LECTURES IN ENGLISH 9

ANGLO-AMERICAN LITERATURE
Module 2 Valuing Others and their Circumstances
Lesson 1

Finding Other’s Greatness

We forge lasting relationships with others when we recognize their greatness instead of their weaknesses. This
is an essential step in becoming connected with them. As the lesson unfolds, think of the question,
“What is greatness?”
- The quality of being great; something we yearn for, we dream. Greatness will be achieved through an
enormous hard work over of what you wish for an extended period.

Be not afraid of greatness; some are born great, some achieve greatness, and others have….greatness thrust
upon
them.
-William Shakespeare
Explanation: The quote means that every person is destined to be great at some point in their life and they
should not be afraid of carrying that type of responsibility but there are some people are born great while others
have to work at it.

READING TEXT 1 Auld Lang Syne

“The song Auld Lang Syne is referring to the new beginnings and changing times. It’s about letting go of the past
and old relationships.”
Motive Question: How do we celebrate the “greatness” of the people we know?

- We can celebrate the greatness of the people we know y not forgetting the things they did that made
them great and also having a small feast will do.

READING TEXT 2 I Think Continually Of Those Who Were Truly Great- Stephen Spender Motive Question: Who
do we consider truly great?
- The poem I Think Continually of Those Who are Truly Great by Stephen Spender has an attempt to
describe what makes a person “truly” great. The poem consider soldier as truly great not only the war men but
also the people who selflessly fights for what they believe in.

NARRATIVE PARAGRAPH
A narrative paragraph tells a story. It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time.

Module 2 Valuing Others and their Circumstances

Lesson 2

Observing Others’ Circumstances

In the previous lesson, you have explored the concept on greatness. As you engage in the tasks in this lesson,
ask yourself,
“How do I view other people’s circumstances?”
- I view others circumstances as a challenge to them to face that can make them and their life
change.
READING TEXT 1: The Man With the Hoe by Edwin Markham
Motive Question: What circumstance is the persona faced with?

- Today the farmers face a problem about their low salary. Their salary is not enough for their family,
for their food and for other expenses.

SONNET
- is a poetic form which originated in Italy; Giacomo Da Lentini is credited with its invention.
- sonnet is derived from the Italian word sonetto a little poem, song
- Latin sonus a sound
 - By the thirteenth century it signified a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme
and specific structure.
- Writers of sonnets are sometimes called "sonneteers", although the term can be used
derisively.
What is a Sonnet?
- It has 14 lines, and is written in iambic pentameter.
Two types of sonnet:
- Italian (or Petrarchan)
- English (or Shakespearean)
*The type of sonnet is determined by its rhyme scheme.

Lesson 3: Prose and Poetry

Prose
 It has sentences arranged in sentences and paragraphs.
 The ordinary form of spoken or written language.
 Observed in many areas of writing, most especially in newspaper, magazines, and most reference books.
Poetry
 It is a rhythmical type f literary composition that usually serves to excite the readers.
 Literary work in metrical form, verse and uses literary devices like figures of speech.
Elements of Poetry
1. Theme - The main idea of a literary work, usually expressed as a generalization and in sentence form.
Example: “Forgiveness is the key to true happiness.”
2. Setting - The time and place in which the story is set.
3. Characters - The point of writing stories: telling us what human beings are like. Characters allow readers
to “see” life from different perspectives and to “meet” new (or familiar) people
Characterization:
The description of the personalities of the characters in the story and the ways in which authors reveal
their personalities:
-Speech
-Thoughts
-Effect on other characters
-Action
-Looks
Types of Characters
Protagonist – the leading character or one of the major characters in a drama, movie, novel, or
other fictional text.
Antagonist – a person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something.
Dynamic – the one who undergoes an important inner change as a change in personality or
attitude.
Static – the one who does not develop or change its character.
4. Plot - The sequence or order of events in a story, each event connected to the next like a chain. Each
event in a plot “hooks” our curiosity and pulls us forward to the next event.
Suspense builds as the series of related events hook our curiosity.
Plot Diagram
- Exposition/Introduction– This is the part of the plot that tells how the story begins. The character,
conflict, and setting are usually introduced.
- Rising Action/Complication - The part of the story in which the main character takes some action to
resolve the conflict and meets with problems or complications: danger, fear, hostility, etc.
- Climax: the KEY scene of the story - That tense or exciting moment when we realize what the outcome
of the conflict is going to be.
- Falling Action - All of the action which follows the climax
- Resolution/Denouement - The final part of the story. (The French word, denouement, means “unraveling the
knot”). You learn how the conflict is resolved and what happens to the characters.
 - Conflict
External Conflict:
Conflict between a character and another person OR a character and something non-human.
- Man vs. Man
- Man vs. Society
- Man vs. Nature
Internal Conflict:
Conflict takes place inside a character’s mind
Man vs. Himself (fears, self-doubts, etc.)

Lesson 4: Adverbs

Adverbs
Adverbs are words used to describe or modify verbs.
Adverbs give more information about a verb.
Use adverbs to make your writing more interesting.

Adverbs are words that modify

a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?)
an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car?)
another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How slowly did she move?)
As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened. Adverbs
frequently end in -ly; however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve an adverbial function and an -ly ending is
not a guarantee that a word is an adverb. The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly, for instance, are
adjectives:
That lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood.

Adverbs are words like tomorrow, daily, badly, once and too. They tell us more about other words, especially verbs.

The child smiled sweetly. (The adverb sweetly modifies the verb smiled.)
She walked slowly. (The adverb slowly modifies the verb walked.)
He talked politely. (The adverb politely modifies the verb talked.)

Sometimes adverbs modify adjectives.

It was a very important question. (The adverb very modifies the adjective important.)
You are so sweet. (The adverb so modifies the adjective sweet.)

Adverbs can also modify other adverbs.

He walked very slowly. (The adverb very modifies the adverb slowly.)
She sang extremely well. (The adverb extremely modifies the adverb well.)

KINDS OF ADVERBS
Adverbs of manner say how something happens or is done.
 She walked slowly.
 John drove carefully.
 The soldiers fought bravely.

Adverbs of Place tell us where something happens.

 She looked for him everywhere.
 Please come in.
 They bought a house nearby.
 He lives here.
 The boss has gone out.
 He was seen nowhere.

Adverbs of frequency tell us how often something happens.

 I am never late for office.
 Have you ever been to the US?
Adverbs of Degree tell us about the degree or extent of an action, quality or manner.
 She is very beautiful.
 I am extremely sorry.
 She is quite strong.
 They are fully prepared.

Adverbs of time tell us when something happens.

 shall go there tomorrow.
 You must get up early.
 I have seen him before.
 Let us start now.

Adverb of Affirmation or Negation is a word which declares that something is true or some equivalent expression or
negative statement, judgment or a logical proposition.

ROYAL ORDER OF AVERBS

NON-LINEAR TEXT

Non-Linear Text - Text combined with visual elements

The Reading path is non-sequential
Examples: Pictures, Graphs, Tables and Graphic Organizer
Charts or Graphs - Graphical representation of data  Represented by symbols or legends  Used to ease
understanding of large quantities of data and show the relationships of the data.
Line Graphs - A common type of chart which displays information as a series of data points connected by
straight line segments to show trends.
Bar Graphs - A common type of chart which presents data with rectangular bars that differ in their sizes. It
is usually scaled so all the data could fit on the chart.
Pie Graphs - A circular chart which is divided into slices or portions to illustrate proportion.
Histogram - A graphical distribution of the distribution of numerical data. It has no gaps between the bars.