)8G NA NA NA
19 UBC-836 (AG)8YA 5 4 80 300-900
20 UBC-840 (GA)8YT NA NA NA
21 UBC-845 (CT)8RG 7 3 43 200-600
22 UBC-848 (CA)8RG 5 4 80 300-1000
23 UBC-854 (TC)8RG 6 6 100 200-1500
24 UBC-873 (GATA)4 NA NA NA
25 UBC-878 (GGC)5AT 4 3 75 500-2000
RAPD Primer
1 OPA-02 TGCCGAGCTG 7 6 86 200-1000
2 OPA-05 AGGGGTCTTG 6 5 83 300-2000
3 OPA-07 GAAACGGGTG 7 6 86 300-1000
4 OPA-08 GTGACGTAGG 7 7 100 400-2000
5 OPF-19 CCTCTAGACC 6 4 67 200-1500
6 OPP-03 CTGATACGCC 5 4 80 300-1500
7 OPB-06 TGCTCTGCCC 5 3 60 100-900
8 OPA-10 GTGATCGCAG 6 6 100 200-1000
9 OPP-10 TCCCGCCTAC 8 8 100 200-1500
10 OPA-11 CAATCGCCGT 6 5 83 400-1500
11 OPA-14 TCTGTGCTGG NA NA NA -
12 OPA-15 TTCCGAACCC 5 3 60 400-1000
13 OPC-01 TTCGAGCCAG NA NA NA -
14 OPB-03 CATCCCCCTG 6 6 100 100-1500
15 OPA-09 GGGTAACGCC 7 7 100 200-2500
16 OPB-07 GGTGACGCAG 6 6 100 300-1000
17 OPC-05 GATGACCGCC NA NA NA -
18 OPE-03 CCAGATGCAC 5 5 100 400-1500
19 OPA-16 AGCCAGCGAA 6 6 100 400-2000
20 OPC-06 GAACGGACTC NA NA NA -
21 OPB-02 TGATCCCTGG 6 4 67 400-2000
22 OPB-04 GGACTGGAGT NA NA NA -
23 OPB-05 TGCGCCCTTC NA NA NA -
24 OPB-08 GTCCACACGG NA NA NA -
25 OPB-10 CTGCTGGGAC NA NA NA -

Molecular analysis through RAPD and ISSR markers
revealed that cross The cross BM 4 x PDM 139 turned out
to be the most promising on the basis of its high per se
performance both for seed yield and its components.
Further molecular analysis through RAPD and ISSR markers
revealed its parental genetic diversity having 53 per cent
dissimilarity. The parent BM 4 was grouped in cluster IIA
while PDM 139 in cluster IV thereby confirming that there
was concurrence between the results obtained by molecular
(RAPD and ISSR) and morphological markers along with
their known pedigree. Therefore this cross can be gainfully
utilized.
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Journal of Food Legumes 32(1): 9-12, 2019
Seed priming improves crop growth and yield performance of pigeonpea (Cajanus
cajan L)
TN TIWARI, S RAJENDRA PRASAD1 and DK AGRAWAL2
ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Science, Mau Uttar Pradesh, 1ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur,
Uttar Pradesh, 2University of Agricultural Science, Bengaluru, Email: tntdsr@gmail.com
(Received : August 05, 2018 ; Accepted : December 20, 2018)
ABSTRACT
Field experiments a were conducted with four levels of seed
priming including control and two varieties of pigeonpea at
ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Science, Mau during three
consecutive years (2011-12 to 2013-14). One-year-old seeds
of pigeonpea varieties (Bahar and Malviya 13) were primed
with different priming agents such as growth regulator (100
ppm GA 3), in-organic salt (0.2% KNO 3) and tap water
separately for 06 hours and sown in field under randomized
block design with three replications. Observations were
recorded on growth parameters, yield attributes and grain
yield. Priming with in-organic salts and plant growth
regulator showed the significant improvement in plant
height (14.18-21.25%), number of branches (27.44-54.20%),
yield test attributes including no. biological of pods/plant
(16.45-34.40%), Test weight (21.97-41.53%), Biological yield
(17.28-28.70%) and grain yield (18.73-35.18%) in both the
varieties evaluated. Variety Bahar displayed higher values
in all the parameters studied.
Key words: Pigeonpea, Priming, Seeds, Seedling vigour, Yield
and its attributes
In India, pigeon pea occupies an area of about 4.65
million ha with total production of 3.02 million tonnes and
productivity being 7.00 q/ha (FAO, 2013) which is quite
low because of its cultivation in rain fed and marginal lands,
use of old and low quality seed by the farmers and several
abiotic and biotic stresses affecting different phases of
crop in the entire crop season. This in turns results in to
poor germination, delayed emergence and unhealthy
seedlings that lead to low yield. In seed priming, seeds are
soaked in water or an osmotic solution that allows water
imbibition’s and permits early stages of germination but
does not permit radicle protrusion through seed coat
(Heydecker, 1973). Priming with different in-organic salts
has been reported to improve the seedling vigour, growth
and yield of different vegetable and field crops (Min Taigi
2001, Pandita et al. 2003, Mishra and Sahoo 2003, Thakur
and Thakur 2006, Dhedhi et al. 2006 and Tiwari et al. 2013
and 2014). Considerable evidences exist that repair of
proteins and enzymes occurs during imbibition (Mc
Donalds 2000). It is also known that priming increases the
activity of enzymes that counteracts the effect of lipid
peroxidation and as a result the free radical scavenging
enzymes are increased (Sung and Jeng, 1994). Priming also
enhanced the membrane repair in seeds and could be
ascribed to evoke activities of several lipid peroxide
scavenging enzymes (Chiu et al. 1995). Very less information
are available on response of KNO 3 and GA 3 on
enhancement of plant growth and yield in pigeon pea.
Keeping the above facts into consideration the present
experiment was under taken.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field experiment was conducted during three
consecutive kharif season of 2011-12 to 2013-14 at the
research farm of Indian Institute of Seed Science, Mau.
One year old farmer saved seeds of pigeonpea varieties,
Bahar and Malviya 13 were initially surface sterilized with
0.2% HgCl2 and then primed with Tap water, 100 ppm GA3
and 0.2% KNO3 separately for 6 hours. The Primed seeds of
both the varieties were sown under field condition following
RBD in three replications. Seed rate, fertilizer, irrigations
and other agronomic practices were adopted as per
standard recommendation for long duration pigeonpea
crops. Observations on growth parameters including plant
height and number of branches were recorded. At
harvesting, yield attributes like biological yield, test weight,
number of pods/plant and grain yield were recorded. Three
years data were pooled and statistically analyzed using
AGRES Toll Var.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Growth characters like plant height and number of
branches were improved by the priming treatments in both
the varieties evaluated however variety Bahar exhibited
maximum plant height and number of branches irrespective
of treatments (Table 1a and b). Among the priming
treatments, priming with GA3 increased maximum plant
height and number of branches followed by KNO3 and tap
water over unprimed control. Improvement in plant height
was 6.01, 14.18 and 21.25% with tap water, KNO3 and GA3
priming respectively over unprimed control. Similarly, the
number of branches were also improved 10.85, 27.44 and
54.20% with tap water, KNO3 and GA3 priming over unprimed
control.
Priming with various chemicals to seeds enhances
the growth characters in field (Bose and Mishra, 1992 and
Bose, 1997) and this might be cause of enhancement in
subsequent phases of plant growth. Bose and Mishra (1999
and 2001) opened that during soaking of seed in Mg (NO3)2
10 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019

Table 1a. Plant height (cm) might have led to an improvement in subsequent phases of
Treatments Plant height Treatment % Increase plant growth and ultimately to higher yield of crop.
(cm) Mean over control Maximum enhancement in plant growth noted with GA3
Malviya Bahar
13
which is the result of osmo-priming that imbibed the seeds
Control 196.66 203.33 199.99 and initiates key hormones for growth and development of
Tap water priming 205.33 218.66 211.99 6.01 crop in early stages.
Priming with KNO3 222.33 234.33 228.33 14.18
in 0.2% conc.
Yield attributes and Yield: Seed priming with KNO3 (0.2%)
Priming with GA3 in 239.33 245.66 242.49 21.25 and GA3 (100ppm) for 6 hours significantly improved the
100 ppm conc. yield attributes including no. of pods (16.45-34.40%), Test
Varietal Mean 215.92 225.49 weight (21.97-41.53%), Biological yield (17.28-28.70%) and
SEm(+/–) C.D.(0.05) grain yield (18.73-35.18%) over their respective unprimed
Variety (V) 3.23 6.93
control (Table 2a,b,c and d). Maximum enhancement in yield
Treatment (T) 4.57 9.80
V× T CV(%) 6.46 13.86 components was found with GA3 followed by KNO3 and
CV 3.77 tap water in both the varieties evaluated. Variety Bahar
exhibited higher number of pods, test weight, biological
Table 1b. No. of branches per plant yield and finally the grain yield over Malviya13 respective
Treatments No. of Treatment % Increase unprimed control.
branches/plant Mean over control
Malviya Bahar The improvement through seed priming with GA3,
13 KNO3 and tap water in plant growth is might be due to large
Control 24.66 27.66 26.16 free space induced between embryo and endosperm in seeds
Tap water priming 27.67 30.33 29.00 10.85
Priming with KNO3 31.00 35.66 33.34 27.44
which is deemed to play a role in accelerating growth rate
in 0.2% conc. of crop by facilitating more uptake of water. Findings
Priming with GA3 in 37.66 43.00 40.34 54.20 reported by Yoganada et al. (2004) in bell pepper,
100 ppm conc. Satishkumar (2005) in brinjal and Singh et al. (2006) in
Varietal Mean 30.25 34.16 sunflower are also in close conformity. In the present
SEm(+/–) C.D.(0.05)
Variety (V) 0.83 1.79
investigation. The cation K+ in fluxed along with anion NO3-
Treatment (T) 1.18 2.53 during soaking the seed which in turn showed their carry
V× T CV(%) 1.67 3.58 over effects at later stages in pigeon pea growth. Further, it
CV 5.55 is also important that nitrate is not only a nutrient but also
act as a signal for initiating various metabolic process
or KNO3 solution the cations Mg++ or K+ and an ions NO3 (Tischner, 2000) even while subjected as seed treatment
in fluxed in the seeds and showed their carry over effects (Bose and Pandey, 2003).
during vegetative growth stages (Bose and Pandey, 2003).
Observed enhancements might be due to priming with
Findings reported by Sathyamoorthy and Nakaumura GA3 and as a result maximum enhancement in Vigour I and
(1995) in potato, Yoganada et al. (2004) in bell pepper, Vigour II were noted. In addition, the process of cell division
Satishkumar 2005 in brinjal, Singh et al. 2006 in sunflower, and cell enlargement was also induced through GA3 priming.
Tiwari et al. 2013 in mungbean Tiwari et al. 2014 in pigeon Improvement in growth parameters might be the result of
pea, Tiwari et al. 2015 in mungbean and Tiwari et al. 2016 in exogenous application of plant growth regulators through
wheat have explained that priming with various chemicals seed priming which could enhanced the seedling growth
to seeds enhances the fast growth of crop in field and during seedling stage by encouraging the process of cell
enlargement, cell division and activities of several enzymes
Table 2a. No. of pods/plant
involved in germination process and growth of newly
Treatments No. of pod/plant Treatment % Increase emerged seedlings. These results are also in harmony to
Malviya Bahar Mean over control
13
Control 484.33 488.33 486.33
Tap water priming 496.66 537.66 517.16 6.34
Priming with KNO3 528.00 604.66 566.33 16.45
in 0.2% conc.
Priming with GA3 in 599.66 707.66 653.66 34.40
100 ppm conc.
Varietal Mean 527.16 584.58
SEm(+/–) C.D.(0.05)
Variety (V) 5.21 11.18
Treatment (T) 7.37 15.81
V× T CV(%) 10.42 22.36
CV 2.43
 Tiwari et al. : Seed priming in pigeonpea 11

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Journal of Food Legumes 32(1): 13-15, 2019

Principal component analysis for yield and yield traits in faba bean (Vicia faba
L.)
JK TIWARI1 and AK SINGH2
1
RMD College of Agriculture and Research Station, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, 2 Indira Gandhi Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur Chhattisgarh; Email: aksingh25@gmail.com
(Received : July 17, 2018 ; Accepted : October 23, 2018)

ABSTRACT and crop complete food, unfortunately some part of world

including India, it is still underutilized crop and not fully
Twenty faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes were evaluated
during rabi seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 for twelve yield
exploited so far, though it is seen as an agronomically viable
and attributing traits with an objective to determine the alternative crop to cereal, with a potential of fixing free
extent of variability in faba bean genotypes and the nitrogen upto 300 kg N/ ha (Singh et al. 2013). There is a
relationship between yield and other characters. Seed yield need to improve its yield potential and make it more
have significant correlation with all the traits except 100- acceptable to country. In the present study, differences
seed weight (g), indicating that breeding for yield attributes among the faba bean genotypes has been assessed on the
significantly affect yield in these genotypes. Stepwise basis of multivariate analysis so that to identify better
multiple regression analysis indicated that number of pods genotypes for future breeding programs.
per plant and days to maturity play significant role in
determining seed yield in faba beans. The three principal MATERIALS AND METHODS
components with eigen values greater than one contributed
75.20% of the total variability amongst twenty faba bean A field experiment was carried out at Research Farm
genotypes evaluated. There is an ample scope for of Raj Mohini Devi College of Agriculture and Research
improvement of yield and other associated characters Station, Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh) during the rabi seasons
especially, number of branches per plant, number of pods of 2015 and 2016. Twenty faba bean genotypes under All
per plant and pod width in faba bean. These traits should be India Coordinated research network project on potential
used while selecting elite genotypes of fababeans. crops were used in the present study (DFB 8-12, HB 27, HB
45, HB 11-12, HB 11-15, HB 11-30, HB 11-32, HB 11-38, HB
Key words: Correlation, Faba bean, Principal component
8-12, HB 9-01, HB 9-15, HB 9-16, NDFB 13, NDFB 14, NDFB
analysis, Regression, Yield
15, NDFB 15-1, RFB 11, RFB 12, RFB 13 and Vikrant as
‘Check’). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the most important
design with four replications at the spacing of 45cm
legume crops used as food for human consumption in
between rows and 15cm between plant to plant. A plot size
developing countries and as animal feed in developed
of 4m x 2.7m was kept for each genotype and all the
countries (Sainte, 2011). It is the fourth important pulse
recommended package of practices for the region were
crop in the world after common bean, peas and chickpeas
followed to raise a good crop (Annual report Potential crops,
(Kumari and Van Leur, 2011). Faba bean is also referred to
2014). Five randomly selected plants of each genotype from
as broad bean, horse bean and field bean. The crop has a
each replication were used for recording of data on eleven
multipurpose use and is consumed as dry seeds, green
yield and yield attributing characters namely, days to 50%
vegetable, or as processed food. Its products are rich
flowering, days to maturity, Plant population per plot, plant
source of high-quality protein (24-33%) in the human diet,
height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of pods
while its dry seeds, green haulm and dry straw are used as
per plants, pod length (mm), pod width (mm), number of
animal feeds (Sainte, 2011). It is a good source of lysine
seeds per pods, 100-seed weight (g), seed yield (kg per
rich protein and levadopa (L-dopa), a precursor of
plot) and seed yield (kg/ha). Data were analyzed by
dopamine, which can be potentially used as medicine for
numerical taxonomic techniques using the procedure for
the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (Oplinger, 1982; Vered
principal component analysis with the help of computer
et al. 1997). Faba bean varieties that are used for human
software STAR 2.0.1 for windows.
nutrition belong to the V. faba major botanically whereas
the V. faba minor and V. faba equina are botanical types RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
used for animal feeding (Martin et al. 1991).
The overall means for the eleven traits across 20 faba
Probably faba beans are among one of the best
bean genotypes have been presented in Table 1, which
performing crops under global warming and climate change
showed a wide range of variation among the genotypes for
scenario due to its unique ability to excel under almost all
each trait. Among 20 genotypes, days to 50 % flowering
types of climatic conditions coupled with wide adoptability
(DF) varied from 57 to 67 with a mean of 59.25, Days to
to a range of soil conditions. Faba bean being incredible
14 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019

maturity (DM) varied from 121 to 131 with a mean of 126.70
and Plant height (PH) varied from 75.70 to 98.80 cm with a
mean of 84.46 cm. Mean number of pods per plant was
20.43 and varied from 13.55 to 27.00. Test weight varied
from 26.18 to 30.51g with an overall mean of 28.22g. Similarly,
seed yield per plot ranged from 0.19 to 1.52 kg with a mean
of 0.94 kg.
Estimation of correlation coefficients and regression
analysis: Correlation coefficients were estimated among
eleven traits (Table 2). DF had significant positive
correlation with DM, NSPP and SYPP but a significant
negative correlation with TW. PH had a significant positive
correlation with NBPP and TW. NSPP was significantly
associated with DM, PPPP, NBPP, NPPP and PW. Similarly,
SYPP had significant correlation with DM, PPPP, NBPP,
NPPP, PW and NSPP. Similar results have been also reported
by Chaubey et al. (2012), Mulualem et al. (2013), Sharifi
and Aminpana (2014) and Kumar et al. (2017). The present
study suggested that NBPP, NPPP and PW had strong
positive correlation with all the traits so simultaneous
improvement of both the associated characters will be
achieved, if used in the selection criterion.
Stepwise regression of seed yield (Kg per plot) with
ten other quantitative characters contributing to yield was
estimated in 20 faba bean genotypes considering seed yield
as dependent variable and other ten characters as estimator
variables. Number of pods per plant alone explained
approximately 65% (R2 = 0.646) of variation in seed yield,
while number of pods per plant and days to maturity together
explained 81% (R2 = 0.806) of variation for predicting seed
yield. This analysis indicated that number of pods per plant
and days to maturity play significant role in deciding seed
yield in faba bean as predictor variables. The model fitted
for seed yield (Kg/ plot) in this study is as follows:
Seed yield (Kg/plot)=-8.217+(0.059×number of pods
per plant)+(0.063×Days to maturity)
Principal component analysis: Principal component
analysis is a widely-used statistical tool to analyze genetic
variation among plant genotypes and determining the most
important variables contributing to variation (Price et al.
2006). In the present study, first three principal components
exhibited eigen values more than one and explained about
75.53% of the total variations present in the deta, so first
three PCs were given due importance for further explanation.
First principal component considered as the most important
component which explained 44.00% of the total variance
(Table 3). Important eigenvectors for PC1 were DM, PPPP,
NBPP, NPPP, PW and NSPP. The second principal
component contributed 15.60% of the variation among
genotypes. PC2 was positively defined by DM, while
negative influence was noticed in 100 seed weight. The
third principal component accounted for 15.13% of the total
variance, and was positively influenced by PH and PL.
Rebaa et al. (2017) performed a PCA among 21 populations
of faba bean prevailing in Tunician region of Australia for a
number of quantitative traits including, days to flowering,
plant height (cm), number of stems per plant, pods number
per node, seeds number per pod, pod length (cm), 100-seed

Table 1. Mean values of the 20 faba bean genotypes for the eleven quantitative traits
Trait Unit Abbreviation Min. Max. Mean SE (±)
Days to 50% flowering Days DF 57 67.00 59.25 0.44
Days to maturity Days DM 121.00 131.00 126.70 0.69
Plant population per plot nos. PPPP 115 194.00 159.42 6.50
Plant height Cm PH 75.70 98.80 84.46 1.29
No. of branches per plant nos. NBPP 3.00 4.45 3.73 0.10
No. of pods per plant nos. NPPP 13.55 27.00 20.43 0.77
Pod length Cm PL 4.00 4.60 4.23 0.04
Pod width Cm PW 0.56 0.87 0.75 0.02
No. of seeds per pod nos. NSPP 3.15 3.55 3.37 0.02
100-seed weight (g) G TW 26.18 30.51 28.22 0.29
Seed yield per plot Kg SYPP 0.19 1.52 0.94 0.09
Data averaged over two years (2015-16 and 2016-17) of faba bean grown under field conditions.

Table 2. Estimates of correlation coefficient among eleven quantitative traits in 20 faba bean genotypes
Trait DF DM PPPP PH NBPP NPPP PL PW NSPP TW
DM 0.260
PPPP 0.059 0.859***
PH -0.082 0.073 0.014
NBPP 0.422*** 0.683*** 0.437*** 0.364**
NPPP 0.172 0.590*** 0.449*** 0.158 0.761***
PL -0.240 -0.166 -0.212 0.123 0.141 0.093
PW 0.032 0.899*** 0.765*** 0.164 0.557*** 0.478*** 0.112
NSPP 0.415*** 0.716*** 0.625*** 0.059 0.632*** 0.524*** -0.062 0.537***
TW -0.419*** -0.014 0.201 0.304* 0.009 0.058 0.401** 0.168 -0.017
SYPP 0.276* 0.791*** 0.616*** 0.175 0.696*** 0.803*** -0.025 0.684*** 0.722*** 0.017
***significant at p < 0.0001; **significant at p < 0.001; *significant at p < 0.01. Abbreviation of traits presented in Table 1.
 Tiwari & Singh : Principal component analysis for yield and its attributes in faba bean 15

Table 3. Eigen value, cumulative variance and scores of and path analysis in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Electronic Journal
the three major factors obtained from the PCA of of Plant Breeding 8: 395-397
eleven quantitative traits performed on 20 faba Kumari SG and Van Leur JAG. 2011. Viral diseases infecting faba
bean genotypes bean (Vicia faba L.). Grain Legumes 56: 24-26
Variable PC1 PC2 PC3 Martin A, Cabrera A and Medina JL. 1991. Antinutritional factors in
Eigen value 5.11 1.91 1.25 faba bean. Tannin content in Vicia faba: possibilités for plant
breeding. Options Méditerranéennes-Série Séminaires 10: 105-
% cumulative variance 44.00 60.40 75.53
11 0
Days to 50% flowering 0.183 0.840** -0.064
Mulualem T, Dessalegn T and Dessalegn Y. 2013. Genetic variability,
Days to maturity 0.970** 0.081 -0.079 heritability and correlation in some faba bean genotypes (Vicia
Plant population per plot 0.902** -0.208 -0.213 faba L.) grown in Northwestern Ethiopia. International Journal
Plant height (cm) 0.098 -0.041 0.673** of Genetics and Molecular Biology 5: 8-12

No. of branches per plant 0.681** 0.420 0.498 Oplinger ES. 1982. Faba bean. Field Crops 32.0 UWEX. Madison,
WI 53706
No. of pods per plant 0.679** 0.260 0.393
Price AL, Patterson NJ, Plenge RM, Weinblatt ME, Shadick NA and
Pod length (mm) -0.106 -0.279 0.703**
Reich D. 2006. Principal components analysis corrects for
Pod width (mm) 0.880** -0.190 0.075 stratification in genome-wide association studies. Nature Genetics
No. of seeds per pod 0.771** 0.307 0.054 38: 904-909
100-seed weight (g) 0.125 -0.704** 0.453 Rebaa F, Abid G, Aouida M, Abdelkarim S, Aroua I, Muhovski Y,
Seed yield (Kg/plot) 0.852** 0.236 0.206 Baudoin J, Mhamdi M, Sassi K and Jebara M. 2017. Genetic
variability in tunisian populations of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)
**Significant at p < 0.001 (Significant factor loading was observed assessed by morphological and SSR markers. Physiology and
above 0.671). Molecular Biology of Plants 10: 17-19
Sainte M. 2011. The magazine of the European Association for
weight (g) etc. They found that, the first three principal Grain. Legume Research 56: 15-19
components (PCs) accounted for 40.56% of the total Sharifi P and Aminpana H. 2014. A study on the genetic variation in
variation, of which PC1, PC2 and PC3 explained 20.64, 11.22 some of faba bean genotypes using multivariate statistical
and 8.70% of the variation, respectively. techniques. Tropical Agriculture 91: 811-816
Singh AK, Bhat BP, Sundaram PK, Gupta AK and Singh D. 2013.
REFERENCES Planting geometry to optimize growth and productivity faba
bean (Vicia faba L.) and soil fertility. Journal of Environmental
Chaubey BK, Yadav CB, Mishra VK and Kumar K. 2012. Genetic Biology 34: 117-122
divergence analysis in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Trends in
Bioscience 5: 64-67 Vered Y, Grosskopf I, Palevitch D, Harsat A, Charach G, Weintraub
MS and Graff E. 1997. The influence of Vicia faba seedlings on
Kumar P, Das RR, Bishnoi SK and Sharma V. 2017. Inter-correlation urinary sodium excretion. Planta Medica 63: 237-240
Journal of Food Legumes 32(1): 16-18, 2019
Effect of spatial arrangement of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and linseed (Linum
usitatisimum L.) on their yields, net returns and pod damage of chickpea
KC GUPTA, VIPEN KUMAR, CS PRAHARAJ1 and PC BAIRWA
Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India; 1ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses
Research, Kanpur, India 208024; E-mail: kcguptahindaun@rediffmail.com
(Received : July 12, 2018 ; Accepted : November 16, 2018)
ABSTRACT
A field experiments was conducted during three consecutive
rabi seasons of 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16 to study the
effect, net of spatial arrangements of chickpea and linseed
on yield, net returns and LER; and to find out the most
optimum chickpea + linseed row ratio. The results revealed
that maximum pooled chickpea equivalent yield (20.72 q/
ha), mean gross, net and B:C ratio (` 109934, 82404 and
3.40) and LER (1.17) were recorded under chickpea + linseed
in 5:1 row ratio. This was closely followed by 5:2 row ratio
(20.18q/ha). The pooled mean increases in chickpea
equivalent yields due to 5:1 and 5:2 row ratios were 15.9 and
21.0 per cent and 12.9 and 17.8 per cent, respectively over
sole chickpea and sole linseed. The least % pod damage
(5.80) was that of observed in 3:2 row ratio which was statically
at par with 4:2 (T 7) and 5:2 (T 8). However, these were
significantly superior over 3:1 (T 3), 4:1 (T 4), 5:1 (T 5) and
sole chickpea (T1).
Key word: B:C Ratio, Chickpea, Intercropping, Lentil
Chickpea is one of the most important pulse crops in
India. It is an important constituent of Indian vegetarian
diet. It is also an integral part of cropping system for
sustainable agricultural production. Inspite of its
multifarious advantages, its productivity is poor due to
several biotic and abiotic factors. Cultivation of linseed is
gaining momentum due to increase in awareness among
urban population about their health. Both these crops may
form a perfect combination for improving their productivity
and profitability. Intercropping offers an excellent
opportunity in sustaining their production through the best
use of available resources and inputs by minimizing
competition and by providing a barrier to the entry of many
biotic pests. Keeping in view, the present study was
undertaken to select an appropriate row ratio of
chickpea+linseed under irrigated conditions of semi-arid
eastern plain zone of Rajasthan and to evaluate their effect
on yield and pod damage along with their economics.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiment was conducted during three
consecutive rabi seasons of 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16
at research farm of Rajasthan Agricultural Research
Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan. The soil type of
the experimental site was sandy loam with sand (86.8%),
silt (5.6%), clay (7.6%), pH 7.8, 0.17 % organic carbon and
139.2, 36.6 and 238.0 kg/ha available N, P2O5 and K2O,
respectively. The present experiment comprising eight
treatments viz., sole crops of chickpea (RSG 973) and linseed
(Parvati) and six intercropping systems of chickpea + linseed
in 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 3:2, 4:2, 5:2 row ratio were evaluated in
randomized block design with three replications. The crops
was sown on 5.11.2013 and 9.11.2014 and 8.11.2015 at a
crop geometry of 30 x 10cm. The experimental crops were
fertilized@20kg N+40kg P2O5/ha as per the recommendation.
The yield was used to compute different parameters like
land equivalent ratio (LER), gross and net monetary returns
and B:C ratio for each treatment as suggested by Willey
(1979). Per cent pod damage was recorded from five
randomly selected plants per plot by counting total number
of pods and damage pods.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The highest chickpea equivalent yield (21.7, 22.0, 18.4
q/ha) was recorded under chickpea + linseed in 5:1 row
ratio (T5) and was closely followed by 5:2 row ratio (T8) and
4:1 row ratio (T4) during all the years of experimentation.
Similarly maximum pooled chickpea equivalent yield (20.72
q/ha ) was recorded under treatment T5 which was again
closely followed by treatment T8 ; and were statistically at
par with all the treatments of intercropping. And it was yet
significantly superior over sole chickpea (T1) and sole
linseed (T 2). The pooled mean increases in chickpea
equivalent yield due to T5 and T8 were 15.9 and 21.0 per
cent and 12.9 and 17.8 per cent over sole chickpea (T1) and
sole linseed (T2), respectively. Similarly, the maximum mean
gross, net returns and B:C ratio (` 109934, 82404/ha and
3.40) were also obtained under treatment T5 and the least
were recorded under sole linseed (T2). Further, all the
intercropping systems proved significantly superior in
terms of pooled LER values over sole crops of chickpea
and linseed. The maximum LER (1.17) was recorded under
5:1 row ratio which was significantly superior over rest
treatments followed by 5:2 row ratio (1.14). The increases
in chickpea equivalent yield under intercropping systems
could be attributed to favorable microclimatic conditions
which favored better crop growth and ultimately yield.
Significantly higher system productivity of chickpea
+linseed intercropping to the extent of 43.4% over that of
sole chickpea was also recorded by Ahlawat and Gangaiah
(2010). Hossain et al. (2000) and Singh and Pandey (2002)
also observed better performance of chickpea when
 Gupta et al. : Effect of spatial arrangement of chickpea and linseed on their performance 17

Table 1. Effect of chickpea based intercropping systems on yield of chickpea and linseed
Treatments Chickpea yields (q/ha) Linseed yields (q/ha)
Seed Stover Seed Stover
2015- 2016- 2017- 2015- 2016- 2017- 2015- 2016- 2017- 2015- 2016- 2017-
Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled
16 17 18 16 17 18 16 17 18 16 17 18
T Sole
1 18.43 19.59 15.59 17.87 32.41 33.55 27.7 31.22 - - - - - - -
chickpea
T Sole
2 - - - - - - - - 13.55 12.8 10.57 12.31 28.71 28.64 27.7 28.35
Linseed
T Chick +
3 14.36 14.84 11.86 13.69 25.29 26.62 21.22 24.38 4.62 4.13 3.41 4.05 10.41 10.26 17.4 12.69
Lin (3:1)
T Chick +
4 15.52 16.25 12.91 14.89 26.9 28.06 23.73 26.23 4.13 3.89 3.01 3.68 9.36 8.97 17.8 12.04
Lin (4:1)
T Chick +
5 16.43 17.59 14.02 16.01 28.75 30.09 24.25 27.70 3.88 3.59 2.7 3.39 8.93 8.57 18.41 11.97
Lin (5:1)
T Chick +
6 12.31 13.19 10.28 11.93 22.06 23.33 17.71 21.03 5.71 5.32 4.59 5.21 12.58 12.61 17.73 14.31
Lin (3:2)
T Chick +
7 13.09 14 11.25 12.78 23.29 24.54 19.58 22.47 5.59 5.11 4.17 4.96 12.43 11.75 18.03 14.07
Lin (4:2)
T Chick +
8 14.68 15.8 12.75 14.41 26.24 28.17 22.13 25.51 4.78 4.23 3.46 4.16 10 9.72 18.37 12.70
Lin (5:2)
SEm± 0.59 0.7 0.56 0.15 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.20 0.27 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.54 0.62 0.79 1.19
C.D. (0.05) 1.83 2.18 1.75 0.46 3.08 3.01 2.96 0.61 0.85 0.67 0.63 0.64 1.69 1.94 2.44 3.70
1 q =100 kg

Table 2. Effect of chickpea based intercropping systems on chickpea equivalent yield and economics
Chickpea equivalent yield Gross return Net return
B:C ratio
(q/ha) (`/ha) (`/ha)
Treatments
2015- 2016- 2017- 2016- 2017- 2015- 2016- 2017-
Pooled 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Mean 2015-16 Mean Mean
16 17 18 17 18 16 17 18
T Sole
1
chickpea 18.43 19.59 15.59 17.87 97297 120600 76222 98040 74272 94075 46472 71606 3.23 3.55 2.56 3.11
T Sole
2
Linseed 18.48 15.7 17.18 17.12 84184 86064 71248 80499 64234 66114 48048 59465 3.22 3.31 3.07 3.20
T Chick
3
+ Lin (3:1) 20.66 19.9 17.4 19.32 104590 119795 81048 101811 80425 92130 49918 74158 3.33 3.33 2.6 3.09
T Chick
4
+ Lin (4:1) 21.16 21.02 17.8 19.99 107490 126336 83777 105868 83400 98746 52747 78298 3.46 3.58 2.7 3.25
T Chick
5
+ Lin (5:1) 21.73 22.02 18.41 20.72 110880 132487 86436 109934 86825 104932 55456 82404 3.61 3.81 2.79 3.40
T Chick
6
+ Lin (3:2) 20.1 19.72 17.73 19.18 100728 116099 80849 99225 75853 87724 48784 70787 3.05 3.04 2.52 2.87
T Chick
7
+ Lin (4:2) 20.71 20.26 18.03 19.67 104012 120855 82867 102578 79062 92405 50702 74056 3.17 3.25 2.51 2.98
T Chick
8
+ Lin (5:2) 21.19 20.99 18.37 20.18 107356 126298 85480 106378 82481 97923 53415 77940 3.32 3.45 2.67 3.15
SEm± 0.67 0.74 0.66 0.5 - - - - - - - -
C.D. (0.05) 2.04 2.26 2 1.54 - - - - - - - -
1 q =100 kg

intercropped with linseed over sole chickpea. Results also
(Table 3) revealed that chickpea when intercropped with
linseed, there was reduction in % pod damage due to
Helicoverpa. The least % pod damage (5.80) was observed
in 3:2 row ratio which was statically at par with 4:2 (T7), 5:2
(T8); yet and these were significantly superior over 3:1 (T3),
4:1 (T4), 5:1 (T5) and sole chickpea (T1). The reduction in
per cent pod damage might due to intercropping with non-
host plant, which may alter the micro-climate and crop
canopy. The results confirmed the findings of Prasad and
kumar (2002), Suhas et al. (2014) and Kumar et al. (2017).
18 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019

Table 3. Effect of chickpea based intercropping systems on Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) incidence in chickpea
Treatments % pod damage
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Pooled
Sole chickpea 23.12 24.55 20.10 22.82
(28.73) (29.70) (26.64) (28.53)
Sole Linseed --- --- --- ---
Chickpea +Linseed (3:1) 11.37 10.90 11.79 11.46
(19.64) (19.28) (20.09) (19.78)
Chickpea + Linseed (4:1) 12.25 12.86 12.57 12.73
(20.48) (21.01) (20.75) (20.90)
Chickpea + Linseed (5:1) 14.61 12.27 13.57 13.18
(22.46) (20.49) (21.60) (21.29)
Chickpea + Linseed (3:2) 6.31 5.82 4.37 5.80
(14.54) (13.94) (12.05) (13.94)
Chickpea + Linseed (4:2) 6.70 6.60 6.29 6.57
(15.00) (14.89) (14.54) (14.85)
Chickpea + Linseed (5:2) 7.77 8.18 8.84 8.48
(16.17) (16.64) (17.30) (16.93)
SEM +/– 0.92 0.81 0.81 0.76
C.D. (0.05) 2.68 2.36 2.35 2.22
Figures in parenthesis are angular transformed values.

REFERENCES Prasad D and Kumar B. 2002. Impact of intercropping and endosulfan

Ahlawat IPS and Gangaiah B. 2010. Effect of land configuration and
irrigation on sole and linseed (Linum usitatissimum) intercropped
chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Indian Journal of Agricultural
Sciences 80(3): 250-253
Hossain MA, Akanda MAL, Sarkar MA and Ali MR. 2000. The
suitability and profitability of intercropping coriander, linseed
and safflower in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Bangladesh
Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 35(1/4): 159-162
Kumar R, Singh SK, Chakravarty MK and Mondal P. 2017. Effect
of inter cropping on the Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)
incidence and yield in chickpea. Indian Journal of Entomology
79(1): 9-12
on the incidence of gram pod borer infesting chickpea. Indian
Journal of Entomology 64: 405-410
Singh Raghavendra and Pandey MD. 2002. Studies on integrated
pest management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Research
on Crops 3(3): 662-664
Suhas Y, Sreenivas AG, Chandra Shekhara B, Rachappa and Viradar
SA. 2014. Performance of intercrops in reduction of gram pod
borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) incidence on chickpea.
Journal of Experimental Zoology 17(2): 627-630
Willey RW. 1979. Intercropping: it’s importance and research needs.
Part-I. Completions and yield advantages. Field crops Abstracts
32(1): 1-10
Journal of Food Legumes 32(1): 19-22, 2019
Growth and yield of soybean as influenced by of graded nitrogen and phosphorus
dose or under rainfed situations
SATYABRATA MANGARAJ, LH MALLIGAWAD1, SADHANA V1, PAIKARAY RK1 and SAHOO TR1
Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar; 1University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad;
E-mail: satyabratamangaraj7@gmail.com
(Received : February 01, 2017 ; Accepted : June 20, 2017)
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2015 with
thirteen ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers with
constant potassium level (25 kg K2O ha-1) on soybean cultivar
DSb 21 at MARS, UAS, Dharwad. The seed yield increased
due to increasing N/P ratios up to 0.78. The treatment
receiving N/P fertilizer ratio of 0.70 (basal application of 18
kg N, 46 kg P 2O 5, 25 kg K 2O ha -1 + foliar application of
nitrogen@7 kg N ha-1 at initiation of flowering and foliar
application of nitrogen@7 kg N ha-1 at 15 days after first
foliar spray) recorded significantly higher seed yield (3217
kg ha-1), total number of pods plant-1 (47.57), 100 seed weight
(15.40 g) and seed weight plant-1 (18.31 g). This treatment
also recorded significantly higher leaf area plant -1 (12.62
dm2), leaf area index (4.21) and total dry matter production
(34.15 g)
Key words: Fertilizer ratio, Foliar application, Leaf area,
Rainfed, Seed yield
Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill), a species of grain
legume called as the “GOLDEN BEAN” of the 20th century
is widely grown for its edible bean having numerous uses.
Soybean is considered as a wonder crop due to its dual
qualities viz., high protein (40-43%) and oil content (20%).
In addition, soybean protein has 5% lysine which is
deficient in most cereals. In India, area under soybean crop
is about 10.33 M ha with annual production of 8.91 Mt with
an average productivity of 983 kg ha -1 (Anon., 2015) which
is much less than world average despite it is introduced in
India during 1880. In Karnataka, soybean crop is cultivated
in an area of 0.2 lakh ha with an annual production of 0.22
Mt and productivity of 1103 kg ha-1.
Among the factors responsible for low productivity,
unbalanced fertilizer use lead to emergence of multiple-
nutrient deficiencies. (The crop is often subjected to both
water logging and soil moisture deficit in the growing
season.) Many a times even with normal distribution of
rainfall, crop suffers from excess soil moisture during peak
flowering and pod development stages which leads to
deficiency of certain nutrients, particularly nitrogen, resulted
in low productivity. Application of small amounts of fertilizer
N at sowing time as a starter dose of the crop improves the
biological nitrogen fixation, whereas heavy doses of N
reduces the efficacy of BNF leading to lower yield through
excessive vegetative growth. To assure continuous N
supply to the crop and to improve its efficiency, split
application of N may be helpful for raising crop yield and
reduce soil and water pollution due to leaching. Phosphorus
is also a critical nutrient, both in respect of its supply and
availability in the soil. It is also reported that poor response
to the application of higher rates of inorganic phosphorus
fertilizers was noticed in the soils with medium to high
available phosphorus contents. Optimum nitrogen and
phosphorus ratios applied N as basal and foliar application
in soybean crop under rainfed situation is lacking.
Therefore, studies on productivity of soybean as
influenced by ratios and levels of nitrogen and phosphorus
were carried out in medium black clay soil of Northern
Transitional Zone (Zone 8) of Karnataka state.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A field experiment was conducted at Main
Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural
Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka during kharif 2015. The soil
was texturally clay soil, neutral in pH, medium in available
of nitrogen (301.56 kg N ha-1) and phosphorus (28.23 kg
P2O5 ha-1) with high in available of potassium (386.32 kg
K2O ha-1), high in organic matter content (0.76%) and normal
in salt content (0.72 dSm-1).The experiment was laid out in a
randomized complete block design with three replications.
The experiment consists of 13 N/P fertilizer ratios and levels
viz., T1 -0.00 (Control), T2 - 0.00 (0 kg N, 0 kg P2O5 and 25 kg
K2O ha-1), T3 -0.50 (40 kg N, 80 kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O ha-1),
T4 - 0.50 (40 kg N, 80 kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O ha-1), T5 -0.70 (
32 kg N, 46 kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O ha-1) T6 - 0.46 (32 kg N, 69
kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O ha-1), T7 - 0.40 (32 kg N, 80 kg P2O5
and 25 kg K2O ha-1), T8 - 0.43 (40 kg N, 46 kg P2O5 and 25 kg
K2O ha-1), T9 - 0.58 (40 kg N, 69 kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O ha-1),
T10 -0.50 (40 kg N, 80 kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O ha-1), T11 - 1.17
(54 kg N, 46 kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O ha-1), T12 - 0.78 (54 kg N,
69 kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O ha-1), T13 - 0.68 (54 kg N, 80 kg
P2O5 and 25 kg K2O ha-1). Foliar application of nitrogen was
taken in the form of urea @ 2.00 % at initiation of flowering
(i.e., in the treatment T4) or at initiation of flowering and 15
days after first spray (i.e., in the treatments from T5 to T13).
Soybean cultivar DSb 21 was used with a spacing of 30 cm
between rows and 10 cm within row.
The land was prepared to a fine tilth before sowing
of soybean seed. The seed treatment was done with
Rhizobium and P solubilisers @ 15 kg-1 seeds. Weeding
and plant protection measures were undertaken as per need
20 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019

of crop. The crop was grown with one life saving irrigation.
It was scheduled in between post flowering and pod
formation period because of no rainfall in that period to
reduce flower drop and enhance pod formation. The
observations on growth, yield attributes and yield were
recorded at 30, 60 days and at harvest. Growth and yield
parameters like plant height, number of branches, leaf area,
total dry matter accumulation and pod number were
recorded from five tagged plants in each plot, while seed
yield, haulm yield, threshing per cent and harvest index
were recorded on plot basis.
Calculation of leaf area: Leaf area was measured by disc
method as suggested by Vivekanandan et al. (1972). 50
discs of known size were taken through cork borer from
randomly selected leaves from five plants. Both discs and
remaining leaf blades were oven dried at 750C for two days
and leaf area was calculated by using formula.
Wa– A
LA =
Wb
Where
LA=Leaf area per plant
A=Area of discs (dm2)
Wa =Weight of all leaves + discs
Wb =Weight of 50 discs
The analysis and interpretation of data were studied
using the Fischer’s method of analysis of variance
technique as described by Gomez and Gomez (1984). The
level of significance used in ‘F’ and‘t’ test was P = 0.05.
Critical difference values were calculated wherever the ‘F’
test was significant. The means differences among the
treatments were compared by Duncan Multiple Comparison
Test at 0.05 level of probability.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Effect on yield and yield attributes: Effect of different
ratios and levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and
foliar application of nitrogen through urea had significant
effect with respect to growth and yield of soybean. The
highest seed yield and haulm yield of soybean (3217 kg ha-
1
and 3788.3 kg ha-1 respectively) was observed in the
treatment receiving N/P fertilizer ratio of 0.70 i.e., basal
application of 18 kg N, 46 kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O + foliar
application of 7 kg N ha-1 each at flower initiation and 15
days after first foliar spray when compared to control (2059
and 2551 kg ha-1, respectively) and recommended dose of
fertilizer N/P ratio of 0.50 (2590 and 3051 kg ha-1, respectively)
without foliar application of nitrogen. Threshing per cent
did not differ significantly with respect to application of
different ratios and levels of nitrogen and phosphorus
fertilizers (Table 1). Similar results were obtained by Yan et
al. (2015) where application 45 kg N and 70 kg ha-1 P2O5 (N/
P ratio of 0.64) along with manure significantly increased
seed yield 3090.28 kg ha-1 and 3576.39 kg ha-1 in two cultivars
of soybean. These findings were also well supported by
Siddique et al. (2007), Ghosh et al. (2006) and Shivkumar
and Ahlawat (2008).
Seed yield is mainly dependent on source sink relation.
Under rainfed agro ecology, application of 2% urea at flower
initiation and 15 days thereafter will enhance the movement
of photosynthates from source to sink during the seed
filling stage. As the reproductive parts get more
photosynthetic assimilate, an increase in seed yield is
resulted. The improvement in the yield components such
as number of pods plant-1, pod weight plant-1, seed weight
plant-1 (g) and 100 seed weight (g) ultimately results into
increase in seed yield.
Among the different yield components, total number
of pods plant-1 (47.57), weight of dry pod plant-1 (24.73 g)
and seed weight plant-1 (18.31 g) were greater with N/P

Table 1. Yield of soybean as influenced by different ratios and levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers
Treatment N/P Ratio Quantity of nutrients (NPK) applied (kg ha-1)
Application at sowing Foliar application of N
N P2O5 K2O flowering 15 days after
initiation 1st spray
T1 0/00 (0.00) 0 0 0 0 0 2059 f 2551 e 64.58
T2 00/00 (0.00) 0 0 25 0 0 2444 e 2976 d 69.86
T3 40/80 (0.50) 40 80 25 0 0 2590 de 3051 cd 75.10
T4 40/80 (0.50) 33 80 25 7 0 3054 ab 3525 ab 72.78
T5 32/46 (0.70) 18 46 25 7 7 3217 a 3788 a 74.84
T6 32/69 (0.46) 18 69 25 7 7 3055 ab 3513 ab 74.17
T7 32/80 (0.40) 18 80 25 7 7 2974 ab 3519 ab 72.01
T8 40/46 (0.43) 26 46 25 7 7 2842 b-d 3317 bc 71.64
T9 40/69 (0.58) 26 69 25 7 7 2902 bc 3479 ab 72.83
T10 40/80 (0.50) 26 80 25 7 7 2939 ab 3483 ab 72.82
T11 54/46 (1.17) 40 46 25 7 7 2650 c-e 3164 cd 71.97
T12 54/69 (0.78) 40 69 25 7 7 3204 a 3703 a 75.88
T13 54/80 (0.68) 40 80 25 7 7 3086 ab 3629 ab 73.28
S.Em± 89.40 98.60 4.34
LSD (p=0.05) 276.044 304.456 NS
 Mangaraj et al. : Growth and yield of soybean as influenced by of graded nitrogen and phosphorus dose or under rainfed 21

Table 2. Yield attributes of soybean as influenced by different ratios and levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers
Treatment N/P Ratio Quantity of nutrients (NPK) applied (kg ha-1)
Application at sowing Foliar application of N
N P2O5 K2O
T1 00/00 (0.00) 0 0 0 0 0 31.20 e 14.48 h 9.53 c
T2 00/00 (0.00) 0 0 25 0 0 33.77 e 16.51 g 11.97 b
T3 40/80 (0.50) 40 80 25 0 0 38.13 d 18.57 f 13.73 b
T4 40/80 (0.50) 33 80 25 7 0 41.83 bc 21.87 cd 16.09 b
T5 32/46 (0.70) 18 46 25 7 7 47.57 a 24.73 a 18.31 a
T6 32/69 (0.46) 18 69 25 7 7 42.77 bc 22.00 b-d 16.21 b
T7 32/80 (0.40) 18 80 25 7 7 42.50 bc 21.75 cd 15.76 b
T8 40/46 (0.43) 26 46 25 7 7 40.50 cd 20.06 d-f 14.96 b
T9 40/69 (0.58) 26 69 25 7 7 41.83 bc 21.38 c-e 15.51 b
T10 40/80 (0.50) 26 80 25 7 7 41.77 bc 21.59 c-e 15.73 b
T11 54/46 (1.17) 40 46 25 7 7 39.93 cd 19.51 c-f 14.27 b
T12 54/69 (0.78) 40 69 25 7 7 47.33 a 24.01 ab 18.17 a
T13 54/80 (0.68) 40 80 25 7 7 45.23 ab 22.74 a-c 16.71 b
S.Em± 1.12 0.67 0.65
LSD (p=0.05) 3.454 2.056 2.010

ratio of 0.70 over control (N/P=0.00) and recommended
dose of fertilizer (N/P ratio of 0.50 without foliar application
of N) (Table 2).Such differences with respect to yield
components were reported earlier by Rana and Badiyala
(2014) and Begum et al. (2015).
Effect on growth parameters: The growth attributes such
as plant height, number of leaves plant -1, number of
branches plant-1, total dry matter accumulation plant-1
differed significantly due to different ratios and levels of
nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers at different growth
stages of crop. N/P fertilizer ratio of 0.70 produced taller
plant (67.00 cm) as compared to control and potassium level
alone (Table 3). Similar results were also obtained by
Chaturvedi et al. (2012) and Lone et al. (2009) where N/P
ratio of 0.75 and 0.66 produced taller plants, respectively.
The increase in grain yield and yield components
was in turn due to increase in growth and dry matter
accumulation. Total dry matter plant -1 (TDMP) was
improved with foliar application of nitrogen in the treatments
which received different N/P fertilizer ratios. At harvest,
significantly higher TDMP was observed under the
treatment receiving N/P fertilizer ratio of 0.70 (34.15 g plant-
1
) than the other treatments and control (20.69 g plant -1)
which is in line of findings of Chaturvedi et al. (2012).
Improvement in the growth in respect to plant height, stem
diameter, plant spread and number of branches plant-1 due
to increased N/P fertilizer ratio with foliar application of
nitrogen resulted in an increased dry matter accumulation
in all the plant parts such as leaf, stem and reproductive
parts.
The leaf area (12.62 dm2 plant-1) and leaf area index
(4.21) of soybean were higher with the treatment receiving
N/P fertilizer ratio of 0.70 at 60 DAS as compared to control
(6.82 dm2 plant-1 and 2.27, respectively) and recommended
dose of fertilizer N/P ratio of 0.50 without foliar application
(8.58 dm 2 plant -1and 2.86, respectively).Thus foliar
application of nitrogen increased dry weight of leaf in
treatments receiving different N/P fertilizer ratios which is

Table 3. Growth parameters of soybean as influenced by different ratios and levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers
Treatment N/P ratio Quantity of nutrients (NPK) applied (kg ha-1)
Application at sowing Foliar application of N
N P2O5 K2O flowering 15 days after
initiation 1st spray
T1 00/00 (0.00) 0 0 0 0 0 58.69 e 6.82 c 2.27 c 20.26 h
T2 00/00 (0.00) 0 0 25 0 0 61.33 d 6.96 c 2.32 c 23.31 g
T3 40/80 (0.50) 40 80 25 0 0 63.17 cd 8.58 bc 2.86 bc 25.84 f
T4 40/80 (0.50) 33 80 25 7 0 64.40 bc 10.92 ab 3.64 ab 29.33 c-e
T5 32/46 (0.70) 18 46 25 7 7 67.00 a 12.62 a 4.21 a 34.15 a
T6 32/69 (0.46) 18 69 25 7 7 64.07 bc 8.51 bc 2.84 bc 30.79 b-d
T7 32/80 (0.40) 18 80 25 7 7 64.18 bc 8.86 bc 2.95 bc 29.81 c-e
T8 40/46 (0.43) 26 46 25 7 7 63.60 c 10.45 ab 3.48 ab 28.35 de
T9 40/69 (0.58) 26 69 25 7 7 63.67 bc 10.93 ab 3.64 ab 29.94 c-e
T10 40/80 (0.50) 26 80 25 7 7 63.40 c 10.19 a-c 3.40 a-c 29.75 c-e
T11 54/46 (1.17) 40 46 25 7 7 62.87 cd 7.67 bc 2.56 bc 27.62 ef
T12 54/69 (0.78) 40 69 25 7 7 64.80 bc 10.12 a-c 3.37 a-c 32.96 ab
T13 54/80 (0.68) 40 80 25 7 7 65.63 ab 8.95 bc 2.98 bc 31.38 bc
S.Em± 0.60 1.01 0.34 0.77
LSD (p=0.05) 1.866 3.134 1.045 2.391
22 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019
usually associated with increase in leaf area plant-1 and leaf
area index. These results are in conformity with Rana and
Badiyala (2014).
Based on results of present investigation, higher
seed yield of soybean (3217 kg ha-1) was obtained with
improved fertilizer management practices involving basal
application of 18 kg N, 46kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O with foliar
application of 7 kg N ha-1 at flower initiation and 15 days
after first foliar spray (N/P fertilizer ratio of 0.70) in medium
black clay soil of Karnataka during kharif under rainfed
situations.
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by directorate of information and publication of agriculture.
Indian Council Agriculture Research. New Delhi, 6th Edn. 1143-
11 44
Begum A, Islam A, Ahmed QM, Islam MA and Rahman MM. 2015.
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the growth and yield
performance of soybean. Research in Agriculture Livestock and
Fisheries 2(1): 35-42
Chaturvedi S, Chandel AS, Dhyani VC and Singh AP. 2012. Nutrient
management for enhanced yield and quality of soybean (Glycine
max) and residual soil fertility. Legume Research 35(3): 175-
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Ghosh PK, Mohanty M, Bandyopadhyay KK, Painuli DK and Mishra
AK. 2006. Effect of nutrient management growth, competition,
yield advantage and economics in soybean/ pigeonpea
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Research 96: 90-97
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wiley-inter science publication, New York, USA. Pp. 680
Lone BA, Hasan B, Ansar S and Khanday BA. 2009. Effect of seed
rate, row spacing and fertility levels on growth and nutrient
uptake of soybean (Glycine max L.) under temperate conditions.
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Rana R and Badiyala D. 2014. Effect of integrated nutrient
management on seed yield, quality and nutrient uptake of soybean
(Glycine max) under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh.
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Shivakumar BG and Ahlawat IPS. 2008. Integrated nutrient
management in soybean (Glycine max)-wheat (Triticum
aestivum) cropping system. Indian Journal of Agronomy 53(4):
273-278
Siddique MH, Oad FC, Kumbhar AM and Burriro UA. 2007. NP
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Vivekanandan AS, Gunasena HPM and Sivanayagam T. 1972.
Statistical evaluation of the accuracy of three techniques used in
the estimation of leaf area of crop plants. Indian Journal of
Agricultural Sciences 42: 857-860
Yan CJ, Song SH, Wang WB, Miao SJ, Cao YQ, Wang CL and Zhang
LJ. 2015. Impacts of fertilization on photosynthesis, growth
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Journal of Food Legumes 32(1): 23-27, 2019
Integrated weed management in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp]
PAGAR PA, PATIL DK, BANTEWAD SD, JAHAGIRDAR JE and GOSAVI SV
Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani,
prashantapagar76@rediffmail.com
(Received : September 11, 2018 ; Accepted : December 24, 2018)
ABSTRACT
India has a key place in global production and contributes
about 25% to the total pulse basket. Pigeonpea is the second
important pulse crop in India. In pigeonpea, weeds caused
21-97 % yield loss. High cost of wages and various limitations
in cultural practices and mechanical practices necessitates
to study integrated weed management approach in pigeonpea.
Therefore, a field experiment on integrated weed
management in pigeonpea was conducted at Agriculture
Research Station, Badnapur Dist-Jalna (Vasantrao Naik
Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra)
during 2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014-15 with an objective to
find out the effective weed management practice in pigeonpea
cultivation. The experiment was laid out in randomized
block design comparing eight treatments viz., T 1 -
pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i/ha at 1-2 DAS + 1 hand weeding
at 50 DAS, T2 -imazethapyr @100 g a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS + 1
hand weeding at 50 DAS, T3 - quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i./
ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS, T 4 -
pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2 DAS + imazethapyr
@ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS, T5 -pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg
a.i/ha at 1-2 DAS + imazethapyr @ 100 g i.e./ha at 20-25
DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS, T6 -pendimethalin @ 0.75
kg a.i/ha at 1-2 DAS + quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i/ha at 20-
25 DAS, T7 -pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i/ha at 1-2 DAS +
quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand
weeding at on 50 DAS, T8 -weedy check (Unwedded control)
and T9 -weed free plot (weeding at an interval of 20-25 DAS).
Three years pooled data revealed that pre-emergence
application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha–1 at 1-2 DAS
+ imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding
at 50 DAS was found effective weed management practice.
The application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha-1 at 1-2
DAS + imazethapyr@ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand
weeding at 50 DAS was also economical.
Key words: Hand weeding, Pigeonpea, Pre-emergence, Seed
yield, Weed
Pigeonpea also known as redgram, arhar and tur
[Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] is the most important kharif
grain legume. Pigeonpea is the second important pulse crop
followed by chickpea. The crop is extensively grown in
Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. It accounts for about 11.8%
of the total pulse area and 17% of the total pulse production
of the country. Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh accounts
for 87% area of the country and 83.8% of total production.
Bihar and Haryana have the highest productivity 1115 kg
Maharashtra; E-mail:
ha-1 and 1036 kg ha-1, respectively (Anonymous, 2017).
In India, the area under pigeon pea was 5.21 million
hectares with the production and productivity of 4.23 million
tones and 826 kg ha-1, respectively and in Maharashtra, the
area under pigeonpea was 15.33 lakh hectares with
production of 11.70 lakh tonnes and productivity of 764 kg
ha -1 during the year 2016-17 (Anonymous, 2017). In
Marathwada region area under pigeonpea was 5.95 lakh ha
with the production and productivity of 4.47 lakh ton and
759 kg ha-1. Unchecked weeds caused 20-97% yield loss in
different pulse crops. In pigeonpea weeds caused 21-97 %
yield loss. Due to high cost of wages, considering various
limitations in cultural practices and mechanical practices
there is a need to study integrated weed management
approach in pigeonpea. Therefore a field experiment,
integrated weed management in pigeonpea was conducted
at Agriculture Research Station, Badnapur Dist-Jalna
(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani,
Maharashtra) during 2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014-15 with the
objectives of finding out the effective and remunerative
weed management practice in pigeonpea.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A field experiment on integrated weed management
in pigeonpea was conducted at Agriculture Research
Station, Badnapur Dist-Jalna (Vasantrao Naik Marathwada
Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra) during 2012-13,
2013-14 and 2014-15. The soil of the Experimental field was
clayey in texture having EC 0.25 dsm-1, pH: 7.62, available N
139 Kg/ha, available P2O5 10 Kg/ha, available K2O 548 Kg/
ha and organic carbon 0.68%. Pigeonpea variety BSMR
853 was used for sowing. Sowing was done by dibbling
method. Seed rate of 10 kg/ha was used with spacing of
90cm x 20cm. Common dose of 25 kg N, 50kg P2O5 /ha
through urea + SSP was given.
The experiment was laid out in randomized block
design with three replications comparing eight treatments.
Viz., T1 -pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha at 1-2 DAS + 1
hand weeding at 50 DAS, T2 -imazethapyr @100 g a.i./ha at
20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS, T3 -quizalofop
ethyl @ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50
DAS, T4 -pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha at 1-2 DAS +
imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS, T5 -pendimethalin
@ 0.75 kg a.i./ha at 1-2 DAS + imazethapyr @ 100 g i.e./ha
at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS, T 6 -
pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i/ha at 1-2 DAS + quizalofop
ethyl @ 100 g a.i/ha at 20-25 DAS, T7 -pendimethalin @ 0.75
24 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019

kg a.i./ha at 1-2 DAS + quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i./ha at dry matter presented in Table 2 showed that the treatment
20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at on 50 DAS, T8 -weedy T5 i.e. application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha at 1-2
check (Unwedded control) and T9 -weed free plot (weeding DAS + imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand
at an interval of 20-25 DAS). weeding at 50 DAS recorded lowest weed dry matter at
both stages (70 DAS and at harvest) which was followed
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION by treatment T7 i.e. application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg
Grain Yield: The perusal data presented in Table 1 showed a.i./ha at 1-2 DAS + quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-25
that there were significant differences in grain yield of DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS.
pigeonpea as influenced by different weed management Weed Index: The mean of three years data on weed index
treatments. Weed free treatment recorded significantly presented in Table 3 showed that the treatment T5 i.e.
higher grain yield (1561 Kg ha-1) of pigeonpea during all application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha at 1-2 DAS +
the three year of experimentation as well as in pooled data imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding
which was found at par with treatment T5 i.e. application of at 50 DAS recorded lowest weed index at both stages (70
pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha at 1-2 DAS + imazethapyr DAS and at harvest) which was followed by treatment T7
@ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS i.e. application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha at 1-2
(1391 Kg ha -1), followed by T 7 i.e. application of DAS + quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS + 1
pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ ha at 1-2 DAS + quizalofop hand weeding at 50 DAS. These findings in accordance
ethyl @ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 with Patel et al. (1993).
DAS (1293 Kg ha-1) and significantly superior over rest of Weed control efficiency: The mean of three years data on
the treatments significantly lowest grain yield (647 Kg ha-1) weed control efficiency presented in Table 4 showed that
was recorded by the weedy check treatment i.e. T8. These the maximum weed control efficiency was recorded by the
findings in accordance with Dhonde et al. (2009). treatment application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha at
Weed Dry Matter: The mean of three years data on weed 1-2 DAS + imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS + 1
Table 1. Grain yield (Kgha-1) of pigeonpea as influenced by various weed management practices
Treatments Treatment Detail Grain Yield (Kg ha-1)
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Pooled mean
T1 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50
742 1323 1052 1038
DAS
T2 Imazethapyr @100 g a.i. /ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50
591 1257 1161 992
DAS
T3 Quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i./ ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at
589 1233 1025 944
50 DAS
T4 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2 DAS + Imazethapyr @ 100 g
848 1389 1267 1167
a.i. /ha at 20-25 DAS
T5 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2 DAS + Imazethapyr @ 100 g
1032 1618 1533 1391
a.i./ ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS
T6 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i / ha at 1-2 DAS + Quizalofop ethyl @ 100
834 1366 1219 1136
g a.i./ ha at 20-25 DAS
T7 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2 DAS + Quizalofop ethyl @ 100
941 1410 1517 1293
g a.i/.ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS
T8 Weedy check 361 628 954 647
T9 Weed free plot 1232 1728 1733 1561
SEm (+/-) 70.13 119.73 108.53 85.07
C.D. (0.05) 210.25 358.96 324.88 235.44
CV (%) 14.84 15.90 14.75 14.09
Mean 819 1335 1273 1130

Table 2. Weed dry matter (g/m2) of pigeonpea as influenced by various weed management practices
Year 2012-13 Year 2013-14 Year 2014-15 Mean
Treatments
70 DAS Harvest 70 DAS Harvest 70 DAS Harvest 70 DAS Harvest
T1 25.20 14.00 27.30 16.10 35.3 26.3 29.3 18.8
T2 26.30 15.20 28.40 17.30 35.6 26.7 30.1 19.7
T3 26.80 15.80 28.90 17.90 37.6 28.7 31.1 20.8
T4 20.20 16.00 22.30 18.10 28 21 23.5 18.4
T5 16.30 6.80 18.40 08.90 25.6 11.7 20.1 9.1
T6 22.40 17.40 24.50 19.50 33.3 19.3 26.7 18.7
T7 17.20 7.00 19.30 09.10 31.3 24.3 22.6 13.5
T8 60.90 45.20 63.00 47.30 69.6 49.7 64.5 47.4
T9 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
 Pagar et al. : Integrated weed management in pigeonpea 25

Table 3. Weed Index (%) of pigeonpea as influenced by various weed management practices
Treatments Treatment Detail Weed Index (WI %)
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Mean
T1 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2 DAS + 1 hand weeding 39.77
23.44 33.01 32.1
at 50 DAS
T2 Imazethapyr @100 g a.i. /ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 52.03
27.26 39.31 39.5
50 DAS
T3 Quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i./ ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand 52.19
28.65 40.57 40.5
weeding at 50 DAS
T4 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2 DAS + Imazethapyr @ 31.67
19.62 26.91 26.1
100 g a.i. /ha at 20-25 DAS
T5 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2DAS + Imazethapyr @ 16.23
6.37 11.07 11.2
100 g a.i./ ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS
T6 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i / ha at 1-2 DAS + Quizalofop ethyl 32.31
20.95 29.69 27.7
@ 100 g a.i./ ha at 20-25 DAS
T7 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2 DAS + Quizalofop ethyl
23.62 18.40 15.40 19.1
@ 100 g a.i/.ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS
T8 Weedy check 70.70 63.66 44.92 59.8
T9 Weed free plot -- -- -- --
hand weeding at 50 DAS which was followed by treatment monitory returns in Table 5 showed that among the
T7 i.e. application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha at 1-2 treatments, the weed free plot recorded significantly higher
DAS + quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 gross monitory returns (Rs. 67965/ha) but it was at par
hand weeding at 50 DAS . These findings in accordance with treatment T5 i.e. application of pendimethalin @ 0.75
with Reddy et al. (2007). kg a.i./ha at 1-2 DAS + imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-25
Gross monitory returns: The data presented on gross DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS (Rs 60466/ha) was
followed by treatment T7 i.e. application of pendimethalin
Table 4. WCE (%) of pigeonpea as influenced by various weed management practices
Year 2012-13 Year 2013-14 Year 2014-15 Mean
(WCE %) (WCE %) (WCE %)) (WCE %))
Treatments 70 DAS Harvest 70 DAS Harvest 70 DAS Harvest 70 DAS Harvest
T1 58.62 69.03 56.67 65.96 49.28 46.98 54.9 60.7
T2 56.81 66.37 54.92 63.42 48.80 46.31 53.5 58.7
T3 55.99 65.04 54.13 62.16 45.93 42.28 52.0 56.5
T4 66.83 64.60 64.60 61.73 59.81 57.72 63.7 61.4
T5 73.23 84.96 70.79 81.18 63.16 76.51 69.1 80.9
T6 63.22 61.50 61.11 58.77 52.15 61.07 58.8 60.4
T7 71.76 84.51 69.37 80.76 55.02 51.01 65.4 72.1
T8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
T9 88 90 86 88 84 86 86 88

Table 5. Gross monitory returns (`/ha) of pigeonpea as influenced by various weed management practices
Treatments Treatment Detail GMR (`/ha)
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Pooled
T1 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2 DAS + 1 hand
33375 53568 47850 44931
weeding at 50 DAS
T2 Imazethapyr @100 g a.i. /ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand
25230 50895 52825 42983
weeding at 50 DAS
T3 Quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i./ ha at 20-25 DAS + 1
26235 49545 46637 40796
hand weeding at 50 DAS
T4 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2 DAS +
38160 56241 57648 50683
Imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i. /ha at 20-25 DAS
T5 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2DAS +
Imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i./ ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand 46575 65043 69781 60466
weeding at 50 DAS
T6 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i / ha at 1-2 DAS +
37530 54904 55479 49304
Quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i./ ha at 20-25 DAS
T7 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2 DAS +
Quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i/.ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 42330 57577 69023 56310
hand weeding at 50 DAS
T8 Weedy check 16260 25434 43422 28372
T9 Weed free plot 55410 69619 78866 67965
SEm (+/-) 3149.29 4413.4 5320.1 2541.5
C.D. (0.05) 9480.3 13285.6 16015.1 7623.02
Mean 35688 53647 57948 49090
26 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019

@ 0.75 kg a.i./ha at 1-2 DAS + quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i./
ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS (Rs56310/
ha). The significantly lowest gross monetary returns were
recorded by weedy check treatment i.e. T8 (Rs 28372/ha).
Net monitory returns: The data presented in Table 6
showed that among the various weed management
practices, the weed free plot recorded significantly higher
net monitory returns (Rs.37710/ha) but it was at par with
treatment T5 i.e. application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./
ha at 1-2 DAS + imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS +
1 hand weeding at 50 DAS (Rs 34638/ha) and was followed
by treatment T7 i.e. application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg
a.i./ha at 1-2 DAS + quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-25
DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS (Rs30525/ha). The lowest
significantly net monetary returns were recorded by weedy
check treatment i.e. T8 (Rs 10329/ha).
Benefit: cost ratio: The data presented in Table 7 showed
that the significantly maximum benefit cost ratio was
observed in treatment T5 i.e. application of pendimethalin
@ 0.75 kg a.i./ha at 1-2 DAS + imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i./ha
at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS (2.31) which was
at par with treatment T4 i.e. Application of pendimethalin @
0.75 kg /ha at 1-2 DAS + imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i./ha at 20-
25 DAS. (2.23) which was followed by weed free treatment
(2.20). The lowest benefit cost ratio was recorded by weedy
check treatment i.e. T8 (1.51).

Table 6. Net monitory returns (`/ha) of pigeonpea as influenced by integrated weed management
Tre.No Treatment Detail NMR (`/ha)
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Pooled mean
T1 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2 DAS + 1 hand weeding at
11580 32383 20756 21573
50 DAS
T2 Imazethapyr @100 g a.i. /ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at
9780 26410 25431 20540
50 DAS
T3 Quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i./ ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand
4280 25110 19393 16261
weeding at 50 DAS
T4 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2 DAS + Imazethapyr @
18115 34006 32504 28208
100 g a.i. /ha at 20-25 DAS
T5 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2DAS + Imazethapyr @
23530 39408 41037 34638
100 g a.i./ ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS
T6 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i / ha at 1-2 DAS + Quizalofop ethyl
17535 32719 30485 26913
@ 100 g a.i./ ha at 20-25 DAS
T7 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2 DAS + Quizalofop ethyl
19335 31992 40429 30525
@ 100 g a.i/.ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS
T8 Weedy check 3910 5799 21278 10329
T9 Weed free plot 27365 39194 45370 37710
SEm (+/-) 3149.29 4413.4 5320.1 2339.13
C.D. (0.05) 9480.3 12944.9 15604.3 6651.2
Mean 15047 29669 30743 27987

Table 7. Benfit : Cast ratio of pigeonpea as influenced by integrated weed management

Tre. No Treatment Detail B:C ratio
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Pooled mean
T1 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2 DAS + 1 hand weeding
1.5 2.5 1.8 1.94
at 50 DAS
T2 Imazethapyr @100 g a.i. /ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at
1.6 2.1 1.9 1..86
50 DAS
T3 Quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i./ ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand
1.2 2.0 1.7 1.64
weeding at 50 DAS
T4 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2 DAS + Imazethapyr @
1.9 2.5 2.3 2.23
100 g a.i. /ha at 20-25 DAS
T5 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2DAS + Imazethapyr @
2.0 2.5 2.4 2.31
100 g a.i./ ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS
T6 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i / ha at 1-2 DAS + Quizalofop ethyl
1.9 2.5 2.2 2.17
@ 100 g a.i./ ha at 20-25 DAS
T7 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i /ha at 1-2 DAS + Quizalofop ethyl
1.8 2.3 2.4 2.17
@ 100 g a.i/.ha at 20-25 DAS + 1 hand weeding at 50 DAS
T8 Weedy check 1.3 1.3 2.0 1.51
T9 Weed free plot 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.20
SEm(+/-) 0.159 0.164 0.20 0.097
C.D. (0.05) 0.479 0.49 NS 0.27
Mean 1.69 2.23 2.11 2.00
 Pagar et al. : Integrated weed management in pigeonpea
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Journal of Food Legumes 32(1): 28-32, 2019
Effect of application of different sources of nutrients on yield of chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.)
CHANDRA MANI TRIPATHI, RAJESH KUMAR1, BHRIGU MANI TRIPATHI, SHASHI MANI
TRIPATHI2 and VIRENDRA PRATAP SINGH
CS Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 1ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses
Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 2Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad;
E-mail: cmtripathi88@gmail.com
(Received : March 17. 2018 ; Accepted : August 19, 2018)
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of
2014-15 and 2015-16 at Students Instructional Farm,
Department of Agronomy, CS Azad University of Agriculture
and Technology, Kanpur in alluvial tract of indo gangetic
plains in central part of Uttar Pradesh to find out experiment
was conducted on chickpea with three replication, keeping
one factor and nine treatments of randomized block design
T1: RDF (20:60:20:20 NPKS kg/ha), T2 : RDF + rhizobium
culture, T3 :RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 5.0
t/ha, T4 : RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 3.0 t/
ha, T5 :RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha,
T6 : RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha, +
FYM @ 5.0 t/ha, T 7 : RDF + rhizobium culture +
vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 3.0 t/ha, T 8 : RDF +
rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 2.0
t/ha and T9 : RDF + rhizobium culture + FYM @ 8.0 t/ha.
Checkpea variety KWR 108 was grown row spacing of 40 cm
apart based on two years. The field experiment was conducted
during rabi season of 2014-15, at Students Instructional Farm
of CS Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur
with the objectives to find out the effect of integrated use of
FYM and vermicompost with the different level of
recommended dose of fertilizer on growth and yield of
chickpea. With the application of T 3: RDF + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha and harvest index was
obtained with the application of T6 : RDF + rhizobium culture
+ vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 5.0 t/ha respectively,
during the two years of experimentation.
Key words: FYM, RDF, Rhizobium culture, Vermicompost
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the 4th largest grain-
legume crop in the world as well as in Asia. Being a rich and
cheap source of protein, it can help people to improve the
nutritional quality of their diets. Chickpea is an important
source of energy, protein and soluble and insoluble fiber.
Chickpea grains contain 60-65% carbohydrates, 6% fat, and
12-13% protein. Through symbiotic nitrogen fixation, the
crop meets up to 80% of the soils nitrogen needs, so farmers
have to apply less nitrogen fertilizer than they do for other
non-legume crops. Among the pulses, chickpea is the third
most important legumes in the world, which is grown in
almost all the continents except Antarctica. India alone
contributes >67% of the total area and production of
chickpea in the world Anonymous (2017). Chickpea thus
are usually grown under stored residual soil moisture with
the moisture receding to deeper soil layers with the age of
the plants experiencing terminal drought stress. The
intensity and the timing of the stress, of course, can vary
depending on the previous rainfall, soil type, crop duration
and the crop growth. Clearly, the number of pods per plant
was enhanced progressively with the use of different
sources of nutrient. The maximum number of pod (38.34)
per plant was noted with application of R.D.F + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha followed by RDF +
rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 5.0
t/ha (35.35). The treatment 3 is superior to other treatment.
Hence application of various organic sources viz., FYM
and vermicompost along with inorganic mineral nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium and sulphur either in combination
or alone in order to ascertain their effect on yield, growth
and finally on economic viability of chickpea in the present
context is the all most need. The integrated nutrient
management does not have now gaining importance
because of the present negative balance and the chemical
fertilizers alone nor can the potential alternative source of
nutrient achieve the production sustainability of soils and
crops under intensive cultivation. Under such conditions
integration of indigenously available organic sources of
nutrients with inorganic sources is of vital significance for
sustaining the productivity and fertility of soil Sharma and
Saroa (2017). Vermicompost is a good organic source of
plant nutrient and growth hormone which enhance plant
growth and microbial population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiment was conducted during rabi
seasons of 2014-15 and 2015-16 at Students Instructional
Farm, Department of Agronomy, CS Azad University of
Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur in alluvial tract of indo
gangetic plains in central part of Uttar Pradesh. The soil of
the experimental field was sandy loam in texture and slightly
calcareous having organic carbon 0.28%, total nitrogen
0.032%, available P2O5 13.0 kg /ha, available K2O 180 kg/ ha,
pH 7.5, electrical conductivity 0.20 dS/m wilting point 6.0%,
field capacity 19.2%, water holding capacity 28.3%, Bulk
density 1.43 Mg/ m³, particle density 2.60 Mg/m³ and
porosity 45.6%. The field experiment was conducted in
randomized block design with three replications, keeping
 Tripathi et al. : Effect of application of different sources of nutrients on yield of chickpea
one factor and nine treatments T1 : RDF (20:60:20:20 NPKS
k/ha), T2 : RDF + rhizobium culture, T3 : RDF + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha, T4 : RDF + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 3.0 t/ha, T5 : RDF + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha, T6 : RDF + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha, + FYM @ 5.0 t/ha, T7 :
RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM
@ 3.0 t/ha, T8 : RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @
2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 2.0 t/ha and T9 : RDF + rhizobium culture
+ FYM @ 8.0 t/ha. Checkpea cv KWR 108 was grown row
spacing of 40 cm a part. Crops were sown on 11.11.2014
and 16.11.2015 during the first and second year of
experimentation, respectively. Available moisture at sowing
time up to 100 cm soil profile was measured which was
163.2 and 144.0 mm. The amount and distribution of rainfall
received during cropping season was 212.0 and 243.4 mm
in 2014-15 and 2015-16, respectively against the average
annual rainfall of about 800 mm recommended package of
practices and fertilizers doses were applied in different
treatments. The observations of morphological and
developmental characters of chickpea were scientifically
under taken based on random samples. The data were
processed and was subjected to statistical analysis. ANOVA
table was constructed to compare the variance in F-table,
the average mean values were plotted along with SE (Mean)
and C.D. values. The significant of treatments effect were
tested with the help of F-test and significant f difference of
two treatments mean was tested by C.D. all these
calculations were carried out with the d.f. at different. The
SE± difference between two treatments mean was calculated
with the following formulae:
(2VE)
Standard error of deviation SE (d) ± =
r
Where,
VE = variance error
r = number of replication
C.D. at 5 % = SE (d) x t at 5 % at error degree of
freedom (18)
Where,
‘t’ = table value at 5% level significant and error
degree of freedom (2.101).
During crop period several observations were
recorded in respect of growth viz., plant population, plant
height, fresh and dry weight/plant, weight of pod/plant,
number of seed per pod, number of seed per plant, test
weight, seed weight per plant, yield (biological, grain and
straw yield q/ha and harvest index %) were recorded
appropriate stage of crop. The observed value averaged,
tabulated and subjected statistical analysis. While analysis
of variance included in appendices from the point of view
to find out the effect of RDF, vermicompost and FYM on
economic yield. The results have also been economically
29
analyzed by way of working out the detailed cost of
cultivation, gross income, net profit and return per rupees.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The pod formation was significantly higher with
combined application of treatment RDF + rhizobium culture
+ vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha over other treatment. The fresh
weight per plant of RDF + Rhizobium culture +
vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha was found significantly superior
to RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 3.0 t/ha,
RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha +FYM
@ 3.0 t/ha, than other treatments the fresh weight per plant
at flowering stage increased with the application of different
sources of nutrient. Maximum fresh weight per plant at pod
formation stage was recorded in RDF + rhizobium culture +
vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha (79.12), followed by RDF +
rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 5.0
t/ha (73.34), RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @
3.0 t/ha (70.32), RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost
@ 2.0 tonns/ha + FYM @ 3.0 t/ha (69.09), RDF + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 2.0 t/ha (68.76),
RDF + rhizobium culture + FYM @ 8.0 t/ha (68.34), RDF +
rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha (68.45), RDF
+ rhizobium culture (67.34) and minimum average fresh
weight per plant was recorded in RDF (20:60:20:20 NPKS k/
ha) with mean value (67.23). The dry weight per plant of
RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha was
found significantly superior to RDF + rhizobium culture +
vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha +FYM @ 5.0 t/ha; RDF + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 3.0 t/ha; RDF + rhizobium culture
+ vermicompost @ t/ha + FYM @ 3.0 t/ha, RDF + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 2.0 t/ha, RDF
+ rhizobium culture + FYM @ 8.0 t/ha, RDF + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha, RDF + rhizobium culture
and RDF (20:60:20:20 NPKS k/ha) respectively.
The 100-seed weight per plant were counted
significantly higher with combined application of treatment
RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha over
remaining treatment similar result. The weight of seed/plant,
number of pods/plant, weight of pods/plant, number of
seed/pods and number of seed/plant was significantly
higher with combined application of treatment RDF +
Rhizobium culture +vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha over other
treatment. The maturity stage of was significantly higher
with combined application of treatment RDF + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha over remaining treatment
similar.
The grain and stover yield (q/ha) of chickpea was
significantly higher with combined application of RDF +
rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha with mean
value (16.33 & 16.13) and (17.17 & 17.00), RDF + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha was significantly
superior to RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0
t/ha + FYM @ 5.0 t/ha, RDF + rhizobium culture +
30 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019

vermicompost @ 3.0 t/ha, RDF + rhizobium culture +
vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 3.0 t/ha, RDF +
rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 2.0
t/ha, RDF + rhizobium culture + FYM @ 8.0 t/ha, RDF +
rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha, RDF +
rhizobium culture and RDF (20:60:20:20 NPKS k/ha)
treatment respectively. Harvest index were found
significantly higher with application of RDF + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 5.0 t/ha with
mean value 48.24 over rest of treatment similar result.
Based on two years of experiment it can be concluded
that better growth yield attributes, yield was obtained with
the application of RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost
@ 5.0 t/ha and harvest index were found significantly higher
with application of RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost
@ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 5.0 t/ha. The number of pods and
weight of pods improve significantly under different
treatments but maximum pod per plant (38.55) and weight
of pods per plant (10.11g) recorded under recommended
dose of fertilizers + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @
5.0 t/ha treatment, also envisaged that 28.08% and 38.87%
increment in pods per plant and weight of pods per plant
respectively compared to control treatment. This recorded
minimum pods per plant (30.90) and weight of pod (7.30g)
The number of seeds per pod and per plant recorded
50.30 per cent and 23.90 per cent improvement under
recommended dose of fertilizer + rhizobium culture +
vermicompost 5.0 t/ha treatment compared to control
treatment. The improved in yield attributes are pods per
plant, weight of pods per plant, number of seeds per pods
and weight of seed per plant and 100 seed weight improved
due to combined dose of recommended dose of fertilizers +
microbial inoculant + vermicompost which accelerated
growth and put enhancement in yield attributing characters
because of the stimulation in flowering and fruiting of crop
plant. The finding of the experiment were closely followed
by the earlier research done by Tigga et al. (2004), Guwai et
al. (2005) and Chaudhary et al. (2008).
The maximum number of pod (80.34) per plant was
noted with application of RDF + rhizobium culture +
vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha followed by RDF + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 5.0 t/ha (74.33),
RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 3.0 t/ha (71.20),
RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM
@ 3.0 t/ha (70.70), RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost
@ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 2.0 t/ha (69.91), RDF + rhizobium
culture + FYM @ 8.0 t/ha (69.56), RDF + rhizobium culture
+ vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha (69.48), RDF + rhizobium culture
(68.00), and minimum number of pod per plant was noted in
RDF (20:60:20:20 NPKS k/ha). A perusal of the data
presented in reveals that the weight of pod per plant (g)
was progressively increased with use of different sources
of nutrient.
The maximum weight of pod (10.11) per plant was

Table 1. Effect of different treatments on dry weight (g/m2) at pod formation stage, maturity stage and test weight (g)
Pod formation stage Maturity stage Test weight
Treatments Fresh weight Dry weight Fresh weight Dry weight (g)
2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015
T1 68.00 67.23 27.33 26.78 27.10 26.78 24.00 23.87 15.97 15.00
T2 68.50 67.34 27.66 26.00 27.33 26.45 24.66 23.76 16.59 16.45
T3 80.34 79.12 34.33 33.78 33.60 32.56 31.25 30.87 19.87 19.00
T4 71.20 70.32 31.33 30.00 29.08 28.45 27.00 26.87 17.44 17.22
T5 69.48 68.45 28.00 27.89 27.60 26.46 25.66 24.56 16.66 16.34
T6 74.33 73.34 31.66 30.65 30.00 29.56 27.76 26.59 18.10 18.00
T7 70.70 69.09 30.00 29.34 28.45 27.76 26.66 26.00 17.32 17.23
T8 69.91 68.34 29.66 28.65 28.00 27.56 26.33 26.05 16.94 16.67
T9 69.56 68.76 29.00 27.65 27.66 26.86 26.16 26.00 16.75 16.34
SE (diff.) 1.93 1.89 1.02 1.01 0.87 0.82 1.24 1.07 0.71 0.63
CD at 5% 4.09 3.97 2.16 2.05 1.84 1.76 2.64 2.34 1.51 1.43

Table 2. Effect of different treatments on weight of seed/plant, number of pods/plant, weight of pods/plant and number of
seed/pod
Treatment Weight of seed plant-1 (g) Number of pods plant-1 Weight of pods plant-1 (g) Number of seed pod-1
2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015
T1 6.28 6.12 30.88 30.07 7.28 7.21 1.77 1.67
T2 6.53 6.24 32.00 31.76 7.93 7.34 1.88 1.45
T3 7.82 7.34 39.55 38.34 10.11 9.98 2.66 2.56
T4 6.86 5.67 35.55 34.12 8.43 8.00 2.44 2.41
T5 6.55 6.43 33.33 33.09 7.95 7.56 2.00 1.98
T6 7.12 7.00 36.22 35.35 8.86 8.23 2.55 2.35
T7 6.81 6.45 34.88 33.76 8.23 8.00 2.33 2.13
T8 6.67 6.34 34.33 33.97 8.22 8.12 2.22 2.12
T9 6.59 6.36 34.22 33.67 7.97 7.56 2.11 2.01
SE (diff.) 0.37 0.32 1.46 1.36 0.61 0.52 0.16 0.12
CD at 5% 0.78 0.70 3.11 3.03 1.30 1.24 0.34 0.30
 Tripathi et al. : Effect of application of different sources of nutrients on yield of chickpea 31

recorded in RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 5.0 ha treatment respectively.

t/ha followed by RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost
@ 2.0 ton/ha + FYM @ 5.0 t/ha (8.86), RDF + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 3.0 t/ha (8.43), RDF + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 3.0 t/ha (8.23),
RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM
@ 2.0 t/ha (8.22), RDF + rhizobium culture + FYM @ 8.0 t/
ha (7.97), RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/
ha (7.95), RDF + rhizobium culture (7.93) and minimum
weight of pod per plant was noted in RDF (20:60:20:20 NPKS
k/ha). RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha
was significantly superior to RDF + rhizobium culture +
vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 5.0 t/ha, RDF +
rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 3.0 t/ha, RDF +
rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 3.0
t/ha, RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha +
FYM @ 2.0 t/ha, RDF + rhizobium culture + FYM @ 8.0 t/
ha, RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha,
RDF + rhizobium culture and RDF (20:60:20:20 NPKS k/ha )
respectively.
The number of seeds per pod was progressively
increased with the use of different sources of nutrient. The
maximum number of seeds per pod (2.56) was recorded in
RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha
followed by RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @
2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 5.0 t/ha (2.41), RDF + rhizobium culture +
vermicompost @ 3.0 t/ha (2.35), RDF + rhizobium culture +
vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 3.0 t/ha (2.13), RDF +
rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 2.0
t/ha (2.12), RDF + rhizobium culture + FYM @ 8.0 t/ha (2.01),
RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha (1.67),
RDF + rhizobium culture (1.45) and minimum number of
seeds per pod was noted in RDF (20:60:20:20 NPKS k/ha)
RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha was
significantly superior to RDF + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha +
FYM @ 2.0 t/ha, RDF + rhizobium culture @ 8.0 t/ha, RDF
+ rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + RDF +
rhizobium culture and RDF (20:60:20:20 NPKS kg/ha)
treatment respectively. But at per with RDF + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 5.0 t/ha, RDF
+ rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 3.0 t/ha and RDF +
rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/h + FYM @ 3.0 t/
Based on two years of experiment with the object to
find out effect of inorganic fertilizer, vermicompost and FYM
growth and productivity of chickpea. Nine treatments viz.,
RDF (20:60:20:20 NPKS k/ha) (T1), RDF + rhizobium culture
(T2), RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha
(T3), RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 3.0 t/ha
(T4), RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha
(T5), RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha +
FYM @ 5.0 t/ha (T 6), RDF + rhizobium culture +
vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 3.0 t/ha (T7), RDF +
rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 2.0 t/ha + FYM @ 2.0
t/ha (T8), RDF + rhizobium culture + FYM @ 8.0 t/ha (T9).
The experiment was conducted in randomized block design
with three replication. The fresh weight of plant (g) was
recorded at flowering stage, pod formation stage and
maturity stage was significantly higher with combined
application of treatment RDF + rhizobium culture +
vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha over remaining treatment. The
dry weight of plant (g) at flowering stage, pod formation
stage and maturity stage after sowing was significantly
recorded with combined application of treatment RDF +
rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha than treatment
followed by remaining treatment. The number of pod per
plant was significantly higher with combined application
of treatment RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @
5.0 t/ha over other remaining treatment. The weight of pod
(g) per plant was significantly higher with combined
application of treatment RDF + rhizobium culture +
vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha followed by remaining treatment.
The number of seeds per pod was recorded significantly
higher with combined application of RDF + rhizobium
culture + vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha treatment followed by
remaining treatment. The number of seeds per plant was
counted significantly higher with combined application of
RDF + rhizobium culture + vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha
treatment followed by remaining treatment. The weight of
seeds per plant was significantly higher with combined
application of treatment RDF + rhizobium culture +
vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha over rest treatment. The test
weight (g) was affected significantly and weighed higher
with combined application of RDF + rhizobium culture +

Table 3. Effect of different treatments on number of seeds/plant, biological yield, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index (%)
Treatments Number of seeds plant-1 Grain yield (q ha-1) Straw yield (q ha-1) Harvest Index (%)
2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015
T1 40.00 39.78 12.00 11.78 14.10 13.98 45.97 44.97
T2 40.77 39.88 13.15 13.03 15.22 14.98 46.14 45.87
T3 49.55 48.45 16.33 16.13 17.17 17.00 48.74 47.24
T4 44.44 43.87 14.12 14.00 15.53 14.99 47.62 46.56
T5 41.66 40.35 13.33 13.13 15.35 15.11 46.69 45.32
T6 45.55 45.09 14.72 14.65 15.79 14.34 48.24 47.12
T7 44.00 43.76 14.00 13.79 15.43 15.00 47.57 45.97
T8 43.55 42.34 13.75 13.65 15.40 15.01 47.18 46.13
T9 43.33 42.67 13.61 13.40 15.39 14.89 46.93 45.76
SE (diff.) 1.57 1.43 0.54 0.50 0.34 0.32 0.54 0.43
CD at 5% 3.34 3.28 1.15 1.04 0.73 0.69 1.14 1.02
32 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019
vermicompost @ 5.0 t/ha treatment followed by remaining
treatment.
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Anonymous. 2017. Agriculture statics at a glance in India
Amin PK, Dev and SK Singh. 2015. Effect of inorganic fertilizer on
growth and yield of chickpea variety. Journals of Agricultural
Sciences 6(2): 546-551
Anjum SA, Ehsanullah U, Mohsin T and Rafi QIK. 2014.
Morphological and phonological attributed of chickpea affected
by different tillage practices and varied sowing method. American
Journal of Plant Sciences 7(4): 1182-1187
Chaudhary Rampratap, Singh Harphool and Singh Maa. 2016. Project
of chickpea production under moisture condition of North-
western India. Harayana Journal of Agronomy 3(5): 234-242
Jat RS and Ahlawat IPS. 2004. Effect of vermicompost, biofertilizer
and phosphorus on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by gram
and their residual effect on fodder maize. Indian Journal of
Agricultural Sciences 74(7): 359-361
Gholipoor M, Karamzadeh A and Gholami A. 2014. Vermicompost
as a soil supplement to relieve the effects of low-intensity
drought stress on chickpea yield. Acta Horticulture 10(1): 219-
22 6
Lal B, Rana KS, Rana DS, Shivay YS, Priyanka Gautam, Ansari MA
and Ekta Joshi. 2013. Assessment of economics, energy use and
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intercropping system under dry land conditions. Research on
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Singh Ranveer, Nath YN, Singh SK, Mohan TK and Shahi JP. 2016.
Effect of agronomic management practices on growth, yield
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Journal of Food Legumes 32(1): 33-35, 2019
Evaluation of wild germplasm accessions against Botrytis gray mould in Chickpea
MANJUNATHA L, CHATURVEDI SK1, MONDAL B, SRIVASTAVA AK, KUMAR Y, KRISHNA KUMAR,
SHIV SEWAK, DIXIT GP and SINGH NP
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 1Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural
University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh; E-mail: biswagpb@gmail.com
(Received : October 21, 2018 ; Accepted : December 15, 2018)
ABSTRACT
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important food legume
grown widely in India for its diverse use in food habit.
Chickpea contributes to almost half of the total pulse
production of India. Botrytis Grey Mould (BGM) caused by
the fungus Botrytis cinerea is a menace in the northern foothill
of regions (Uttarakhand state) and north western plains of
India. The foliar disease affects the crop at flowering and
pod maturation stage which is aggravated under cold and
humid climate causing up to 100% yield loss. Resistance to
BGM is rare among the chickpea varieties released and few
stable donor lines have been reported, which is a bottleneck
in the breeding program. Therefore, study was conducted to
evaluate wild and NBPGR chickpea accessions against BGM
using cut twig technique under laboratory condition. Out of
107 wild chickpea accessions, 6 accessions, namely, ILWC
182; ILWC 188; ICC 17151; ILWC 31; ICC 17207 and ILWC
185 showed resistance reaction against the pathogen. Out of
230 germplasm accessions from NBPGR, only two genotypes
IC305587 and IC2792 showed moderately resistant reaction
for Pantnagar isolate of Botrytis cinerea. However, further
field and multi-location evaluation of the identified
accessions are required prior to their utilization in breeding
program.
Key words: Accession, Botrytis, Chickpea, Evaluation,
Germplasm, Resistance
India is the largest producer of chickpea accounting
for nearly 70 per cent of the global chickpea production
(FAOSTATS, 2015). It is an important source of protein for
the vegetarian population after soybean and groundnut.
Among the pulses, chickpea contributed 48%, pigeonpea
17%, black gram 10%, green gram 7% and other pulses 18%
towards total pulses production. The productivity of
chickpea is limited by various abiotic and biotic stresses.
Chickpea is mainly grown as rainfed crop requires
less water for growth and development. Recently, chickpea
yields are reducing due to effect of climate change through
biotic stress such as Ascochyta blight (AB), Botrytis grey
mold (BGM), Fusarium wilt and Dry root rot (DRR) in India.
Among the biotic stresses, foliar disease such as BGM
causes 50-100 per cent yield losses if it occurs at an early
flowering stage (Pande et al. 2002) in Northern India,
especially in Punjab and Uttarkhand states, leading to heavy
yield loss after the winter rains (Reddy et al. 1988). The
first occurrence of BGM on chickpea was reported in India
by Shaw and Ajrekar (1915) and later by Butler and Bisby
(1931). The disease was reached epidemic proportions in
India during the 1978-1979 crop seasons, destroying about
20, 000 ha of chickpea (Grewal and Laha, 1983). In Nepal,
this disease was occurs almost every year, with average
yield losses of 15 per cent (Joshi, 1992). The effects of
BGM on pod yield depend on the onset of the disease in
relation to crop growth and disease severity, both of which
depend largely on weather conditions and inoculums levels
of the pathogen. The causal organism of BGM of chickpea
is Botrytis cinerea and its teleomorph is Botryotinia
fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel (Grooves and Loveland, 1953).
The telemorphic state of this fungus has been produced
from sclorotia of B. cinerea infecting chickpea in India
(Singh, 1997). Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus
well known for its extensive host range, wide distribution
globally, extreme variability and adaptability to wide range
of environmental conditions. Drooping of the affected
terminal branches is a common field symptom and branches
may break off at the point of infection (Grewal et al. 1992).
The fungus can form grey or brown to light brown lesions
on leaflets, branches and pods, covered with hairy
sporophores and masses of single celled, hyaline spores
(Haware and McDonald, 1992). Seed treatment with
fungicides such as iprodione, mancozeb, thiabendazole,
thiram, benomyl and carbendazimare used to control the
disease, but their use is often uneconomical under
epiphytotic conditions because of number of sprays
required. Use of resistant cultivars appears to be the best
management option for this disease. Identification of the
resistance sources in wild chickpea would facilitate their
introgression into cultivated varieties for increased yield
and productivity. In this study, wild chickpea accessions
from wide hybridization garden, IIPR and NBPGR chickpea
accessions were used for identification of BGM resistant/
tolerant chickpea for breeding program.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was undertaken to identify the
BGM resistant sources from 230 ICAR-NBPGR and 107 wild
chickpea accessions. Cut twig technique (Singh, 1997) was
followed for screening the genotypes for BGM resistance
under epiphytotic conditions. In cut twig technique, tender
shoots of wild chickpea plants were cut from the actively
growing chickpea plant (30-60 days after sowing) with a
sharp edged blade in the evening time. The lower portion
of the detached twig was wrapped with a cotton plug and
34 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019

transferred to test tube (15 × 100mm) containing fresh sterile populations. Out of 230 NBPGR germplasms, only two
water (Sharma et al. 1995). The test tubes were transferred genotypes IC 305587 and IC 2792 showed moderately
to Controlled Environmental Facility developed at Crop resistant reaction and none of them were showed resistant.
Protection Division of ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses It was also observed that the plant types having short and
Research (Kanpur) adjusted at 18±1°C and ~1500 lux light bushy canopy with large leaf size showed susceptibility to
intensity for 12 h a day, allowed to acclimatize for 24 h and BGM. High humidity built up inside the bushy canopy might
inoculated with seven day old conidial suspension (3×105 be the reason for susceptibility to BGM (Rashid and
spores/ml) of B. cinerea. After inoculation the plants were Hossain, 2017). The cut-twig technique developed by Singh
allowed to dry partially for 30 min and there after 100 per et al. (1997) offers a non-destructive sampling of the plants
cent relative humidity was maintained till the end of and proved very effective and efficient for screening
experiment (Pande et al. 2002). The experiment was breeding lines for their immediate utilization in crossing
conducted in three replications with two to three plants in program (Singh et al. 1998). Higher levels of resistance to
each replication and repeated thrice. The line L-550 was BGM have been found in wild Cicer species of C judaicum,
used as a susceptible check and data on disease severity C. bijugum, C. echinospermum and C. Pinnnatifidum than
was recorded on a 1-9 rating scale (Kaur et al. 2013) after cultivated species (Haware, 1998; Pande et al. 2002; Pande
susceptible cultivar showing 9 rating or 7-8 days after et al. 2006).
inoculation (DAI). Based on the mean disease score, Cut twig technique needs less than 10 days to
chickpea lines were categorized as highly resistant (Disease complete the disease screening experiment. This technique
scale-1, No visible symptoms on any part of twig), resistant is rapid, economical and useful for screening large number
(Disease scale-3, 1-2 lesions on leaves), moderately resistant of segregating and breeding lines without destroying the
(Disease scale 5, 1-2 leaves give burnt appearance, slight plants and thus can be used to screen for other target traits.
stem soft rotting), moderately susceptible (Disease scale- Till date few resistant lines could be identified resistant to
7, Soft rotting of stem 50 per cent foliage killed) and BGM which has been widely used in breeding. Pandey et
susceptible (Disease scale-9, extensive soft rotting of stem al. (2006) extensively reviewed the status of the disease,
and foliage with fungal growth on foliage, whole twig killed). and mentioned two cultivated landraces, namely, ICC 1069
and ICC 10302 which has been utilized as donor lines for
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
study of inheritance of BGM. Both of these genotypes
The performance of 25 wild chickpea genotypes for
their relative resistance/tolerance to BGM are presented in
Table 1. Final plant stands of all the resistant entries were
good and healthy (Fig. 1). The susceptible check L-550
showed very high disease rating (~9). Mean disease rating
varied from 2-9. The lines with erect plant type showed
tolerant reaction to BGM (score 2-3). Out of 107 chickpea
wild germplasm accessions, 6 accessions belonging to
species Cicer judaicum viz., ILWC 182, ILWC 188, ICC 17151,
ILWC 31, ICC 17207 and ILWC 185 showed resistant
reaction. Twenty accessions showed moderately resistant
reaction for Pantnagar isolate. Those included thirteen
accessions of Cicer judaicum (ILWC 30, ILWC 38, ILWC
95, ILWC 211, ILWC 256, ILWC 273, ILWC 274, ILWC 278,
ILWC 283, ILWC 50, ILWC 44 and ICC 182), three accessions
of Cicer pinnatifidum (ICC 17152, ICC 17155 and ILWC
212) and four accessions of Cicer reticulatum (ILWC 110,
Figure 1. Cut twig screening technique against BGM
ILWC 115, C 105 and C 106). Accessions C 105 and C 106
showing the resistant and susceptible genotypes
are selected lines distinct from their respective base
Table 1. Screening of wild chickpea against BGM under controlled condition using cut twig technique
Disease reaction Wild chickpea accessions NBPGR accessions Disease rating
scale observed
Resistant C. judaicum: ILWC 182, ILWC 188, ICC 17151, ILWC 31, ICC 17207 Nill 2.1-3
Moderately resistant Cicer judaicum: ILWC 30, ILWC 38, ILWC 95, ILWC 211, ILWC 256, ILWC IC305587 and IC2792 3.1-5
273, ILWC 274, ILWC 278, ILWC 283, ILWC 50, ILWC 44 and ICC 182. (2)
Cicer pinnatifidum: ICC 17152, ICC 17155 and ILWC 212.
Cicer reticulatum: ILWC 110, ILWC 115, C 105 and C 106
Susceptible 82 228 5.1-9.0
Total Accession screened 107 230
 Manjunatha et al. : Evaluation of wild germplasm accessions against Botrytis gray mould in Chickpea
(ICC 1069 and ICC 10302) have exotic origin which might
have prevented their use in breeding programs. Kaur et al.
(2013) has combined resistance for BGM and Ascochyta
blight using interspecific hybridization with C. judaicum
and C. pinnatifidum accessions. In this study, all of the
resistant lines identified belonged to Cicer judaicum, which
species has less cross ability with the cultivated species
Cicer arietinum. Strategies for trait intogression need to
be worked out for the further utilization of those lines using
embryo rescue techniques or bridge species.
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Pande S, Sharma M, Pathak M and Rao JN. 2006. Comparison of
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Journal of Food Legumes 32(1): 36-41, 2019
Status and etiology of Cercospora leaf spot of greengram in Kashmir province of
India
BHAT FA
University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir Wadura Jammu and Kashmir; E-mail:
bhaatfarooq26@gmail.com
(Received : August 22, 2017 ; Accepted : November 28, 2017)
ABSTRACT
Green gram fields were surveyed in ten geographical blocks
distributed from north to south of Kashmir valley at 1580 to
2000 meters above sea level and Cercospora leaf spot was
found predominant disease ranged 6-28 per cent leaf area.
Maximum disease was recorded in Lalpora (26-31%) followed
by Shalimar with disease intensity of 26-30 per cent. Conidia
of the fungus were hyaline, straight to sub-straight or slightly
curved, obclavate-cylindric, 40.2-180.3 × 2.5-3.4 µm with an
average of 102.8 × 3 µm having 1-14 septa. The diagnostic
symptoms comprised of roughly circular to irregular, white
centered reddish brown to brown leaf spots measuring 2-12
mm in diameter. Under natural epiphytotic conditions
minimum disease (2-5%) was recorded during 1 st week of
august which picked up later and reached 42-44 per cent by
1st week of october. Higher values of periodic disease (6-9%)
coincided with average maximum temperature 27-30 oC,
minimum temperature 10-16 oC, RH 82-84 per cent and
periodic rain of 2-34 mm. While maximum temperature, RH
and rain persay masked their statistical significance by
fluctuating around respective optima, the influence of
minimum temperature on disease was, however, statistically
significant for the period between 4th week of July and 2nd
week of September.
Key words: Cercospora canescens, Etiology, Epidemiology,
Green gram, Leaf spot,
Pulses offer a cheaper source of dietary protein to
common masses particularly the vegetarian group, besides
being a delicious dietetic variety for upper class. Green
gram (Vigna radiate L.) is the third important pulse crop of
India and occupies 8 per cent of the total area under pulses
in the country. National Food Security Mission is under
implementation in J&K to increase production of pulses
and other crops, farmer’s income by making the farm
business management more profitable and to generate
employability. Although, Jammu and Kashmir relies on
import of green gram seed and its value added products, it
is an important kharif crop of the state where different
pulses are grown over an area of 26.57 thousand hectares
with an annual production of 8.41 thousand tonnes
including about 34 per cent from Kashmir province
(Anonymous, 2015). The crop experiences several biotic
stresses worldwide due to pathogenic fungi, bacteria,
viruses and nematodes. However, the foliar fungal diseases
including Cercospora leaf spot are more destructive which
know to causes qualitative and quantitative losses
worldwide. The leaf spot caused by Cercospora spp. was
declared threat to green gram cultivation in several countries
for its devastating appearance in crop stands (Poehlman et
al. 1973). It inflicts heavy yield losses ranging from 23 to 96
per cent under natural epiphytotic conditions (Kasno, 1990;
Iqbal et al. 1995; Kaur, 2007). The yield losses vary
depending upon how early the crop is infected in the
season, crop variety and prevailing weather conditions. In
a preliminary study wide spread incidence of some foliar
diseases predominated by a fungal leaf spot manifestation
typical of Cercospora in vasion was noticed in the crop
stands. Keeping in view the importance of green gram as
well as associated disease, the present study was, therefore,
intended to generate timely information with respect to
status and etiology of the disease which is a prerequisite
for devising a meaningful management program of CLS.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present investigations on fungal leaf spot of
green gram were conducted in the laboratory and the
experimental field of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir
University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of
Kashmir, Shalimar, located at 34o472 north latitude and
74o522 east longitude at an elevation of 1591 meters above
mean sea level (masl). However, survey for estimation of
the disease in Kashmir was conducted in some important
areas distributed from north to south of the valley at 1580
to 2000 masl.
Status of the disease: Status of the disease in Kashmir was
assessed by surveying ten well distributed geographical
blocks viz., Rafiabad, Bandipora, Pattan, Lalpora, Shalimar,
Khansahib, Malangpora, Shopian, Kulgam and Shangus
during first fortnight of Sepember (reproductive stage of
the crop). Each block was represented by three villages
and each village by three fields. In each field, leaves were
collected randomly from 25 plants while moving in zig zag
fashion. The leaves were categorized according to 0-7 rating
scale (where 0 = no infection, 1 = one spot to 20 % diseased
area, 3 = 21-40% diseased area, 5= 41-60% diseased area
and 7 = >60 % diseased area) and the disease intensity was
calculated by using following formula:
(nv)
Disease Intensity (%) = ————— x 100
NG
 Bhat FA : Status and etiology of Cercospora leaf spot of greengram 37

Where, n = number of leaves in a category, v =
numerical value of category, N = total of leaves examined
and G = maximum category value.
Identification of the pathogen: The causal fungus was
identified on the basis of its morphology and disease
symptomology. Morphological characters of the pathogen
were recorded with respect to conidia, conidiophores and
mycelium. The fungal structures were stained and mounted
in lactophenol-cottonblue solution (Weeks and Padhye,
1982), and the micrometry was conducted with a calibrated
compound microscope. Symptomology was recorded under
natural epiphytotic conditions for which fifteen green gram
plants (cv. Shalimar Mung 1) were randomly selected and
tagged in the crop stand kept unsprayed throughout.
Observations with respect to size, shape and colour of
lesions, and fructification were recorded as soon as the
disease appeared and then repeated at two days interval
for two weeks.
Epidemiology: The study was conducted on an
indeterminate cultivar of green gram (Shalimar Mung 1)
and the data on weather variables viz., temperature, RH
and rainfall were obtained from the metrological observatory
of SKUAST-K, Shalimar located close to the experimental
field. In order to nullify the possible effect of plant age on
disease score, the later was recorded on five different aged
crop stands at a particular date which persay were
maintained by sowing green gram on five different dates
(May 26, June 5, 15 and 25, and July 5) in randomized block
design with four replications and plot size of three meter
square while maintaining plant spacing of 30 x 10cm. Disease
was recorded from 30 to 90 days after sowing at 10 days
interval for which a random sample of 10 plants was taken
from each plot. Disease intensity was calculated by using
0-7 rating scale as above and its correlation with weather
factors was worked out as suggested by Gomez and Gomez
(1984).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Status of the disease: The data reveals that CLS of green
gram was prevalent in all ten blocks of valley and the
intensity ranged from 5.9 to 28.4 per cent with an overall
average of 23 per cent (Table 1). Maximum disease intensity
(31%) was recorded at one of the locations in block Lalpora
situated at 1690 masl. The block also supported maximum
mean disease intensity and was followed by Shalimar (28%)
and Shangus (27.4%) situated at 1590-1595 and 1676-1690
masl, respectively. In Pattan, the disease intensity was
significantly lower and ranged from 0-15 per cent with an
average of 5.87 per cent though there was little difference
in altitude when compared to Shalimar and Rafiabad. The
disease intensity varied in a considerable range in most of
the blocks. In Shopian and Khansahib blocks it varied in a
close range with respective Confidence Intervals of 23-26
and 24-27 when compared with that of Pattan and other
blocks. Bandipora (16-23), Lalpora (26-31), and Rafiabad
(18-26) and Shangus (25-30). The varied intensity might be
due to the adoption of different crop production practices
in general and left over infected straw as a source of
inoculum in particular. The partial role of crop remains in
determining the disease intensity of crop stand was

Table 1. Prevalence of Cercospora leaf spot of greengram in Kashmir

Altitude Disease intensity (%)
Name of block
(masl) Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Mean Confidence interval (95 %)
Bandipora 1580-1630 19.13 16.25 23.30 19.56 16.28-22.83
Rafiabad 1590-1596 26.50 18.77 20.93 22.07 18.38-25.75
Pattan 1580-1582 2.19 0.00 15.41 5.87 -1.86-13.57
Lalpora 1690-1700 31.35 26.14 27.81 28.43 25.97-30.89
Shalimar 1590-1595 28.27 25.71 30.08 28.02 25.99-30.04
Khansahib 1885-1902 26.33 23.21 24.15 24.56 23.08-26.04
Malangpora 1600-1608 27.53 23.03 27.16 25.91 23.59-28.21
Shopian 1980-1995 23.98 27.50 25.67 25.72 24.09-27.34
Kulgam 1610-1615 25.03 20.47 26.72 22.05 21.08-27.06
Shangus 1676-1690 30.85 25.22 26.18 27.41 24.60-30.19
Overall average 22.96

Table 2. Effect of weather factors on Cercospora leaf spot of greengram (Vigna radiata) during kharif 2009
Disease intensity (%) Weather factors
Date of
Cumulative Average Temperature (oC) *Rain
observation RH (%)
SD1 SD2 SD3 SD4 SD5 Average Periodic Max. Min. (mm)
4-Aug 4.66 2.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.37 1.37 30.65 16.80 85.00 34.00
14-Aug 8.61 4.98 2.08 1.19 0.50 3.47 2.10 33.60 18.06 72.20 8.00
24-Aug 18.30 11.08 9.55 6.04 4.22 9.84 6.37 30.00 16.20 81.40 27.80
3-Sep - 26.14 19.04 17.10 12.53 18.70 8.86 29.66 14.89 77.40 12.20
13-Sep - - 32.60 29.19 24.17 28.65 9.95 27.15 9.81 81.60 14.40
23-Sep - - - 39.05 33.48 36.27 7.62 29.02 9.46 79.40 0.40
3-Oct - - - - 41.70 41.70 5.43 31.46 9.92 90.40 0.00
SD1 to SD5 are 5 sowing dates viz., May 26, Jun 05, Jun 15, Jun 25 and July 05; *total of preceding 10 days.
38 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019

highlighted by the disease scores of three blocks viz., apical as well as intercalary with one to several conidia
Pattan, Lalpora and Shalimar. It was same variety i.e. formed on a single conidiophore and prominent scars were
Shalimar Mung 1 with same crop geometry in these blocks. left on both conidia and conidiogenous cells following their
de-Nazareno et al. (1993) also found positive correlation separation. Conidia were hyaline, straight to sub-straight
between disease and amount of infected corn residue left or slightly curved, obclavate-cylindric, 40-180 × 2.5-3 µm
on soil surface in the field. However, the infected seed solely with an average of 103 × 3 µm having 1-14 septa and borne
led to a significant buildup of CLS of green gram at one solitarily. The increased average length (177 µm) and
location of Shalimar where the crop was not grown in recent diameter (4 µm) of conidia was recorded on sporulating
past. The extremes of disease scenario observed at Shalimar lesions under high humid conditions at room temperature.
and Pattan could also be due to the presence of more The inter-septa distance was not uniform and varied from
inoculum density of phyloplane saprophytes inhibitory to 6.6 to 21 µm. Moreover, the conidia were found germinating
C. canescens as such an effect was also reported by Rao through basal, apical and intercalary cells under saturated
and Mallaiah (1988). The contribution of conducive conditions. The colour and shape of conidia and
microclimate associated with closer crop spacing was rather conidiophores were no different from the descriptions
more important than the type of cultivar grown as among earlier maintained for C. canescens (Ellis and Martin, 1982;
other blocks, the CLS intensity was found more in dense Saccardo, 1886; Chupp, 1953; Ellis, 1976; Thirumalachar
stands irrespective of crop cultivar. Similarly, the increased and Chupp, 1948; Arya et al. 1997). However, some
development of CLS due to high density planting in urdbean variations were found in the physical dimensions of
was previously reported by Sud and Singh (1984a). While pathogen. The conidia were slightly smaller than those
as Beckman and Payne (1982) found high relative humidity, reported earlier by some of above authors, though the
provided by canopy of mature corn plants, important for description given by Solheim and Stevens (1931) and Arya
development of CLS. Altitude of a location was also noted et al. (1997) for the same pathogen were close to present
to be non influential on disease intensity. While Shalimar, findings. The pathogen responded to high humid
Rafiabad and Pattan revealed extreme difference in disease conditions and produced larger conidiophores and conidia.
scenario despite having little difference in altitude, blocks
This kind of variation was also reported by Ragunathan
like Shopian and Malangpora supported equal disease
(1969) when C. canescens was subjected to different
scores though there was great difference in their altitude.
environments. Moreover, Joshi et al. (2006) reported that
The same finding stands as an evidence for occurrence of
genetic variability existed in C. canescens isolates of the
disease inciting pathogen in a vide range of physical
same geographical region. These findings collectively
environments particularly the temperature and relative
supported our identification aspect by confirming the role
humidity.
of environment in determining the size of conidiophores
Morphology of the causal pathogen: The morphology of and conidia. The existence of C. canescens in Kashmir was
mycelium, conidiophores and conidia of the pathogen as earlier reported by Dar and Ghani (1997). However, they
recorded during the investigation is presented Plate 1. reported it as a pathogen of faba bean. Moreover, the
Mycelium was sub-hyaline and 3.1 µm in average diameter pathogen has a significant distribution occurring on green
with 6.8-12.2 septa per 100 µm hyphal length and irregular gram and allied crops across the world including most of
branching. The stromata were indistinct, if formed at all the Indian states (Butler and Bisbey, 1931; Chupp, 1953;
conidiophores were light to olivaceous brown, straight or Munjal et al. 1960; Poehlman et al. 1973; Rewal and Bedi,
slightly curved, geniculate, unbranched, cylindric, 32-119 1976; Khandar et al. 1983; Kasno, 1990; Mittal, 1991; Iqbal
µm × 3.3-4.8 µm in dimension with an average of 77 × 4 µm et al. 1995).
having 0-8 septa and borne in fascicles of 5-17. The
increased average length (163 µm) and septation (upto 10) Symptomology: The disease symptoms were observed on
was recorded on sporulating leaf spots under high humid all above ground plant parts such as leaves (both upper
conditions at room temperature. Conidiogenous cells were and lower), petioles and pods (Plates 2). On leaves, the
Table 3. Effect of weather factors on Cercospora leaf spot of greengram (Vigna radiata) during kharif 2010
Disease intensity (%) Weather factors
Date of
Cumulative Average Temperature (oC) *Rain
observation RH (%)
SD1 SD2 SD3 SD4 SD5 Average Periodic Max. Min. (mm)
4-Aug 5.18 4.95 2.79 0.00 0.00 2.58 2.58 28.20 18.96 87.10 11.50
14-Aug 12.04 9.62 5.97 4.77 1.57 6.79 4.21 28.00 17.29 88.00 68.80
24-Aug 23.60 17.50 12.71 9.33 5.79 13.79 7.00 30.45 16.80 87.60 19.00
3-Sep - 30.22 26.16 19.27 15.13 22.70 8.91 27.50 14.37 85.90 55.00
13-Sep - - 37.03 31.16 26.97 31.72 9.02 28.70 15.88 82.20 3.20
23-Sep - - - 40.85 36.15 38.50 6.78 25.31 10.69 87.80 4.20
3-Oct - - - - 44.26 44.26 5.76 26.70 8.06 90.60 0.00
SD1 to SD5 are 5 sowing dates viz., May 26, Jun 05, Jun 15, Jun 25 and July 05; *total of preceding 10 days.
 Bhat FA : Status and etiology of Cercospora leaf spot of greengram
Figure 1. Influence of weather variables on CLS of
greengram in Kashmir. (Average of 2009 and 2010).
disease initially appeared as small (0.5-1mm diameter) dark
brown spots which increased in area and reached 1.5, 3, 5,
7.1 and 8.9 mm diameter in next 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days,
respectively. The characteristic whitish centre appeared
when spots were just about 2 mm in diameter. Spores could
be harvested from young 3-4 days old spots of about 2 mm
diameter. The leaf spots varied in shape from roughly
circular to irregular and in diameter from 2-12 mm. The shape
of leaf spot was usually determined by leaf veins which
delimited pathogen’s growth although these were also
infected in some instances. The spots were reddish brown
in colour with slightly darker periphery. Some older spots
appeared brown around whitish centre with a definite dark
brown margin. Moreover, some spots were uniformly dark
brown or reddish brown around whitish centre without any
distinctive border. The characteristic whitish center was
mostly present on the upper side of leaves, although it was
insignificantly visible on under side in some instances.
Coalescing of two or more spots was frequently observed
and the seriously infected leaves would usually dry and
remained attached to the plant. Yellowing of leaves was
also observed especially when petiole was invaded by the
pathogen. Moreover, the disease appeared even on leaves
of 20 days old plants growing underneath and in complete
shade of 50 days old lodged plants under open field
conditions. The low power stereoscopy revealed that the
fructification was amphigenous and was both in and around
whitish centre of leaf spots (Plate 3). The stereoscopy also
revealed that fructification occurred throughout the
diseased area except along extreme periphery and was not
restricted to whitish center as thought earlier. Although
actual cause that led to development of characteristic
whitish center was not ascertained, it was assumed to be
the result of total exhaustion of host cells in the infection
court. The brown to reddish brown leaf spots with whitish
center and with or without distinctive periphery and
frequently delimited by veins as observed in the present
investigation were more or less similar to the account of
symptoms associated with C. canescens (Butler, 1918;
Solheim and Stevens, 1931; Rewal and Bedi, 1976; Grewal,
1978; Arya et al. 1997). Amongst earlier descriptions the
one by Arya et al. (1997) mentioned bigger spots and others
39
such as that of Wells (1924), Solheim and Stevens (1931),
and Grewal (1978) maintained that the spots associated
with C. canescens were smaller than those produced by C.
cruenta. Ellis and Martin (1882) had also reported the
association of smaller leaf spots (2.5-5 mm) with type species
of C. canescens. However, the frequent delimitation of spots
by veins, the spots being more conspicuous on upper side
with amphigenous fructification and reddish margins as
observed in the present investigation were maintained by
most of the authors for leaf spots due to C. canescens (Ellis
and Martin, 1882; Chupp, 1953; Grewal, 1978; Arya et al.
1978). Moreover, the disease manifestation by shaded
leaves as recorded during symptomatology revealed the
insignificant influence of intensity of light rather than
denying the fact that cercosporin is a photosensitive toxin
(Daub and Ehrenshaft, 2000). On petioles, the spots were
more elongated than circular, and whitish centre was not
found except in older spots. The spots appeared as dark
areas which gradually increased in size and retained the
darker areas towards the center with indeterminate and light
to reddish brown margin. Pods and seeds manifested the
disease differently from other parts. On pods, the colour
and area of diseased spots varied with pod age. Pods,
infected when young, showed larger darkened areas and
cracks along the suture. However, those which were infected
later in the crop development stage depicted the restricted
but significant darkened areas. Seeds manifested the disease
as reddish brown to dark brown and black areas though
shriveling of seeds due to infection was also observed.
The disease manifestation by seeds, pods and petioles was
less variable from those reported earlier by Butler (1918),
Solheim and Stevens (1931) and Dhingra and Asmus (1983)
for C. canescens. However, the reddish brown areas on
seeds, development of cracks on pods, and necrosis of
radicle were in addition to the collective description of
symptom so far.
Epidemiology: The uniform set of physical environment
showed variable effects on disease development when
studied with respect to crop phenology during both the
years. Therefore our hypothesis that stage of crop could
determine the amount of disease was true. In this respect,
the disease intensity was below 5 per cent on 4th of Aug.
and later approached to 42 per cent by 3rd Oct. during first
year (Table 2). The data further reveals that the average
disease intensity ranged from 1.4 to 42 per cent when
calculated irrespective of crop stage. An exponential
increase in average disease intensity was recorded during
Aug. reaching 19 per cent by Sep. 3 although the average
RH was below 80 per cent for some days. However, maximum
increase in disease (10 %) was recorded for the period
between Sep. 3 and Sep. 13 coinciding with moderate rain
(14 mm), RH 82 per cent and average daily temperature of
27oC. Thereafter disease development declined with just 13
per cent increase observed during the period from Sep. 13
to Oct. 3.
40 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019
During second year the disease appeared in the last
week of Jul. at flowering stage in early sown crop and picked
up later in the next month (Table 3). It ranged from 5.8 to 24
per cent on 24th of Aug. following season’s maximum rainfall
coupled with higher RH (about 88 %). The disease intensity
was also on rise during the month of Sep. covering 44 per
cent leaf area as recorded on Oct. 3. The average disease
intensity irrespective of crop phenological stages showed
a linear increase in the month of Aug. The period between
Aug. 14 and Sep. 13, supporting maximum increase in
disease intensity (25 %) received well distributed rain and
experienced high RH (>85 %) with average maximum and
minimum temperatures of 27-30oC and 14-17oC, respectively.
Thereafter a gradual decrease was recorded with mere 5.7
per cent periodic increase recorded between Sep. 23 and
Oct. 3. Although RH remained continuously over 80 per
cent during Sep., slight decrease in average maximum and
minimum temperature was also recorded during Sep. 13 to
Sep. 23 and Sep. 23 to Oct. 3, respectively.
Two year’s averaged data, depicted in Figure 1, shows
linear progression of disease after appearing during early
Aug. However, there was sharp increase during 2nd fortnight
of Aug. and 1st fortnight of Sep. The figure further shows
that higher values of periodic disease (>6 %) coincided
with average maximum temperature 27-30oC, minimum
temperature 10-16.5oC, RH 82-84.5 per cent and periodic
rain of 2-34 mm. The correlation and regression analysis of
the data, presented in Table 4 and 5, reveal that most of the
weather variables had non-significant effect on disease
development during the period between Jul. 25 and Sep.
13. However, significant correlation was found between
periodic disease and minimum temperature (-0.931). Further
regression coefficients also show that contribution of
minimum temperature (-1.480) to CLS of green gram was
significant while that of maximum temperature (-2.011), RH
(-0.489) and rain (-0.117) was non-significant. The results
Table 4. Simple correlation coefficients between
Cercospora leaf spot of greengram and weather
factors
Max. Min.
Variables RH Rain CLS
Temp. Temp.
Max. Temp. 1.00 0.854* -0.004 0.637 -0.690
Min. Temp. 1.00 0.334 0.581 -0.931 *
RH 1.00 0.380 -0.343
Rain 1.00 -0.394
CLS 1.00
* Significant at 5%
Table 5. Simple regression equations indicating the
relationship of Cercospora leaf spot of greengram
(Y) with weather factors
Equation R2
Y = 65.12 – 2.011 (Max. temperature) 0.477
Y = 29.56 – 1.480 (Min. temperature) 0.867
Y = 46.56 – 0.489 (Relative humidity) 0.117
Y = 8.99 – 0.117 (Rain) 0.155
apparently contradicted earlier reports which mentioned of
direct or indirect relation of weather factors like maximum
temperature, RH and rain with CLS of green gram (Dubey
and Singh, 2006). However, our findings did not deny the
influence of weather factors on disease at all. The influence
was rather masked by weather parameters persay for
fluctuating around their respective optima throughout the
season. The argument draws support from prior reports on
optimum values of weather factors which effected
significant increase in CLS development on soybean
(Schuh, 1991), carrot (Hooker, 1944; Carisse and
Kushalappa, 1992), green gram (Rewal and Bedi, 1976) and
urdbean (Sud and Singh, 1984b). These results may be
construed as evidence for the existence of favourable
weather for the development of CLS on green gram during
Aug. and Sep. in Kashmir.
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Effect of bio control agent on morphological and yield related aspects of Lablab
purpureus L.
ADSUL VD, MANE AV, BURONDKAR MM, BHAVE SG and KASTURE MC
Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli; E-mail: kasturemc@gmail.com
(Received : April 05, 2018 ; Accepted : September 03, 2018)
ABSTRACT
The field experiment was conducted at Education and
Research Farm, Department of Agriculture Botany, College
of Agriculture, Dapoli during rabi 2017-2018 to study effect
of biocontrol agents on physiochemical aspects of Lablab
purpureus L. The experiment was laid out in randomized
block design with seven treatments in three replications.
The seven treatment were T 0 RDF only, T 1 Rhizobium
treatment, T2 RDF + T1, T3 Tricoderma viride (4ml/lit) + T1, T4
Pseudomonas fluorescence (4ml/lit) + T1, T5 Bacillus subtilis
(4ml/lit) + T 1, T 6 -Paceilomyces lilacinus (4ml/lit) + T 1
respectively. Different bio control agents were applied
through foliar spray at 2nd and 4th week after sowing. Data
were collected on plant height, number of branches, number
of leaves, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number
of pods per plant, number of pods per plant, no of grains per
pod, pod yield per plant (g), pod yield per plot (kg), grain
yield per plant (g), grain yield per plot (g) at the interval of
30, 60, 90 DAS and at physiological maturity. Growth period
of the crop significantly reduced with the application of bio
control agent. The treatment paceilomyces lilacinus Bacillus
subtilis Pseudomonas fluorescence and Trichoderma harzianum
were superior in physiological attributes and growth
parameter among all the treatments. So there is a need of
further research work on different bio-control agents to
assess their potential for developing smart green
technologies in agriculture. Physiological role of biocontrol
agent in mitigating the morphological related consequences
of crop are discussed.
Key words: Biocontrol agent, Morphological, Yield attributes
Lablab bean  (Lablab purpureus L.) is an ancient
legume crop widely grown throughout the world for its
vegetable or pulse for human consumption or used as a
cover crop (Mureithi et al. 2003). The plant is variable due
to wide genetic variation in cultivation, but in general, they
are annual or short-lived perennial vines. It is popularly
known as ‘Wal’ in Maharashtra state. India ranks first in
the world in terms of pulse production (25 per cent total
worlds production) (FAOSTAT, 2015). In India, the area
under rabi pulses cultivation was 190.40 lakh hectares with
124 lakh tonnes total production of pulses and productivity
was 651.2 kg per hectare (Anon., 2015). Maharashtra had 1,
125 thousand hectare area and 2, 268 million tonnes total
pulses production with 743 kg per hectare productivity of
pulses (Anonymous, 2017). Yield is a complex trait governed
by many traits and there are ample evidences to show that
selections directly for grain yield in plants are not easy.
The basic studies on the basis of morpho-physiological
traits are needed to overcome the yield barriers within the
genotypes. It is ultimately the we either morpho-
physiological thought out the M/S variations, which is
important for realizing higher productivity as evident from
very high and positive association within traits. The present
investigation was, therefore, undertaken to assess the
physio-morphological variability among collected
genotypes. Bio-control agents are often used for the
controlling pest and diseases. But the potential of bio-
control agents for improvisation of physiological,
biochemical and quality aspects in different pulses is yet
to understood in systematic and scientific manner. Induced
systemic resistance is the ability of an agent (a fungus,
bacteria, virus, chemical etc.) to induce plant defense
mechanisms that lead to systemic resistance to a number
of pathogens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiment was conducted at Education and
Research Farm, Dept. of Agril. Botany, College of
Agriculture, Dapoli during rabi 2017-18. Variety of wal i.e.
Kokan wal 2 was selected for study with seven treatments
and three replication.
Table 1. Treatments details
Treatments Details
T0 RDF only explain what dose NPK was applied
T1 Rhizobium treatment
T2 RDF + Rhizobium treatment (T1)
T3 Tricoderma harzianum (4ml/lit) + Rhizobium treatment
( T1)
T4 Pseudomonas fluorescnce (4ml/lit) + Rhizobium
treatment (T1)
T5 Bacillus subtilis (4ml/lit) + Rhizobium treatment (T1)
T6 Pacilomyces lilacinus (4ml/lit) + Rhizobium treatment
(T1)
Bio-controls were procured from the Krishi Vigyan
Kendra Baramati Dist. Pune and utilize in the experiment.
Seeds of variety Kokan wal 2 were taken from the
Department of Agril. Botany, Dapoli. Sowing was done at
spacing of 30×30 cm. Thinning was done 10 days after
sowing to retain one plant per hill. Five plants were
randomly selected in each genotype and replication. Various
morphological characters viz., plant height (cm), number of
branches, number of leaves, days to 50% flowering, days
to maturity and yield parameters were studied. Critical
differences were calculated at five per cent level of
significance. Based on the results, high yielding treatments
were identified.
 Adsul et al. : Effect of bio control agent on morphological and yield attribute aspects of lablab 43

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION found during 90 days after sowing (Table 4). At harvesting,
maximum numbers of leaves were found in treatment T6
On this pretext improvement in yield level through
(32.67). In present investigation it was found that treatment
smart culture management and judicious use of resources
significantly differed in days to 50 per cent flowering. Some
occupy a significant position. The smart move of crop
bio-control agent treatment shows early flowering viz., T6
improvement is possible through application of bio-control
(63.33) showed lowest days to 50 per cent flowering.
agents on dolichos bean during early vegetative growth.
Generally it was noted that 50 per cent flowering was
Till to date bio-control agents were known for their
achieved during 2/3rd of the life of the crop mention is DAS.
ecofriendly approach for pest and diseases management.
The bio-control agents as well as environmental conditions
But least is thought about their abilities to crop
also have selective influence on flowering. Days to maturity
improvement. These bio-control agents are bacteria and
ranged between 116.67 and 110. Treatment T6 was earliest
fungi observed in micro fauna of the ecosystem and their
maturing treatment while treatment T0 matured very late
role in various natural phenomenon is unequivocal.
(Table 5).
All the 5 bio control agent treatment was studied for
To plant physiologist, it is the net economic gain
different morphological characters. The vegetative phase
from the source and sink capacity. Number of pods per
governs the overall phenotypic expression of the plant and
plant is important character which has maximum direct effect
prepares the plant for next important reproductive phase.
over pod yield per plant Number of pods per plant is
Treatments differed in various morphological characters
important character which has maximum direct effect over
such as plant height, number of branches, number of leaves,
pod yield per plant. In present investigation, it was
days to 50% flowering and days to physiological maturity.
observed that there was large variation between treatments
The plant height is one of the important characteristic. Plant
for number of pods per plant (Table 6). The number of pods
height increased continuously from 30 DAS to harvest and
per plant ranged between 31.778 and 24.556 indicating wide
the increase in height was more between 30 to 60 DAS as
variation. Similarly, pod weight per plant also had variation
compared to other stages (Table 2). The results are in
and maximum pod weight per plant was found in treatment
accordance with Kleifeld et al. (1992). In present
T6 (19.311g) which was significantly superior to all other
investigation, the number of branches per plant was found
treatments. Pod yield per plant depends upon 100 seed
to increase continuously with the advancing age of the
weight and number of pods per plant. Number of seeds per
crop (Table 3). Among all treatments, T6 (7.22) performed
pod had no such variation among treatments. Seed yield
better for number of branches followed by T5 (6.778). The
per plant ranged between 13.737 and 8.553. There was
size of photosynthetic apparatus depends upon the number
significant variation observed among the treatments.
of leaves of the plant. Maximum numbers of leaves were

Table 2. Performance of different bio-control agent on Table 4. Performance of bio-control agent on lablab bean
lablab bean for plant height for number of leaves
Mean plant height (cm) Mean number of leaves per plant
Treatments 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS At harvest Treatments 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS At harvest
T0 20.56 57.22 77.78 81.44 T0 13.00 37.44 51.89 27.78
T1 20.78 58.44 80.33 82.44 T1 13.56 38.44 52.11 28.11
T2 21.11 59.44 80.89 84.22 T2 14.00 38.89 52.33 27.89
T3 22.11 60.22 81.78 84.89 T3 15.44 40.67 53.78 28.56
T4 22.44 60.56 81.89 85.11 T4 15.33 40.67 54.78 28.67
T5 22.56 60.56 82.11 85.78 T5 15.78 41.00 56.44 30.67
T6 23.11 66.22 89.22 92.89 T6 16.67 42.78 59.11 32.67
SEm (+/–) 0.464 2.400 2.390 2.640 SEm (+/–) 0.58 0.70 1.90 1.44
C.D. (0.05) 1.430 7.396 7.363 8.136 C.D. (0.05) 1.80 2.15 5.86 4.43

Table 3. Performance of different bio-control agent on Table 5. Performance of different bio-control agent on
lablab bean for number of branches lablab bean for flowering and days to physiological
Mean Number Branches maturity
Treatments 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS Treatments 50% flowering Maturity
T0 0.778 3.333 6.000 T0 66.00 116.67
T1 0.889 3.444 6.111 T1 64.33 113.67
T2 0.889 3.556 6.111 T2 63.66 113.33
T3 0.889 3.778 6.556 T3 64.66 110.33
T4 0.889 3.889 6.667 T4 65.33 115.00
T5 1.000 4.000 6.778 T5 65.33 110.67
T6 1.000 4.333 7.222 T6 63.33 110.00
SEm (+/–) 0.104 0.202 0.240 SEm (+/–) 1.54 2.03
C.D. (0.05) NS 0.623 0.740 C.D. (0.05) 4.75 6.26
44 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019

Table 6. Performance of different bio control agent on variation in yield. Similar result in ground nut obtained by
lablab bean for yield attributes Banerjee et al. (2017).
Yield and Yield parameter
No. of No. of pod yield/ pod Seed
Harvest index is the ratio of economic yield to the
Treatment Pod/ seed/ plant yield/ yield/ total biological yield. It depends upon relative duration of
plant pod (gm) plot (kg) plant vegetative and reproductive period. In present
T0 24.556 3.444 11.333 0.815 8.533 investigation, it was observed that treatments varied among
T1 25.778 3.444 10.500 0.903 9.015
themselves for harvest index (Table 7). Maximum harvest
T2 27.333 3.556 12.333 0.980 9.894
T3 30.444 3.667 14.211 1.103 10.262
index was recorded in treatment T6 (44.01%) because ratio
T4 29.556 3.778 15.667 1.110 11.853 of seeds to total dry matter was high. The range of harvest
T5 30.889 4.000 17.722 1.183 10.899 index in treatments is 29.13 to 44.01 per cent which indicates
T6 31.778 4.333 19.311 1.260 13.737 that there is wide variation between all the treatments. Similar
SEm (+/–) 0.491 0.136 0.730 0.052 0.305 results in green gram were reported by Sripriaya et al. (2005).
C.D. (0.05) 1.51 NS 2.25 0.161 0.940
It is concluded that, the physiological and growth
Table 7. Performance of different bio-control agent on parameters can be effectively used for identification and
lablab bean for yield and harvest index grouping of agents which can be further used. Among the
Treatment Seed yield/ plot (gm) Harvest index (%) treatments studied, treatments T6 (Paceilomyces lilacinus),
T0 510.17 29.13
T4 (Pseudomonas fluorescnce) and T5 (Bacillus subtilis)
T1 587.5 33.55
T2 593.5 33.89
were found superior and significant than other treatments
T3 625.83 35.87 for yield and other yield attributing characters. Bio-control
T4 679.67 38.91 agents are providing valuable inputs for development of
T5 652.17 37.24 smart crop improvement technologies.
T6 772.45 44.01
SEm (+/–) 35.41 2.64 REFERENCES
C.D. (0.05) 109.13 8.14
Anonymous. 2017. http://www.indiastat.com
Treatments T6 is superior among all the treatments. Similar
Anonymous. 2015. http://www.indiastat.com
result in ground nut by Banerjee et al. (2017).
FAOSTAT. 2015. http://faostat.fao.org/site
Pod yield per plot was found highest in T6 (1.260 kg)
(Table 6) with a yield of 772.45 g (Table 7). In case of Goutam Banerjee, Gorthi Srikanth and Chattopadhyay Pritam. 2017.
Beneficial effects of bio-control agent Bacillus cereus IB 311
treatment T6 due to spraying of bio-control agent the plant
on the agricultural crop production and its biomass optimization
population is optimum so there is increasing seed yield through response surface methodology. Annals of the Brazilian
than the other treatments. The decrease in seed yield as Academy of Sciences 10: 1678-1690
compared to pod yield is due to less recovery of seeds
Kleifeld O and Chet I. 1992. Trichoderma harzianum- interaction
from pods (60%). The seed yield in treatments ranged from with plants and effect on growth response. Plant and Soil 144:
772.45g to 510.17g which clearly indicates that there was 267-272
wide variation among treatments for seed yield due to the Mureithi JG, Gachene CKK and Ojiem J. 2003. The role of green
plant population. Maximum seed yield was obtained in manure legumes in smallholder farming systems in Kenya. Trop
treatment T6 (772.45g) which was having optimum values and Subtrop. Agroecosystems 1: 57-70
for all other physiological characters. Treatment T0 recorded Sripriaya Balachandra, Deotale RD, Hatmode CN and Thorat. 2005.
510.17 g seed yield per plot which was minimum among all Effect of bio-fertilizer (pressmud + rhizobium + PSB) and
the treatments. It is clearly seen that the sink capacity also nutrients (NPK) on morpho-physiological parameters of green
varied among the treatments that ultimately reflected in gram. Journal of Soils and Crops 15(2): 442-447
Journal of Food Legumes 32(1): 45-48, 2019
Pulse based bio-village sustainable models through participatory demonstrations
for livelihood security
RAJESH KUMAR, NARENDRA PRASAD1, VK GAUTAM2, CHANDRA MANI TRIPATHI,
RAVINDRA SINGH, ROHIT KUMAR and CS PRAHARAJ
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 1Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Shahjahanpur, Uttar
Pradesh 2Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh; E-mail : rajeshk3022@gmail.com
(Received : July 08, 2018 ; Accepted : September 12, 2018)
ABSTRACT
A study to evaluate on sustainability of bio-village through
farmers’ participation in pulses was carried out at two villages
namely, Barapur in Shahjahanpur district and Kucharam
in Chitrakoot district in Uttar Pradesh, India. This study
was based on a Department of Biotechnology (DBT),
Government of India funded project on “Development of
pulses based bio-village sustainable models through action
research for livelihood security under different agro-
ecosystems in Uttar Pradesh”. The project was implemented
in collaboration with two Krishi Vigyan Kendras located at
the respective district of Chitrakoot and Shahjahanpur. The
programmes were selected for action research with
demonstrations and seed production of kharif and rabi pulses
among 70 farmers. Farmers were also facilitated with field
level trainings and meetings. The crops were managed with
pesticides for control of pod borer in chickpea.
Demonstrations on improved urdbean and mungbean
varieties showed higher crop performance (853 kg/ha and
883kg/ha, respectively) in Shahjahanpur district. In
addition, still higher yields were recorded in Chitrakoot
district in both these crops (urdbean with 1120 kg and
mungbean with 1133 kg per hectare). Further, the
performance of chickpea varieties was reverse at both these
districts (JG 14 and JG 16 with 1450 and 1500 kg/ha,
respectively at Shahjahanpur while the corresponding
figures at Chitrakoot were 1418 and 1337 kg/ha, respectively).
Thus, promotion of mungbean & urdbean in Chitrakoot
while that of chickpea in Shahjahanpur could be made as it
was associated with ecology of the region. Besides crop
performance, a total 2768 kg quality seed of chickpea
‘Ujjawal’ was distributed to 21 farmers under seed hub
programme to enable the farmers self-sufficient in seed
production. A rapidly multiplying earthworm ‘Eisenia foetida’
was also given to farmers for improvising vermi-composting
through construction of 34 vermi-compost structures (of size
10x3x2 ft) which generated great deal of interest and
awareness among the farmers for promotion of organic
agriculture in pulses. Besides these, the waste decomposer
developed by National Bio-fertilizer Development Center
was also demonstrated to 40 farmers for production of
biofertilizers. Two IIPR mini dal mills were also
demonstrated and supplied for value addition and
employment creation through pulses. The implementation
of the project was an eye opener to other farmers in the
neighborhoods to follow and adopt.
Key words: Bio-pesticide, Pulse based bio-village, Vermi-
compost, Waste decomposer
The concept of bio-village is not new now-a-days. It
is in fact based on sustainable models mainly accepting
the principle of mutual cooperation and participation aiming
at welfare of the community. The farmer needs are diverse
as it is involved with sustaining his livelihood security
which may be a crop, animal enterprise or both. On a
particular commodity level, it includes the system in totality
right from initiation (of a particular enterprise) to final
disposal/marketing of the same. Many of the concepts on
sustainable models are in vogue in villages and in fact based
on welfare or holistic development of a farmer or a farming
community. And the farmers’ active participation is a must
(Mishra et al. 2012). The sustainable models again satisfy
both the state/country’s mandate and UN’s 17-points
Sustainability Development Goals (SDG).
Various activities orienting towards welfare of farming
community are in force. Out of this sustainability of the
bio-village is very important because it assists the farming
community directly through raising their farm income/
employment and maintaining livelihood security for them.
However, evaluation of sustainability of bio-village through
farmers’ participation in crops including pulses is necessary
to assess their progress so far and the objective to be
realized (Ali and Gupta 2012). These programmes have
already been carried out across the country as a whole and
Uttar Pradesh in Particular (Singh et al. 2009-10, 2010). Thus,
these studies aiming at evaluation of sustainability of bio-
village through farmers’ participation are important because
it helps to have a appraisal for mid-term correction/
improvement required, if any besides plugging the loop
holes to realize the objectives set forth (Ali and Kumar
2006). Keeping in view of its importance, a project was
implemented to evaluate sustainability of bio-village
through farmers’ participation in pulses at two villages
namely, Barapur in district Shahjahanpur and Kucharam in
district Chitrakoot in Uttar Pradesh, India.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was carried out at two villages namely,
Barapur in Shahjahanpur district and Kucharam in
Chitrakoot district of Uttar Pradesh, India. The study was,
in fact, based on a Project funded by Department of
Biotechnology, Government of India on “Development of
pulses based bio-village sustainable models through action
research for livelihood security under different agro-
46 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019

ecosystems in Uttar Pradesh”. The project was implemented

in collaboration with Krishi Vigyan Kendras located in
Chitrakoot and Shahjahanpur districts. The programmes
were selected for action research with demonstrations and
seed production of kharif and rabi pulses among 70 farmers.
Farmers were also given awareness about and facilitated in
through field level trainings and meetings. The crops were
managed with biopesticides for control of pod borer in
chickpea. Maximum Minimum Average local check (q/ha)

Fig 1. Performance of Chickpea and Lentil in Rabi

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION season at Chitrakoot
Demonstrations of spring/summer pulses: The
Table 3. Performance of Chickpea and Lentil in Rabi
demonstrations on spring/summer mungbean (IPM 02-3) season at Shahjahanpur
and urdbean (IPU 2-43) were organized with 12 farmers in Crop Variety Grain Yield (kg/ha) Local Check
4.0 ha of land at Shahjahanpur district. Mungbean and (q/ha)
urdbean were sown mostly as intercropped with sugarcane Shahjahanpur Maximum Minimum Average
at the district. The crop performance through demonstration Chickpea JG-14 1450 1212 1331 800
revealed that the average yield was 853 kg in urdbean and JG-16 1500 1180 1340 835
883 kg in mungbean per hectare in shahjahanpur. Similarly, Lentil IPL-316 1500 1010 1255 760
in Chitrakoot district, yields realized in urdbean and
mungbean were 1120 and 1133 kg per hectare respectively
(Table 1).
Table 1. Performance of Urdbean and Mungbean in
summer season
Centre/ Crop Variety Yield (kg/ha)
Local check Demonstration
Chitrakoot
Urdbean IPU 2-43 483 853
Mungbean IPM 2-3 436 883
Shahjahanpur Maximum Minimum Average local check (q/ha)
Urdbean IPU 2-43 648 1120
Fig 2. Performance of Chickpea and Lentil in Rabi
Mungbean IPM 2-3 750 1133
season at Shahjahanpur
Demonstrations of Rabi pulses: The demonstrations on
Rabi pulses i.e., Chickpea (JG 14 and JG 16), Lentil (IPL 316) average of 13.75 and 12.55 q/ha at Chitrakoot and
were organized and total of 800 kg (400 kg in Chitrakoot Shahjahanpur, respectively (1 q=100 kg).
and 400 kg in Shahjahanpur) breeder seed (B/S) was The performance of various Chickpea varieties JG 14
provided as critical input for 15.64 hectare (6.32 ha & JG 16 was better at Shahjahanpur with maximum yield of
Chitrakoot and 9.32 ha Shahjahanpur) with participation of 1450 and 1500 kg/ha as compared to those of Chitrakoot
55 farmers. The crop was sown in first week of November (with yield of 1418 and 1337 kg/ha). Therefore, the
2017. Every efforts were made to plant in line as promotion of chickpea can be made in Shahjahanpur as it is
broadcasting was common practice in the districts. The ecologically favourable zone (Fig 2). The maximum yield of
incidence of pod borer was observed in chickpea and thus, lentil was recorded as 1500 kg/ ha with large yield gap in
pesticide, spinosod 45 SC (170 ml/ha) was sprayed on the comparison to the local varieties. The observations also
crop following appearance of the symptoms to protect the showed that the gap between minimum and maximum yield
crop (Table 2; Fig. 1). can be plugged in or minimized with management practices
The grain yield data shows that maximum yield of and farmers empowerment (Praharaj and Kumar 2012;
Lentil var. IPL 316 was recorded as 17.50 and 15.0 q/ha with Kumar et al. 2017). Farmers also need training on importance
of timely sowing, line sowing for adequate plat population
Table 2. Performance of Chickpea and Lentil in Rabi and early identification of pod borer. The availability of
season at Chitrakoot quality bio-pesticide in the local area must be ensured as
Crop Variety Grain Yield (kg/ha) Local Check spurious pesticides were made available to them.
realized (kg/ha)
Metrological data: Metrological data from of 2017-18 on
Chitrakoot Maximum Minimum Average
Chickpea JG-14 1418 726 1072 650
rainfall (mm), temperature (minimum and maximum) 0C and
JG-16 1337 750 1043 670 relative humidity (%) was also collected from KVK
Lentil IPL-316 1750 1000 1375 720 Chitrakoot and Shahjahanpur. The total rainfall, average
 Kumar et al. : Pulse based bio-village sustainable models through participatory demonstrations
minimum and maximum temperature and average relative
humidity were 876 mm, 40.75 0C, 13.75 0C and 58.62%,
respectively at Chitrakoot while the figures were 709 mm,
31.20 0C, 17.09 0C, and 68.16%, respectively at Shahjahanpur.
The performance of crops were related to it (favourable or
not) (Fig. 3 & 4)
Fig. 3. Rainfall, temperature ranges and relative humidity recorded
at Chitrakoot
Fig. 4. Rainfall, temperature ranges and relative humidity recorded
at Shahjahanpur
Registration with state seed certification agency: Seeds
of rabi season crops of chickpea and lentil were registered
in December 2017 as per norms and conditions laid out
with state seed certification agency located at Allahabad
for Chitrakoot and Bareilly for Shahjahanpur, respectively.
The staff of seed certification agency inspected the fields
and certified the same. The farmers learnt the process of
seed certification as could register their crop with agency
in production of quality seed.
Promotion of bio-pesticide: Pesticide spinosod 45 SC (0.4
ml/lit of water) was applied in chickpea for management of
pod borers. Farmers were given awareness for application
of pesticide. The pesticides used by the farmers were of
poor quality and thus, less effective. The farmers also
perceived the visual effects following spray of pesticides
on chickpea as infestation of pod borer was under control.
Farmers were also trained on judicious use of cow urine,
cow dung, neem seed kernels extracts and their leaves along
with other local resources.
Promotion of vermi-compost: 34 vermi-compost units of
convenient size (10x3x2 ft) were established to generate
awareness and promote organic pulses production as well
as for income and employment generation (Gholipoor et al.
2006). These units were made under MGNREGA scheme in
participatory mode at the village viz., Benipur in
Shahjahanpur with an expenditure of about INR 8000/- for
47
each compost pit. Individual farmers also develop cost
effective pits with some modifications. The earthworm spp.
Esenia Fetida commonly called red worm was supplied
and demonstrated to the farmers for its use. These were
made by farmers as per the convenience in the backyard/
fields. In each standard pit 2.0 kg earthworm (Esenia Fetida)
was supplied using 800 -1000 kg of farm yard manure. Also,
to generate awareness and promote organic pulses
production, 19 vermi-compost units using this earthworm
were established at farmers’ field at the village Kucharam in
Chitrakoot district. Farmers made quality compost and also
shifted the earthworm by themselves to fresh units, as
required after composting. Adequate care was taken in
maintenance of vermi-compost units which resulted in faster
multiplication of earthworms.
Waste decomposer: For farmers, waste Decomposer (150
bottle from National Center on Organic Farming, Govt of
India, Ghaziabad) and Pusa Compost Inoculants (20 packets
from Microbiology Division, Indian agriculture Research
Institute) were procured and demonstrated at the field level
for soil sustainability. Waste decomposer a formulation of
fungus identified from cow dung was very useful for
decomposing the wastes in the farm. It decomposes the
waste material and undecomoposed FYM in 40-60 days
where as in normal process it takes 2-3 months (without
decomposer). Pusa Compost Inoculants can be applied with
irrigation water or as a foliar spray on the crops. Farmers
were made aware of the benefits of micro-organisms to their
soil as they also develop required skill for its application.
Mini dal mill: The observations showed that most of the
locally produced pulses sold by farmers were without
grading and processing and thus, fetched on low price in
the market. Accordingly, two IIPR mini dal mills were
supplied/demonstrated under the project for village level
processing, value addition and employment generation.
The training and business plan of the farmers on Mini Dal
Mill was also prepared. The IIPR mini dal mill runs on a
2.0 HP electric motor with 220 V having recovery efficiency
of 70-75% and output of 100-125 kg per hour.
Training of farmers: Two training programs on
“Development of pulses bases bio-village sustainable
models” each of 2 days duration were organized at KVK
Shahjahanpur and Chitrakoot in the month of January and
February 2018 where 70 farmers from adopted villages
participated and 15 resource persons provided their
expertise/knowledge and skill through hands on trainings.
Several interacting meetings of farmers under the project
were also regularly organized through registered society at
field/farm level. Extension literatures on pulse crop practices
were supplied. The visit of KVK personal to project was
also ensured. Regular meetings by project staffs were
organized at regular intervals with required project
messages. Project staffs were also updated on relevant
information through whatsapp communication.
48 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019
Enrichment of Farm Yard Manure: Farm yard manure
(FYM) heaps are a common site in many villages as these
lie on road side, common Garm Panchayat grounds, and
personal land. Farmers were advised to open the heap, use
decomposers and mix the contents for appropriate
composting. They also advised to make few hole in heap
and put some water, Trichoderma solution, cattle urine in
those holes to increase level of microbial activities for faster
decomposition (Purshottam et al. 2018). The enrichment
of traditional compost heaps not only helps in getting
quality farm yard manure for soil enrichment but also
facilitates in maintenance of sanitation and cleanliness
needs in adopted villages. Further, 65 pits of various sizes
were made to produce quality farm yard manure from
decomposed crop residues with the help of waste
decomposer. 70 improved compost pits were developed for
production of quality manure.
Organic farming: Farmers were selected, sensitized,
motivated for organic pulses production. A group of farmers
were also selected for on-line registration of farmers with
national bio-fertilizer development center (NBDC).
Registration of farmers’ society: Two farmers societies
were registered under society registration act 1860 viz.,
‘Benipur Swami Vivekananda Seva Samiti’ at
Shahjahanpur and ‘Maa Durga Krishak Seva Samiti’ in
Chitrakoot involving a total of 37 farmers. Regular meetings
of the members were held where other non-member farmers
also participated.
Interventions related to pulses production were
planned on the basis of bench mark survey to empower the
farmers on various aspects of pulses production,
processing, bio-pesticides, organic farming. A total of 92
farmers were covered in three seasons of the year with the
total area under demonstration included 28.43 ha in 4 major
pulse crops. Suitable pulse varieties (5) were selected under
demonstrations and out of this 26 were evaluated as per
local situation. Improved pulse varieties had shown higher
yields over local check. Two farmers’ societies were also
formed. Other welfare mesures included supply of two
IIPR mini dal mill, 34 varmi-compost units, 40 bottles of
waste decomposers and pesticides for pod borer control.
Thus, the study indicated the need for promoting traditional
bio-village sustainable pulse models among farming
community which is a win-win situation for both human
and environment supporting basic principle of co-existence.
REFERENCES
Ali Masood and Gupta Sanjeev 2012. Carrying capacity of Indian
agriculture: pulse crops. Current Science 102 (6): 874-881.
Ali Masood and Kumar Shiv 2006. Advances in Mungbean and
Urdbean (Ed.). Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India.
46 2pp.
Gholipoor M, Karamzadeh A and Gholami A. 2014. Vermicompost
as a soil supplement to relieve the effects of low-intensity
drought stress on chickpea yield. Acta Horticulture 101(8):219-
226. 
Kumar R, Bhat S, Purushottam, Singh U, Chandra S, Yadav MPS,
and Tripathi C. (2017) Designing suitable interventions to
augment farmers income under Farmer FIRST project in
Fatehpur district (U.P.). National Conference on Farmers Centric
Agri-innovation for sustainable development, 24-25 March
2017, CSAUA&T, Kanpur.
Mishra JP, Praharaj CS, Singh KK and Narendra Kumar 2012. Impact
of conservation practices on crop water use and productivity in
chickpea under middle Indo-Gangetic plains. Journal of Food
Legumes 25 (1): 41-44.
Praharaj CS and Narendra Kumar 2012. Efficient management of
water and nutrients through drip-fertigation in long duration
Pigeonpea under Indian Plains. In 3 rd International Agronomy
Congress on Agronomy, Environment and Food Security for
21st Century held at IARI, New Delhi during Nov. 26-30, 2012
organized by Indian Society of Agronomy, New Delhi and ICAR,
New Delhi. Volume 3:819-20.
Purshottam, Chadhary RG, Swarnalaksmi K, Praharaj CS and Rajesh
Kumar 2018. A case study on Trichoderma harzianum for
management of wilt and root rot complex in pulses. ICAR-
IIPR, Kalyanpur, Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), India.
Singh NP, Sevak Shiv, Iquebal MA, Chaturvedi SK and Omkar Nath
2009. Improved variety of chickpea in India. All India
coordinated Research project on chickpea, IIPR, Kanpur.
Singh NP, Shiv Shevak, MA Iquebal and Omkar, Nath (2009-10).
All India coordinated Research project on chickpea, IIPR,
Kanpur.
Journal of Food Legumes 32(1): 49-52, 2019
Assessment of front line demonstrations on chickpea in Ferozepur district of
Punjab
JAGDEEP KAUR, VICKY SINGH, GURJANT SINGH AULAKH and DIMPY RAINA
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ferozepur; E-mail: jagdeepchahal327@gmail.com
(Received : June 05, 2018 ; Accepted : November 17, 2018)
ABSTRACT
The present investigations were carried out by KVK,
Ferozepur during the year 2017 in the three clusters of two
blocks of the district. 50 front line demonstrations were
conducted on chickpea variety PBG 7. The results of the
study showed higher average grain yield (18.75 q/ha) in the
demonstration plots in comparison with check plots of
farmers own practice (16.11 q/ha). There was 16.28 per cent
increase in yield of demonstration plots from farmer’s
practice. Whereas, among the two blocks of Ferozepur
district, higher grain yield was observed in ghall khurd block
(18.93 q/ha) and lowest in the second cluster of Ferozepur
block (17.82 q/ha). The higher grain yield in this block was
due to the good status of soil as well as timely sowing of the
crop. Technology gap and extension gap was 1.25q/ha and
2.64q/ha respectively. The technology index for Ferozepur
district in the chickpea crop was 6.23 per cent. Overall net
returns (Rs. 53250) and benefit: cost ratio (8.88) was also
higher in demonstration plots as compared to check plots.
Key words: Chickpea, Front Line Demonstration, Grain yield,
Technology gap
Pulses constitute an important part in the daily diet
of people in India. Being the richest source of proteins,
pulses provide a good supplement of proteins especially
in the diet of vegetarian people. Also, about 11% of the
total intake of proteins of Indians is contributed by pulses
alone (Patil et al. 2015). Despite the increasing demand for
pulses, there is not much increase in their production from
last five decades (Roy et al. 2006; Singh et al, 2012).
Moreover, about 2-3 million tonnes of pulses are being
imported every year to meet the increasing demand. Among
pulses, chickpea (Cicer arietinum, L.) is the predominant
pulse crop of India with area and production of 83.9 lakh ha
and 9.33 MT (FAOSTAT, 2016). Chickpea contributes the
largest share of 40.65% in total pulse production and
84.87% in pulse export of India (Anonymous 2018). A part
from this, leaves and seeds of chickpea also possess
medicinal properties that are used to cure chronic bronchitis,
used as antibilious, tonic, stimulant and their aphrodisiac
acid is also supposed to lower the blood cholesterol level
(Duke, 1981). Moreover, chickpea is cultivated under
diverse climatic conditions of the world including tropical,
sub-tropical and temperate regions (Sexena and Singh,
1987). Owing to its nature of fixing atmospheric nitrogen,
chickpea enhances fertility of soil and also add adequate
amount of organic matter (Zapata et al. 1987). These
properties of chickpea make it suitable for cultivation in the
mono cropping system of wheat and rice under the Punjab
conditions. In the Punjab, during the year 2015-16, chickpea
was grown on area of 1.9 thousand ha with production of
2.4 thousand tonnes (Anonymous 2017). Thus, there is
need to increase the area and production under the chickpea
crop.
In India, the concept of Front Line Demonstrations
came into existence under the project of “Technology
Mission on Pulses” in 1991-92 to enhance the production
and yield of pulse crops. The prime objective of FLD’s is to
demonstrate best farming practices including production
technologies and management practices on farmers’ field
under different farming systems. These demonstrations are
conducted under the guidance of agricultural scientists
starting from sowing till harvesting of the crop. Further
feedbacks are also taken up from farmers regarding the
demonstrated technology. Therefore, it becomes an integral
part of the FLD programmes to demonstrate the new
techniques to the farming community. Keeping these points
in view, front line demonstrations on chickpea were
conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ferozepur at farmer
fields. Furthermore, this study was planned to analyse the
difference between farmer’s practice and demonstrated
technology so that farmers may be convinced about the
value of using recommended management practices instead
of their own practices.
The present investigations were carried out in
Ferozepur district that constitute the South-Western region
of the Punjab state. Total 50 frontline demonstrations were
conducted on chickpea crop variety PBG 7 in two blocks of
the district. Amongst the two blocks, first block was divided
in the two clusters and second block was having single
cluster. There were 10 demonstrations in first cluster, 10 in
second and 30 demonstrations were in third cluster of
second block. The crop raised by farmers following their
own practices was taken as local standard check. Whereas,
for front line demonstration plots an integrated crop
management approach was demonstrated to farmers. In this
approach, all the practices demonstrated to farmers starting
from quality seed to fertilizer, weed, insects and disease
management were according to recommended package of
practices. The sowing was done between 25th October to
10th November with 455 Kg seed/ ha and row to row spacing
of 30 cm. The germination of crop was good in all the three
clusters. The crop was harvested at maturity stage with
50 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019
suitable method. To accomplish the integrated approach of
demonstrations, KVK scientists conducted various
monitoring visits on farmer field. In addition to this, these
visits were helpful in providing valuable feedback from
different farmers that can be utilized for further improvement
in research and extension programmes. Other extension
activities including training programmes, exhibitions, group
meetings and field days were also organized at the
demonstration sites to create awareness among the farming
community of neighbouring areas about the advantages of
demonstrated technologies.
To know the status of soil health, soils samples from
each demonstration were collected and various parameters
of soil like pH, EC, OC (%), available N, P and K were
analyzed. Soil test results were helpful in need based
application of all the three essential nutrients of N, P and K.
The data on yield were collected through field observations.
Gross return was calculated by multiplying yield with the
current market price of the chickpea crop. Whereas, for
calculating input cost, the total sum of expenditure including
land preparation, planting method, fertilizer, insecticide,
fungicide, herbicide, irrigation cost, labour, harvesting cost
etc. were taken from each demonstration. Further net return
and benefit cost were calculated from these data. To
calculate the technology gap, extension gap and
technology index the formulae given by Samui et al. (2000)
have been used. Potential yield of chickpea crop in Punjab
is 20.0 q/ha.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Grain Yield: The average grain yield of chickpea was more
in demonstration plots (18.75q/ha) in comparison with
average grain yield of check plots (16.11 q/ha). Further,
there was 16.28 per cent increase in yield of demonstration
plots from farmer’s practice (Table 1). These results are in
agreement with the findings of Meena (2017); Purushottam
et al. (2012); Narwale et al. (2009) who have reported similar
results of higher yield of demonstration plots in comparison
with check plots. In addition to overall average yield, the
yield of chickpea was also fairly good within clusters of
two blocks. Among the different demonstration plots,
maximum yield was obtained in the third cluster of ghall
khurd block (18.93 q/ha). This maximum yield was followed
by first cluster of Ferozepur block (18.88 q/ha) and lowest
in the second cluster of Ferozepur block (17.82 q/ha). Again
in the check plots, maximum yield was obtained in the third
cluster of ghall khurd block (16.82 q/ha), followed by first
cluster of Ferozepur block (16.32 q/ha) and second cluster
of Ferozepur block (15.21 q/ha). This data clearly indicated
the higher yield of demonstration practices over farmer’s
local practices. This increased yield of demonstration plot
from check plots is attributed to the use of all the farming
practices like sowing method, fertilizer application, plant
protection measures according to the recommended
package of practices. Among the other factors that
contributed to lower yield of check plots following farmer’s
own practices include delay in sowing of chickpea crop
after harvesting of rice that led to susceptibility of chickpea
varieties to diseases and pod borer problems due to
environmental conditions, lack of knowledge about proper
farming practices like irrigation, use of fertilizers. The higher
results of obtained from front line demonstrations triggered
other farmers to adopt recommended farming practices and
the new technologies.
Technology gap: The technology gap indicates the gap
between the demonstrations yield and potential yield. In
Punjab, potential yield of chickpea is 20.00 q/ha. The
technology gap in Ferozepur district was 1.25 q/ha (Table
1). Whereas, technology gap was 1.12 and 2.18 q/ha
respectively, in the first and second cluster of Ferozepur
block and 1.07 q/ha in third cluster of ghall khurd block.
This technology gap may be due to the differences in the
fertility status of soil and weather conditions. To bridge
this gap, region specific recommendations are required.
These results are in agreement with the findings of Tomar
et al. (2009).
Extension gap: Extension gap of 2.64 q/ha was found in
Ferozepur district of Punjab. In the two blocks, highest
extension gap of 2.61 q/ha was recorded in second cluster
of Ferozepur and followed by first cluster (2.56 q/ha) and
least in ghall khurd block (2.11 q/ha). Extension gap showed
that there are enormous prospects for different extension
activities in the area. Massive awareness through
campaigning and print media like folder and leaflets is
required.
Technology index: The technology index indicates the
feasibility of new technology at the farmer’s fields and lower
the value of technology index, more is the feasibility of the
technology (Jeengar et al. 2006). The technology index
was 6.25 per cent in Ferozepur district. These results are
corroborated with the findings of Ashiwal et al. (2008).
Economic return: The economics of chickpea production
under front line demonstration have been presented in Table
2. In total district, higher average gross return was observed
in demonstration plots (Rs. 60000/ha) in comparison with
check plots (Rs. 51552/ha). Whereas, among
demonstrations within two blocks, higher gross return (Rs.
60576/ha) were observed in ghall khurd block followed by
first cluster of ferozepur block (Rs. 60416/ha), second cluster
of Ferozepur block (Rs. 57024/ha). The average cost of
cultivation of the district was more in demonstrations (Rs.
6750/ha) as compared to farmer’s practice (Rs. 6250 /ha).
Also, the average net returns were higher under
demonstration plots (Rs 53250/ha) as compared to check
plot (Rs. 45302 /ha). As discussed earlier, higher grain yields
in demonstrated plots led to higher net returns. Likewise,
among demonstrations, higher net returns were also
observed in ghall khurd block (Rs.53896/ha) blocks of the
district and followed by first cluster of ferozepur block (Rs.
 Kaur et al. : Assessment of front line demonstrations on chickpea in Ferozepur district of Punjab 51

Table 1. Yield, technology gap, extension gap and technology Index of chickpea in district Ferozepur
Blocks of district No. of Total no. of Yield (q/ha) % increase Technology Extension Technology
Ferozepur Clusters demonstrations Potential Demonstration Check over check gap (q/ha) gap (q/ha) index (%)
Ferozepur I 10 20.0 18.88 16.32 15.68 1.12 2.56 5.60
II 10 20.0 17.82 15.21 17.15 2.18 2.61 10.90
Ghall Khurd III 30 20.0 18.93 16.82 12.54 1.07 2.11 5.35
District total/ 50 20.0 18.75 16.11 16.38 1.25 2.64 6.25
Average

Table 2. Gross return, cost of cultivation, net return and B:C ratio of chickpea in district Ferozepur
Blocks of district No. of Gross Return Cost of cultivation Net Return B:C ratio
Ferozepur Clusters (`/ha) (`/ha) (`/ha)
Demonstration Check Demonstration Check Demonstration Check Demonstration Check
Ferozepur I 60416 52224 6745 6255 53671 45969 8.95 8.34
II 57024 48672 6700 6240 50324 42432 8.51 7.80
Ghall Khurd III 60576 53824 6680 6300 53896 47524 9.06 8.54
District total/ 60000 51552 6750 6250 53250 45302 8.88 8.24
Average

Table 3. Physico-chemical properties of demonstrated fields in district Ferozepur

Soil Characteristics
Block pH EC (dS/m) OC (%) P (kg/acre) K (kg/acre) Texture
Ferozepur I 7.67 0.82 0.78 11.11 102.4 Loamy Sand
Ferozepur II 7.81 0.95 0.72 9.16 135.8 Sandy Loam
Ghall Khurd 7.48 0.36 0.88 14.20 101.4 Loamy Sand

53671/ha) and least in second cluster of Ferozepur block
(Rs. 50324/ha). Similar observations of higher returns in
demonstration plots as compared to farmer’s practice have
been reported by Singh et al. (2014); Bhargav et al. (2017).
The benefit cost ratios were again on higher side in
ghall khurd block in both demonstrated (9.06) and check
plots (8.54) and followed by first cluster of ferozepur block
(8.95), second cluster of Ferozepur block (8.34). In total
Ferozepur district, the demonstration plot (8.88) gave higher
B:C ratio from farmer practices (8.24). Tomar (2010); Meena
and Dudi (2012) have also reported higher benefit from
demonstration plots.
Soil fertility status: In Ferozepur district soil texture is sandy
loam to loamy sand which varies according to blocks (Table
3). The study conducted in Ferozepur district clearly
indicated that soil fertility plays a significance role to
achieve higher yield of chickpea crop. Higher grain yield in
Ghal Khurd illustrates that soil fertility enhanced the
capability of soil to produce more which plays a significant
role in yield. As already mentioned exhaustive cereal-cereal
system has deleterious effect on soil quality from last few
decades and agricultural sustainability has been
confronting a big challenge in future. Therefore, change in
cropping pattern can play a big role to enhance and
revitalize soil health by fixing atmosphere available N into
available form in soil which also benefits to the succeeding
crops.
The results of front line demonstration programme
showed that the farmers can achieve higher yields and net
profit in chickpea cultivation by adopting recommended
practices. Technological and extension gaps may be filled
by the efforts of extension agencies through popularizing
package of practices, advisory services, field visits and by
organizing exhibitions and field days. Replacement of local
farmer’s practice and local varieties would be another viable
option to enhance the production as well as net returns
from chickpea crop. Further, the cultivation of such
leguminous crops will be helpful in sustaining the soil health
and also advantageous to the succeeding crops.
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Anonymous. 2018. Commodity profile for pulses-February, 2018
Anonymous. 2017. Package of practices for crops of Punjab
Ashiwal BL and Hussain A. 2008. Demonstration- an effective
technology for increasing the productivity of gram. Rajasthan
Journal of Extension Education 16: 221-223
Bhargav KS, Khedkar NS, Verma G, Ambawatia GR, Gupta N and
Patel N. 2017. Evaluation of Front Line Demonstration on
chickpea in Shajapur district of MP. International Journal of
Pure and Applied Bioscience 5: 293-297
Duke JA. 1981. Handbook of legumes of world. Plenum economic
importance press. New York. 345 pp
FAOSTAT. 2016. FAOSTAT-Statistical Database
Jeengar KL, Panwar P and Pareek OP. 2006. Front line demonstration
on maize in bhilwara district of Rajsthan. Current Agriculture
30: 115-116
Meena ML. 2017. Effect of front line demonstrations of chickpea
Cv. RSG 888 on farmer’s field in rainfed condition of Rajasthan,
India. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics and
Sociology 18: 1-7
Meena ML and Dudi A. 2012. On farm testing of chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.) cultivation for site specific assessment under rainfed
condition of Western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Extension
Education 48: 93-97
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Narwale SS, Pawar AD, Lambade BM and Ugle NS. 2009. Yield
maximization of chickpea through INM applied to sorghum-
chickpea cropping sequence under irrigated condition. Legumes
Research 4: 282-285
Patil LM, Modi DJ, Vasava HM and Gomkale SR. 2015. Evaluation
of front line demonstration programme on green gram variety
Meha in Bharuch district of Gujarat. Journal of Agriculture and
Veterinary Science 8: 1-3
Purushottam, Singh SK, Chaudhary RN, Kumar K, Praharaj CS and
Krishana B. 2012. Assessment of technological inputs for major
pulses in Bundelkhan region. Journal of Food Legumes 25: 61-
65
Roy B, Singh R, Singh SK, Singh Lakhan and Singh AK. 2006.
Adoption of improved pulses production technologies and related
constraints in Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Pulses Research
19: 104-106
Samui SK, Maitra S, Roy DK, Mondal AK and Saha D. 2000.
Evaluation on front line demonstration on groundnut (Arachis
hypogea L.). Journal of Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural
Research 18: 180-183
Saxena MC and Singh KB. 1987. The chickpea (ed). ICARDA,
CABI, Wallingford, UK
Singh J, Dhillon BS, Astha and Singh P. 2012. Front line
demonstration-an effective tool for increasing the productivity
of summer moong in Amritsar district of Punjab. Asian Journal
of Soil Science 7: 315-318
Singh D, Patel AK, Baghel MS, Singh SK, Singh Alka and Singh AK.
2014. Impact of front line demonstration on the yield and
economics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Sidhi district of
Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Agricultural Search 1: 22-25
Tomar RKS, Sahu BL, Singh AK and Prajapati RK. 2009. Productivity
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Journal of Food Legumes 32(1): 53-56, 2019
Comparative accuracy of different machine learning classifiers for characterizing
varieties of pulse crops
PUNEET DHEER, PRDEEP YADAV1 and PK KATIYAR1
SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulather 603203 Tamil Nadu, India, 1ICAR-Indian Institute of
Pulses Research, Kanpur 208024, India; E-mail: puneet.dheer@yahoo.com
(Received : March 15, 2018 ; Accepted : December 12, 2018)
ABSTRACT
Important machine learning classifiers viz., Logistic
Regression, Linear Discriminant Analysis, K-Nearest
Neighbor’s and Naïve-Bayes were subjected for studing their
accuracy, precision and recall accommodating 100 dataset
each of 12 varieties (Awrodhi, C 235, JG 14, K 850, KWR 108,
Pragati, PG 186, Pusa 362, Radhey, Shubhra, Udai, Ujjawal)
of chickpea, 10 of lentil (DPL 62, HUL 57, IPL 316, K 75, NDL
1, PL 6, PL 8, PL 406, Pusa Vaibhav, Shekhar), 11 of fieldpea
(Adarsh, Aman, Arkel, Azad pea 1, HUDP 15, Indra, IPF 4-9,
IPFD 10-12, Prakash, Rachna, Vikash) 11 moong (PDM 139,
HUM 12, HUM 16, IPM 02-3, IPM 02-4, Meha, NDM 1, Pant
Moong 6, Pusa Vishal, Samrat, Sweta) and 11 of urdbean
(Azad 1, Azad 2, Azad 3, IPU 02-43, NDU 1, PU 31, PU 40,
Shekhar 1, Shekhar 2, T 9, Uttara) on the basis of their most
important metric traits viz., plant height, size of leaf/leaflets,
number of branches per plant, days to 50 per cent flowering,
number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seed per
pod and seed size in order to find out comparatively the best
one model for characterizing the varieties. The average
accuracy of Logistic Regression, Linear Discriminant
Analysis, K-Nearest Neighbor’s and Naïve-Bayes were varied
over the pulse crops. The precision and recall of test data set
of all crops varieties were 100%. The K-NN model was thus
found to be out performed over other models under studied
and could therefore effectively be utilized for characterizing,
classifying and/or identifying the varieties of pulse crops.
Key words: Mungbean, Chickpea, Lentil, Fieldpea, Moong,
Urdbean, K-NN
Pulses, being rich source of plant protein (20-30%),
are lifeline to food and nutritional security for more than
half of the country,s population and also environmental
sustainability owing to ability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen
in the soil. India has appreciably contributed 35% share in
global area and production and is thus become the largest
producer and cosumer of pulses. During 2017-18, pulses
were grown over more than 29 mha of area and recorded
the highest ever production of 25.23 million tonnes at a
productivity level of 841 kg/ha making the Nation about to
self-sufficient in pulses. It was mainly due to the integration
of concerted efforts rendered by the scientists and policy
makers etc. in order to the development of high yielding
widely adapted varieties and timely availability and
management of other techno-inputs over the changing
climatic scenario. The country has exported 0.18019386
million tonnes of pulses to the world for the worth of Rs.
1473.26 crores/228.32 USD during the year 2017-18
(apeda.gov.in). Further, the country is also optimistic to
export around 0.50 million tonnes of pulses for 2018-19
(thehindubusinessline.com, April 16, 2018). The chickpea,
pigeonpea, lentil, fieldpea, moong, urad, etc. are major pulse
crops grown in India. The contribution of pigeonpea,
chickpea, moong, urad and other pulses was lied 16.78%,
46.34%, 7.26%, 13.48% and 16.12% share, respectively in
total pulse production of India. Besides, the export share
of fieldpea, chickpea, moong, urad, lentil and pigeonpea
were 2.47%, 70.92%, 9.33%, 6.24% and 5.87%, respectively
during 2017-18 (Commdity profile for pulses-July 2018).
Pulses, used either in the diet or for the production are
procured from the market and/or public-private sources,
are either admixtered or coloured with some undesirable
colours to improve its appearance, which are harmful for
the health. Thus, pulses should be pure to be used for diet
or trading purposes. There are morphological (Yadav and
Srivastava), biochemical and molecular tools (Winter et al.
1999; Agrawal et al. 2015) for distinguishing the varieties.
Machine learning is a trending technology nowadays and
it can be used in modern agriculture to improve the
productivity and quality of the crops. Image-based results
of some studies (Camelo-Mendez et al. 2012: Hobson et al.
2007; Kong et al. 2013) have been promising, however,
requires high-end imaging processing techniques and that
why respective test dataset that makes the method are too
costly and not frequently available to the consumer.
Alternatively, Dheer (2019), Dheer and Singh (2019) and
Dheer et al. (2019) studied in details about different machine
learning models for their precision while distinguishing,
identifying and/or classying the promising varieties of rice
and wheat. However, these models have not yet been tested
for their accuracy and precision in pulse crops varieties.
The present study was therefore undertaken to
differentiate the promising varieties of major pulse crops
namely, chickpea, lentil, fieldpea, moong and urad using
machine learning methods with the following steps: (1) Pre-
processing the acquired data (2) Evaluation of different
machine learning classifiers (Linear Discriminant Analysis,
Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbor ,s and Naïve
Bayes) and (3) Testing of the best-selected model after
cross-validation.
54 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019

MATERIALS AND METHODS Where y is a linear model and P(x) is a probability of

a given input x.
Sample collection and pre-processing: The present
investigation was taken up with 12 varieties (Awrodhi, C 2. Evaluation measure: The accuracy of classification of
235, JG 14, K 850, KWR 108, Pragati, PG 186, Pusa 362, the varieties under study has been computed using the
Radhey, Shubhra, Udai, Ujjawal) of chickpea, 10 of lentil following expression which uses numerical details of
(DPL 62, HUL 57, IPL 316, K 75, NDL 1, PL 6, PL 8, PL 406, correctly classified class from total samples of each crop in
Pusa Vaibhav, Shekhar), 11 of fieldpea (Adarsh, Aman, the dataset.
Arkel, Azad pea 1, HUDP 15, Indra, IPF 4-9, IPFD 10-12,
Prakash, Rachna, Vikash) 11 moong (PDM 139, HUM 12, no. of indentified samples
Accuracy  * 100
HUM 16, IPM 2-3, IPM 2-14, Meha, NDM 1, Pant Moong 6, total no. of samples
Pusa Vishal, Samrat, Sweta) and 11 of urad (Azad 1, Azad 2,
The Precision and Recall are also the important
Azad 3, IPU 2-43, NDU 1, PU 31, PU 40, Shekhar 1, Shekhar
measure to consider for system evaluations which are
2, T 9, Uttara). One hundred random samples comprising
calculated as follows:
eight features (Table 2) of each variety were acquired during
field inspection. These samples were collected when each  True Positive
crops, variety reached at their respective stages. All the Precision  * 100
 Predicted Condition Positive
data were further divided into training and testing data set
in a 70:30 ratio and then normalized.
 True Positive
Recall  * 100
1. Classifier models used  Condition Positive

K-Nearest Neighbor,s: The K-NN classifies test sample
based on the majority of its K-Nearest Neighbors with
minimum distance signifies most common attributes. The
determination of K is crucial for K-NN. In this study, K was
optimized by comparing K-NN models using K from 3 to
100 with a step of 1. Here, K distance was selected as 20
after cross validation (Duda et al. 2000; Bishop, 2007).
Naïve Bayes Classifier: The Naïve Bayes is a statistical
classifier which is based on Bayes theorem (Mitchell, 1997).
This method predicts probabilities of a given samples
belonging to a specific class, which means that it provides
the probability of occurrence of a given sample or data
points within a particular class. The following equation is
used to explain the principle of Bayes’ theorem:
P(X | H) P(H)
P (H | X) 
P(X)
where P(H|X) is the posterior and P(H) is the prior
probability of class (target) whereas P(X|H) and P(X) are
the likelihood and prior probabilities of predictor,
respectively.
Fisher’s Linear Discriminant Analysis: It is most
commonly used as dimensionality reduction technique in
the pre-processing step for classification. Aim is to project
a dataset onto a lower dimensional space with good class
separability in order to avoid over fitting. LDA determines
the discriminant dimension in response-pattern space, on
which the ratio of between-class over within-class variance
of the data is maximized (Duda et al. 2000; Bishop, 2007).
Logistic Regression: A traditional statistical procedure,
separates two classes by an S-shaped discriminant function
through the decision space (Agresti, 1996).
1 K-Nearest Neighbors 99.75
P (x) 
1 e–y
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The proposed plant classification systems were
tested on the dataset of different pulse crops varieties with
100 samples each. Each sample was accompanied by eight
features. These data were trained and tested for four
different classifiers (K-NN, LR, LDA, NB). We have applied
10-fold cross-validation on the training set and selected
the best suitable model based on average accuracy for
further classification on unseen test data set. The Table 1
shows the average accuracy of all the models and the
highest average accuracy was associated with the K-NN in
all the pulse crops followed by Naïve Bayes model. The K-
NN model was therefore finally selected for further study.
The K-NN classifier was trained on 70 per cent of the
collected dataset and tested based on the remaining 30 per
cent data set. The Table 2 shows that the Precision and
Recall results for all crops varieties only with the best
selected K-Nearest Neighbors classifier for both training
and testing data set. The K-NN classifier expressed an
average accuracy of 99.75% in chickpea, 98.64% in lentil,
99.22% in fieldpea, 98.32% in moong and 98.56% in urad on
training test dataset. The Precision and Recall of test dataset
were 100% in all pulse crops varieties. Although the above-
mentioned other classifiers showed different accuracies in
Table 1. Cross validation of different machine learning
classifier models on training data set in different
pulse crops
Classifier Models Cross Validation (Average Accuracy)
Chickpea Lentil Fieldpea Moong Urad
Logistic Regression 98.16 97.52 97.86 97.43 97.65
Linear Discriminant 98.45 97.85 98.26 97.78 98.34
Analysis
98.64 99.22 98.32 98.56
Naïve Bayes 98.86 98.24 98.54 98.12 98.35
 Kaur et al. : Assessment of front line demonstration on chickpea in Ferozepur district of Punjab 55

Table 2. Precision and recall of different pulse crops varieties under K-NN model on training and test data set
Crop/Variety Training data set Test data set
Precision Recall Precision Recall
Chickpea
Awrodhi 100% 100% 100% 100%
C 235 100% 99% 100% 100%
JG 14 99% 100% 100% 100%
K 850 100% 100% 100% 100%
KWR 108 100% 99% 100% 100%
Pragati 100% 99% 100% 100%
PG 186 99% 100% 100% 100%
Pusa 362 100% 100% 100% 100%
Radhey 100% 100% 100% 100%
Shubhra 99% 100% 100% 100%
Udai 100% 100% 100% 100%
Ujjawal 100% 99% 100% 100%
Lentil
DPL 62 100% 100% 100% 100%
HUL 57 99% 100% 100% 100%
IPL 316 100% 100% 100% 100%
K 75 100% 100% 100% 100%
NDL 1 100% 99% 100% 100%
PL 6 100% 100% 100% 100%
PL 8 99% 99% 100% 100%
PL 406 100% 100% 100% 100%
Pusa Vaibhav 100% 100% 100% 100%
Shekhar 100% 99% 100% 100%
Fieldpea
Adarsh 100% 99% 100% 100%
Aman 100% 100% 100% 100%
Arkel 99% 100% 100% 100%
Azad pea 1 100% 100% 100% 100%
HUDP 15 100% 99% 100% 100%
Indra 100% 100% 100% 100%
IPF 4-9 99% 100% 100% 100%
IPFD 10-12 100% 100% 100% 100%
Prakash 100% 100% 100% 100%
Rachna 100% 99% 100% 100%
Vikash 100% 100% 100% 100%
Moong
PDM 139 99% 100% 100% 100%
HUM 12 100% 99% 100% 100%
HUM 16 100% 99% 100% 100%
IPM 02-3 100% 100% 100% 100%
IPM 02-4 100% 100% 100% 100%
Meha, 99% 100% 100% 100%
NDM 1 100% 100% 100%
Pant Moong 6 100% 100% 100% 100%
Pusa Vishal 100% 100% 100% 100%
Samrat 100% 99% 100% 100%
Sweta 99% 99% 100% 100%
Urad
Azad 1 99% 100% 100% 100%
Azad 2 100% 99% 100% 100%
Azad 3 100% 100% 100% 100%
IPU 02-43 100% 100% 100% 100%
NDU 1 100% 100% 100% 100%
PU 31 99% 100% 100% 100%
PU 40 100% 99% 100% 100%
Shekhar 1 100% 100% 100% 100%
Shekhar 2 99% 100% 100% 100%
T9 100% 100% 100% 100%
Uttara 100% 99% 100% 100%
56 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019
comparison to each other and K-NN outperformed all others
for characterizing the varieties of chickpea, lentil, fieldpea,
moong and urad. After experimenting with the proposed
system, we concluded that K-Nearest Neighbor,s (K-NN)
classifier model could successfully be utilized for
characterizing, classifying and/or distinguishing these
varieties of pulse crops. These findings are in very close
affirmity to earlier study in rice (Dheer, 2019; Dheer and
Singh, 2019) and wheat (Dheer et al. 2019).
Comparative accuracy of different machine learning
classifiers obtained based on employing feature
normalization revealed that K-NN model is quite promising
for characterizing the varieties of chickpea, lentil, fieldpea,
moong and lentil. The precision and recall scores of
collected datasets were 100%. Thus, this model can provide
an accurate solution to the pulse varieties for their
characterization/ classification and/or identification problem
as alternative to sophisticated image segmentation
techniques. Further, this can also be used for mobile
application, where even an occupational worker on the field
can take a measurement the required features of pulse crops
varieties to find the specific class that the pulse belongs to
avoid admixture. Our future thrust will being be more
focused towards more varieties/ genetic stocks of these as
well as other pulse crops.
REFERENCES
Agrawal PK, Singh P, Kanaujia P, Gangawar P, Das A and Dixit GP.
2015. Molecular diversity and genetic enhancement among
major pulse crops of India. Pulses: challanges & opportunities
under changing climatic scenario (Eds: GP Dixit, Jagdish Singh
and NP Singh), ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur, India. pp. 52-76
Agresti A. 1996. An introduction to categorical data analysis. wiley,
New York.
Bishop CM. 2007. Pattern recognition and machine learning.
Springer, New York.
Camelo-Méndez GA, Camacho-Díaz BH, Del Villar-Martínez AA,
Arenas-Ocampo ML, Bello-Pérez LA and Jiménez-Aparicio AR.
2012. Digital image analysis of diverse Mexican rice cultivars.
Journal of Science, Food and Agriculture 92: 2709–2714
Hobson DM, Carter RM and Yan Y. 2007. Characterization and
identification of rice grains through digital image analysis. IEEE
instrumentation and measurement technology conference.
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Dheer P. 2019. Distinguishing of rice varieties by using machine
learning models. International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer and Communication Engineering 8(1): 55-57
Dheer P and Singh RK. 2019. Identification of Indian rice varieties
using machine learning classifiers. Plant Archives 19(1): 155-
15 8
Dheer P, Purshottam and Singh V. 2019. Classifying wheat varieties
using machine learning model. Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry 1(3): 47-49
Duda RO, Hart P and Stork DG. 2000. Pattern classification. 2 nd ed.
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Kong W, Zhang C, Liu F, Nie P and He Y. 2013. Rice seed cultivar
identification using near-infrared hyper spectral imaging and
multivariate data analysis. Sensors 13(7): 8916-8927
Mitchell T. 1997. Machine Learning. McGraw Hill, NY.
Winter P, Pfaff T, Udupa SM, Huttel B, Sharma PC, Sahi S, Arreguin-
Espinoza R, Weigand F, Muehlbaur FJ and Kahl G. 1999.
Characterization and mapping of sequence-tagged microsatellite
sites in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genome. Molecular
Genomics and Genetics 262(1): 90-101
Yadav RDS and Srivastava JP. 2002. DUS characteristics of chickpea
varieties. Seed Tech News 32(1): 29-30
Journal of Food Legumes 32(1): 57-59, 2019
Short Communication
Genetic diversity for yield and yield component characters in rice fallow
blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]
K NAGENDRA RAO, HARI RAM KUMAR BANDI, K SRINIVASULU, J PADMAVATHI and K VAMSI
KRISHNA
Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh; E-mail: kaki.phd14@gmail.com
(Received : May 11, 2018 ; Accepted : October 01, 2018)
ABSTRACT
A study was made for evaluating diversity genotypes of
blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) under rice fallow
situation for ten quantitative characters. It revealed that the
genotypes of diverse origin were grouped into seven different
clusters. Cluster I and cluster II consisted of twelve genotypes
followed by cluster IV which included five genotypes, clusters
III consisted of four genotypes and cluster V, VI and VII
consist of one genotypes. The highest intra cluster distance
for yield traits were found in cluster IV followed by cluster
III, clusters I and cluster II. The maximum inter cluster
distance (D2-values) was found between cluster III and VII
followed by cluster V and VII, cluster I and cluster VII, cluster
IV and cluster VII and cluster VI and cluster VII. The
clustering pattern revealed that the genotypes originating
from different geographical regions got themselves grouped
into different clusters. Grain yield per plot showed high
contribution toward total divergence followed by 100 seed
weight, number of branches, plant height and days to 50%
flowering. However, the bio-divergent genotypes viz., LBG
787, VBG 4-4, IPU 2-43, LBG 623, KKB 5011, TGBG 26, TU
94-2, WBG 108, PU 40, TGBG 401 and LBG 648 were found
promising by the studies of Mahalanobis D2 analysis and
Tocher’s method of clustering and may serve as potential
parental genotypes for future hybridization programme.
Key words: Blackgram, Divergence, Mahalanobis D2 analysis
and Tocher’s method, Yield and its attributes
Blackgram is popularly known as urdbean, urid or
mash. It was domesticated from V. mungo var. Silvestris
(Lukoki et al. 1980). Blackgram is one of the most ancient
and important legume crop of India, which contributes 70%
of world’s total production. Urdbean consists of good
nutritional values of high seed protein (25-26%),
carbohydrates (60%), fat (1.5%), minerals, amino acids and
vitamins. Hence, like other pulses it is usually known as
“poor man’s meat” particularly in the vegetarian population
of the Indian subcontinent (Chubatemsu and Malini, 2017).
It has the ability to restore the soil fertility through symbiotic
nitrogen fixation and suitable for various crop rotation
practices and well suited in both dry and irrigated
conditions. This is one of the most important short duration
legume crops utilized in the food, fodder, soil conservation,
integrated farming systems, reclaiming of degraded pastures
and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. It is essential to understand
the genetic architectrue and nature of gene action governing
yield and its component traits. Yield is the resultant product
of various morphological, physiological and biological
components. The present productivity levels of black gram
in India is low.
Over the past century selection of desirable parents
for hybridization programme has been found as an effective
operating implement in developing high yielding crop
varieties upon which, the modern agriculture can rely. The
presence of genetic diversity and genetic relationships
among genotypes is a prerequisite and paramount important
for successful blackgram breeding programme. The
selection of highly genetically divergent parents is expected
to throw superior and desirable segregants following
crossing (Bhatt 1973). Thus, Multivariate analysis by D2
statistic is a powerful tool in quantifying the degree of
divergence among all possible pairs of population at
genotypic level. Choice of parents for hybridization is one
of the important considerations for creating new variability.
D2 analysis has been found most effective and, therefore,
widely used for the classification of parental lines (Singh et
al., 2012). Keeping all there, Thirty six genotypes of
blackgram were analyzed for ten quantitative traits under
field conditions.
Thirty six blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)
genotypes of diverse origin were raised in a Randomized
Block Design in three replications, each of 2 rows of 4 meters
length with spacing of row to row 30 cm and plant to plant
of 10 cm at Agricultural Research Station, Ghantasala,
Krishna District, during Rabi, 2016-17. Observations were
recorded for ten quantitative characters viz., days to 50%
flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of
branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of
pods per plant, pod length (cm), number of seeds per pod,
100 seed weight (g) and grain yield per plot (g). Data were
recorded from five randomly selected plants from each
genotype per replication and the average was taken for
analysis. All the recommended package of practices was
followed to raise a good crop. Standard statistical
procedures were used for multivariate analysis given by
Mahalanobis (1936) and grouping of the biodiversified
genotypes into different clusters was done using Tocher’s
technique (Rao, 1952).
58 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019

Thirty six blackgram genotypes of diverse origin were followed by cluster V and VII (867.42), cluster I and cluster
grouped into seven different clusters. Distribution of VII (688.61), cluster IV and cluster VII (676.84) and cluster
genotypes into different clusters by Tocher’s method for VI and cluster VII (142.33). A comparison of mean values of
yield traits is presented in Table 1. The cluster diagram, different clusters in respect to yield traits is presented in
dendrogram indicating dispersion of genotypes under Table 3.
divergent clusters, is presented in fig, 1 and 2 respectively. The relative contribution to total divergence in this
Average intra and inter cluster distance among seven study (Table 4) indicated that grain yield per plot (32.54%)
clusters indicated presence of diverse genotypes in the set followed by 100 seed weight (27.78%), number of branches
of material under study (Table 2). Cluster I and cluster II (27.78%), plant height (4.76%) days to 50% flowering
consisted of twelve genotypes followed by cluster IV (3.81%) had very high contribution toward total divergence.
consisted of five genotypes, clusters III consisted of four Hence parent chosen on the basis of yield in association
genotypes and cluster V, VI and VII consisted of one with relatively simply inherited characters like 100 seed
genotypes. The highest intra cluster distance for yield traits weight, number of branches, plant height and days to 50%
were found in cluster IV (186.13) followed by cluster III flowering throw transgressive segregants for higher yield
(120.43), cluster I (109.84) and cluster II (85.49). The lowest potential. In the present investigation the pattern of
values for intra cluster distances were recorded for cluster clustering revealed that the genotypes originated from
V, VI and VII (0.00). The maximum inter cluster distance (D2- different geographical regions got themselves grouped into
values) was found between cluster III and VII (942.55) same clusters. Geographical biodiversity though important
Table 1. Distribution of 36 genotype of blackgram in different clusters by Tocher’s method
S.No Clusters Genotypes included Number
LBG 787, TBG 104, PU 31, VBG 4-14, VBG 4-008, T 9, LBG 20, KUG 216 X SPS 5, TGBG 344, IPU 2-43,
1 Cluster 1 12
TGBG 258, TGBG 136
LBG 623, TGBG 40, TGBG 143, TU 18, LBG 645, LBG 402, LBG 17, LBG 685, LBG 752, KKB 05011,
2 Cluster 2 12
TGBG 26, LBG 788
3 Cluster 3 OPU 88 31 X VBG 4-008, LBG 709, TU 94-2, TGBG 74 4
4 Cluster 4 KUG 216 X BG 018-2, WBG 108, Uttara, TGBG 281, KUG 216 X PU 40 5
5 Cluster 5 PU 40 1
6 Cluster 6 TGBG 401 1
7 Cluster 7 LBG 648 1

Table 2. Average intra and inter cluster distance (D2 values and D values-in paranthesis) among seven cluster of 36 blackgram
genotype for yield traits by Tocher’s method
Number of
S.No Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6 Cluster 7
clusters
109.84 198.84 206.90 195.76 178.18 305.12 688.61
1 Cluster 1
(10.48) (14.10) (14.38) (13.99) (13.35) (17.47) (26.24)
85.49 439.85 311.85 189.97 278.58 465.04
2 Cluster 2
(9.25) (20.97) (17.66) (13.78) (16.69) (21.56)
120.43 406.57 223.80 473.10 942.55
3 Cluster 3
(10.97) (20.16) (14.96) (21.75) (30.70)
186.13 444.60 298.53 676.84
4 Cluster 4
(13.64) (21.09) (17.28) (26.02)
0.00 499.36 867.42
5 Cluster 5
(0.00) (22.35) (29.45)
0.00 142.33
6 Cluster 6
(0.00) (11.93)
0.00
7 Cluster 7
(0.00)

Table 3. Mean value of different clusters in respect to 10 yield traits by Tocher’s method
Plant Pod Number
Number of Days to 50% Days to Number of Number of Number of 100 seed Grain yield
S.No height length of seeds
Clusters flowering maturity branches clusters pods weight (g) per plot (g)
(cm) (cm) per pod
1 Cluster 1 42.04 75.29 21.26 1.06 4.58 16.60 4.32 6.55 4.16 209.71
2 Cluster 2 45.96 79.63 22.86 0.92 3.25 12.04 4.45 6.59 4.52 137.33
3 Cluster 3 41.50 76.00 21.80 1.94 5.00 19.38 4.29 6.43 3.86 255.88
4 Cluster 4 41.10 71.60 19.48 0.40 4.50 16.68 4.34 6.84 3.82 225.30
5 Cluster 5 41.50 77.50 25.13 1.75 3.50 14.00 4.38 6.50 4.80 144.00
6 Cluster 6 43.00 77.00 19.59 1.00 2.50 9.00 4.19 7.00 3.22 83.00
7 Cluster 7 48.00 79.00 25.13 0.90 2.00 6.40 4.39 6.80 3.00 25.50
 Rao et al. : Genetic diversity for yield and yield component characters in rice fallow blackgram 59

Table 4. Time ranked first and percentage contribution

to total divergence (D2)
S. Characters Times Percentage contribution to
No Ranked 1st total D2
1 Days to 50% 24 3.81%
flowering
2 Days to maturity 0 0.00%
3 Plant height (cm) 30 4.76%
4 Number of 175 27.78%
branches
5 Number of clusters 3 0.48%
6 Number of pods 1 0.16%
7 Pod length (cm) 11 1.75%
8 Number of seeds 6 0.95%
per pod
9 100 seed weight 175 27.78%
(g)
10 Grain yield per 205 32.54%
plot (g)

Fig 2. Dendrogram indicating the grouping of genotypes

under divergent for yield traits.

LBG 787, VBG 4-4, IPU 2-43, LBG 623, KKB 05011, TGBG 26,
TU 94-2, WBG 108, PU 40, TGBG 401 and LBG 648 (Table 2)
were found promising by the studies of Mahalanobis D2
analysis and Tocher’s method of clustering and may serve
as potential parental genotypes for future hybridization
programme.

Fig. 1: Cluster diagram indicating dispersion of genotypes
under divergent clusters for yield traits.
may not necessarily be the factor in determining genetic
biodiversity; the factor other than geographical diversity
might have been responsible for grouping of different
genotypes. This could be due to the reason that ecotypes
in a particular habitat could have been evolved with
different objectives and varied local situations and needs,
thus giving importance to different characters. Therefore,
ecotypes originating at the same place might have different
genetic architecture. Likewise certain cultivars might
possess similar characteristics even though their origins
were different. Hence, genotypes with same geographical
origin could have undergone change for different characters
under selection during the process of evolution
(Veerabadhiran et al. 1996).
From the above study the divergent genotypes viz.,
REFERENCES
Bhatt GM. 1973. Comparison of various methods of selecting parents
for hybridization in common bread wheat (Triticum aestivum
L.). Journal of Agricultural Science 24: 457-464
Chubatemsu Ozukum and Malini Barthakur Sharma. 2017. Variability
among urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) for yield and yield
components. International Journal of Research and Innovation
in Applied Science 2(4): 26-27
Lukoki L, Marechal R and Otoul E. 1980. The wild ancestors of the
cultivated beans V. radiata and V. mungo. Bulletin du Jardin
Botanique National de Belgique 28: 23-30
Mahalanobis PC. 1936. On the generalized distance in statistics.
Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 2: 49-55
Rao CR. 1952. Advanced statistical methods in biometrical research.
John Wiley and sons Inc., New York, USA. 236-272 p
Singh M, Swarup I, Billore M and Chaudhari PR. 2012. Genetic
diversity for yield and its components in blackgram (Vigna
mungo L.). Research Journal of Recent Sciences 2: 4-6
Veerabhadhiran P, Ramamurthy N and Nadarajan N. 1996. Genetic
variation and diversity in greengram. Madras Agricultural Journal
83: 633-635
Journal of Food Legumes 32(1): 60-63, 2019
Short Communication
Assessment of morphological variation for different qualitative characters in
pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] germplasm
SANDEEP KUMAR YADAV, NIRAJ KUMAR, HC LAL, KRISHNA PRASAD, CS MAHTO,
SHREYA SEN and BINAY KUMAR
Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi; E-mail: nirajsri224@rediffmail.com
(Received : March 18, 2018 ; Accepted : June 12, 2018)
ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted at the Birsa Agricultural
University, Research Farm (Dryland Section), Kanke, Ranchi
during Kharif season 2016-17 utilizing 104 genotypes of
pigeonpea along with 4 checks viz., ASHA, BA 1, BAHAR and
ICPB 2078 evaluated in a augmented block design II with 4
blocks having spacing 1.5 m × 20 cm. Observation were
recorded from each plants and checks for thirteen qualitative
characters viz., plant branching pattern, plant growth habit,
flower colour, flower streaks, stem colour, pod colour, pod
pubescence, pod surface stickiness, pod waxiness, pod
constriction, seed shape, seed colour and seed colour pattern.
Branching pattern was found to be either erect, semi-
spreading or spreading while growth habit was either
determinate or indeterminate. The characters like flower
streaks, pod pubescence, pod stickiness and pod waxiness
was categorized on the basis of presence or absence of the
following characters. Stem colour was found either green or
purple while flower colour was either yellow or purple. For
pod colour five different categories were observed namely
green, green with brown streaks, green with purple streaks,
purple and dark purple. Hence the characterization of several
qualitative traits will help in selection of suitable parent in
formulating sound breeding programme.
Key words: Determinate, Indeterminate, Semi spreading,
Spreading, Streak and qualitative traits
Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] also known
as Arhar, Red gram, Tur, Angole and Aahar etc. is often
cross pollinated (20-70%) out crosses crop with 2n=2x=22
diploid chromosome number belongs to the family
Leguminoseae. India is considered as the native of
pigeonpea (Van der Maesen, 1980) because of its natural
genetic variability available in the local germplasm and the
presence of its wild relatives in the country. It is a deep
rooted and drought-tolerant leguminous food crop and can
grow tropical and sub-tropical regions.
Pigeonpea contains 62.78 g carbohydrates, 1.49 g
fats and 21.7 g proteins per 100 grams. In India, pigeonpea
is second most important pulse crop after chickpea
(Sodavadiya et al. 2009 and Vijayalakshmi et al. 2013). It is
widely grown in India accounting for 90 per cent of the
world production (Rangare et al. 2013). Pigeonpea is grown
in the area 5.13 mha with the production 4.23 mt and 824 kg/
ha productivity respectively (Anon, 2016-17).
The good genotypes with broad genetic base have
capability to perform good in adverse climatic situation
and is most suitable for the region that faces moisture stress.
Being a pulse, pigeonpea enriches soil through symbiotic
nitrogen fixation, release soil–bound phosphorus, recycles
the soil nutrients and add organic matter and other nutrients
that make pigeonpea an ideal crop for sustainable
agriculture. It is chiefly grown for its seed which are
consumed either as dry splits (dal) or as a green vegetable.
It is also used on a limited scale as a fodder crop
while its stem provides a good source of fuel. A flourishing
plant breeding programme heavily relies upon existence of
genetic variability present in the base population for various
traits and information on genetic control of concerned trait
is useful for effective execution of any breeding programme.
Systematic study and characterization of germplasm is not
only important for utilizing the appropriate attribute based
donors, but also essential in the present era for protecting
the unique pigeonpea genotypes.
The present study was conducted at the Birsa
Agricultural University Research Farm (Dryland Section),
Kanke, Ranchi during Kharif season 2016-17. A total of 104
genotypes (Table 1) of pigeonpea along with 4 checks viz.,
ASHA, BA 1, BAHAR and ICPB 2078 were evaluated in a
augmented block design II with 4 blocks. The spacing was
1.5 m X 20 cm observation were recorded from each plants
and checks for thirteen qualitative characters viz., plant
branching pattern, plant growth habit, flower colour, flower
streaks, stem colour, pod colour, pod pubescence, pod
surface stickiness, pod waxiness, pod constriction seed
shape, seed colour and seed colour pattern given in
descriptor i.e. 1 to 9 scale (Table 3).
The collection, conservation and characterization of
genotype is the backbone of any crop improvement
programme which in turn depends on the extent of genetic
diversity in gene pool. Diversity in plant genotypes
provides opportunity for plant breeders to develop new
and improved cultivars with desirable characteristics. The
progress of breeding programme depends mainly upon the
magnitude of variability present in the breeding materials.
In pigeonpea, plant branching pattern type is
important qualitative characters which was classified into
three groups i.e. erect, semi-spreading and spreading (Table
 Yadav et al. : Assessment of morphological variation in pigeonpea germplasm
2 & fig. 1). Seventy three genotypes had erect plant type
whereas, twenty three and twelve genotypes had semi-
spreading and spreading type respectively while semi-
spreading genotypes (BAUPP 13-1, BRG 1, BSMR 243 and
GRG 160) can be used as a donor parent in future breeding
programme. This work supported by Katiyar et al. (2005),
Manyasa et al. (2007) and Upadhayaya et al . (2011).
Branching pattern
Fig 1. Pie chart of branching pattern
Plant growth habit i.e. determinate and indeterminate
(Fig 2), ninety two genotypes were found indeterminate
type and sixteen genotypes were determinates type. Similar
findings were obtained by the results of Manyasa et al.
(2007), Neelam et al. (2014) and Kalihal et al. (2016).
Growth habbit
Fig 2. Pie chart representing growth habbit
In present investigation flower colour (Table 2) of
eighty genotypes were found yellow whereas, twenty eight
genotypes had purple. Similar results were shown by
Manyasa et al. (2007), Provazi et al. (2007) and Neelam et
al. (2014).
Flower streak (Table 2) in fifty two genotypes were
absent while, twenty five genotypes had sparse, nineteen
genotypes medium and twelve genotypes had dense streak.
Manyasa et al. (2007), Kalihal et al. (2016) also characterized
the pigeonpea flower streaks.
Sixty one genotypes had purple coloured stem while
forty seven genotypes had green coloured stem (Table 2).
The findings of Neelam et al. (2014) was in accordance
with the result. Five different types of pod colour i.e. green,
green with brown streaks, green with purple streaks, purple
and dark purple (Table 2) was seen. Out of which, forty
genotypes had green with brown streaks, twenty genotypes
had green with purple streaks, twenty five genotypes had
green, thirteen genotypes had purple and ten genotypes
were founded dark purple coloured. Similar characterization
61
of pod colour was done by Manyasa et al. (2007), Provazi
et al. (2007) and Kalihal et al. (2016).
On the basis of presence and absence of pod
pubescence (Table 2 and Fig 3), the genotypes were
classified into two groups Fifty nine genotypes having
pod pubescence whereas, forty nine genotypes does not
have pod pubescence, which was supported by Manyasa
et al. (2007) and Kalihal et al. (2016).
Seventy genotypes had stickiness on pod surface
whereas, thirty eighty genotypes stickiness (Table 2 & Fig
3) was totally absent. This work supported by Manyasa et
al. (2007) and Kalihal et al. (2016) in pigeonpea crops.
In terms of presence or absence of waxiness (Table 2
& Fig 3), sixty eight genotypes had pod waxiness while in
forty genotypes waxiness was absent. Similar findings were
obtained by Manyasa et al. (2007) and Kalihal et al. (2016)
in pigeonpea crops.
Pod constriction was classified into two groups i.e.
slight and prominent (Table 2). Sixty two genotypes had
slight pod constriction while forty six genotypes falls in
prominent pod constriction category. Similar
characterization of pod constriction was done by Manyasa
et al. (2007) and Kalihal et al. (2016) in pigeonpea crops.
Fig 3. Graph showing different pod characters
Three different types of seed shape i.e. oval.
Elongated and Globular (Table 2) were found. Out of total
fifty two had oval genotypes, while fifty one genotypes
had elongated and five genotypes had globular seed shape.
This characterization was supported by Manyasa et al.
(2007) and Provazi et al. (2007) in pigeonpea crop.
Seed colour was classified into five groups i.e. cream,
brown, dark brown, grey and purple (Table 2). The seed
colour in forty four genotypes was creamy while forty four
genotypes had brown colour seventeen genotypes were
dark brown, two genotypes was grey and the remaining
one genotype was purple coloured. Similar characterization
was revealed by the work of Manyasa et al. (2007), Provazi
et al. (2007), Upadhayaya et al. (2011), Neelam et al. (2014)
and Kalihal et al. (2016).
Two different seed colour patterns was obtained i.e.
uniform and mottled (Table 2). fifty seven genotypes
showed uniform pattern, while fifty one genotypes were
mottled that was in accordance with the studies of Manyasa
62 Journal of Food Legumes 32(1), 2019

Table 1. Details of test entries and checks

S.No. Genotypes S.No. Genotypes S.No. Genotypes
1 AKTE 12-20 38 ICP 87119 75 WRG 222
2 AKTM 1-2 39 ICPB 2051 76 WRG 285
3 BRG 15-1 40 ICPB 2076 77 WRG 293
4 BSMR 579 41 BSMR 2 78 WRG 292
5 BAUPP13-1 42 BDN 02 79 WRG 204
6 BSMR 736 43 GJP 1205 80 WRG 252
7 BAUPP13-2 44 JKM 189 81 WRG 297
8 BRG 5 45 KBA 32-3 82 WRG 97
9 BRG 1 46 LRG 105 83 WRG 289
10 BSMR 853 47 LRG 151 84 WRGE 256
11 BDN 2008 48 LRG 107 85 WRG 65
12 BSMR 511 49 LAXMI 86 WRG 248
13 BRG 4 50 LRG 117 87 WRG 282
14 BSMR 846 51 LRG 170 88 WRG 286
15 BRG 15-2 52 LRG 133 89 RVKT 297
16 BSMR 243 53 LRG 104 90 GRG 107
17 IIPR-09-06 54 MAL 38 91 WRG 242
18 IIPR-09-09 55 NTL 624 92 WRG 223
19 CRG 82 56 NTPL 769 93 WRG 232
20 CORG2012-25 57 PT 0012 94 WRG 288
21 CORG 9701 58 RVKT 260 95 WRG 281
22 CRG 2010-9 59 RPS 2007-10 96 WRG 246
23 CRG 2012-30 60 RVSA 07-10 97 TS-3R
24 C-11 61 RVSA 12 98 TDRG 179
25 GJP 1406 62 RVSA 07-31 99 TRG 78
26 GJP 1207 63 RVSA 07-12 100 TDRG 107
27 GRG2013 64 RVSA -9 101 WRGE 140
28 GRG 1310 65 RVSA 2014-2 102 TRG 59
29 GJP 1401 66 RVSA 2014 103 TDRG 33
30 PBRG 2009-1 67 VIPULA 104 TJT 50
31 GRG 160 68 RVSA 7-15 105 ASHA (C)
32 WRG 102 69 WRG 278 106 BA-1 (C )
33 WRG 244 70 WRG 283 107 BAHAR(C )
34 ICP 2376 71 WRGE 248 108 ICPB 2078(C)
35 ICP 9174 72 WRG 220
36 ICP 8863 73 WRG 197
37 ICP 7035 74 WRG 260
*Hyd. = Hyderabad

Table 2. Grouping of genotypes on the basis of character

S. No. Characters Grouping
1. Branching pattern Erect (73) Semi spreading (23) Spreading (12)
2. Growth habbit Determinate (16) Indeterminate (92)
3. Flower colour Yellow (80) Purple (28)
4. Stem colour Green (47) Purple (61)
5. Flower streak Absent (52) Sparse ( 25 ) Medium (19) Dense (12)
6. Pod colour Green (23) Green with brown streak (40) Green with purple streak (20) Purple (13) Dark purple (10)
7. Pod pubescence Absent (49) Present (59)
8. Pod surface stickiness Absent (38) Present (70)
9. Pod waxiness Absent (70) Present (68)
10. Pod constriction Slight (62) Prominent (46)
11. Seed shape Oval (52) Elongated (51) Globular (5)
12. Seed colour Cream (44) Brown (44) Dark brown (17)
13. Seed colour type Uniform (57) Mottled (51)

et al. (2007), Upadhayaya et al. (2011) and Kalihal et al.
(2016).
The knowledge of variability for various qualitative
characters will provide an estimate in formulating sound
breeding programme and will also help breeder in selection
of suitable parent for future breeding programme. Most of
the qualitative characters are governed by monogene or
oligogenes, thus can be easily transferred in progenies.
This information used to studies. Phenotypically the
characteristics of genotypes will also give opportunity for
molecular screening of the genotype utilizing markers linked
with the trait of interest. Seed colour, seed colur pattern
and seed shape determines the usability of crop either in
the form of vegetables or pulses. The characters like pod
pubescence, waxiness and stickiness of pod and pod colour
can be used to study the pod characters that may either
 Yadav et al. : Assessment of morphological variation in pigeonpea germplasm 63

Table 3. Descriptors of different qualitative traits

Qualitative traits (No. of Score)
Score
PBP(3) PGH(2) FC(5) FS(5) St.C(2) PC(5) PP(2) PSS(2) PW(2) P. Con.(2) SS(3) SC(5) SCP(2)
1 Deter- Light
- Absent Green Green Absent Absent Absent Oval Cream Uniform
minate yellow
2 Indeter- Green with
- yellow - Purple Present Present - Slight Elongated Brown Mottled
minate brown streaks
3 Erect Orange Green with Dark
- Sparse - - - - - Globular -
(<30˚) yellow purple streaks brown
4 - - Purple - - Purple - - - - - Grey -
5 Semi
spreading - Red Medium - Dark purple - - - - - Purple -
(30-60˚)
6 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
7 Spreading
- - Dense - - - - - Prominent - - -
(>60˚)
8 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9 - - - Mosaic - - - - Present - - - -
PBP= Plant Branching Pattern, PGH=Plant Growth Habit, FC=Flower Colour, FS=Flower Streaks, StC=Stem Colour, PC=Pod Colour, PP=Pod
Pubescence, PSS=Pod Surface Stickiness, PW=Pod Waxiness, P.Con.= Pod Constriction, SS=Seed shape, SC=Seed Colour, SCP=Seed Colour
Pa ttern

favour or inhibit insect growth and development. Stem
colour and flower streak can be used as an important
morphological marker. The results also suggested about
the genotype which could use as a parent for development
of determinate variety along with the suitable branching
pattern.
REFERENCES
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Journal of Food Legumes 32(1): 64, 2019

List of Referees for Vol. 32(1)

The Editorial Board gratefully acknowledges the help rendered by following referees in reviewing manuscripts for the
Vol. 32(1): 2019.

Dr. C. S. Praharaj, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur Dr. Satish Nayak, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur

Dr. D. K. Agarawal, ICAR-IISS, Mau Dr. Amrit Lamichaney, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur

Dr. RDS Yadav, NDUA&T Ayodhya Dr. Baswaraj T., ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur

Dr. Anita Babber, JNKVV, Jabalpur Dr. G. K. Sujayanand, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur

Dr. Rajesh Kumar, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur Dr. Shripad Bath, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur

Dr. K. K. Singh, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur Dr. C. P. Nath, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur

Dr. Alok Das, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur Dr. Ashish Datta, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur

Dr. Debjyoti Sen Gupta, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur

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Becker HC, Lin SC and Leon J. 1988. Stability analysis in plant
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Sokal RR and Rholf FJ. 1981. Biometry, 2nd Ed. Freeman, San
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Tandon HLS. 1993. Methods of Analysis of Soils, Plants, Water
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Singh DP. 1989. Mutation breeding in blackgram. In: SA Farook
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Takkar PN and Randhawa NS. 1980. Zinc deficiency in Indian
soils and plants. In: Proceedings of Seminar on Zinc Wastes
and their Utilization, 15-16 October 1980, Indian Lead-Zinc
Information Centre, Fertilizer Association of India, New Delhi,
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Satyanarayan Y. 1953. Photosociological studies on calcarious
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