1st quarter

PHILOSOPHY
ESSENCE OF PHILOSOPHY
the search for answers to life's questions

COMES FROM 2 GREEK WORDS

06 SOCRATES
- (470 BCE to 399 BCE)
-the foremost philosopher of ancient times
- considered himself a "midwife"
- believed that philosophy could enable a
philos (love)

sophia (wisdom)
} "lov of wisdo " man to live a life of virtue
- Socratic Method - a means of examining
a topic by devising series of questions that
ANCIENT GREEKS let the learner examine and analyze his
knowledge and views regarding the topic

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soon applied it to the study or discipline that uses

human reason to investigate the ultimate causes,

PLATO
reasons, and principles which govern all thins

- (427 BCE to 347 BCE)

PHILOSOPHERS - student of Socrates
- his teachings and writings were
"lovers of wisdom" considered the foundation of Western
"experts" in various fields of learning Philosophy
- Theory of Forms - everything that exists
is based on an idea or template that can
A N C I E N T G R E E K P H I L O S O P H E R S only be perceived in the mind

01
- dialectic- method of inquiry where 2
opposing ideas are discussed in an attempt
PYTHAGORAS to arrive at new knowledge
- Academy - an institution of higher
- (570 BCE to 495 BCE) learning

08
- mathematician and scientist
- Pythagorean theorem ARISTOTLE
- community of learners - study of religion
and philosophy

02
- (384 BCE to 322 BCE)
- attended Academy and student of Plato
HERACLITUS - disagreed with Plato's theory
- deductive reasoning - the process by
- (535 BCE to 475 BCE) which specific statements are analyzed to
- everything that exists is based on a higher reach a conclusion or generalization
order or plan (logos)
- "No man ever steps in the same river
twice"
WESTERN PHILOSOPHY

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more systematic and specialized in its approach

DEMOCRITUS
EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
- (460 BCE to 370 BCE)
more fluid and places greater emphasis on social
- study of the causes of natural phenomena
relations, family and community
- atoms

04 DIOGENES OF SINOPE Why is there a need to philosophize?

- (412 BCE to 323 BCE)
SENSE OF WONDER
- simple and virtuous life Greek philosopher Plato
- he was said to have lived like a beggar
- Cynicism and Stoicism DOUBT

05 EPICURUS
- (341 BCE to 270 BCE)
- philosophy could enable a man to live a life
15th-century French philosopher

EXPERIENCE
Rene Descartes

-20th century Swiss-German philosopher Karl Jaspers

of happiness -man is often confronted by experiences
- Epicureanism - wisdom and simple living
-called these experiences limit situations
will result in a life free of fear and pain
LOVE FOR WISDOM
- to love wisdom is to have an insatiable desire for

truth

- Socrates "I know that I do not know"

"The unexamined life is not worth living"

 Characteristics of Philosophy Practical Uses of Philosophy
as an as an as a Philosophy enables a person to engage in critical analysis

and interpretation of concepts, definitions, arguments,

analysis of examination of discipline
and problems.

frameworks knowledge Philosophy also improves problem-solving and decision

making.

A philosopher is a good communicator who can clearly

FRAMEWORK and adequately present his or her ideas.

Wisdom - person's ability to apply knowledge to daily life

way of thinking about the world and is composed of the
Finally, knowledge of philosophy can contribute to self-
views and beliefs of a person
development.

internal questions propositions

questions dealing with our own correctness and
may or may not have truth
values

knowledge
external questions
- clear awareness and understanding of something
seek to question the very frameworks upon which
- products of questions that allow for clear answers provided by
people base their own beliefs and views
facts

B R A N C H E S facts
propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful

of philosophy

AESTHETICS claim
- cannot be taken as true since it is simply not immediately evident
philosophy which deals with beauty and what makes
- further examination is required to establish whether it is true or
things "beautiful"

false

LOGIC
opinions
deals with correct reasoning

statements that go beyond providing facts

EPISTEMOLOGY
nature of knowledge and knowing
conclusion
ETHICS judgement based on certain facts

deals with moral questions and dilemmas beliefs

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts

studies governments and deals with questions of

justice, power and the rights and obligations of

explanations
citizens
statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons

METAPHYSICS why the statement is true

deals with questions regarding reality and existence arguments

PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON - series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or

listener that a claim or opinion is truthful

understands the human person from a philosophical
- take the form of statements that are either claims of facts an are
perspective
phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable

holistic thinking logic

perspective that considers large-scale patterns
branch of Philosophy that focuses on the analysis of arguments

partial thinking
fallacies
focuses on specific aspects of a situation
arguments based on faulty reasoning

reflection bias
requires a person to be willing to examine one's thoughts, feelings,
personal views of the person presenting tendencies or influences
and actions and to learn more about one's life and experiences
which affect the views of people

truth
lies at the heart of any inquiry

a belief is true if it can be justified or proven

 SELF-DETERMINATION
human person refers to the capability of persons to make choices and

decisions based on their own preferences, monitor and

regulate their actions, and be goal-oriented and self-

- important subject in PHILOSOPHY directed

- an understanding of the nature and

free will
condition of the person is one of the foremost
goals of the discipline - enables us to do actions whenever we want

to and makes self-determination possible

MAN - capacity to choose a course of action from

various alternatives

- existence of free will enables a person to act

general term commonly used to refer to the entire human
willfully, control his or her actions, and
race
recognize himself or herself as the source of

HUMAN action

refers to man as a species - Homo sapiens or modern consequence

human beings
result or effect of an action or condition

HUMAN BEING MORALITY

also used to distinguish man from other animals goodness or badness of an act

PERSON externality
refers to a human being granted recognition of certain capability to reach out and interact with others

rights, protection, responsibilities, and dignity

HUMAN PERSON DIGNITY

innate right to be valued and respected
the totality of an individual, possessing awareness, self-

spirit
determination, and the capacity to interact with others

and with himself or herself.

PERSONHOOD enables is to exercise thought, possess awareness, interiority, and the

capacity to reach out to the outside world and other persons

the state of being a person

human body
HUMAN NATURE
the mediator between the material world and the spiritual world
- the characteristics that distinguish humans from all

other creatures

- examples of these characteristics include:

transcendence
thinking
ability to surpass limits
feeling
one important trait that distinguishes the human person
acting

- they are considered to form the essence of humanity,

without them, an individual may not be considered a "No man is an island, entire of itself;
human person
every man is a piece of the continent, a
Traits that Define a Person part of the main."
-John Donne (English poet)
SELF-AWARENESS
refers to the person having a clear perception of
ENVIRONMENTAL discipline in
oneself, including his or her thoughts, emotions, identity,
PHILOSOPHY OR philosophy that
studies the moral
and actions.
ENVIRONMENTAL relationship of human
rationality ETHICS beins with the
environment and its
- human thought
non-human contents
- a person is aware of both his or her

surroundings and himself or herself

3 Major Views
self
ANTHROPOCENTRISM
the person who is actively aware that he or she
believes that humans are the most important species
is perceiving and experiencing reality
on the planet

interiority
BIOCENTRISM
- the quality of being focused on one's inner life
believes that humans are not the only significant
and identity
species, and that all organisms have inherent value
- enables persons to exercise creativity
and should be protected
ECOCENTRISM
believes that humankind is part of a greater biological R.A. 8485
system or community and we have a significant role as

- Animal Welfare Act of 1998

stewards or guradians of nature

Deep Ecology - animals should be treated kindly

regards human life as just one of many equal

components of a global ecosystem.

Kyoto Protocol in 1997
Gaia Hypothesis
- various nations committed to reduce their
living organisms interact with their inorganic

surroundings on Earth that helps to maintain

greenhouse gas emissions in order to curb
and perpetuate the conditions for life on the global warming
planet

ENVIRONMENTAL believes maintaining

order in the
Earth Day
AESTHETICS
environment will
bring the natural - April 22
beauty of the - first instituted in 1970, is a global effort to
surroundings 
raise awareness of environmental issues
and inspire action amopong communities
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel
Clean Air Act of 1999
on Climate Change
finds clear evidence that human activities have - Republic Act No. 8749
contributed to the rise of global temperatures  - is a comprehensive air quality
management policy and program which aims
ENVIRONMENTALISM this perspective to achieve and maintain healthy air for all
advocates to address
the growing Filipinos
environmental
problems
Ecological Solid Waste
ENVIRONMENTAL moral approach that
ETHICS analyzes the
relationship between Management Act of 2000
humans and the
environment - Republic Act No. 9003
- provides for a comprehensive ecological
social ecology
solid waste management program by
ecological and ethical approach in analyzing
creating the necessary institutional
society and sees a relationship between social

problems and environmental problems

mechanisms and incentives, appropriating
funds, declaring certain acts prohibited, and
climate ethics & climate providing penalties
justice
arose from the growin concern with climate
Wildlife Resources Conservation
change

environmental justice and Protection Act

fair distribution of environmental benefits
environmental aesthetics
began in 20th century
originally focused on concepts of beauty in
- Republic Act No. 9147
- act providing for the conservation and
protection of wildlife resources and their
habitats, appropriating funds therefor and
for other purposes

nature, but has become increasingly influenced

by environmental concerns
 WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME A person becomes more free when he or she
exercises control over himself or herself. A person
1/3 of total food supply is wasted becomes less free when he or she is no longer in
control of himself or herself and is instead

PHIL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE controlled by other forces.

To lose control of oneself diminishes human

every Filipino wastes about 3.2 kg freedom and dehumanizes the person

of rice every year SLAVERY & IMPRISONMENT

SUSTAINABILITY - dehumanizing acts

- actions that diminish freedom

KINDS OF FREEDOM
- sustainable development

- focuses on reconciling human activities and economic

development with the protection of the environment

environmental integrity 1
maintaining the state of the environment
Physical Freedom
economic efficiency
absence of any physical restraint
prudence in decision-making regarding use of

resources to ensure that there is minimum to

zero waste
2
equity Psychological Freedom
demands that we use our natural resources in
freedom of choice
such a manner that these are conserved so that

the next generation will be able to use them

3
prudence
Moral Freedom
ability to regulate one's actions and behavior

responsible use of freedom which upholds human dignity and

frugality goodness

being thrifty with the use of one's resources

ELEMENTS OF FREEDOM
voluntariness
FREEDOM ability of the person to act out of his or her own free will and self-

determination
- intrinsic and essential property of the person

- the power to be what you want to be and the ability to responsibility

decide and create yourself
person being accountable for his or her actions and their

intrinsic & essential consequences

the human person by nature is a free being and Freedom is experienced through the act of making
that it is in his or her nature to seek freedom choices.

ability to make choices &

perform actions A person' s ability to engage in meaningful
important indication of human freedom interactions with other people, his or her
surroundings, and the things around him or her, is
freedom to act rooted in the human capacity for self-awareness
sets us apart from other beings
and transcendence.

Freedom is rooted in the human person's INTERSUBJECTIVITY

self-determination and the exercise of - shared awareness and understanding among persons

- made possible by the awareness of the self and the

intellect and free will
other

NATURE OF SELF-DETERMINATION DIALOGUE

a person's actions determine what kind person he or she
- deep and genuine relationship between persons
becomes
- happens when two persons truly acknowledge each

other's prescence
"SEEMING" ACTION
- refers to the way a person presents himself or herself
World Down Syndrome Day
when dealing with others

- considered a natural and often unconscious act

- March 21

EMPATHY
- important aspect of intersubjectivity World Autism Awareness Day
- driven by a person's awareness of the emotions and

thoughts of other people - April 2

- enables a person to place himself or herself in the

shoes of others and leads to greater understanding

and appreciation of others

International Day of Persons
AVAILABILITY with Disabilities
- refers to the willingness of a person to be present

for another and render assistance to another - December 3

THEORY ON ETHICS OF CARE

- emphasizes the moral dimension of human

interactions

- believes that people have a moral obligation to

respond to the needs of others, and encourages

individuals to extend help to people in need

ALIENATION
- refers to a state when a person ceases to view the

other as a distinct and authentic person

- the person considers others as merely objects or

means to satisfy personal interests or desires

Important values related to intersubjectivity

include acceptance of differences and embracing
diversity.

HELEN KELLER
- American author, political activist, first deaf-blind

person to earn a bachelor's degree

- lost her hearing and sight when she was an infant

due to illness

- at age 22, she published an autobiography, "The

Story of My Life" which became basis for a play titled

"The Miracle Worker"

NICHOLAS JAMES "NICK" VUJICIC

- Australian evangelist and motivational speaker who

was born with phocomelia, a condition in which a

person is born with no arms and legs

- in 2005, he founded Life Without Limbs

ROSELLE AMBUBUYOG
- first visually-impaired Filipino to graduate summa

cum laude from Ateneo de Manila University

- "Project Roselle" - helping visually-impaired

studentswith software and equipment

Paralympics
international sports competition modeled after the Olympics that

features athletes with disabilities