2010

M. Sc Economics
- IV

Use Observation Method for Data

Collection

SHAKIL-UR-REHMAN
Rawalpindi Medical College,
OBS/GYN - I

Tutor:
Obaid S. Kamal
Assistant Professor
 M.Sc Economics - IV

RAWALPINDI MEDICAL COLLEGE /

DEPARTMENT OF OBSTETRICS &
GYNAECOLOGY - RAWALPINDI

“USE OBSERVATION
METHOD FOR DATA
COLLECTION”

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 M.Sc Economics - IV

“USE OBSERVATION METHOD FOR DATA

COLLECTION”

BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Submitted to: MR. OBAID S. KAMAL

Assistant Professor

Submitted by: SHAKIL-UR-REHMAN

M.Sc Economics: Semester – IV

Submission Date: October, 2010

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 M.Sc Economics - IV

AL-QURAN

On no soul doth God place a burden greater than it can bear.

It gets every good that it earns, and it suffers every ill

that it earns. (Pray): "Our Lord! Condemn us not if we forget or fall into error;

Our Lord! Lay not on us a burden like that which

Thou didst lay on those before us;

Our Lord! Lay not on us a burden greater than we have strength to bear.

Blot out our sins, and grant us forgiveness.

Have mercy on us. Thou art our Protector; Help us against

those who stand against faith."

(Al-Baqarah)

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 M.Sc Economics - IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In all praises and thanks are for ALLAH, who is entire source of all knowledge and

wisdom endowed to mankind, who gave me strength, willpower and self discipline to

complete this work. I offer humble thanks of my heart to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W), who is

forever source of guidance and knowledge for the humanity.

I am grateful to my worthy Tutor Sir Obaid S. Kamal for his guidance and continued

support in completion of this project. I owe him a lot for his valuable guidance, supervision,

encouragement and all time support. He taught me how to work on presentation, project and

research. He is very supportive and kind teacher. His valuable guidance is great achievement

for me.

Special thanks to Rawalpindi Medical College & OBS/GYN department staffs who

cooperated me a lot and provide me whole data and information without any hesitation and

doubt.

I am greatly thankful to my Mother; her prayers are the key of success for me and her

love with me in every aspect of life.

SHAKIL-UR-REHMAN

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 M.Sc Economics - IV

DEDICATION

This entire effort is dedicated to My beloved Mother,

My Late Father, My Family and also for

My all friends who encouraged me all the time

& their undefined support to make

this work possible.

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 M.Sc Economics - IV

COVERING LETTER FOR PROJECT

To
The Respected Tutor
Obaid S. Kamal
Assistant Professor

Dear Sir,

Enclosed herewith please find research protocol titled: "USE OBSERVATION METHOD

FOR DATA COLLECTION"

Prepared by: SHAKIL-UR-REHMAN

As a pre-requisite for M.Sc in (Subject) of: ECONOMICS

Roll No: AA-580996

Name of Tutor: OBAID S. KAMAL

Designation: ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

Name of Training Organization: RMC/HFH

Department: OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY

Yours Sincerely

SHAKIL-UR-REHMAN

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 M.Sc Economics - IV

PREFACE

T he study of basic economics is relevant and important. It provides information about

fundamental institutions and relationships that affect everyone’s quality of life and

provides a framework for thinking through and understanding the process of decision

making. Economic issues are reported extensively in the news media; economic policies from

local government ordinances to global agreements influence jobs, the environment, and much

more; and our daily lives are permeated by decision making at every level. Since economics

touches life in so many ways, a course that focuses on fundamental economic concepts and

institutions is a valuable part of a person’s education.

The purpose of writing research papers, to make presentations and projects as the

students of Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad is to prepare them to face the

upcoming challenges and obstacles with great wisdom and knowledge.

Business Research Methodology is to explore the ways in which communities of

Businessmen, Economists, Analysts, Researchers, and a single family member who wants to

get a good living standard and become a respectful member of the living society and always

in position to build a good social and economic relation with each other in the world. What

makes products great? What is the role of firms in creativity and innovation, and how is this

role changing? What accounts for firms’ successes? How are the processes of innovation and

design changing?

I always thank to Almighty Allah who helped me all the time and gave me

concentration and zeal to finish this assignment. I’ll also like to thank respected Sir Obaid S.

Kamal, who gave me this opportunity to deeply look at things, which I have studied or only

heard, and see the Practical hindrances.

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 M.Sc Economics - IV

S# Topic Page #
1 Abstract 10
2 Introduction & Historical Background 11
3 Departmental Chart & Layout 13
4 Merits of the Department 14
5 Objectives & Goals 16
TOPIC
USE OF OBSERVATIONAL METHOD FOR DATA COLLECTION
6 Introduction 18
7 Literature Review: 19
• What is Observation?
• Primary Data
• Methods of Primary Data Collection
• OBSERVATION METHOD
• Secondary Data
· Classification of Secondary Data
· Techniques Practically Use in the
Organization……!
· Delphi-Method
· Field Work
· Research Organization
· Statistics at glance
· Graphical View
8 OBSERVATION METHODS & ITS TYPES: 31
• Why should you use observation……?
• Deficiencies
• Projective Method
9 Advantages & Disadvantages 35-36
10 Research Methodology 37
11 Proforma / Questionnaire 38-40
12 Recommendation 41
13 Conclusion 42
14 References 42

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ABSTRACT
Once a research question has been agreed upon, a research design is formulated which
includes an appropriate and effective method for collecting data. It is a capital mistake to
theorize before one has data. In business research, data is collected from various sources and
a variety of methods or techniques are used in its collection. It may be from a secondary
source or primary source. In case of latter, it could be census or survey, laboratory
experiment or field experiment, open or hidden observation.
The study conducted in RMC/HFH1, it is health institution that provides health facility
to the twin cities (Rawalpindi/Islamabad) and trained the professions of Medical education. It
is a big organization attached three Allied Hospitals (HFH, BBH2 & DHQ3) where more than
32 different departments of medical education each. I chose one department of OBS/GYN4 in
HFH, where I started three months internship just for the project completion from Aug, 2010
to Oct, 2010. Data Collection Procedure is one of the toughest job in such busiest department
where the rate of routine patients are more than 300-400 daily were noticed in its OPD and
50-60 deliveries were observed in LR.
All the theoretical process and practical work was done very vigilantly and observed
some critical points during the work. Personal visits were performed for data collection from
registers, digital library and concerned doctors, clerks and administrative authority.
Each method has pros and cons. When population is large, it is neither necessary nor
advisable to cover each and every member but a sample would suffice. It is quicker, cheaper
and, if well-designed, it can provide precise information about characteristics of the
population. On the other hand, causal inference can only be drawn from experiments. So
choice of the method depends upon time, money and objectives.
OBJECTIVES:
The objective of the assignment is:
To develop interest in research work also prepared the best assignment among the
students of AIOU and other well renowned universities.
Another objective of the study was to find out the best method for data collection,
reduce the problems relating data collection and to stop the duplication or repetition of
statistics during observation and research.

1
Rawalpindi Medical College / Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi
2
Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi
3
District Head Quarter Hospital, Rawalpindi
4
Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department

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INTRODUCTION & HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

1. RMC:
Established in March 1974 at Faisalabad, the college was shifted to its present premises in
November the same year. So far we have trained 4500 doctors who are serving both at
national and international levels. We have also trained doctors from many regions of the
world who are now playing an important role in the health education in their own
countries. Rawalpindi Medical College is recognized by Pakistan Medical and Dental
Council as well as by the General medical Council of U.K. Our graduates also
have temporary registration in the state of Illinois, U.S.A.
Rawalpindi Medical College is a comprehensive, state-assisted institution of
approximately 1200 students that offers a diverse set of academic programs. All academic
programs of the college are accredited by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan
and Pakistan Medical and Dental Council1.
2. HFH/OBS-GYN:
Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi is 850 bedded Tertiary Care Hospital affiliated
with Rawalpindi Medical College. Gynae obstetric department of this hospital has 250 beds
with 125 beds in each unit and an annual delivery rate of approximately 15,000 deliveries2.
How HFH was initiated and established at Rawalpindi, is very interesting and thought
provoking. It was way back in 1837 that Agnes Mc Laren was born in Edinburgh and very
soon, while still a young girl, she developed interest in ailing humanity and desired to
become a doctor. She had to study medicine in France, as the medical schools in British Islets
were not open to women, at that time. In later life she became highly compassionate about the
obstetric plight of Muslim women and their children in the north of India, an area now in
Pakistan. By raising funds she founded the ‘Medical Mission Committee’ in London,
particularly for this purpose. It was by her dedication that St. Catherine hospital was opened
in 1909, behind the Presentation Convent, at Rawalpindi.
Dr. Angus Mc Laren had specially supported a young Austrian Dr. Anna Dangel, who
proceeded to Rawalpindi to work in this hospital, single handed, for years. She was so loving
and welcoming, that even the young girls of Rawalpindi knew her well as ‘sister Ann’ and
learned crochet and embroidery of European style from her, in addition to the treatment they
and their mothers received from her. Sister Anna Dangel in her turn founded the ‘ Medical
Mission of Sisters’ in 1925 in U.S.A and was herself elevated to ‘Mother Anna Dangel’.

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The department has been a

long success story. Starting from a
60 beds department, it now has 225
beds, each unit having about 112
beds with occupancy of 130% i.e.
30% beds have 2 patients. Starting
from about 2000 deliveries annually,
it now has about 14,000 deliveries
per annum. Starting from one
Professor, One Senior Registrar, 3
Medial Officers and 4 House Officer,
it now has a Professor, Associate
Professor, Assistant Professor, 4
Senior Registrar, almost 30 PGT’s
and 14 house officers, all working endlessly to keep the reputation it enjoys.

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PRACTICAL STUDY OF THE ORGANIZATION

Department of Gynae/Obs Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi consists of two units.
Each unit has its own Labour Room, Antenatal Ward, Postnatal wards, Gynae wards while
Operation Theatre, Emergency and OPD are common.
BED STRENGTH (UNIT I):
Labour Room & High Dependency : 18
Antenatal Ward : 32
Postnatal Ward : 25
Gynae Ward : 24
Emergency : 13
Total : 112

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MERITS OF AN ORGANAIZATION
a). Patient Care & Medical Facilities:
OBS/GYN department is providing the best health care facilities to the patients who
come from twin cities (Rawalpindi/Islamabad) as well as the remote areas. Full qualified
doctors and well equipped department offering health care facilities as well as young doctors
training in the busy wards. This all work is done without any curse and hidden purpose. The
doctors of the department consider working for the ill humanity as a great virtue and never
noticed any single complaint from them due to heavy load of patients and deliveries. All the
patients who come there are in very critical position and obstetrics/gynaecology complaints
but when they return, they feel complete satisfaction and mental peace.
There are different wards Gynae-136, Postnatal-137, Gynae Emergency, Labour
Room, OPD where the best team of doctors are working day and night for the help of patients
and cure them with the God’s will.
b). Research Activities in the Department:
The department of OBS/GYN is one of the largest and the busiest department of the
hospital where a large number of trainees working to quest their thirst as well as learning the
all kinds of procedures and delivery methods for sake of the humanity. The research detail
which has been done or running in the department is as under below:

Ongoing Research by seniors:

S. # Title
01 Interventional Procedures to Save Maternal lives
02 Chorionic Villous Sampling
03 Comparison of I/V syntocinon V/S rectal misoprostol for active management
04 Mannual vacuum aspiration in management of 1st trimester miscarriage
05 Correlation of meconium staining of liquor with fetal and maternal outcome
06 Frequency of benign and malignant ovarian tumors at tertiary care hospital
07 Screening of diabetic mothers
08 Comparison of Inj. Labetalol & Inj. Hydralazine in severe hypertension in pregnancy
09 Role of Doppler studies in IUGR
10 Comparison of VIA with pap smear for cervical screening in low resource setting
11 Comparison of h/p finding of premenopausal patients with DUB & postmenopausal with DUB
12 Management of postdate pregnancy with previous I scar
13 Comparison of Inj. Claxane & Inj. Aminovel in unexplained oligohydramnios
14 Outcome of babies delivered in preterm period (28-34wks) and their 6th months follow up

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The research is the only way of success and invention, so the department is all the time
busy to find out the best treatment methods for the ailing people and trying to provide them
low cost treatment. The successful results are observed after the completion of the research
study.

MEDICAL OFFICERS ARE BUSY IN TREATMENT

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c). Special Mention:

1. Chorionic Villous Sampling (CVS):
The unit is the first and the only department on the civil side
in Twin City of Rawalpindi/Islamabad, where CVS is being
done successfully since 1998. It receives multiple referrals.
Objective of this test is early diagnosis and timely termination
of such pregnancies which are incompatible with life. To date
145 CVS have been done.
2. In-Utero Transfusion (IUT):
The unit is again proud to be the only unit in the twin city
and one of the only two units for this expertise in Pakistan
carrying out fetal-therapy. First IUT was done in June 2005. To
date 04 IUT have been done successfully.

OBJECTIVES & GOALS OF THE DEPARTMENT

1. To provide the best and economical medical facilities to the poor patients of twin
cities (RWP/ISB).
2. Raise the awareness among the women about the pregnancy and other gynaecological
problems also family planning.
3. Reduce the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR).
4. Trained the best team of doctors who are responsible, qualified and having good
vision.
5. To start different programs with collaboration of International institutes, NGOs and
Govt. of the Punjab, to provide the free education training, observer ship, research
protocols and give instructions to the young doctors for specialization in the field of
medical education.
6. To extend the department with more beds, new modern equipped and other research
facilities. Also build a Research Cell, Digital Library and Conference Room in the
future.

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 M.Sc Economics - IV

USE OBSERVATION METHOD FOR DATA

COLLECTION

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USE OBSERVATION METHOD FOR DATA COLLECTION

Introduction:
Observation is a primary method of collecting data by human, mechanical, electrical
or electronics means with direct or indirect contact. “Observations involve looking and
listening very carefully3”.
Observation is the main source of information in the field research. The researcher
goes into the field and observes the conditions in their natural state. There are many types of
observation, direct or indirect, participant or non-participant, obtrusive or non-obtrusive,
structured or non-structured. The observation is important and actual behavior of people is
observed and not what people say they did or feel. For example, people value health but they
would pick up food they know to fatty. It is useful when the subject cannot provide
information or can only provide inaccurate information like people addicted to drugs. But at
the same time, in observation the researcher does not get any insight into what people may be
thinking.
This study is designed as an introduction to the basic issues and design options in
observational research within natural settings. Observational research techniques only involve
the researcher or researchers making observations4. There are many positive aspects of the
observational research approach. Namely, observations are usually flexible and do not
necessarily need to be structured around a hypothesis (remember a hypothesis is a statement
about what you expect to observe). For instance, before undertaking more structured research
a researcher may conduct observations in order to form a research question. This is called
descriptive research. In terms of validity, observational research findings are considered to be
strong.
Observational research findings are considered strong in validity because the
researcher is able to collect a depth of information about a particular behavior. However,
there are negative aspects. There are problems with reliability and generalizability. Reliability
refers the extent that observations can be replicated. Seeing behaviors occur over and over
again may be a time consuming task. In observational research, findings may only reflect a
unique population and therefore cannot be generalized to others. There are also problems
with researcher bias. Often it is assumed that the researcher may "see what they want to see."
Bias, however, can often be overcome with training or electronically recording observations.
Hence, overall, observations are a valuable tool for researchers.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
WHAT IS OBSERVATION?
Observation is way of gathering data by watching behavior, events, or noting physical
characteristics in their natural setting. Observations can be overt (everyone knows they are
being observed) or covert (no one knows they are being observed and the observer is
concealed). The benefit of covert observation is that people are more likely to behave
naturally if they do not know they are being observed. However, you will typically need to
conduct overt observations because of ethical problems related to concealing your
observation.
Observations can also be either direct or indirect. Direct observation is when you
watch interactions, processes, or behaviors as they occur; for example, observing a teacher
teaching a lesson from a written curriculum to determine whether they are delivering it with
fidelity. Indirect observations are when you watch the results of interactions, processes, or
behaviors; for example, measuring the amount of plate waste left by students in a school
cafeteria to determine whether a new food is acceptable to them.
PRIMARY DATA
Primary data are those data which are collected fresh and first time, and thus happen
to be original in character. The key point here is that the data you collect is unique to you and
your research and, until you publish, no one else has access to it.
METHOD OF PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION:
There are several method of Primary data collection, they are:
a) Observation Method
b) Interview Method
c) Through Questionnaires
d) Through Schedules
e) Other Method
a). OBSERVATION METHOD:
Observation method is the mostly commonly used method. Observation method
becomes a scientific tool and method of data collection for the researcher, when it serves a
formulate research purpose and systematically planned. Under the observation method the
information is sort by way of investigators own direct observation without asking from
respondent. For instance, in a study relating to consumer behavior, the investigator instead of
asking the brand of wrist watch used by the respondent, may himself look at the watch. While
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using this method the researcher should keep in mind things like what should be observed?
How the observation should be recorded? How the accuracy of observation can be ensured?
b). INTERVIEW METHOD
The Interview method of data collection involves presentation of oral verbal stimuli
and reply in term of oral verbal responses. This method can be used through personal
interview and, if possible through telephone interviews.
i. Personal interviews:
Personal interview method requires a person known as the interviewer asking
question generally in face to face contact to the other person or persons. The interview may
be in the form of direct personal investigation or it may be an indirect oral investigation. In
case of direct personal investigation the interviewer has to collect the information personally
from the source concerned. He has to be on the spot and has to meet the people from whom
data have to be collected. This method is particularly suitable for intensive investigation. The
interview may be carried in structured or unstructured way, structured interview involve use
of set of predetermined question and highly standardized techniques of recording. Thus, the
interview in a structured interview follows a rigid procedure laid down, asking question in a
form and order prescribed. In the non-structured interview method the interviewer is allowed
much greater freedom to ask, in case of need, supplementary questions or at times he may
omit certain question if the situation so requires.
ii. Telephone interviews:
This method of data collecting consists in contacting on respondent on telephone itself. It is
not widely used method.
c). COLLECTION OF DATA THROUGH QUESTIONNAIRES:
This method of data collection is quite popular, particularly in case of big enquires. It
is being adopted by private individual, research worker, private and public organization and
even by the government. In this method, questionnaire is sent to the person concerned with a
request to answer the question and return the questionnaire. A questionnaire consists of
number of question printed or typed in a definite order on a form of set of forms. The
questionnaire is mailed to respondent who are expected to be read and understand question
and write down the reply in the space meant for the purpose in the questionnaire itself.
d). COLLECTION OF DATA THROUGH SCHEDULES
This method of data collection is very much likely the collection data through the
questionnaires, with the little difference which lies in the fact that schedules are being filled
in by the enumerators who are specially appointed for this purpose. These enumerators along

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with schedules go to respondent, put them the questions from the proforma in the order the
questions are listed and records replies in the space meant for the same in the proforma.
This method requires selection of enumerators for filling up schedules or assisting
respondent to fill up schedules and as such enumerators should be carefully selected.
Enumerators should be intelligent and must possess the capacity of cross examinations in
order to find the truth. This method of data collection is very useful in the extensive enquiries
and can lead to fairly reliable result. It is however very expensive and usually adopted in the
investigation conducted by government agencies or by some big organization.
For eg. Population censes done by govt.
e). OTHER METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION:
Electronic media as method of data collection (e mail, fax, online), we can also use the
one of the method or source of primary data collection.
i. Warrantee card:
Warrantee cards are usually postal sized cards which are used by dealer of consumer
durables to collect the information regarding their products. The information sought is printed
in the form of questions on the warrantee cards which is placed along with the product with a
request to a consumer to fill in a card and post it back to the dealer.
ii. Distributor audit
Distributor audit are performed by distributor as well as manufacturer through their
salesmen at the regular interval of time. Distributors get usually the retail store audited
through salesmen and use such information to estimate market size market share, purchasing
pattern and so on. The data are obtained in such audits are not by questioning but by
observation.
iii. Consumer panel:
The extension of pantry audit approach on regular basis is known as consumer panel
where a set of consumers are arranged to come to an understanding to maintain detailed a
daily record of their consumption and same is made available to investigator on demand.
iv. Use of mechanical device:
The use of mechanical device has been widely made to collect the information by the way
of indirect means. For e g. Eye camera, CC TV’s etc.

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OBSERVATION METHOD:
Observation involves recording the behavioural patterns of people, objects and events
in a systematic manner. Observational methods may be:
• Structured or unstructured
• Disguised or undisguised
• Natural or contrived
• Personal
• Mechanical
• Non-participant or participant
Structured or unstructured:
• Structured
In structured observation, the researcher specifies in detail what is to be observed and
how the measurements are to be recorded. It is appropriate when the problem is clearly
defined and the information needed is specified.
• Unstructured
In unstructured observation, the researcher monitors all aspects of the phenomenon that
seem relevant. It is appropriate when the problem has yet to be formulated precisely and
flexibility is needed in observation to identify key components of the problem and to develop
hypotheses. The potential for bias is high. Observation findings should be treated as
hypotheses to be tested rather than as conclusive findings.
Disguised or undisguised:
• Disguise
In disguised observation, respondents are unaware they are being observed and thus
behave naturally. Disguise is achieved, for example, by hiding, or using hidden equipment or
people disguised as shoppers.
• Undisguised:
In undisguised observation, respondents are aware they are being observed.
Natural or contrived:
• Natural
In natural observation involves observing behaviour as it takes place in the environment,
for example, eating hamburgers in a fast food outlet.
• Contrived
In contrived observation, the respondents’ behaviour is observed in an artificial
environment, for example, a food tasting session.
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Personal:
In personal observation, a researcher observes actual behaviour as it occurs. The
observer may or may not normally attempt to control or manipulate the phenomenon being
observed. The observer merely records what takes place.
Mechanical:
Mechanical devices (video, closed circuit television) record what is being observed.
These devices may or may not require the respondent’s direct participation. They are used for
continuously recording on-going behaviour.
Non participant or Participant
• Non participant
The observer does not normally question or communicate with the people being observed.
He or she does not participate.
• Participant
In participant observation, the researcher becomes, or is, part of the group that is being
investigated. Participant observation has its roots in ethnographic studies (study of man and
races) where researchers would live in tribal villages, attempting to understand the customs
and practices of that culture. It has a very extensive literature, particularly in sociology
(development, nature and laws of human society) and anthropology (physiological and
psychological study of man).

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SECONDARY DATA
The secondary data constitute the chief material on the basis of which statistical work
is carried out in many investigations. It should be noted that it is the process of assembling
primary data which is called “collection” of statistics and is different from the from the
process of “compiling” statistics (i.e. secondary data) from various published source. To
quote Crum, Patton and Tebutts, “Collection means the assembling, for the purpose of a
particular investigation, of entirely new data, presumably not already available in published
sources.” We have used the term “collection” in this report strictly in the narrow sense
defined above.
CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY DATA:
Secondary data may be classified as either internal or external. Internal data are those
generated within the organization for which the research is being conducted. This information
may be available hi a ready-to use format, such as information routinely supplied by the
management decision support system. On the other hand, these data may exist within the
organization but may require considerable processing before they are useful to the researcher.
• Internal Secondary Data
Internal secondary data is collected from the organization where you are working or
performing your research. In this study we collection the internal secondary data OPD
and different wards of the department.
• External Secondary Data
Sources of published external secondary data include federal, state, and local
governments, nonprofit organizations (e.g., NGOs & Health Statistical Department), trade
associations and professional organizations, commercial publishers and professional
marketing research firms. In fact, so much data are available that the researcher can be
overwhelmed. Therefore, it is important to classify published sources. Published external
sources may be broadly classified as general business data or government data. General
business sources are comprised of guides, directories, indexes, and statistical data.
Government sources may be broadly categorized as census data and other publications.

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TECHNIQUES PRACTICALLY USE IN THE ORGANIZATION W.R.T

THE OBSERVATION TECHNIQUES
INTERVIEWING:
An INTERVIEW is a data-collection technique that involves oral questioning of
respondents, either individually or as a group. Answers to the questions posed during an
interview can be recorded by writing them down (either during the interview itself or
immediately after the interview) or by tape-recording the responses, or by a combination of
both.
Interviewing is a technique that is primarily used to gain an understanding of the
underlying reasons and motivations for people’s attitudes, preferences or behaviour.
Interviews can be undertaken on a personal one-to-one basis or in a group. They can be
conducted at work, at home, in the street or in a shopping centre, or some other agreed
location.
Advantages of Depth Interviews:
• Can uncover deeper insights about underlying motives than focus groups.
• Can attribute the responses directly to the respondent, unlike focus groups.
• Result in a free exchange of information and there is no social pressure to conform.
• As a result of probing, it is possible to get at real issues when the topic is complex.
Disadvantages of Depth Interviews:
• Skilled interviewers capable of conducting depth interviews are expensive and difficult to
find.
• The quality and completeness of the results depend heavily on the interviewer's skills.
• The data obtained are difficult to analyze and interpret.
• The length of the interview combined with high costs limits the number of depth interviews.

DELPHI METHOD:
In this method opinions are solicited from a number of other managers (doctors) and
staff personnel. The decision makers consist of a group of 5 to 10 experts who will be making
the actual forecast. The staff personnel assist decision makers by preparing, distributing,
collecting and summarizing a series of questionnaires and survey results. The managers
whose judgments are valid are the respondents. This group provides input to the decision
makers before forecast is made. Responses of each respondent are kept anonymous which
tends to encourage honest responses. Each new questionnaire is developed using the

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information extracted from the previous one, thus enlarging the scope of information on
which participants can base their judgments. The goal is to achieve consensus forecast.
The conditions for a successful interview are as follows:
Given the current global economic conditions, many of you are suddenly finding
yourselves in a position where you have to compete for limited resources. The resources to
which I am referring are jobs. Companies all over the world are laying off employees in
record numbers and this situation doesn't appear to show any signs improvement in the near
future. Whether you are going on your first interview or interviewing after being employed
for a very long time, following the ten steps outlined below will help to ensure that you put
your best foot forward and leave a favorable impression with interviewers. The interview
process is like a dance. There is a time and a purpose for each movement that you make and
each word that you speak, so let's review the basic steps that you need to take in order to
ensure success.
• The Resume:
• Practice:
• Research Company Background:
• Poise and Confidence:
• Dress and Appearance:
• Self Talk:
• Behavioral Questions:
• Buzz Words:
• Important Dont’s:
• Questions:
FIELDWORK:
Field work is the fourth step in the marketing research process. It follows problem
definition, development of the approach and formulation of the research design. During this
phase the field workers make contact with the respondents, administer the questionnaires or
observations forms, record the data, and turn in the completed forms for processing. A
personal interviewer administering questionnaires door-to-door, an interviewer intercepting
shoppers in the mall, a telephone interviewer calling from a central location, a particular
section of a store, and others involved in data collection and supervision of the process are all
field workers.

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General fieldwork/data-collection process is the process which involves the selection,

training, and supervision of the field worker, the validation of fieldwork, and the evaluation
of field workers.
NATURE OF THE FIELDWORK:
The nature of the fieldwork varies with the mode of data collection and the relative
emphasis on the different steps will be different for telephone, mail, personal and electronic
interviews. The marketing research data are rarely collected by the persons who design the
research. Researchers have two major options for collecting their data: they can develop their
own organizations or they can contract with a field work agency. In either case, data
collection involves the use of some kind of field force. He field force may operate either in
the field or from an office. The quality of field work is high because the fieldwork /data
collection process is streamlined and well controlled.
RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS:
• Read each question carefully as written in the questionnaire.
• Do not mislead the respondents as to the length of the interview.
• Keep all the studies, materials and findings confidential.
• Clarify any question by the respondent in the neutral way.
• Remain neutral while interviewing .do not indicates agreement or disagreement with
the respondent.
• Speak slowly and distinctly so that words will be understood.
• Avoid unnecessary conversations with the respondents.
• Write neatly and legibly
• Check all the work for thoroughness before turning in to the supervisor
• Always thank the respondent for participating in the study.
SUPERVISION OF FIELDWORKERS:
a) Direct observation: Where the investigator is actually present during the task.
b) By Evaluating task performance
c) Participative observation/evaluation
d) Quantitative supervision methods
e) Qualitative supervision methods.

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STATISTICS AT A GLANCE

1. TOTAL PATIENTS SEEN IN OPD: 35,694

2. TOTAL PATIENTS SEEN IN EMERGENCY: 17,445

3. TOTAL NUMBER OF ADMISSIONS: 9163

4. TOTAL NUMBER OF DELIVERIES: 6781

5. TOTAL SURGERIES: 3681

• MAJOR CASES: 2872

• MINOR CASES: 809

6. MORTALITY IN GYNAECOLOGICAL PATIENTS: 01

7. MATERNAL MORTALITIES: 29

8. PERINATAL MORTALITY: 454

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OBSERVATION
OBSERVATION involves looking and listening very carefully. We all watch other
people sometimes, but we don’t usually watch them in order to discover particular
information about their behavior.
OBSERVATION is a technique that involves systematically selecting, watching and
recording behaviour and characteristics of living beings, objects or phenomena.
 Nature of observation:
Business researchers can observe people, objects, events or other phenomena by
assigning the task to human observers or by using machines designed for specific observation
tasks. Human observers are commonly used when the situation or behaviour to be recorded is
not easily predictable in advance of the research. Mechanical observation, such as by traffic
counters on a factory floor, can be very accurate when the situation or behaviour to be
recorded is routine, repetitive, or programmatic.
Human or mechanical observation methods may be unobtrusive in that communication
with the subjects is not generally necessary. Rather than ask customers how much time they
spend shopping in a specific supermarket, the supermarket manager might observe and record
shopping time by timing the interval between a shopper’s entering and leaving the store. The
unobtrusive or nonreactive nature of the observation method often generates data without
subject’s knowledge.
An observation situation in which the observer’s presence is known to the subject is
visible observation. A situation in which the subject is unaware that observation is taking
place is hidden observation. Hidden, unobtrusive observation minimizes respondent error. It
mainly depends on:
• The perception of the observer- An observer will be influenced by his perception
(believes) while analysing the situation.
• It is an in-depth psychological study of an event, situation or of behaviour.
• Time factor does matters
• It’s more hidden in nature
• Observation period is generally of short duration (frequency).
• Observation varies on the base of purpose
• It’s very complex in the process of analysis.
• Establishes a psychological relationship between observers and observe.

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 Human observation:
Surveys emphasize verbal responses, while observation studies emphasize and allow for
the systematic recording of nonverbal behaviour. A French researcher, who regularly visited
his wife’s office in the early evening, observed a typical pattern: The married men and
women were working overtime, and nearly all of the single men and married women had
gone home. This led to the hypothesis that marriage helps men in their careers and hinders
women, because the husband receives family support for job advancement while the married
woman does not. This informal observation led to more rigorous quantitative studies.
Toy manufacturers use the observation technique because children often cannot verbally
express their reactions to a product. By observing children at play with a proposed toy, doll,
or game, business researchers may be able to identify the elements of a potentially successful
product. Researchers might observe play with toys to answer the following questions: “How
long does the child’s attention stay with the toy? Does the child put the toy down after 2
minutes or 20 minutes?
Are the child’s peers equally interested in the product?” Behavioural scientists have
recognized that nonverbal behaviour can be a communication process by which meanings are
exchanged between individuals. Head nods, smiles, raised eyebrows, and other facial
expressions or body movements have been recognized as communication symbols.
Observation of nonverbal communication has considerable promise for the business
researcher.
WHEN SHOULD YOU USE OBSERVATION FOR EVALUATION?
 When you are trying to understand an ongoing process or situation: Through
observation you can monitor or watch a process or situation that your are evaluating
as it occurs.
 When you are gathering data on individual behaviors or interactions between
people: Observation allows you to watch peoples’ behaviors and interactions directly,
or watch for the results of behaviors or interactions.
 When you need to know about a physical setting: Seeing the place or environment
where something takes place can help increase your understanding of the event,
activity, or situation you are evaluating. For example, you can observe whether a
classroom or training facility is conducive to learning.

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 When data collection from individuals is not a realistic option: If respondents are
unwilling or unable to provide data through questionnaires or interviews, observation
is a method that requires little from the individuals for whom you need data.
REVIEW OF THE PRACTICAL SITUATIONS APPLIED IN THE
ORGANIZATION
DEFICINECIES:
a) Determine the focus: Think about the evaluation questions; you want to answer
through observation and select a few areas of focus for your data collection. For
example, you may want to know how well an HIV curriculum is being implemented
in the classroom. Your focus areas might be interactions between students and
teachers, and teachers’ knowledge, skills, and behaviors.
b) Design a system for data collection: Once you have focused your evaluation think
about the specific items for which you want to collect data and then determine how
you will collect the information you need. There are three primary ways of collecting
observation data. These three methods can be combined to meet your data collection
needs.
c) Recording sheets and checklists: Recording sheets and checklists are the most
standardized way of collecting observation data and include both preset questions and
responses. These forms are typically used for collecting data that can be easily
described in advance (e.g., topics that might be covered in an HIV prevention lesson).
d) Observation guides: Observation guides list the interactions, processes, or behaviors
to be observed with space to record open-ended narrative data.
e) Field notes: Field notes are the least standardized way of collecting observation data
and do not include preset questions or responses. Field notes are open-ended narrative
data that can be written or dictated onto a tape recorder.
f) Select the sites: Select an adequate number of sites to help ensure they are
representative of the larger population and will provide an understanding of the
situation you are observing.
g) Select The observers: You may choose to be the only observer or you may want to
include others in conducting observations. Stakeholders, other professional staff
members, interns and graduate students, and volunteers are potential observers.
h) Train the observers: It is critical that the observers are well trained in your data
collection process to ensure high quality and consistent data. The level of training will

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vary based on the complexity of the data collection and the individual capabilities of
the observers.
i) Time your observations appropriately: Programs and processes typically follow a
sequence of events. It is critical that you schedule your observations so you are observing the
components of the activity that will answer your evaluation questions. This requires advance
planning.
PROJECTIVE METHODS:
A psychological test in which a subject's responses to ambiguous or unstructured standard
stimuli, such as a series of cartoons, abstract patterns, or incomplete sentences, are analyzed
in order to determine underlying personality traits and feelings. This entails indirect question
which enables the respondent to “project beliefs and feelings onto a third party". The
respondents are expected to interpret the situation through their own experience, attitude and
personality and express hidden opinion and emotions.
Of many techniques, word association, sentence completing and ink-blot tests are very
common. In these techniques, both verbal and non-verbal (hesitation, time-lag and facial
expression) are noted and interpreted.
Such tests are useful for finding out consumer preference, buying attitude and behavior.
Eventually, these are used for product development or finding out reason for failure of an
apparently efficient product.

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ADVANTAGES:
• Collect data where and when an event or activity is occurring.
• Does not rely on people’s willingness or ability to provide information.
• Allows you to directly see what people do rather than relying on what people say they
did.
• The advantage of this method is that subjective bias is eliminated if the observation is
done accurately
• The information under this method relates to what is currently happening
• This method is independent of respondent
• More information and that too in greater depth can be obtained
• Interviewer by his own skill can overcome the resistance, if any, of the respondent.
• The interviewer can usually control the person who is answering
• This method is more flexible.
• It is more flexible
• It is faster than other method
• Interviewer can explain requirement more easily
• Recall is easy
• There is low cost even when large and widely spread geographical area is concerned
• It is free from the bias of the interviewer
• Respondent have adequate time to give well thought out answer
• Respondents, who are not easily approachable can also reached conveniently
• It can be adopted in those cases where informants are illiterate.
• There is very little non- response as the enumerators go personally to obtain the
information.
• The information received is more reliable as the accuracy of statements can be
checked by supplementary questions wherever necessary.

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DISADVANTAGES:
• Susceptible to observer bias.
• Susceptible to the “hawthorne effect,” that is, people usually perform better when they
know they are being observed, although indirect observation may decrease this
problem.
• Can be expensive and time-consuming compared to other data collection methods.
• Does not increase your understanding of why people behave as they do.
• There is lesser control of the moderator or researcher and it lead to irrelevant
discussions. Moreover, individual members consciously or unconsciously conform to
what they perceive to be the consensus of the group, a situation called “Group-think”.
• The technology has give rise to “Modern Group” where group-members participate
“on-line” and can share financial and operating data, pictures, voices and drawings
etc.
• It is expensive method
• Information provided by this method is very limited
• Sometime unforeseen factors may interface with the observation task
• It is very expensive and time consuming, specially when large geographical sample is
taken
• Interviewing at times may also introduce systematic error.
• Under Interview method the organization required selecting, training of interviewer.
• Little time is given to respondent for considered answer
• Surveys are restricted to respondent who have telephone
• Extensive geographical coverage may get restricted by cost consideration
• The lower rate of return of duly filled in questionnaires
• It can be used only when respondent are educated and co-operating
• The control over the questionnaire may lost once it sent
• This method is likely slowest of all the methods
• Amongst the various methods of collecting primary data, this method is costly as
enumerators are generally paid persons.
• The success of the methods depends largely upon the training imparted to the
enumerators.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Objective: According the university, the purpose of assignment is to develop the confidence
in the students and prepared them to face the upcoming challenges of the market. If we say
about this study, so the purpose of this paper is to define the different methods/procedures of
data collection as well as provide the information of OBS/GYN department and its
achievements in this field.
Study Design: It is cross-sectional study and purely indicating the health care facilities, in
which the researcher analyzes the different treatment methods to resolve the issues/illness.
Duration: It was 3 months training program in which I collected the data for my topic from
Aug, 2010 to Oct, 2010.
Data Collection Procedure:
 Source:
 Method
 Instruments
Another big effort was the collection of data from the best source. For this purpose, the
research was completed after personally visit to the wards, OPD, LR and ER. The data was
put in the HMIS5 which is running in few departments of hospital since 2008.
Personal visit with SR, PGT, HO with holding questionnaire, special proformas, basic
stationary and sample of medicines.
Sample Size: The sample size of the study was 200 patients (Obstetrics cases &
Gynaecological cases).
Data Analysation: The data was analyzed in SPSS V.10. The frequency of the patients,
mean, median, mode, Std. Deviation was also found. T. Test and Chi-Square methods were
applied on few variables.

5
Hospital Management Information System

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PROFORMA / QUESTIONNAIRE
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PATIENT INQUIRY & MATERNAL DEATH

Pt. Name: _________________________________________ Adm. No.:______________

Department: ___________ Hospital: ___________________________________________
Pt. Education: __________ Age: _______ Marital Status: ________ Tel:
_______________
CASE:
Gynaecology Obstetrics

LOCALITY WHERE DEATH OCCURRED

(Province/District/Hospital:____________________________________________________
LOCALITY:

CNC Clinic Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Private Other

Hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Specialty

DETAIL OF DECEASED:
Name: __________________________________________ Inpatient No. _______________
Residential Address: __________________________________________________________
Gravida: __________ Para: __________ Gestation (Weeks): ___________
D d m m y y Date of admission: Time of admission:
_____________

Date of admission: Time of admission:

D d m m y y _____________

On Aborting/Ectopic Antenatal Intrapartum Postpartum

Admission:
(Y/N)

Condition on Stable Critically ill Dead on Other-Specify

Admission arrival
(Y/N):

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Diagnosis at moment of death:

Abortion Actopic Not in In Labour Postpartum
Pregnancy labour

Reason for Admission: _______________________________________________________

Referral from another centre? (Y/N): ______ If “Y” from _________________________
ANTENATAL CARE:
Did she receive antenatal care? (Y/N/?) If “Y”, at what locality?

Primary Secondary Tertiary Private Other

ANTENATAL CARE PROVIDER:

Specialist Med. Off/GP Adv. Midwife/ Other-Specify
Midwife Reg.
nurse

Total Number of visits: ____________ Ant. Risk Factors: Risk History Y N ?

Hypertension
Proteinuria
Glycosuria
Anaemia
Abnormal lie
Previous
C/Section

Comments on antenatal Care- List any Medication:

Latent Active Second Third Duration of

Phase Phase Stage Stage Labour:

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Delivery (Y/N):
Undelivered Vaginal Vaginal Caesarean
(unassisted) Vacuum/forceps section

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Outcome (Y/N):
Stillbor Neonata Alive Baby weight: ____kg 5min Apgar: ____
n l Death

CAUSE OF DEATH (Y/N/?):

Primary (underlying) cause of death: Specify:

Final cause of death: Specify:

Contributory (or antecedent) cause/s: Specify:
IN YOUR OPINION WERE ANY OF THESE FACTORS PRESENT?
System Example Y N ? Specify
Personal/Family Delay in woman seeking
help
Refusal of treatment or
admission
Logistical systems Lack of transport from the
place of delivery to health
Lack of transport between
health
Healthcare facilities
service - Health
Facilities service
Lack ofcommunication
facilities, equipment
Health personnel or consumables
Lack of human resources
problems Lack of expertise, training
or education

Comments on potential avoidable factors, missed opportunities and substandard care:

CASE SUMMARY
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________
THIS FORM COMPLETED BY:

NAME
(Print)
Rank
Telephone
Fax
Date

Signature:_____________________________________

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RECOMMENDATIONS
Following are the recommendations of the department in discussion with the very
honorable Professor Dr. Rizwana Chaudhri who is renowned personality and a great
obstetrician of Pakistan. Her points of views are follows:
 Raise the awareness among the women about the pregnancy and other gynaecological
problems also family planning.
 Trained the best team of doctors who are responsible, qualified and having good
vision.
 To start different programs with collaboration of International institutes, NGOs and
Govt. of the Punjab.
 To provide the free education training, observer ship, research protocols and give
instructions to the young doctors for specialization in the field of medical education.
 To extend the department with more beds, new modern equipped and other research
facilities. Also build a Research Cell, Digital Library and Conference Room in the
future
 Research topics must be beneficial in future health policy making.
 Trainees/Researcher must be provided with adequate time and personal help for data
collection.
 Collected data must be stored properly.
 Statistician / Epidemiologist help must be available for data analysis as medical
people are not experienced in such calculations.
 Publication of research work must be facilitated by the department. So it is readily
communicated to the concerned population.
The OBS/GYN department is purely working for the poor patients especially for the women
who are suffering very miserable life and can’t know about the basic woman problems. It is
great honor for us that the best team of gynaecologists and obstetricians are working day and
night just for the help of ill humanity without any discrimination.

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CONCLUSION:
Methods of collection data depends upon:
• Nature of problem
• Time and Money available.
Mostly, data is collected through use of secondary source. If no such data is available from
libraries or on the internet, one has to collect primary data for which a number of methods are
available such as observations, in-depth techniques, experiments and surveys.
REFERENCES:
1. www.rmc.edu.pk
2. Annual Audit Book of OBS/GYN department: 2007/08
3. www.google.com
4. Business Research Methodology (Ninth Edition) Donald R. Cooper
5. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01092003
135824/unrestricted/03chapter3.pdf
6. Zikmund William G, Business Research Methods,
7. http:/training.gbdirect.co.etc/courses/manage ment_and_personal_development.
8. Kothari C. R, Research & Methodology, II edition, Wishwa Prakashan
9. Aswathappa. K, Production & operations management, Himalaya Publishing House

***

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