Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, analyses and interprets the data in sequential order

according to the order of the statement of the problem cite in the preliminary

chapter. It begins with the statement of the problem and each is follow by a

discussion and presentation of the table. These are followed by the analysis and

interpretation of data with the researchers’ insights.

Problem 1. What is the possible risk of having breast cancer?

Being a woman and getting older are the main risk factors for breast cancer.

Studies have shown that your risk forbreast cancer is due to a combination of

factors. The main factors that influence your risk include being a woman

andgetting older.

According to (Professor Spiros Linardopoulos, 2019) Breast cancer most

often begins with cells in the milk-producing ducts (invasive ductal carcinoma).

Breast cancer may also begin in the glandular tissue called lobules (invasive

lobular carcinoma) or in other cells or tissue within the breast.

Doctors know that breast cancer occurs when some breast cells begin to

grow abnormally. These cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells do and

continue to accumulate, forming a lump or mass. Cells may spread (metastasize)

through your breast to your lymph nodes or to other parts of your body.
 There are many different signs and symptoms of breast cancer, so checking

your breasts for any unusual change is important. Common breast cancer signs

and symptoms include:

 A lump or swelling in the breast, upper chest or armpit. You might feel

the lump, but not see it.

 Lump - may not be seen, but might be felt-Can you feel a lump or

swelling in the breast, upper chest or armpit? Is there a lumpy area, or

unusual thickening of the breast tissue that doesn’t go away?

 Changes in the size or shape of the breast

 Change to size or shape- Can you see any change in size or shape? For

example, one breast might become larger or lower than the other.

 A change in skin texture i.e. puckering or dimpling of the skin

 Change to skin texture- Is there any change in skin texture? This might
be puckering or dimpling of the skin of the breast.

 A change in the color of the breast - the breast may look red or

inflamed

 Color change- Can you see a change in color? The breast may look red
or inflamed.
 Rash, crusting or changes to the nipple

 Change in nipples-Do either of your nipples look different? For example,

one of them might become inverted (turned in) when it normally points out.

 Rash or crusting-Can you see any rash or crusting of the nipple or

surrounding area?

 Any unusual discharge from either nipple

 Nipple discharge-Is there any unusual discharge from either of your

nipples?
 Making changes in your daily life may help reduce your risk of breast

cancer. Try to:

 Ask your doctor about breast cancer screening. Discuss with your

doctor when to begin breast cancer screening exams and tests, such as

clinical breast exams and mammograms.

Talk to your doctor about the benefits and risks of screening. Together, you

can decide what breast cancer screening strategies are right for you.

 Become familiar with your breasts through breast self-exam for breast

awareness. Women may choose to become familiar with their breasts by

occasionally inspecting their breasts during a breast self-exam for breast

awareness. If there is a new change, lumps or other unusual signs in your

breasts, talk to your doctor promptly.

Breast awareness can't prevent breast cancer, but it may help you to better

understand the normal changes that your breasts undergo and identify any

unusual signs and symptoms.

 Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. Limit the amount of alcohol you

drink to no more than one drink a day, if you choose to drink.

 Exercise most days of the week. Aim for at least 30 minutes of exercise

on most days of the week. If you haven't been active lately, ask your doctor

whether it's OK and start slowly.

 Limit postmenopausal hormone therapy. Combination hormone therapy

may increase the risk of breast cancer. Talk with your doctor about the

benefits and risks of hormone therapy.

Some women experience bothersome signs and symptoms during

menopause and, for these women, the increased risk of breast cancer may

be acceptable in order to relieve menopause signs and symptoms.

To reduce the risk of breast cancer, use the lowest dose of hormone

therapy possible for the shortest amount of time.

 Maintain a healthy weight. If your weight is healthy, work to maintain that

weight. If you need to lose weight, ask your doctor about healthy strategies

to accomplish this. Reduce the number of calories you eat each day and

slowly increase the amount of exercise.

 Choose a healthy diet. Women who eat a Mediterranean diet

supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil and mixed nuts may have a reduced

risk of breast cancer. The Mediterranean diet focuses mostly on plant-based

foods, such as fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts.

People who follow the Mediterranean diet choose healthy fats, such as olive

oil, over butter and fish instead of red meat. (Mayo Clinic Staff , 1998-

2019)
 If you find a lump or other change in your breast even if a recent mammogram

was normal make an appointment with your doctor for prompt evaluation.

This analysis is based on 50 respondent 28 for male and 22 for female

who participate to answer the questionnaire.It shows in the table 1.2.

Therefore 56.4% for both male and female ages 16-25 years old choose

agree than strongly agree to the possibly risk of having breast cancer.

Table 1.

Percentage
Agree Strongly Disagree Strongly
Ages of respondent
Agree disagree

Q1 (16-25)
58% 30% 12% 2%
 Q2 (16-25)
60% 34% 6% 0%

Q3 (16-25) 52% 40% 8% 2%

Q4 (16-25) 56% 24% 16% 4%

Q5 (16-25) 56% 22% 16% 6%

Problem 2. What treatment options are typically available in Breast

Cancer stages?

Most women with breast cancer will have some type of surgery to remove

the tumor. Depending on the type of breast cancer and how advance it is, it might

need other types of treatment as well, either before or after surgery, or

sometimes both.

In recent years, there’s been an explosion of live-saving treatment

advances against breast cancer and instead of only one or two options, but

there’s an overwhelming menu of treatment choices that they have and treatment

decisions should be based on the type of breast cancer stage they have, it
important that they think carefully about each of their decisions, and make their

decisions that best fits their needs.

In every stage it has different treatment in breast cancer and different

effects of each treatment and may take some trial and error to discover which

treatment work best for them. Breast Cancer stages range from 0-4. Each stage

has different symptoms and treatment options.

Stage O Breast Cancer also known as non-invasive cancer type. Non-

invasive breast cancer also known as ductile carcinoma in situ (DCIS). It means

cancer remains in the breast where they started growing.

There is a variety of treatment options for stage O breast cancer,

including :

 Surgery- A lumpectomy involves removing cancerous cells from the

breast.

 Radiation Therapy- Can help kill cancer cells and inhibit them from

spreading.

 Hormone Treatment- Can impact some types of breast cancer.

Stage 1 Breast Cancer also called as microscopic invasion.

Microscopic invasion is where cancer cells have begun to spread outside

the milk duct lining or lobule.

There is a variety of treatment option for stage 1 breast cancer, although

surgery is the primary treatment.

  Surgery- A lumpectomy involves removing cancerous cells from the

breast.

 Radiation Therapy- Can help kill cancer cells and inhibit them from

spreading.

 Hormone Treatment- Can impact some types of breast cancer.

 Chemotherapy- Is Ineffective against this cancer types, and people who

have TNBC.

Stage 2 Breast Cancer also known as subcategory as 2A and 2B.

Stage 2A breast cancer is an invasive cancer where; There is no

tumor growth in the breast itself , but cancerous masses that are over 2mm in

diameter are growing in up to their axillaries lymph nodes near the breastbone.

Stage 2B break cancer is an invasive cancer where; There is a

tumor that is 2-5cm in diameter, and cancerous cells have spread to one to three

axillaries lymph nodes by the breastbone .

There is a variety of treatment option for stage 2 breast cancer, although

surgery is the primary treatment.

 Surgery- A lumpectomy involves removing cancerous cells from the

breast.

 Combination Therapy- Combination of radiation therapy, chemotherapy,

and hormone therapy to people with stage 2A and 2B breast cancer.

Stage 3 Breast Cancer also known as subcategory as 3A, 3B, 3C.

 Stage 3A breast cancer is a invasive where; There is no tumor in

the breast or a tumor of any site is growing alongside cancer four to nine

axillaries lymph node by the breastbone.

Stage 3B breast cancer is a invasive where; A tumor of any size

has spread into the chest wall or skin of the breast, causing swelling or an ulcer

to develop.

Stage 3C breast cancer is a invasive where; Cancer has spread to

a person’s lymph nodes above or below the collarbone or axillaries lymph nodes

located close the breastbone. There is a variety of treatment option for stage 1

breast cancer, although surgery is the primary treatment.

 Surgery- A lumpectomy involves removing cancerous cells from the

breast.

 Radiation Therapy- Can help kill cancer cells and inhibit them from

spreading.

 Chemotherapy- Is Ineffective against this cancer types, and people who

have TNBC.

Stage 4 Breast Cancer also known as secondary or monastic breast

cancer.

Stage 4 is invasive where; Breast Cancer may be current that has

now spread to other parts of a person’s body.

Treatment for stage 4 breast cancer.

  Combination Therapy- Combination of three treatment chemotherapy,

radiation therapy, and hormone therapy.

Table 2. Breast Cancer Stages and Data of Corresponding Survival Rate

Stages Frequency Percentage

Breast Cancer Stage 0 5 years 100%

Breast Cancer Stage 1 5 years 98%

Breast Cancer Stage 2 5 years 88%

Breast Cancer Stage 3 5 years 52%

Breast Cancer Stage 4 5 years 16%

This analysis is based on 50 respondent 28 for male and 22 for female

who participate to answered the questionnaire. It shows in the table 2.

Therefore 56.4% for both male and female choose agree than strongly

agree to the available treatment in each Breast Cancer Stages.

 Problem 3. How can they manage the treatment?

Breast cancer treatment are getting better all the time, and people have

many option today, than ever before. It a good idea to learn as much as they can

about the ones that can help them most about the treatment of breast cancer.

Knowing more about the various treatment for advance breast cancer as

well as their potential side effect and how they can manage to make treatment

decisions that will be right for them. There are different types of breast cancer

treatment. Some treatment destroy or remove the disease within in breast cancer

and nearby tissues, such as lymph nodes.

“How Can They Manage The Treatment” These are the five types that can

they manage the treatment

1.Surgery- Is to remove the whole breast, called a mastectomy, or to

remove just the tumor and tissues around it, called a lumpectomy or breast

conserving surgery.

2.Radiation Therapy- Which uses high-energy waves to kill cancer cells.

3.Chemotherapy- Use drugs to kill cancer cells. As these powerful

medicines fight the disease, they also can cause side effects, like nausea, hair

loss, early menopause, hot flashes, and fatigue.

4.Hormone Therapy- Use drugs to prevent hormones, especially

estrogen, from fueling the growth of breast cancer cells.

 5.Targeted Therapy- Such as lapatinib (Tykerb), pertuzumab (Perjeta),

and trastuzumab (Herceptin). These medicines prompt the body’s immune

system to destroy cancer.

According to (Adam Felman, 2018) In some cases, a person can manage

anxiety at home without clinical supervision. However, this may be limited to

shorter and less severe periods of anxiety.

Doctors recommend several exercises and techniques to cope with brief

or focused bouts of anxiety, including:

 Stress management: Limit potential triggers by managing stress levels.

Keep an eye on pressures and deadlines, organize daunting tasks in to-

do lists, and take enough time off from professional or educational

obligations.

 Relaxation techniques: Certain measures can help reduce signs of

anxiety, including deep-breathing exercises, long baths, meditation, yoga,

and resting in the dark.

 Exercises to replace negative thoughts with positive ones: Write

down a list of any negative thoughts, and make another list of positive

thoughts to replace them. Picturing yourself successfully facing and

conquering a specific fear can also provide benefits if the anxiety

symptoms link to a specific stressor.

  Support network: Talk to a person who is supportive, such as a family

member or friend. Avoid storing up and suppressing anxious feelings as

this can worsen anxiety disorders.

 Exercise: Physical exertion and an active lifestyle can improve self-

image and trigger the release of chemicals in the brain that stimulate

positive emotions.

This analysis is based on 50 respondent both male and female. 28 for male

and 22 for female who participate to answered the questionnaire.It shows in the

table 3.

Therefore 41.75% for both male and female choose agree than strongly

agree to the treatment of each therapy in Brast Cancer

Table 3.

Treatment Percentage

Surgery 15%

Radiation Therapy 25%

Chemotherapy 25%

Hormone Therapy 20%

Targeted Therapy 15%

Total 100%
Radiation Therapy- Surgery

Chemotherapy Hormone Therapy

Targeted Therapy