Perception of Senior High School Students On Extrajudicial Killing

C ECNETNRTOR OE SECSOCLOALRA RL ALSA SP IPÑIAÑSA S 1
CHAPTER I
The Problem and its Background
Introduction
Internationally, extrajudicial killings have happened repeatedly throughout
several countries. Numerous nationalities were not able to comprehend the
reality and nature of what is really happening in front of or before them yet if we
base the thoughts and ideas from the modern studies of historical events, these
were all supported, done, and committed by the people long time before.
Meanwhile, our nation, the Philippines, stood as the second most dangerous
country, right after Iraq, due to the President’s invocation of extrajudicial killings
as a way of resolving problems in the country. According to Rappler as of April
23, 2017, there had been over 7,000 casualties, both from legal police operations
and felonious killings. The President took no notice of this numerous casualties
and called these operations a “success” of eliminating drug dealers in the
country. Since President Rodrigo Roa Duterte took office, the Filipino citizens
had become blinded of the level of killing and on that note, this has become one
of the most controversial topic across the country because of its contradicting
purpose that some may seem as if it is to serve the nation and the people.
CENTRO ESCOLAR LAS PIÑAS 2
Background of the Study
“Extrajudicial killings are the deprivation of life without full judicial and legal
process, and with the involvement, complicity, tolerance, or acquiescence of the
Government or its agents” (OHCHR, 2017). Since the rule of Rodrigo Roa
Duterte in the Presidential seat, issues concerning about extrajudicial killings
became active in the nation. He called these killing operations as a “war on
drugs” and gained both praises and violent reactions from people. It influenced a
number of people in society to be aggressive in solving drug cases to avoid
further casualties.
Every now and then, live broadcasts are aired day and night in the
televisions about various news coverage. However, this controversial issue
alerted the Filipino citizens and divided our country into groups who caused
debates with many different sides and defense of the story. It also enraged those
people who advocate Human Rights and its government officials who are in
charge of it. It is seen and read not only on the television but also on the internet
as articles prepared by biased and non-biased sectors and individuals of the
society. The featured news didn’t only speak of the number of people who defied
the law but it also spoke of the lives that were killed without legal process and the
cries of the people who were casualties of such arrest. According to the
Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency’s (PDEA) data, 3,906 suspected drug
dealers and drug lords were executed. As of April 23, 2017, from 7,000
casualties the death toll increased at a rapid rate resulting in the death of 12,000
people with unnamed gunmen accountable for thousands of deceased Filipino
people from July 2016 to September 2017.
These things affect all the citizens of this nation, especially the youth who are
still forming their identity and understanding of this world. It is important to assess
their current standing on this case to know their understanding and the kind of
experiences that they might have received from this issue or the effect that they
encountered.
This study aims to broaden the knowledge and understanding of the Filipinos
by using the population of students and their intellectual opinions as a critical part
of this country’s future. Without a stable mentality and understanding of this
nation’s current events, the future leaders, these youth will fail to improve the
coming ages or generation. The researchers also want to clarify the on-going
debate about the true nature of extrajudicial killings using the numerical values.
Furthermore, they would like to interpret the values of the possible results if
majority of the Filipino youth are in favor of this type of situation along with the
effects that it inflicts to them as well.
Searching for the true nature of this certain act and its effect on fellow Filipino
citizens may be able to unite and enlighten them by giving answers using
statistics, science, and also the voice and thoughts of the citizens of this country.
By using the interpreted values in the future, it may form their understanding and
knowledge about this topic and would be able to form better ideas for the future
from the mistakes and greatness of their predecessors who took control of the
power in the government. “Is EJK wrong?” “If it isn’t correct what is the right
countermeasure for these malicious people?” “If not what have we done wrong
as a nation?” “Will the answers come from the dead who tasted bitter metal
gunshots or from those who are alive who lived with uncertainty and fear?”
Theoretical Framework
FIGURE 1
To assess the perception of the SHS students on this matter, the researchers
related this to several theories. One of these theories is the Critical Theory
founded by Max Horkheimer which he described as “to liberate human beings
from the circumstances that enslave them.” This theory focuses on the evaluating
and altering society as a whole. Based from its background, it may help the
researchers to solve the question: “Do the people consider extrajudicial killing as
a human rights violation or a disciplinary act and do they really understand its
concept and nature?” because it portrays a representation of how our society

thinks and functions in the present day. The president and the people of this
nation try to resolve civil strife concerning drug addiction which is a similar
situation from Horkheimer’s description. In addition to that, many criticisms were
thrown at each other these past years which can be understood under this theory
despite the willingness to change this place into a better country. Critical Theory
also maintains that “ideology” is the dilemma to human freedom. Until now, this
country has been experiencing an on-going challenge because of contradicting
beliefs from different sectors in our society and the president. Using this
characteristic, we may be able to understand the ideology of each other and what
ideology hinders human liberation? from these circumstances. This theory also
tackles the historical aspect of the obstacles that the society encounters wherein
the origin of the problem and its development is discussed. This is also a vital
part of this research because it may give us possible solutions and answers on
the on-going debate between various groups of people.

FIGURE 2
Kant’s Theory of Ethics or also known as Kantianism might also provide the
researchers assistance to this national issue. This theory suggests that to be
morally correct means to act on one’s obligation and that the repercussions of a
person’s actions don’t label them rather it is their motive that makes them either
right or wrong. This principle in Kantianism might shed some light about the true
nature of extrajudicial killing if its nature depends on the person with authority or
the fault is in the concept itself. It also conveys the thought that negative
outcomes may be an effect of noble desire and positive results may be an effect
of malicious motives. It opens up possibilities of having questions “If Oplan
Tokhang isn’t a bad idea then are the people who are handling this operation are
the people who causes such issue within the society?” This also might help us
understand the motives of the people who are in the government and what
perspective of this operation branded as an extrajudicial killing would they want
to present to this nation’s citizens.

FIGURE 3
Traditional communitarianism, according to Chris Brown (The Globalization
of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, p. 472), focuses
on two core assumptions in the society: 1) the unprejudiced perspective of each
individual as a carrier of human rights repudiating its developmental role in the
community forming individuality; 2) the complication with the unprejudiced
position assuming that individuals who bears their rights exists foregoing to
societies wherein it bestows rights on individuals. The communitarian perspective
held individuals who have rights by integrity of their respective community and
not some abstract conviction of ‘common humanity’. This was the disagreement
that has conventionally been mustering by cultural relativists. The central claim
was that morality is culturally bound, and values can only be grounded in
tradition. The idea, then, of individuals possessing inalienable rights which they
claim against the state was unthinkable in many societies where the individual is
embedded in a complex network of communal duties and familial responsibilities.
Molly Cochran defined cultural relativism as follows: can be viewed as a form
of moral discourse which ‘founds and enables the ethical discourse in which
social judgments are possible’. (Cochran, “Cosmopolitanism and
Communitarianism in a Post-Cold War World,” in Boundaries in Question, p.
48). Tim Dunne and Nicholas Wheeler built on this definition, stating that cultural
relativists are often accused of being unable to judge between competing values.
While ‘some kind of lowest common denominator’ might be present in diverse
cultures, such moral standard lacks a ‘critical cutting edge’ because it is reducible
to these cultural practices. (Dunne and Wheeler, “Introduction: Human Rights
and the Fifty Years’ Crisis,” p. 8)
The definition given by Chris Brown was used in this study, for it executed one
of the focal point of a person’s perception in any given situation, in this case,
Extrajudicial Killings. This connected well into this study for it has discussed the
nature of human responsibilities being bearers of rights wherein complications
enter as an unprejudiced position comes into that picture that depicts well to the
imperative question: “Do we perceive extrajudicial killing as a human rights
violation or as a disciplinary act that serves to protect the citizens of this
country?” Therefore, Brown’s definition is more relevant to this study.

Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1. Identify the 1. Identifying the 1. Identified the

demographic profile demographic profile
demographic profile of the of the respondents
of the respondents in respondents in terms of:
terms of: in terms of:
1.1 Age 1.1 Age
1.1 Age
1.2 Sex 1.2 Sex
1.2 Sex
1.3 Grade Level 1.3 Grade Level
1.3 Grade Level
1.4 Strand 1.4 Strand
1.4 Strand
2. Assessing the knowledge 2. Assessed the

2. Assess the of the respondents on
knowledge of the knowledge of the
extrajudicial killing. respondents on
respondents on
extrajudicial killing. extrajudicial killing.
3. Understanding the
perception of Senior High 3. Understood the
3. Understand the School students in CELP on
perception of Senior perception of Senior
extrajudicial killing High School
High School students
in CELP on students in CELP on
extrajudicial killing 4. Recognizing the extrajudicial killing
advantages and
disadvantages of 4. Recognized the
4. Recognize the extrajudicial killing based
advantages and advantages and
from the respondents' disadvantages of
disadvantages of experiences, knowledge
extrajudicial killing extrajudicial killing
and perception. based from the
based from the
respondents' respondents'
experiences, 5. Verifying the respondent's experiences,
knowledge and understanding of this issue knowledge and
perception. in terms of it being labeled perception.
as a:
5. Verify the 5.1 Human rights violation 5. Verified the
respondent's 5.2 Disciplinary act respondent's
understanding of this understanding of
issue in terms of it this issue in terms of
being labeled as a: the following processes will it being labeled as a:
5.1 Human rights be gathered through: 5.1 Human rights
violation 1. Survey violation
5.2 Disciplinary act 2. Questionnaire 5.2 Disciplinary act
3. Conducting an interview
FEEDBACK
FIGURE 4
As shown in figure 4, the research study leaned toward the acquisition of
knowledge pertaining the respondent’s perception, knowledge and understanding
on extrajudicial killing which were branched out into other questions. It also
specified the research study’s advantages and disadvantages its connection to
the respondents.
Statement of the Problem
The purpose of this study was to determine the perception of Senior High
school students in Centro Escolar Las Piñas about extrajudicial killing. The main
objective of this study was to elaborate the opinions of the respondents and how
big the impact it has done to them. This study also aimed to seek answers to the
following questions and the advantages and disadvantages it presented to the
society which was affected by an individual’s opinion about this topic.
1. What was the demographic profile of the ff. respondents?
1.1 Sex
1.2 Age
1.3 Grade level
1.4 Strand
2. What was extrajudicial killing?
3. What were the advantages and disadvantages of extrajudicial killing?

4. How did the respondents understand extrajudicial killing in terms of it being
labeled as a:
4.1 Human rights violation
4.2 Disciplinary act
5. Was there a significant relationship between extrajudicial killing and the
respondents when they are grouped according to their demographic profile?
Hypothesis
There was no significant relationship between extrajudicial killing and the
respondents when they are grouped according to their demographic profile.
Objectives
 Determined the impact of these killings to the Filipino youth.
 Assessed the knowledge of the respondents regarding extrajudicial killing in
the Philippines.
 Assessed the perception of the respondents about extrajudicial killing.
 Comprehended the advantages and disadvantages of extrajudicial killing.
 Found out the nature of extrajudicial killing according to the respondent’s
views.
Scope and Limitations
This study is limited only in grasping the respondent’s perception about
extrajudicial killing, its impact to the Filipino youth, and to understand the nature
and its advantages and disadvantages to our society, specifically to the Senior
high school students of Centro Escolar Las Piñas. The researchers would select
a sample size of 45 respondents from the list of Senior high school students in
the selected venue. Furthermore, the researchers would also like to discover the
relationship between extrajudicial killing and the respondents when they are
grouped according to their demographic profile. It is also expected to answer the
question “how do the respondents understand extrajudicial killing in terms of it
being labeled as a human rights violation and as a disciplinary act”.
Significance of the Study
The results of this study will greatly benefit the following:
Society. The society will benefit from this study because it is the group that
experiences the effects of the so-called “extrajudicial killing” in our country. It
extracts ideas of how our country molds especially the minds of the teenagers
using the methods of Oplan Tokhang which can be looked into further and
provide a resolution to the debate and the agony of the people from the different
sectors of the society. Furthermore, its results will be used in order to make them
realize or to reconsider on where they stand on this issue. It also provides an

overview of the positive and negative aspects of having this kind of system which
can be judged if it is right for the society or not.
Government (President Duterte, Cabinet members, and the Legislative
branch of the government). The government will benefit from this study
because the topic revolves around the controversial issue of extrajudicial killing
which are criticized by many respected people from the society. By gathering
data using the Senior High School in Centro Escolar Las Piñas as its sample, it
will indicate the effects to future leaders of this country and their insights. To
know their understanding and the experiences that they carry from such events
should enlighten the government of the truth which might lead to the betterment
of the system that the current government has created. It also provides ideas on
what laws to create for the people who experience the disadvantages of this
issue.
Students. The students will benefit from this study because it reflects on how
they know and understand the current situation of this country. It provides them
an overview of themselves which can be used to improve and correct their
thinking about this issue. Furthermore, it determines those who experience the
impacts of extrajudicial killing which can be used as a basis to develop this
country.
Parents. This will provide them the assistance that they need in order to further
develop their children into a society wherein extrajudicial killing is either
considered or not considered to be acceptable depending on the results of the

study. It also gives them the perspective of their children which will help them to
think of ways on how to properly mold them as people of this country with the
controversial issue and its impacts surrounding them.
Future Researchers. By conducting this study, the future researchers will benefit
from this in order to understand how the people perceive extrajudicial killing as
part of the rules in this country. It will give the researchers a possible problem if
the Philippines is lacking in our educational system and institutions and if they
are insufficiently discussing about this issue. Furthermore, it will give them data
about the relationship between extrajudicial killing and Oplan Tokhang which will
greatly contribute to the fields of humanities, social sciences and politics.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined operationally and will be used throughout the
whole study:
 Acquiescence- It is the uncertainty in acknowledging an idea or an offer
without objections.
 Advocate- An individual who verbalize openly about a proposal or policy
he/she supports.
 Apparent- It means evident or perceptible.
 Casualties- It is referred to as the amount of people being killed or executed
in the accident, mainly in the operation: Oplan Tokhang.

 Complicity- It is the involvement of an individual in an illegal activity or
offense.
 Countermeasure- An action to lessen the effect or harm of malicious people
to the society
 Critical Theory- This theory, according Max Horkheimer, is to liberate
human beings from the circumstances that enslave them. Also focuses on
the changes of the society as a whole
 Critiquing- an assessment
 Deprivation- the elimination of people that are refused to be a necessity in
life or society
 Embedded- being placed into something or group
 Extrajudicial Killings- This refers to the execution by a person with a
position in the government or has the authority to exterminate without
approval of any court or judicial process.
 Ideology- This refers to an individual’s way of thinking that we are bound to
a belief or to a set of standards
 Inalienable- Cannot be given or taken away from something
 Invocation- The act of the president, mentioning to the citizens to support
his idea that Extrajudicial Killings is a way of resolving problems, such as
drug pushing, in the country.
 Kantianism- It is a theory that is believed that there was a supreme principle
of morality. To be morally good means to act on one’s duty and that the
consequences of a person’s actions doesn’t define them rather it is their
motive that makes them either right or wrong.
 Liable- Held responsible by law; legally responsible.
 Liberation- It pertains to an act of getting someone free from imprisonment,
slavery, or oppression; release. It can also be freedom from limits on
thoughts or behavior.
 Malicious- an intentional harm; petty or spiteful about something
 Mischief- A misconduct of an individual
 Mustering- Gathering or collecting
 One Strike Policy- It is a policy wherein the commander will be dismissed
from his post if one of his subsidiaries, the tokhangers, failed to abide by the
guidelines while COP, provincial and regional directors will be relieved if two
or more of their commanders, COPs and PDs violated the rules.
 Oplan Tokhang- It is a scheme of PNP which was carried out throughout the
Philippines which intends to warn illegal drug traffickers and users to halt
their activities.
 Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency- It is the central anti-drug law
enforcement agency which is accountable for averting, inspecting and
opposing illegal and dangerous drugs including those who are under its
influence and various chemicals within the Philippines.
 Philippine National Police- It refers to the national police force in the
Philippines who were tasked to accomplish the Oplan Tokhang.

 Predecessor- A person who had a job or position who came before
someone else.
 Repudiating- It is an act of denying the truth or validity. It refuses to fulfill or
discharge an agreement or obligation.
 Reducible- Being able to be lessen or smaller in size and amount.
 Strife- This refers to a violent disagreement towards issues
 Tokhang- originated from the Filipino words “Toktok” (knock) and “Hangyo”
(plead).
 Tokhangers- It refers to police personnel who carries out the Oplan Tokhang
and were chosen by the police chief in order to exclude mischief-makers
from the operations.
 Traditional Communitarianism- This is a theory that emphasizes the
connection between the individual and the community. It is about individuals
who have rights by integrity of their respective community and not some
abstract conviction of ‘common humanity’. The central claim is that morality is
culturally bound, and values can only be grounded in tradition.
 Unprejudicial- An act of showing dislikes about presumptions.

CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter comprises the different studies and literary works from local and
foreign authors which are related to this study’s subject matter, the perception on
extrajudicial killing. It also discusses the nature, understanding of the people on
the subject matter, and its advantages and disadvantages. It shows its
connection to the theoretical and conceptual framework to understand and
provide a foundation for the objectives of the study.
Extrajudicial Execution.
The citizens of the Philippines are alarmed because of the increasing rate of
extrajudicial killing which is the result of President Duterte’s war on drugs. The
society was polarized and caused continuous disputes about the subject matter.
Majority of the population would fight against these killings because of the
universal law of human rights by the United Nation and the personal experiences
that they’ve encountered. Furthermore, issues about the main proponents of
such acts have been discussed because of the hunger for justice that the
victimized Filipinos are seeking out. According to Raymond Narag’s (2016), a
writer from Rappler, article entitled, “Moral dilemma of Extrajudicial Killings,”
executions by the police have become a due process mechanism that is dignified
in the nation’s constitution. While President Duterte convinces the Philippine
society of cleansing them from drug substances, the police were given the power
and license to kill and accuse-- to prosecute, to deny defense, and to execute.
Because of these events, the phrase “War on Drugs,” which promotes
extrajudicial killing according to the majority, has been normalized within the
walls of society. The new sense of justice for some of the people is the
persecution of immoral people. In contrary to this, according to Narag (2016), the
police have unbalanced and abolished the whole procedure of the action
because they thought the suspects were resisting which was a breach of the rule
of law. For the author, he didn’t believe that justice was served if proper
execution of justice is being neglected throughout the procedure. Although the
police may be killing the people who are guilty of drug-use, there is an
incontestable chance that many of those who are killed turns out innocent and
not guilty, if only given a proper and legal process to defend themselves.
This concern The Operation: Double Barrel, that is dubbed the anti-drug
campaign, has targeted several suspected drug dealers and users seemingly for
arrest but in practice have been a campaign of illegal execution in destitute
sectors of Manila and other urban areas. President Duterte’s direct endorsement
of the campaign connects him and other senior officials in possibly instigate
violence, murder, and in command responsibility for crimes against humanity.
(Gabuco, C., 2016)
President Rodrigo Duterte’s war on drugs has caused over a thousand of
death mainly the reasons are that the suspects fight back against the authorities
that forces them to kill the suspect. The operation: double barrel is one of the
example, in some of cases minors are one the victims of this issue, some get
killed for no reason or mistaken identity and after that still no justice is serve.
This issue is similar to “one shot to the head: death squad killing in Tagum
city, Philippines. It concerns the affiliation of local officials from the government
and police officers who are responsible with the “death squad” for extrajudicial
executions of alleged drug dealers and pushers, street children and others over
the past 10 years. This has been the most talked about issue in 2014. The “death
squad” hired gunmen to target any journalist, judge or tribal leaders as well as
local politicians and businessmen. The failure of investigating these actions, on a
serious note, by the Philippine government will lead to injustice for those who are
affected and accused.
“No Justice”.
According to Godfrey Mwango (2017), on 1st April, 2017, Kenya’s television
media broadcasts abhorrent of a young man being shot dead by a police officer
in East Leigh, Nairobi. It is stated in the Black Law’s dictionary that Extrajudicial
Killings are acts of impunity that deny individuals the due process of law and the
right to life as permitted by law.
A similar issue here in the Philippines, the innocent people who are being
killed is served with no justice. According to President Duterte, families who lost
loved ones in his war on drugs would not receive justice, rejecting calls by human
rights groups seeking redress for the thousands killed in the bloody campaign
since he took office in 2016. The President also reiterated that he would not allow
policemen and soldiers to go to jail for killing drug pushers and users.
In the Philippines, the slow processing of legal cases has severely damaged
the credibility of the justice system. “Justice delayed is justice denied,” most
aggrieved citizens, exasperated over the long period of disposition of complaints,
would often say “The drug menace must stop … Yet the apparent serial summary
executions of alleged street drug users or petty drug lords which appear sudden,
too contrived and predictable must also stop,” said Edre Olalia, NUPL secretary
general.
Acquisition of Knowledge, Feelings, Perception and Experiences from the
citizens and the state
Ever since Duterte seated in the office last 2016, he has promised to cleanse
the country by eliminating drug dealers and abusers which was perceived by the
Filipino people as an act of extrajudicial killing along the process. And with that,
approximately 9000 people were accused and killed of drug-dealing and drug-
use in his first year of governance in the Philippines. These on-going operations
made most of the citizens feel dismay of what Philippines has slowly become,
according to Vanda Velbab-Brown (2017).
Citizens are slowly becoming aware of what the President’s motives and
visions are for the country and it is slowly haunting them. Criminals are hiding
from police authorities and with that, some innocent lives were affected.
According to Jayeel Cornelio, illegal and vicious death of people has become the
most known and controversial news in and about the Philippines. It says that it is
hard to keep track on these incidents that may cause depressed feelings about
the nation but since President Duterte came into the office (2016), at least 60
civilians were killed in police encounters. Police says that the suspects fought
back, causing them to shoot and kill. At the same time, lifeless bodies were found
in the streets not knowing who their murderers are.
After the first few months of Duterte sitting in the office, numerous lives were
taken and the rate of killings is slowly increasing. But then, most of the killings
weren’t legitimate and are illegal. According to an article by Juliet Perry from
CNN (2017) entitled, “Philippines to UN: Report of Extrajudicial killings based on
alternative facts,” reported that a loyal comrade of President Duterte told the
United Nations that there have been no abrupt eliminations in fulfillment of his
war on drugs. Cayetano supported this statement and told the media that there
has been a deception in the description of extrajudicial executions by the
Philippine’s Commission on Human Rights. When taking the previous
administrations into account, there have been 11,000 to a maximum of 16,000
people who were killed per year. Furthermore, he added that extrajudicial killings
are not happening but rather an alteration in meaning to this issue. The real
number of executions, according to the senator, since Duterte sat under the
presidential seat was 9,432 including 2,692 fatalities from legitimate and
investigated law enforcement activities. Cayetano also emphasized that there’s

been an intentional effort to consider all executions as extrajudicial killing or
killings which corresponds to the operation against crime and illicit drugs.
Similar to the current situation in the Philippines, extrajudicial killings are also
happening around the world. According to Rudaw (2016), Iraqi Federal Police
denied the report by Amnesty Internat’l of accusing the police force of illegal
killing and attacking civilians in the south of Mosul, Kurdistan Region. The
organization said that the Iraqi Federal Police should investigate further and look
for fighters that are dressed as one of the police force torturing and unlawfully
killing the residents of the village. However, Iraqi Federal Police affirmed that the
reports weren’t true and they are following the humanitarian law and war is a
crime. Though there isn’t enough sources that can support the released
statement of the Iraqi Federal Police, but it’s easier said than done. Some may
say that it is true that they aren’t the ones who are responsible of the killings but
some may say otherwise. Since they have the power to eliminate those who are
not abiding the law, they also have the power to inform and deny the accusations
that they have been receiving. This behavior can also be perceived in the
operations done by the police authorities of the Philippines. Lately, members of
the PNP are making up stories to reason out why they killed a certain person
without any valid evidence.
Now that the police authorities are given the power to kill and eliminate drug
users, they have been abusing this power and killing those who aren’t aware of
the use of drug substances. Because of that, the rate of extrajudicial killing is
rapidly increasing and no justice is given to those who are affected. This has
become an abuse to Human Rights and should be taken notice by the
government. Related to this, an article entitled, “Kin of Victims of drug-related
killings set to seek justice,” written by Dee Ayroso (2017), emphasized the
hunger for justice of many Filipino families that were affected by the killings. Beth
Tapang-Generoso claimed that safety can’t be achieved and that people are
being consumed by fear because his brother, an innocent man, was killed even if
he wasn’t a drug addict. According to Ayroso, this kind of feeling has been
troubling people especially in the urban poor communities. In contrary to their
negative feelings, families of these victims stood courageously to fight for justice
for their kin and to protest against Duterte’s War on Drugs. They said that these
executions have been successful in violating human rights and dividing
communities. Furthermore, Ayroso added that even though Duterte stopped
Oplan Tokhang in January 30, 2017 after revelations about police officers being
the mastermind of the incident involving the killed Korean national, the
executions didn’t halt.
The impact of Extrajudicial Killing on innocent lives.
It is excruciating to know and hear when a person dies because of illegal
killings without any justice given to defend the innocence of the person,
especially when the victims are from the poor sectors of the society. Linked to
this, according to Murphy (2016), there are similarities between countries when
experiencing extrajudicial killings: impunity and power. It is often the case where
the poor and least powerful people are the victims of these killings.
“On Monday, Kenyans protested in the capital city of Nairobi over the killing of
human rights lawyer Willie Kimani, his client Josephat Mwendwa, and their taxi
driver. On Tuesday, Alton Sterling was killed in Baton Rouge, La., while standing
in a parking lot selling CDs out of the back of his car. In a suburb of St. Paul,
Minn. on Wednesday, Philando Castile was shot dead by a police officer during a
police stop. Thursday saw the release of a new report that police in Rio de
Janerio killed at least 322 people between January and May of this year
unlawfully.
From Kenya to the United States to Brazil, police are killing citizens without a
fair trial. These extrajudicial killings are illegal and hazardous to public safety.” It
shows that the security forces that they know have the power to kill and eliminate
people by accusing, took the advantage of their power. Again, because of the
power that has been bestowed upon the policemen, illegal killings are happening.
And just like in the Philippines, citizens are killed without being given any justice
and fair trials in the court. Today, the citizens’ minds are in conflict of the thought
between policemen being the protectors of the country and policemen being the
executors of the country. Nowadays, being exposed in the public streets isn’t
safe anymore.
Because of the recklessness of the authorities to make such illegal actions to
the poor, this has become overwhelming feeling and has made a severe impact,
especially to young ones now that they are aware of the reality that they live in.
According to the study of Ruel R. Parena (2017) entitled, “Extrajudicial Killings in
the Eye of the Children,” focused on the solicitation of the comprehension, beliefs
and emotional state of children regarding the issue of the alleged extrajudicial
killing here in the Philippines. Opinions from a number of children were gathered
by the researcher and a vast majority of the population showed concern and
demanded for legal process of law in accordance with the penalty for crimes
committed in the country. Furthermore, based from the conducted interviews, it
imposed a mental trauma to the youngsters because of the news broadcasts or
the first-hand experiences that they encountered. It also showed their opposition
towards the indifference of these operations to human life. It is a relevant study to
the present one because of the disadvantages that it presented.
Several families were affected of the killings because of the Operation: Oplan
Tokhang that President Duterte has implemented since his first term. Because of
this, mothers of the affected victims are carrying such heavy burden in their lives.
Supporting this, according to the study of Noel R. Rafer (2013), entitled
“Extrajudicial Killings: Harrowing Tales of Widows or Mothers of Bicol,
Philippines”, tells how mothers of innocent victims affect their individual way of
living after their respective children’s lives were taken. As the key informants
share their post-experience trauma to the interviewer, the researcher has taken
notice of how well-guided their feelings are towards healing on a psycho-socio-
emotional and a spiritual level. This study also attests the need for various
approaches in explaining the possible causes to those impeccable families who
are affected by EJK victims through the lack of direct evidences of the real matter
of the killings.
A Symbol’s Influence on one’s Perception.
One’s own perception about extrajudicial killings can become influential to
those who aren’t aware of its nature. And because of its broad field of knowledge,
it becomes a symbol that extrajudicial killings should be taken in a serious matter
by the government and poor sectors are severely affected by these actions.
According to Emily Schmitz (2013), there has been a report that an abhorrent
massacre that took the lives of eight innocent civilians, including three minors on
February 21, 2005 in the Peace Community of San Jose de Apartadó, Columbia,
has become a symbolic case in its government impunity and injustice. In the
wake of these events, the former President Álvaro Uribe has publicly infiltrated
several cooperative ties between the community’s population and rebels,
accusations that would continue to peril and threaten the lives of many. And just
like in the Philippines, a massive amount of civilians getting killed and not
knowing the main reason is the common problem of other countries like
Columbia. Extrajudicial Killings is becoming a negative symbol in each country
and Philippines’ current situation is a reflection of how these killings affect the
lives of many. The war on drugs, which is now happening in the Philippines,
caused authorities to illegally kill civilians and children that were accused of but
weren’t really involve in drugs.
A young man’s innocent life was taken because he was accused of dealing
with drugs. But then, his family contradicts with this news. According to Melvin
Gascon (2018), a correspondent in Daily Inquirer, reported that an innocent
teenager named Kian Delos Santos, a 17 year-old Grade 11 student from
Caloocan City, was a victim of Oplan: Tokhang and accused of drug smuggling
on August 16, 2017. Filipinos mourn to the late victim and called for justice not
only for Kian but also for all the minors and youth whose innocent lives were
taken. As the public commemorate Kian’s first death anniversary, his story should
never be forgotten and should continue to mark the minds of the Filipinos to
never stay silent in spite of the killings happening right now across the nation,
said lawyer Jacqueline De Guia, CHR spokesperson. Delos Santos’ story
became a significant symbol for the citizens to remind and influence them by not
staying silent about these and seek justices for those who are severely affected.
Debunking beliefs and systems.
Because of this issue, people from different sectors of the society started to
appear and the concept of Extrajudicial killing as human rights violation was
created. Majority of the population oppose against this kind of system and belief
among the state and the common people especially in the Philippines. Some of
them started to file their protest through rallying while some chose to use
literature and social media as their medium. For these people, there are similar
reasons behind their objection but there will always be a variation because of
their sense of individualism.
In the Philippines, controversial issues pertaining President Duterte’s outlook
on the labeled extrajudicial killings here in the Philippines. This was one of the
major reasons, aside from the resultant victims of this issue, for the uproar and
debunking of beliefs and systems against the extrajudicial killing that has been
happening for years since he has taken the presidential seat. Human right
advocates continued to criticize Duterte for his statement which they described
as a “sick joke” about the victims of his inhuman campaign against illegal drugs
which promote extrajudicial killing according to Jeoffrey Maitem and Melvin
Gascon’s (2018) article. The advocates also called out President Duterte for
jesting the traditional values and institutions that are important to the people.
“Irrespective of heaven and hell, no person deserves –to die without due process
of law. Human rights-based policing strengthens rather than renders inutile law
enforcement,” said lawyer Jacqueline de Guia, CHR spokesperson. She stated in
Maitem and Gascon’s (2018) article that as a part of our right as a human, we
deserve to receive legally processed law and that contrary to other people’s
beliefs, human rights-based policies fortifies these activities.
Corresponding to Jacqueline de Guia’s statement from Maitem and Gascon’s
(2018) article, Oriol (2016) in his scholarly article, “International Outcry against
Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines,” expressed that the operations to

implement this ideal defy the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the
United Nations. Truthfully, the United Nations formed laws which include the
protection of human rights to achieve a standard in regulating people within a
nation. Just by having operations which promotes extrajudicial killing, it turns into
a hindrance for the fulfillment of this international law. Because of this reason,
Oriol (2016) condemned for such a government. Furthermore, he added that they
should consider the possible factors that drove them to use drugs such as
poverty and education. He believed that in order for such a complex problem to
be solved, a complex solution is required for a successful cleansing. He didn’t
believe that mass killings would resolve crimes and that the government should
start solving the problem from its roots and not from its branches.
Another article by Vanda Brown (2017) stated that existing drug arrest and
investigations in a country should have a fair and thorough trial in the court. Like
Oriol’s (2016) belief for the international law of human rights, he expressed his
desire to promote fairness in terms of justice. Furthermore, he believed that a
country, like the Philippines, should adopt rabid approaches against extrajudicial
killing which should be followed by prosecutions and investigations against illegal
killings. For Brown (2017), using this kind of method, the progressive rate of
illegal killing may decrease and give the right amount of justice to others. Justice
can only be served if justice itself was served for all people no matter their past or
recent actions were. Progression of injustice will still continue using the system
and beliefs that people follow because of their instinct towards survival and
security in the society.
Understanding Extrajudicial Killing.
Over the years, many operations were labeled as extrajudicial killing.
Especially in the modern age with the usage of social media which can rapidly
disseminate the news throughout the world. In contrary to its benefits, the
dissemination of news may result into falsified information which creates
ignorance and misconception among the readers and the users of the
manipulated medium. Understanding extrajudicial killing has been the major
component which is why disputes have been happening from different sectors of
society without settling their differences effectively. According to Pangilinan,
Christian (2016), the author of “Dispute over Extrajudicial Killings: The need to
define Extrajudicial Killings as State-Sponsored Acts,” extrajudicial killing are
feats accomplished by the state which is coherent with the exceptional nature of
state killings and with the distressed rights of the people. It is consistent to both
of these factors because the state is the organization which governs the
circulation of the law throughout the land. By using operations which promote
extrajudicial killing, it distresses the human rights of the people and makes the
state as the sponsor of such acts.
Furthermore, by ordering police forces to implement such operations, the
ruling power would be considered as the center of all these activities. The
researcher shows that the state should be held credible of all the issues that’s
been happening and that the people’s rights are being neglected. People
nowadays think that these extrajudicial killings that are happening are the effect
of the irresponsibility and the arrogance of police officers but according to the
author, the people must integrate the thought that there is a controller behind
these events.
Another study by Dahlia Simangan (2017) labeled extrajudicial killing as an
act of Genocide. She based her speculations to the study that she made which
indicates the comparison between Duterte’s war on drugs labelled as an
extrajudicial killing and Stanton’s eight stages of Genocide. It revealed that this
operation was approaching towards genocide and its aftermath scenarios.
According to the researcher, it is true that there are no killings of people
based on their national, ethnic or religious group but the administration killed
people who are labeled as an addict. For her, this is a consideration to the scope
of genocide. Furthermore, thorough affirmation was made by using the concept
of the eight stages of Genocide.
She concluded that it should be considered as an act of genocide because of
the following reasons based on the sequence of the stages: a) Duterte classified
illicit drug users as drug addicts, criminals, rapists and murderers (Classification),
b) Cardboard signs placed above victims of the operations which labelled them
as a drug user and stigmatized their existence (Symbolization), c) dead people,
who were suspected drug dealers, lie on the streets with labels and wrapped
masking tapes (Dehumanization), d) the proper management of the war on drugs
for which the president sends police forces to implement these operations
(Organization), e) usage of publicity, hate statements, and laws to rift society to
successfully implement the activities within the chaos (Polarization), f) “war on
drugs” as a euphemism for extrajudicial executions to minimalize the relevance of
infringement of human rights, integration of fear using publicity and the formation
of political procedure as equipment for the advancement of their agenda
(Preparation), g) execution of drug addicts (Extermination), and h) concealing
evidences, threatening of witnesses, and obstructing examinations (Denial).
The study of Simangan (2017) also indicated that this type of operation is
state-sponsored even though it is labeled as an extrajudicial killing which is
similar to the study of Pangilinan (2016). It indicated that the reason behind this
was because Duterte’s rule, created from his two-year power in Davao, was
made as the basis for this operation. State killings happen because of an
authority regulating the implementations to be carried out which is a clear
manifestation of how the current administration is ruling.
From all these authors who defined extrajudicial killing by clarifying its
relationship to the government, especially to the president, there’s a need to
amalgamate the perception towards this kind of issue. A case study in the
Philippines entitled, “Maguindanao Massacre: Case Study for Breaking Impunity,
Increasing Accountability, and Broadening Access to Justice” (2013) stated that
extrajudicial killing has not yet been clearly described and that it must have a
definition to isolate cases like this massacre from other crimes. There are
variations of beliefs but without a focal definition to this issue, a chaotic system
will inevitably reign in a country. In addition to this, without correctly identifying
cases which should branded as an extrajudicial killing using a single definition,
disputes and misconceptions will continuously circulate throughout the people.
Dissemination of legitimate information is critical for the progression of a
nation. Undoubtedly there are falsified news hovering around the social media
and news broadcast channels and the only thing that would supply the correct
formula of restoration is the integration of a country as a whole.
Criticizing and Understanding other point-of-views.
Extrajudicial killing affected people to have a variation in point-of-views.
These perspectives are influenced by the state, social media, and by people who
support conflicting sides of the story. There are people who disapprove of such
methods but there are other people who have a different perception and take it
positively even though those methods promote this kind of homicide.
Correspondingly, the study of Kamruzzaman and Khan, B.U. (2016) entitled,
“Extrajudicial Killings: The Violation of Human Rights in Bangladesh”, showed
that majority of the people in Bangladesh acknowledge crossfire even though it
results in extrajudicial killing because of the following benefits it entails: a) a
decrease in cases in the judicial system, b) freedom in trading and movement,
and c) justification for the immoral activities. It implies that people are fragile
when it comes to fear of death and insecurity to their surroundings. They also
believe that by using this kind of system, they will benefit in the progression of the
government and the improvement of their country. As individuals, a concept of
justice is created within them depending on what they experience from their
surroundings. Considering that Bangladesh is a country full of conflicts, they
would desire to stabilize their country using a quick method. As evidence, their
results indicated a decreasing numbers of extrajudicial killings for the sake of
crossfire but increased again by the year 2013 because of internal conflict.
According to the researchers, this is because human right movements
indicate the entire health of a nation and its institutions. In other words, human
right violations are more imminent in places where destabilized systems and
complex problems are present.
A conflicting study was made by Habib, A. (2015) entitled, “Extrajudicial
Killing in Bangladesh: A Murder of Human Rights,” wherein it stated that the most
threatening outcome or the non-beneficial aspect of the crossfire in Bangladesh
is the developing belief of people that extrajudicial killing is a tolerable kind of
justice and an alternate option to the sluggish judicial system. Unlike the study of
Kamruzzaman and Khan, B.U. (2016), the researcher aimed to identify the
negative aspects of such belief. It emphasized that because of this belief, we, as
humans, tolerate this kind of actions without thinking of the repercussions it might
entail to the human rights of every citizen. The people are desperate to eliminate
deviants of law wherein they are determined to consider the act of self-defense
as an excuse for them to kill a criminal. This shows the insecurity of the people to
its government specifically the law enforcement units and the judicial department.
The universal law of human rights are violated but the thing that should be
prioritized is the order of their society.
A similar study to Habib’s research was conducted by Ullah, A.A. (2018)
entitled, “Overpowering the Law Enforcing Agency and Human Rights
challenges,” which emphasized the double-edged effect of the people’s belief to
their own selves. Corresponding to this study’s result, many people believe that
extrajudicial killing assists in alleviating the problem of terrorism but the truth is
that it promotes anarchy and exacerbates state terrorism. Problems may be
resolved with a quicker method but sometimes it creates further complications
and neglect more significant areas. A concrete manifestation of this is the
weakening of Bangladesh’s constitution since the authorization of extrajudicial
killing. In addition to this, it challenged the country’s constitution, present laws
and judicial department. Without a country’s constitutional laws, it will be in chaos
which is a representational scenario for Bangladesh because the constitution and
a country are combined into one single system that can operate many tasks. The
decreasing power of a constitution will be a mark for the failure of a country as a
state because of its destabilized integrity.
There are also speculations that Duterte’s War on Drugs in the Philippines is
slowly being standardized. According to the article, “The Spectacle of Violence in
Duterte’s War on Drugs,” by Danilo Andres (2016), the continuous progress of

this operation and Duterte’s determination to halt the advancement of crimes in
the Philippines using this brutal method troubled the political leaders, human
rights advocates, and the church. It’s because the government are normalizing
this kind of method of cleansing into the society which will lead to an ideology
wherein people will inherit a unique will of justice. The further the people get
exposed to an operation that promotes extrajudicial killing, the more the people
will adapt to these changes. Majority of the people would protest but it is a
possibility that this kind of method will integrate into the next generations. Even
before the voting, people would praise Duterte because of his noble promises
and unique ideals of cleansing and was supported by many people. In contrary to
the researcher’s previous statements, the people’s failure to understand Duterte’s
actions may have originated from the people’s belief of a leaders integrity to the
law wherein his/her core is with the protection of human rights and equality. The
people are governed by several factors which affect their beliefs. Some people
might have experienced the same things from Bangladesh (Kamruzzaman and
Khan, B.U, 2016) but some might protest because they perceive the entire issue
in the perspective of a human rights advocate. The current events in the
Philippines have been molding the ideologies of citizens but it is important to take
note that conflicting ideologies may suggest and create a new one- an ideology
that will unite us as one.

Synthesis
Extrajudicial killings create a variety of perception among the people
worldwide. Some people recognize it as a human rights violation while other
people see it as a disciplinary act. From these two, it differs in extrajudicial
killing’s nature in a nation, advantages and disadvantages to society and the
comprehension of different people on the subject matter. These studies are
related to the current study because of their relationship to the conceptual
framework. It will help in augmenting the essence of the research because it
gave different perceptions from different people from the society. Furthermore, it
also covered both perceptions from two opposing sides which is essential to the
research to avoid biased outcomes. It also gave the researchers an idea on how
it benefits and damages society which can be used as a basis for one of the
objectives of the study. The definition of extrajudicial killing is also a critical point
because it came from different perspectives which the researchers can base
upon from understanding on how the respondents will answer.

CHAPTER 3
Methodology
In this chapter, the researchers discussed the method of the study,
population and sampling, instrument used in collecting data, validation of
instrument, and organization of data by the use of formulae.
Research Design
This study, a quantitative research, applied the survey approach as its
research design. Specifically, it used the descriptive approach. According to
Schutt (2012), survey research approach is the gathering of knowledge from a
sample of people using their answers to the inquiries. Furthermore, it is an ideal
type of research for this study because it is often used in explaining the
discovering human behavior which suggests that it is often used for social and
psychological research. The objective of the researcher is to find out the
perception of Senior high school students regarding the issue on extrajudicial
killings. The descriptive research design is implemented using the data from
survey questionnaires answered by the students from grades 11 to 12.
Richie et al. (2013) perceived descriptive method to be efficient in observing a
target population and provided an undemanding way of interpreting information
since it analyzed the attitude, behavior and perception of the respondents. It is
also used in the acquisition of generalized knowledge from a population and
provision of the natural scenario of situations through data.

Description of the Respondents
The target population of the study included the Senior high school students in
the Philippines while the accessible population is comprised of Senior high
school students in Centro Escolar Las Piñas. Senior high school students were
considered appropriate for the research study because, as we have stated in
Chapter one, the nation needs information about the perception of the youth who
will inherit the power to rule in the future. Furthermore, it is more practical to use
them as a representation for the country considering the availability of information
and respondents for the researchers.
The total population of Senior high school students in Centro Escolar Las
Piñas is 227. Because of the study’s research design, the researchers only
included approximately 20% of the population which corresponded to Gay’s
(1976) perception on the acceptable sizes for different types of research. There
were 45 samples (45=20% of 227) which were extracted using quota sampling.
Quota sampling is used because it studied the attributes of a specific
subgroup and enabled the researchers to perceive the connection between the
subgroups or the sample population.
The researchers included all of the grade level (Grades 11 and 12) and
strands (STEM, ABM, and HUMSS) from the Senior high school department as
their accessible population. Table 1 indicated the population of Senior high
school students in Centro Escolar Las Piñas.

Sections Number of Grade 11 students Sample

GRADE 11
1 STEM A 25 5
2 STEM B 23 5
3 ABM A 43 5
4 HUMSS A 15 5
GRADE 12
5 STEM A 29 5
6 STEM B 30 5
7 ABM A 23 5
8 ABM B 25 5
9 HUMSS A 14 5
Total 227 45
TABLE 1
Population of Senior High school students
Instrumentation
The study focused on the usage of survey questionnaire as its data collection
technique. It also utilized the Likert scale which helped the researchers to
evaluate their responses. It is designed to determine the perception, beliefs and
feelings of 45 Senior high school students in Centro Escolar Las Piñas using
statements which pertain to the issue of extrajudicial killing. The survey
questionnaire used recognition-type questions which consisted alternative
responses of statements, which are aligned to the conceptual framework of the
study, from different sides of the issue and demographic profile of the
respondents.
The survey questionnaire have included two parts. Part I focused on the
identification of the respondents’ name (optional), age, sex, year level, and
strand. Part II focused on the identification of the respondents’ perception
regarding extrajudicial killing.
The items in part II of the questionnaire were constructed by the researchers
which makes it as a self-constructed or closed questionnaire. The questions were
aligned with the inquiries from the conceptual framework of the study.
1. Knowledge of the respondents regarding extrajudicial killing
2. Understanding their perception on the subject matter
3. Advantages and disadvantages of the given issue
4. Verifying the respondent’s understanding
4.1 Human rights violation
4.2 Disciplinary act
The Likert scale was used to evaluate the respondent’s perception on
extrajudicial killing which includes their knowledge, understanding and
experiences about the particular issue.

Extent Interpretation Range
5 Strongly agree 4.21-5.00
4 Agree 3.41-4.20
3 Undecided or neutral 2.61-3.40
2 Disagree 1.81-2.60
1 Strongly Disagree 1.00-1.80
TABLE 2
Data Gathering Procedures
The survey questionnaire served as a tool for the data gathering of the
researchers. This questionnaire did not, however, prolong, attest and subject
reliability test mainly due to the respondent’s restrained availability. These were
administered to the 45 Senior high school students in Centro Escolar Las Piñas.
The Researchers evaluated the data gathered in their free time. After the survey,
the researchers compiled, tallied and tabulated the data after which an
authorized person, who has the capability to compute and facilitate the survey,
approves it.
Statistical Treatment
The questions under the study are treated by using descriptive and ordinal
statistics. Frequency distribution and percentages is used measuring the data
about the respondent’s profile, while the weighted mean determined the extent of
knowledge on respondent’s perception of Extrajudicial Killings.
For the Part 1 of the survey questionnaire, the demographic profile of the
respondents is tallied and treated statistically using frequency and equivalent
percentage. In statistics, the frequency (or absolute frequency) of an event 𝑖 is
the number of 𝑛𝑖 of times the event occurred in an experiment or study. These
frequencies are often graphically represented in histograms.
The formula is:
𝑓
P = 𝑁 𝑥 100
Where:
P = Percentage
f = Frequency
N = Number of respondents
The part II of the survey questionnaire, responses are treated and tallied
statistically by using the weighted mean.
Instead of each data point that has contributed equally to the final mean,
some data points contributed more “weight” than others. If all the weights are
equal, then the weighted mean equals the arithmetic mean.

The formula is:
∑(𝑤)(𝑥)
𝑊𝑥 =
𝑁
Where:
∑(𝑤)(𝑥) = Summation of weighted and value of each item
N = Number of respondents
Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to know any significant
relationship between Extrajudicial Killings and the respondents when they are
grouped according to their demographic profile.
The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (or Pearson correlation
coefficient, for short) is a measure of the strength of a linear association between
two variables and is denoted by r. Basically, a Pearson product-moment
correlation attempted to draw a line of best fit through the data of two variables,
and the Pearson correlation coefficient, r, indicated how far away all these data
points are to this line of best fit (how well the data points fit this new model/line of
best fit).
The formula is:
∑𝑋∑𝑌
∑ 𝑋𝑌 −
𝑁
𝑟=
(∑ 𝑋)2 (∑ 𝑌)2
√(∑ 𝑋 2 − √(∑ 𝑌 2 −
𝑁 𝑁
Where:
N = number of pairs of scores

∑ 𝑋𝑌 = sum of the product of paired scores
∑ 𝑋 = sum of x scores
∑ 𝑌 = sum of y scores
∑ 𝑥 2 = sum of squared x scores
∑ 𝑦 2 = sum of squared y scores
+.70 or higher Very strong positive relationship
+.40 to +.69 Strong positive relationship
+.30 to +.39 Moderate positive relationship
+.20 to +.29 weak positive relationship
+.01 to +.19 No or negligible relationship
0 No relationship [zero correlation]
-.01 to -.19 No or negligible relationship
-.20 to -.29 weak negative relationship
-.30 to -.39 Moderate negative relationship
-.40 to -.69 Strong negative relationship
-.70 or higher Very strong negative relationship

CHAPTER IV
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
This chapter presents, analyzes, and interprets the data gathered from the
respondents. Data are shown in tabular form and follow the sequence of the
problems mentioned in the first chapter.
Problem 1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents.
Table 3
Frequency and Percent Distribution of the Respondents According to Age
Age Frequency Percent

16 years old 13 28.89%
17 years old 17 37.78%
More than 18 years old 15 33.33%
TOTAL 45 100%
From the table above, it can be collected that out of 45 respondents, 13 or
28.89% are aged 16 years old, 17 or 37.78% are aged 17 years old, and 15 or
33.33% are aged more than 18 years old.

Figure 5
Frequency and Percent Distribution of the Respondents According to Age
Age
16 years old
17 years old
18 and above
Table 4
Frequency and Percent Distribution of the Respondents According to Sex
Sex Frequency Percent

Male 15 33.33%
Female 30 66.67%
TOTAL 45 100%
It can be observed from Table 2 that 30 or 66.67% of the respondents are
female and 15 or 33.33% of the respondents are male.
Figure 6
Frequency and Percent Distribution of the Respondents According to Sex
Sex
Male
Female
Table 5
Frequency and Percent Distribution of the Respondents According to
Grade Level
Grade Level Frequency Percent

11 19 42.22%
12 26 57.78%
TOTAL 45 100%
From the table above, it shows that 19 or 42.22% of the respondents are
from Grade 11 and 26 or 57.78% of the respondents are from Grade 12.
Figure 7
Grade Level
Grade Level
Grade 11
Grade 12
Table 6
Academic Strand
Academic Strand Frequency Percent

STEM 20 44.44%
ABM 15 33.33%
HUMSS 10 22.22%
TOTAL 45 100%
Table 3 shows that 20 or 44.44% of the respondents are from STEM strand,
15 or 33.33% of the respondents are from ABM strand, and 10 or 22.22% of the
respondents are from HUMSS strand.
Figure 8
Academic Strands
Academic Strand
STEM
ABM
HUMSS
Problem 2. The Perception on Extrajudicial Killing of Senior High School
Students in Centro Escolar Las Piñas.
2.1 Knowledge of the respondents regarding extrajudicial killing
Table 7
Knowledge of the respondents regarding extrajudicial killing
Knowledge of the Weighted Verbal

respondents Mean Interpretation
1) I have knowledge and a clear
understanding of the concept of
extrajudicial killing and the 3.66 Agree
issue in our country that is
related to it.
2) I have knowledge about these

2.8 Undecided or
killings since they teach us
Neutral
about it in our school.

2.82
killings since they teach us Undecided or
about it at our house. Neutral
killings since there are an 4.13
abundance of sources from the Agree
social media.
5) I had an experience in
witnessing this kind of killing in 1.82 Strongly
our country. Disagree
Undecided or
GRAND MEAN 3.06
Neutral
As shown in Table 7, “I have knowledge about these killings since there are
an abundance of sources from the social media,” attained the highest weighted
mean with 4.13, followed by “I have knowledge and a clear understanding of the
concept of extrajudicial killing and the issue in our country that is related to it,”
with a weighted mean of 3.66. This implies that the respondents from the Senior
High School acquire information mainly from the social media which contributes
to their understanding and knowledge about extrajudicial killing. The next ones
are almost equally tied which are “I have knowledge about these killings since
they teach us about it at our house,” with a weighted mean of 2.82 and “I have
knowledge about these killings since they teach us about it in our school,” with a
weighted mean of 2.8. This data shows that there’s a lack of information being
dispersed about this relevant subject matter inside their houses and educational
institution resulting to the non-maximized verbal interpretation of the first
statement. Between them, “I had an experience in witnessing this kind of killing in
our country,” obtained the lowest weighted mean of 1.82. This informs the
researchers that there are no casualties of the said killings which affected their
knowledge and the way they think about the subject matter. In total, the
knowledge of people about extrajudicial killing had a grand mean of 3.06 which
suggests that they are undecided or have a neutral position.

2.2 Understanding the perception of the respondents on the subject matter
Table 8
Understanding the perception of the respondents on Extrajudicial killing
Weighted Verbal
Perception
Mean Interpretation
1) I recognize the value of
operations against drugs even
Undecided and
though it promotes extrajudicial 3.26
neutral
killing because there are fewer
instances of crimes.
2) Extrajudicial killing will solve the
increasing crime rate in the 2.44 Disagree
Philippines.
3) Human rights first before
3.91 Agree
solving crimes
4) Extrajudicial killing is logically
correct because of its means
towards purification and peace
3.44 Agree
but morally wrong because of
its violation against human
rights.
Undecided or
GRAND MEAN 3.26
Neutral
In Table 8, “Human rights first before solving crimes” obtained the highest
weighted mean, which is 3.91, and followed by “Extrajudicial killing is logically

correct because of its means towards purification and peace but morally wrong
because of its violation against human rights,” with a score of 3.44. Majority of
the respondents decided that human rights are an important option to consider
when justice is being inflicted. For them, logic is important when imposing such
matter but the authorities must take into account the moral dilemma of their
actions. Violation against human rights is a problem even though extrajudicial
killing helps in terms of purification. Next, “I recognize the value of operations
against drugs even though it promotes extrajudicial killing because there are
fewer instances of crimes,” gained a weighted score of 3.26. This data shows
that most of them are neutral about the operation against drugs when it is
connected to extrajudicial killings. On the other hand, “Extrajudicial killing will
solve the increasing crime rate in the Philippines,” places for last because of its
weighted mean of 2.44. The respondents don’t think that these kinds of killings
will solve the increasing crime rate in our country. Understanding the perception
of the respondents on extrajudicial killing attained a grand mean of 3.26 and a
verbal interpretation of Undecided or Neutral.

2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of the given issue
Table 9
Advantages and disadvantages of Extrajudicial killing
Weighted Verbal
Advantages and disadvantages
Mean Interpretation
1) These killings create a pandemic
3.71 Agree
of fear and injustice.
2) It imposes a positive effect on my
physical, emotional, psychological
2.31 Disagree
and social aspect as a citizen of
this country.
3) Extrajudicial killings can distort
our image from the perspective of 3.82 Agree
foreign countries.
4) These acts grant a sense of
Undecided or
security to the citizens of the 2.68
neutral
Philippines.
5) These killings will alter the
perception of the people wherein
Undecided or
this kind of medium is normalized 2.75
neutral
and treated as an ideal substitute
for the justice system.
Undecided or
GRAND MEAN 3.05
Neutral
Perceived from the data in Table 9, “Extrajudicial killings can distort our image
from the perspective of foreign countries,” attained the highest weighted mean
with a score of 3.82. The respondents think that this issue will affect how the
other country’s think about our country which will then affect the other aspects
related to our country. It is followed by “These killings create a pandemic of fear
and injustice,” with a weighted mean of 3.71 and two more from advantages and
disadvantages, which are “These killings will alter the perception of the people
wherein this kind of medium is normalized and treated as an ideal substitute for
the justice system,” with a weighted mean of 2.75 and “These acts grant a sense
of security to the citizens of the Philippines,” with a weighted mean of 2.68, that
are almost equally tied with each other. The result from the first statement from
the table implies that these killings create fear and injustice which spreads
throughout our society. The two other results, however, shows that the people
are undecided or neutral extrajudicial killings grant a sense of security and if
these killings alter the perception of other people wherein they will think that it is
normal. The statement, which acquired the lowest weighted mean, is “It imposes
a positive effect on my physical, emotional, psychological and social aspect as a
citizen of this country,” with a score of 2.31. Advantages and disadvantages of
extrajudicial killing had a grand mean of 3.05 and a verbal
interpretation of Undecided or Neutral.

2.4 Verifying the respondent’s understanding
2.4.1 Human rights violation
Table 10
Verifying the respondent’s understanding on Extrajudicial killing when
labeled as a human rights violation
Extrajudicial killing as human Weighted Verbal

rights violation Mean Interpretation
1) Extrajudicial killing should be
labeled as a human rights 3.62
Agree
violation.
2) We should exclude “extrajudicial

killing” to promote the universal Undecided or
3.2
law of human rights. neutral
3) The execution of law should be

done legally even though our
3.62 Agree
judicial system is sluggish.
GRAND MEAN 3.48 Agree
Table 10 shows two statements with the highest weighted mean. These are
“Extrajudicial killing should be labeled as a human rights violation,” and “The
execution of law should be done legally even though our judicial system is
sluggish,” which had a tying score of 3.62. The data shows that people perceive
extrajudicial killing as a human rights violation and that even though our judicial
system is sluggish when passing justice, the proper way of imposing punishment
must be maintained. Meanwhile, the statement “We should exclude ‘extrajudicial
killing’ to promote the universal law of human rights,” gained the lowest weighted
mean of 3.2. It implies that the people are not decided or neutral about excluding
extrajudicial killing to promote human rights. At the end, it resulted to a grand
mean of 3.48, which falls in the category of “Agree” according to the Likert Scale.
2.4.2 Disciplinary act
Table 11
Verifying the respondent’s understanding on Extrajudicial killing when
labeled as a Disciplinary act
Verbal
Disciplinary act Weighted Mean
Interpretation
1) Extrajudicial killing
Undecided or
should be labeled as a 2.66
neutral
disciplinary act.
2) We should use
“extrajudicial killing” to
2.35 Disagree
promote order, peace
and discipline.
3) Extrajudicial killing is a
justifiable act because it
Undecided or
renders people to 2.62
neutral
become afraid of
committing a crime.
GRAND MEAN 2.54 Disagree
Shown in Table 11, “Extrajudicial killing should be labeled as a disciplinary
act,” obtained the highest weighted mean of 2.66. Followed by “Extrajudicial
killing is a justifiable act because it renders people to become afraid of
committing a crime,” which had a weighted mean of 2.62 that almost tied with the
former statement’s score. It informs the researchers that the respondents are
undecided or neutral about the subject matter wherein they are not sure or don’t
have a side to cheer on whether extrajudicial killing should be labeled as a
disciplinary act or not and if it is a justifiable act because of its potential to stop
crime. Meanwhile, “We should use “extrajudicial killing” to promote order, peace
and discipline,” had the lowest weighted mean of 2.35. The data shows that the
respondents disagree with the usage of extrajudicial killing to promote peace,
order and discipline. Verifying the respondent’s understanding on Extrajudicial
killing when labeled as a Disciplinary act attained a grand mean of 2.54 and a
verbal interpretation of Disagree.

Table 12. Relationship between Age vs Perception on Extrajudicial Killing
Factors which
define the
Perception of r-value p-value Decision Remarks
the
respondents
0.781>0.05
Knowledge 0.781 Accept null Not Significant
-0.43
hypothesis
0.550>0.05
Understanding -0.92 0.550 Accept null Not Significant
hypothesis
0.383>0.05
Advantages &
-0.133 0.383 Accept null Not Significant
Disadvantages
hypothesis
Verification of
the 0.862>0.05
(Human rights hypothesis
violation)
Verification of
the 0.839>0.05
(disciplinary hypothesis
act)
As shown in the Table 12 reviewing the relationship between age and
perception, it is seen that the result concluded that there is no relationship

between age and the perception of the assigned respondents in EJK. Based from
table 4.5 their knowledge in extrajudicial doesn’t regard any age to be
understood. As a final result it happens that most of the respondents are
undecided or neutral in overlooking their knowledge about extrajudicial killing. In
the p-value, understanding had a result of 0.550 that exceeded the expected limit
which is 0.05, which makes the null hypothesis to be accepted. Advantages and
disadvantages had a result of 0.384 which proves that the null hypothesis is
accepted. In verification of understanding when labeled as human rights violation
got a result of 0.862 and way above the limit which makes the null hypothesis
accepted, while in verification of understanding when labeled as disciplinary it got
an average result of 0.839 which makes the null hypothesis accepted. Therefore
in general, age doesn’t have any relationship between the perceptions of the
respondents in extrajudicial killing.

Table 13. Relationship between Sex vs. Perception on Extrajudicial Killing
Factors which
define the
r-value p-value Decision Remarks
Perception of the
respondents
0.863>0.05
Knowledge 0.026 0.863 Accept null Not Significant
hypothesis
0.266>0.05
hypothesis
0.847>0.05
Advantages and
-0.029 0.847 Accept null Not Significant
Disadvantages
hypothesis
Verification of the
0.800>0.05
Understanding
0.039 0.800 Accept null Not Significant
(Human rights
hypothesis
violation)
Verification of the 0.055>0.05
(disciplinary act) hypothesis
Based on Table 13, all values present in the p-value are above the expected
value, 0.05, for it to reject the null hypothesis. Hence, all the values shown
accepts the null hypothesis and infer that there are no relationship between the
respondents’ sex and perception on extrajudicial killing. Knowledge had an r-
value of 0.026, which suggests that it has no relationship and a p-value of 0.863,
which results to accepting the null hypothesis since 0.863 is greater than 0.05.
Understanding had an r-value of -0.169, which suggests that it has no
relationship and a p-value of 0.266, which results to accepting the null hypothesis
since 0.266 is greater than 0.05. Advantages and Disadvantages had an r-value -
0.029, therefore suggests that it has no relationship and a p-value of 0.847,
which concludes to accepting the null hypothesis since 0.847 is greater than
0.05. Verifying the understanding (human rights violation) had an r-value of 0.039
which implies that it has no relationship and a p-value of 0.800, which results to
accepting the null hypothesis since 0.800 is greater than 0.05. Lastly, Verifying
the understanding (disciplinary act) had an r-value of -0.288, therefore suggests
that it has no relationship and a p-value of 0.055, which concludes to accepting
the null hypothesis since 0.055 is greater than 0.05. Based on the outcome of the
results, it shows that all values are accepting the null hypothesis.
Table 14. Relationship between Grade lwevel vs. Perception on Extrajudicial
Killing
Factors
which define
the
r-value p-value Decision Remarks
Perception of
the
respondents
0.576>0.05
Knowledge -0.086 0.576 Accept null Not Significant
hypothesis
0.882>0.05
Understanding 0.023 0.882 Accept null Not Significant
hypothesis
Advantages 0.955>0.05
and -0.009 0.955 Accept null Not Significant
Disadvantages hypothesis
Verifying the
understanding 0.707>0.05
when labeled -0.058 0.707 Accept null Not Significant
as a human hypothesis
rights violation
Verifying the
when labeled 0.138 0.366 Accept null Not Significant
as a hypothesis
disciplinary act
According to Table 14, all the values present in the p-value are above the
expected value, 0.05, for it to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, all the values
accepts the null hypothesis and implies that there are no relationship between
the respondents’ grade level and perception on extrajudicial killing. Knowledge
had an r-value of -0.086, which implies that it has no or negligible relationship
and a p-value of 0.576, which results to the acceptance to the null hypothesis
since 0.576 is greater than 0.05. Understanding had an r-value of 0.023, which
shows that it has no or negligible relationship with grade level, and a p-value of
0.882, which shows that it has no relationship with grade level since 0.882 is
greater than 0.05. Advantages and disadvantages had a r-value of -0.009, which
indicates that it has no or negligible relationship with the stated problem, and a p-
value of 0.955, which implies that the null hypothesis must be accepted and that
there is no relationship between grade level and advantages and disadvantages
since 0.955 is greater than 0.05. Verifying the understanding (human rights
violation) had an r-value of -0.058, which shows that it has no or negligible
relationship with the given factor, and a p-value of 0.707, which implies that
grade level has no relationship with the verification of the respondents’
understanding when extrajudicial killing is labeled as a human rights violation.
Verifying the understanding (disciplinary act) had a r-value of 0.138, which shows
that there is no or negligible relationship with the grade level, and a p-value of
0.366, which shows that it has no relationship with the grade level since 0.366 is
greater than 0.05. Based on the given results, it may be the cause of primarily
having the social media as a medium of gaining information about extrajudicial
killing. Even though the respondents did vary when it comes to their grade level,
it doesn’t define their perception on the topic since the results showed the
researchers that there is a lack of education when it comes to this kind of topic
when the respondents are inside their houses or in their educational institution.
Table 15. Relationship between Strand vs Perception on Extrajudicial Killing
Factors
which define
the
r-value p-value Decision Remark
Perception of
the
respondents
0.353>0.05
Knowledge 0.142 0.353 Accept null Not Significant
hypothesis
0.366>0.05
Understanding 0.138 0.366 Accept null Not Significant
hypothesis
Advantages 0.672>0.05
and -0.065 0.672 Accept null Not Significant
Disadvantages hypothesis
Verifying the
when labeled -0.177 0.245 Accept null Not Significant
as a human hypothesis
rights violation
Verifying the
when labeled 0.024 0.877 Accept null Not Significant
as a hypothesis
disciplinary act
Shown from Table 15, all of the factors accepted the null hypothesis because
of the resultant p-values to be higher than 0.05. It implied that all of the factors
don’t have a relationship with the strands of the respondents. For Knowledge, it
acquired an r-value of 0.142, which implies that there is no or negligible
relationship, and a p-value of 0.353, which shows that it has no relationship with
grade level because 0.353 is greater than 0.05. Understanding had an r-value of
0.138, which shows that there is no or negligible relationship with the strands of
the respondents, and a p-value of 0.366, which presents that there is no
relationship between strand and understanding since 0.366 is greater than 0.05.
Advantages and disadvantages had a r-value of -0.065, which implies that it has
no or negligible relationship with the strands, and a p-value of 0.672, which
implies that it has no relationship with the strands of the respondents because
0.672 is greater than 0.05. Verifying the understanding (human rights violation)
also accepted the null hypothesis because it had a r-value of -0.177, which
implies that it has no or negligible relationship with the strands, and a p-value of
0.245, which nullifies its relationship with the strands because its value is greater
than 0.05. The same outcome happened with verifying the understanding
(disciplinary act) except for its r-value of 0.024 and its p-value of 0.877. This
happened because of the absence in information dispersion within their
classrooms even when a student is from the HUMSS strand. It suggests that the
Senior High School students lack in orientation about the topic but with the help
of social media, some information were given but without full assurance about its
legitimacy.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study shows the summary of the whole study, as well as the conclusion
of the results, and recommendations given by the researchers for the possible
study in the near future.
Findings:
Socio-demographic Profile
Age – The majority of the respondents were aged 17 years old with the highest
percentage rate of 37.78%, while 28.89% are aged 16 years old and 33.33% are
aged 18 years old and above.
Sex – The majority of the respondents were female with the percentage rate of
66.67% while the percentage of male were 33.33%.
Grade Level – the biggest percentage (57.78%) of the respondents are from
Grade 12 while 42.22% are from Grade 11.
Academic Strand – the biggest percentage (44.44%) of the respondents belong
to STEM strand, 33.33% belong to ABM strand, and 22.22% belong to HUMSS
strand.
Survey Questionnaire:
 Knowledge of the respondents regarding Extrajudicial Killing
The data revealed that, under the first question, “I have knowledge about
these killings since there are an abundance of sources from the social media,”
attained the highest weighted mean with 4.13 and its verbal interpretation is
Agree. This implies that the respondents from the Senior High School acquire
information mainly from the social media which contributes to their understanding
and knowledge about extrajudicial killing.
 Understanding the perception of the respondents on Extrajudicial Killing
The data revealed that, under the third question, “Human rights first before
solving crimes”, obtained the highest weighted mean, which is 3.91 and its verbal
interpretation is Agree. Majority of the respondents decided that human rights are
an important option to consider when justice is being executed. For them, logic is
important when imposing such matter but the authorities must take into account
the moral dilemma of their actions.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Extrajudicial Killings
The data revealed that, under the third question, “Extrajudicial killings can
distort our image from the perspective of foreign countries”, attained the highest
weighted mean with a score of 3.82 and its verbal interpretation is Agree. The
respondents think that this issue will affect how the other country’s think about
our country which will then affect the other aspects related to our country.
 Verifying the respondent’s understanding on Extrajudicial killing when labeled
as a human rights violation
The data revealed that two statements have the highest weighted mean.
These are “Extrajudicial killing should be labeled as a human rights violation,”
from the first question, and “The execution of law should be done legally even
though our judicial system is sluggish,” from the third question, which had a tying
score of 3.62 and its verbal interpretation is Agree. The data shows that people
perceive extrajudicial killing as a human rights violation and that even though our
judicial system is sluggish when passing justice, the proper way of imposing
punishment must be maintained.
 Verifying the respondent’s understanding on Extrajudicial killing when labeled
as a Disciplinary act
The data revealed that, under the fourteenth question, “Extrajudicial killing
should be labeled as a disciplinary act”, obtained the highest weighted mean of
2.66 and its verbal interpretation is Undecided or Neutral.
 Relationship between extrajudicial killing and the respondents
Using the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation formula, the data revealed
that the highest p-value is 0.955 for the relationship of Grade level and
Advantages and Disadvantage, and the lowest p-value is 0.05 for the relationship
of Sex and Verification of the Understanding (disciplinary act).

Summary
The main purpose of this study was to determine the Perception on
Extrajudicial Killings of Senior High School Students of Centro Escolar Las Piñas.
The sample comprised the respondents; randomly selected Senior High School
students. The research design of the study was descriptive. Survey
Questionnaires were used and distributed to the respondents respectively. The
statistical treatments used were Frequency distribution and percentages,
weighted mean and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The scope of the study was
limited only to 45 respondents from Senior High School in Centro Escolar Las
Piñas.
Based on the data collected, 37.78% of the respondents are aged 17 years
old, while 28.89% are aged 16 years old and 33.33% are aged 18 years old and
above. In terms of Sex, 66.67% of the respondents were female while 33.33%
were male. In terms of Grade Level, 57.78% of the respondents are from Grade
12 while 42.22% are from Grade 11. Lastly, in terms of Academic Strand, 44.44%
of the respondents belong to STEM strand, 33.33% belong to ABM strand, and
22.22% belong to HUMSS strand.
Meanwhile, the first objective of this study was to assess the knowledge of the
respondents on extrajudicial killing. Question number 1 resulted in a weighted
mean of 3.66 which is agree, question number 2 resulted in a weighted mean of
2.8 which is undecided or neutral, question number 3 resulted in a weighted
mean of 2.82 which is undecided or neutral, question number 4 resulted in a

weighted mean of 4.13 which is agree, and for question number 5 resulted in a
weighted mean of 1.75 which is strongly disagree. The overall average was 3.03
which is undecided or neutral.
The second objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of Senior
High School students in Centro Escolar Las Piñas on extrajudicial killing.
Question number 1 resulted in a weighted mean of 3.26 which is undecided or
neutral, question number 2 resulted in a weighted mean of 2.44 which is
disagree, question number 3 resulted in a weighted mean of 3.91 which is agree,
and for question number 4 resulted in a weighted mean of 3.44 which is agree.
The overall average was 3.26 which is undecided or neutral.
The third objective of this study was to recognize the advantages and
disadvantages of extrajudicial killing based from the respondents' experiences,
knowledge and perception. Question number 1 resulted in a weighted mean of
3.71 which is agree, question number 2 resulted in a weighted mean of 2.31
which is disagree, question number 3 resulted in a weighted mean of 3.82 which
is agree, question number 4 resulted in a weighted mean of 2.68 which is
undecided or neutral, and for question number 5 resulted in a weighted mean of
2.75 which is undecided or neutral. The overall average was 3.05 which is
undecided or neutral.
The fourth objective of this study was to verify the respondent's understanding
of this issue in terms of it being labeled as a Human rights violation. Question
number 1 resulted in a weighted mean of 3.62 which is agree, question number 2

resulted in a weighted mean of 3.2 which is undecided or neutral, and for
question number 3 resulted in a weighted mean of 3.62 which is agree. The
overall average was 3.48 which is agree.
The fifth objective of this study was to verify the respondent's understanding
of this issue in terms of it being labeled as a Disciplinary act. Question number 1
resulted in a weighted mean of 2.66 which is undecided or neutral, question
number 2 resulted in a weighted mean of 2.35 which is disagree, and for question
number 3 resulted in a weighted of 2.62 which is undecided or neutral. The
overall average was 2.54 which is disagree.
The sixth, and the final objective of this study, was to determine whether
extrajudicial killing has a relationship that define the perception on extrajudicial
killing, knowledge, understanding, advantages and disadvantages, verification of
understanding (human rights violation and disciplinary act, and the demographic
profile of the with the respondents. There is no relationship between the age and
the factors and the null hypothesis is accepted since all the values exceed the
boundary of 0.05 with a maximum p-value of 0.862 (Verification of the
Understanding (Human rights violation)) and a minimum of 0.383 (Advantages
and Disadvantages). There is no relationship between the sex and the factors
and the null hypothesis is accepted since all the values exceed the boundary of
0.05 with a maximum p-value of 0.863 (Knowledge) and a minimum of 0.055
(Verification of the Understanding (disciplinary act)). There is no relationship
between the grade level and the factors and the null hypothesis is accepted since
all the values exceed the boundary of 0.05 with a maximum p-value of 0.955
(Advantages and Disadvantages) and a minimum of 0.366 (Verifying the
understanding when labeled as a disciplinary act). There is no relationship
between the strand and the factors and the null hypothesis is accepted since all
the values exceed the boundary of 0.05 with a maximum p-value of 0.245
(Verifying the understanding when labeled as a human rights violation) and a
minimum of 0.877 (Verifying the understanding when labeled as a disciplinary
act).
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, the highest weighted mean for the first
variable, which is Knowledge of the respondents regarding Extrajudicial Killing,
was 4.13 (Agree) stated in the fourth statement. For the second variable, which is
Understanding the perception of the respondents on Extrajudicial killing, the
highest weighted mean was 3.91 (Agree) as written in the third statement. For
the third variable, which is Advantages and disadvantages of Extrajudicial killing,
the highest weighted mean was 3.82 (Agree) as written in the third statement.
For the fourth variable, which is Verifying the respondent’s understanding on
Extrajudicial killing when labeled as a human rights violation, the highest mean
was 3.62 (Agree) as stated in the first and third statements. For the fifth variable,
which is Verifying the respondent’s understanding on Extrajudicial killing when

labeled as a Disciplinary act, the highest weighted mean was 2.66 (Undecided or
neutral) as written in the first statement.
In conclusion, most students from the Senior high school department mainly
acquire information about extrajudicial killing through the usage of social media.
They also perceive extrajudicial killing in the aspect of a human rights preserver
because they believed that the people must prioritize human rights before solving
crimes. In addition to this, they think that it must be labeled as a human rights
violation and the people with authority must execute law legally even though our
judicial system is sluggish when it comes to inducing justice. In contrary to these
ideas, even though most of the students perceive these killings as a human rights
violation, most of them also remain undecided or neutral if it is labeled as a
disciplinary act. Aside from these, the students think that these kinds of killings
will change the way how other countries perceive a country wherein extrajudicial
killings are rampant.
This study also concludes that there is no relationship between the
respondents and extrajudicial killing when grouped with the demographic profile.
It supports the idea of the deprivation of orientation to the respondents, Senior
High School students, which causes the other factors which defines the
perception on extrajudicial killing.
This study will help not just the students who are involved in this study but
also to the people, the society and the nation, who experiences the pros and
cons of having extrajudicial killing within a country. It is essential to obtain these

kinds of information so that we may gather collective information that may act as
a message to the government using scientific method.
Recommendation
With the results of this study, the researchers recommend that the youth
should have more knowledge about the current situations in our country, which is
extrajudicial killing. They should be more aware of its advantages and
disadvantages that may affect their way of understanding these killings. In order
for this to happen, the school and their families should discuss such a topic to
their students or children so that their way of thinking towards the modern world
would be updated. When this happens, a person would be able to contribute to
the debatable issue that is present in our country using their insights and
knowledge about the subject matter. One of the problems today is the inclusion
of negative connotation of discussing this kind of topic to the Filipino youth but
the researchers highly recommend this to be implemented because of its
potential in unlocking the rhetorical and justice-driven minds of the young people.
The youth should also express their opinions about extrajudicial killings so that
their voices will be heard. People should stop stereotyping the youth because the
results of this study implies that even their opinions about this matter would
largely create a significant change to a country experiencing the terrors of
extrajudicial killing. Their hesitation to choose between agree and disagree would
imply that the people, their parents and teachers, lacked in informing them about
this topic which created. It directly affected their opinions and caused them to be
neutral but fortunately because of the help of social media they had an idea in
such matter. Lastly, they should deeply understand the true nature of these
killings because it will help them have a sense of awareness in this situation.
Deciding whether if it’s good or bad for a country greatly depends on them, our
future leaders.
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Debunking beliefs and systems
Jeoffrey Maitem & Melvin Gascon (2018) EJK Joke: Nobody’s laughing but you
newsinfo.inquirer.net/1017772/rights-group-on-dutertes-ejk-joke-nobodys-
laughing-but-you
Oriol (2016) International Outcry against Extrajudicial killings in the Philippines
https://www.dianova.ngo/news/international-outcry-against-extrajudicial-killings-in-
the-philippines/
Understanding Extrajudicial Killing
Christian Pangilinan (2016) The Dispute over Extrajudicial Killings: The need to
define Extrajudicial Killings as State-sponsored Acts http://plj.upd.edu.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2012/12/4_Pangilinan_Article2_CP-Edits_with-SMMDPA-edits-
finalized.pdf
Dahlia Simangan (2017) Is the Philippine “War on Drugs” an Act of Genocide?
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320469543_Is_the_Philippine_War_on_
Drugs_an_Act_of_Genocide
Cong Corrales (2013) Maguidanao: A case study for justice and accountability
http://pcij.org/blog/2013/07/23/maguindanao-a-case-study-for-justice-and-
accountability
Criticizing and Understanding other point-of-views
Kamruzzaman (2016) Extrajudicial Killings: The Violation of Human Rights in
Bangladesh
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318834940_Extrajudicial_Killings_The_V
iolation_of_Human_Rights_in_Bangladesh
Habib (2015) Extrajudicial Killing in Bangladesh: A Murder of Human Rights
(https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2593650
Ahsan Ullah (2018) Overpowering the law enforcing agency and human rights
challenges
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324840241_Overpowering_the_law_enfo
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WbkCcAQFjAAegQIABAB&usg=AOvVaw07nuWRB2GM1j-MbquDD6nJ
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Letter to conduct a survey
Letter to Conduct a Survey
Dear respondents,
We are a Grade 12 STEM students taking up the subject, Practical
Research 2, as part of our requirements, we are undertaking a research study
with the topic “Perception on extrajudicial killing of senior high school students in
Centro Escolar Las Piñas”.
We would like to ask if you could spare us some of your time to answer the
questionnaire as honestly as possible. Rest awarded, all of your responses will
be held with utmost confidentiality.
Thank you very much.
Respectfully yours,
Beecher, Kirsten Bianca San Diego, Ma. Maica
Researcher Researcher
Bricia, Emmanuel Jose Juanito C. Revaula
Researcher Research Adviser

Appendix B: Survey Questionnaires
CENTRO ESCOLAR LAS PIÑAS

PERCEPTION ON EXTRAJUDICIAL KILLING OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENTS IN CENTRO ESCOLAR LAS PIÑAS
As part of our thesis in practical research, we are conducting a study about

the perception of Senior high school students on extrajudicial killing here in
Centro Escolar Las Piñas. The answers will be beneficial to the progression of
this study. It is highly appreciated if you answer the survey questionnaires
with full honesty.
I. Demographic Profile
Kindly mark the following with a check on the boxes provided below. The
following inquiries will serve as the basis of the categorization of the
respondents into groups based on their age, grade level, sex and strand.
Name (optional): Age:  16  17  18 and above

Sex:  Male  Grade  11  12 Strand:  STEM  ABM  HUMSS
Female Level:
II. Guidelines: Respond to the following series of statements using the Likert
scale (1-5) by leaving a check mark on the boxes provided below.
5-strongly agree 4-agree
3-undecided or neutral 2-disagree 1-strongly disagree
5 4 3 2 1
EXTRAJUDICIAL KILLING
1) I have knowledge and a clear understanding of
the concept of extrajudicial killing and the issue
in our country that is related to it.
2) I have knowledge about these killings since they
teach us about it in our school.
3) I have knowledge about these killings since they
teach us about it at our house.
4) I have knowledge about these killings since there
are an abundance of sources from the social
media.
5) I recognize the value of operations against drugs
even though it promotes extrajudicial killing
because there are fewer instances of crimes.
6) Extrajudicial killing will solve the increasing crime
rate in the Philippines.

7) I had an experience in witnessing this kind of
killing in our country.
8) These killings create a pandemic of fear and
injustice.
9) It imposes a positive effect on my physical,
emotional, psychological and social aspect as a
citizen of this country.
10) Extrajudicial killings can distort our image from
the perspective of foreign countries.
11) These acts grant a sense of security to the
citizens of the Philippines.
12) These killings will alter the perception of the
people wherein this kind of medium is normalized
and treated as an ideal substitute for the justice
system.
13) Extrajudicial killing should be labeled as a
human rights violation.
14) Extrajudicial killing should be labeled as a
disciplinary act.
15) We should use “extrajudicial killing” to promote
order, peace and discipline.
16) We should exclude “extrajudicial killing” to
promote the universal law of human rights.
17) Extrajudicial killing is a justifiable act because it
renders people to become afraid of committing a
crime.
18) The execution of law should be done legally
even though our judicial system is sluggish.
19) Human rights first before solving crimes
20) Extrajudicial killing is logically correct because of
its means towards purification and peace but
morally wrong because of its violation against
human rights.
Appendix C: Certification of Grammarian
Republic of the Philippines

CENTRO ESCOLAR LAS PIÑAS
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
CERTIFICATION
This thesis entitled

“PERCEPTION ON EXTRAJUDICIAL KILLING OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENTS IN CENTRO ESCOLAR LAS PIÑAS”
by
Kirsten Bianca Beecher, Emmanuel Jose Bricia, and Ma. Maica San Diego
was proofread by the undersigned.
This certification is issued on OCTOBER 24, 2018 upon the researcher’s request
for whatever legal purpose it may serve.
Rommel A. Pamaos, LPT
Senior High school faculty (English teacher)
Centro Escolar Las Piñas

Appendix D: Biographical Sketch
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Kirsten Bianca V. Beecher, who currently resides in Las Piñas City,
Philippines, is a 17-year old Senior high school student in Centro Escolar Las
Piñas, taking the STEM strand, who is still looking for the right career to pursue.
With that, she continues to work hard academically as she gained the following
awards: Best in History, Science, and achiever in Mathematics and lastly, she is
the top 1 amongst the students of her first and third year of High School. With her
achievements in High school, she also excelled in her younger days as she
graduated valedictorian in elementary.
She spends most of her time leading her volleyball team as she is the captain
ball. Outside the school, she serves her local church and the community of The
Feast Alabang, and is a part of the tech ministry in the said community. As a
faithful person to God and her family, she never fails to support her loved ones in
everything that they do and assures to make her parents proud with her
academic achievements and growth as an individual. She believes that her
parents play a very important role in her life, her mother works in a bank and her
father is working overseas to provide and support for their family financially. After
her high school chapter ends, she plans to study in University of the Philippines
or De La Salle University to study a course that she would want to take up which
she is still currently trying to discover in her last year as a high school student.
With the knowledge she gained throughout her time in school, she plans to utilize
those in the real world as she enters college. Through trying to discover her real
passion, she can see her interest in Forensic Sciences and is exceptional in
subjects like Mathematics and Science.
With her being academically successful, she does not forget to have fun
through keeping her hobbies beside her which are, reading books or novels
about teen fiction, watching movies and TV series. Through the entertainment
she finds in media, she ensures to have the balance in everything that she does.
Hence, she is great in managing her time. Throughout her life, she finds
capturing her favorite moments through photographs significant so that she
continues to remember her past and see through them. As mentioned, she is
also into sports like swimming and volleyball but also includes music in her life.
As she goes through hardships and challenges, she finds music to be her source
of escape and entertainment as well. She enjoys listening to genres like, pop and
alternative OPM. As a fan of music, playing instruments is one of her many

talents. The instruments that she play are guitar, drums and bass. With that, she
is able to enjoy music and live by it as well.
All in all, she is a very passionate and hardworking student as well as being a
daughter and a sister. She has her determination to pursue her dreams and to be
a better person.
BEECHER, Kirsten Bianca V.

Biographical Sketch
Emmanuel Jose A. Bricia is a senior high school student, under STEM
Strand, who is working to pursue a course in college major in Computer Science
and who will be graduating with high remarks in March 2019 from Centro Escolar
Las Pinas. While studying, he demonstrated an unbelievable determination and
drive towards his academics in order for him to attend in exclusive universities in
the near future. He lives at Block 17 Lot 4 UN Ave., Corner Poland St., Veraville
Classic, Talon V, Las Pinas City and was born on September 18, 2000. His father
is John Leonardo Bricia and his mother is Amelita Arcilla Bricia. He is an only
child and rose as a Roman Catholic. His family is purely Filipino and came from a
Bicolano family. Emmanuel speaks both Tagalog and English but he can also
understand the language from Bicol. Aside from his parents, he is currently
residing with his aunt and cousins.
In high school, Emman was more involved in academic activities and
events than extracurricular activities. He was granted full scholarship in Centro

Escolar Las Pinas for the academic year 2017-2018 and awarded with high
honors. His leadership experiences are truly remarkable since he became a class
officer and a student council officer for 4 years. Emman is also a consistent
academic achiever since Grade 7. He excels in subjects such as English, Filipino,
Science, Math, CLE, and Economics. With that, he participated in many school
clubs as well. He joined journalism club from 2015-2017 and became the head of
literary section. He also participated in events inclined with his faith and became a
mass reader from 2016-2017. With his passion of arts, he decided to join drama
club from 2013-2014 and the choir from 2012-2013. Lastly, he was appointed to
be the secretary of both Science and Mathematics club. Furthermore, he also
partook in extracurricular activities like joining DOPSSA and won 3 rd place bronze
medal for Scrabble 2016-2017 and he also won in various games during different
intramurals.
Emman’s hobbies include reading books, novels, and articles, mostly
about current events and medical facts. He enjoys watching horror, fantasy, and
mystery-type of movies and TV series, specifically, Harry Potter, Percy Jackson
and Stranger Things. Soul, acoustic, and alternative rock are his type of music to
listen to. He also likes to eat spicy and sweet foods like chocolate and recipes
with ingredients that adds up to its spiciness. Emmanuel is the type of person
who wants to communicate but has difficulty in socializing. He is also weak when
conquering heights and creeping creatures. In contrary, his strength lies in
helping people, creating a spectacle and giving information to other people. He

hates losing and he is always determined to reach for his goal. He believes that
one day the world can achieve peace either by living or by death. With his desired
dream to find a breakthrough in the medical field and to help many people, he still
has to pursue the course Computer Science because of familial decision and
opportunities.
EMMANUEL JOSE A. BRICIA

Biographical Sketch
Ma. Maica B. San Diego, who is studying under the STEM strand, is a Senior
High school student and will be graduating this upcoming summer of 2019 from
Centro Escolar Las Piñas. After she graduates, she will be pursuing her academic
life in Centro Escolar University Mendiola with a course in Dentistry.
In high school, she was highly involved in academic activities that lead her to
be a consistent top student during grade 7 and grade 8. In addition to this, she had
a talent, which made her win as the third placer in the division level journalism
contest, in writing articles and literary works. She also invested her time in
Citizenship Advancement training and won as Deputy Corporal Commander
because of her attitude and potential in military studies. During her free time from
academic work, she enjoys watching movies, playing badminton with her friends,
and drawing.
MA. MAICA B. SAN DIEGO

Perception of Senior High School Students On Extrajudicial Killing

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C ECNETNRTOR OE SECSOCLOALRA RL ALSA SP IPÑIAÑSA S 1

The Problem and its Background

Internationally, extrajudicial killings have happened repeatedly throughout

several countries. Numerous nationalities were not able to comprehend the

as a way of resolving problems in the country. According to Rappler as of April

and called these operations a “success” of eliminating drug dealers in the

Background of the Study

process, and with the involvement, complicity, tolerance, or acquiescence of the

Duterte in the Presidential seat, issues concerning about extrajudicial killings

became active in the nation. He called these killing operations as a “war on

number of people in society to be aggressive in solving drug cases to avoid

televisions about various news coverage. However, this controversial issue

as articles prepared by biased and non-biased sectors and individuals of the

Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency’s (PDEA) data, 3,906 suspected drug

people with unnamed gunmen accountable for thousands of deceased Filipino

people from July 2016 to September 2017.

of this country’s future. Without a stable mentality and understanding of this

effects that it inflicts to them as well.

founded by Max Horkheimer which he described as “to liberate human beings

concept and nature?” because it portrays a representation of how our society

situation from Horkheimer’s description. In addition to that, many criticisms were

country has been experiencing an on-going challenge because of contradicting

the on-going debate between various groups of people.

researchers assistance to this national issue. This theory suggests that to be

of malicious motives. It opens up possibilities of having questions “If Oplan

perspective of this operation branded as an extrajudicial killing would they want

to present to this nation’s citizens.

Traditional communitarianism, according to Chris Brown (The Globalization

of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, p. 472), focuses

on two core assumptions in the society: 1) the unprejudiced perspective of each

individual as a carrier of human rights repudiating its developmental role in the

community forming individuality; 2) the complication with the unprejudiced

societies wherein it bestows rights on individuals. The communitarian perspective

embedded in a complex network of communal duties and familial responsibilities.

Molly Cochran defined cultural relativism as follows: can be viewed as a form

social judgments are possible’. (Cochran, “Cosmopolitanism and

Communitarianism in a Post-Cold War World,” in Boundaries in Question, p.

While ‘some kind of lowest common denominator’ might be present in diverse

to these cultural practices. (Dunne and Wheeler, “Introduction: Human Rights

and the Fifty Years’ Crisis,” p. 8)

nature of human responsibilities being bearers of rights wherein complications

imperative question: “Do we perceive extrajudicial killing as a human rights

violation or as a disciplinary act that serves to protect the citizens of this

country?” Therefore, Brown’s definition is more relevant to this study.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Identify the 1. Identifying the 1. Identified the

2. Assessing the knowledge 2. Assessed the

As shown in figure 4, the research study leaned toward the acquisition of

knowledge pertaining the respondent’s perception, knowledge and understanding

specified the research study’s advantages and disadvantages its connection to

Statement of the Problem

following questions and the advantages and disadvantages it presented to the

society which was affected by an individual’s opinion about this topic.

1. What was the demographic profile of the ff. respondents?

1.3 Grade level

2. What was extrajudicial killing?

3. What were the advantages and disadvantages of extrajudicial killing?

4. How did the respondents understand extrajudicial killing in terms of it being

4.1 Human rights violation

4.2 Disciplinary act

5. Was there a significant relationship between extrajudicial killing and the

respondents when they are grouped according to their demographic profile?