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Introduction
Architects must realize that the building skin is not just specifying
materials and creating a façade for aesthetics.
Introduction
A climate responsive building envelope
is only one functional criterion for
correct design.
Introduction
Basic Concept
"Weather" is the set of atmospheric conditions prevailing at a given
place and time.
Arctic
Cool
Cool Temperate
Equatorial
Temperate
Example:
Warm
Example: Iceland,
Temperate
N.W. Greenland,
Europe, Northern
Canada, and Russia,
parts of and China
North America
Example:
Example: Those
N.W. countries
Europe, lying just
Canada,
Example: Mediterranean Countries above
and or
partsbelow
of the
Northequator,
America Southeast
Asian Countries, Central America and the Amazon Basin in South America
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Arch./EnP. Rey S. Gabitan
Classification of Climates
For the purposes of building design a simple system based on the
nature of the thermal problem in the particular location is often used.
Further Classification of Tropical, Sub-Tropical & Equatorial Climates:
Warm Humid (Tropical Island) overheating is not as great as in hot-dry areas, but
it is aggravated by very high humidities, restricting the evaporation potential. The diurnal
temperature variation is small.
Hot Dry (Arid/Maritime Desert) main problem is overheating, but the air is dry, so
the evaporative cooling mechanism of the body is not restricted. There is usually a large
diurnal (day - night) temperature variation.
DBT High temp during the Very high temp during the day; Mixture of
day, low diurnal large diurnal range; can be warm/humid
change quite low in winter and
RH Relatively high Low and very low humidity; hot/dry.
fairly constant throughout the
year.
Precipitation Heavy rains Often low or very low 1/3 to 2/3
especially during ratio of
monsoon season monsoon
period
Sky Cloudy and glaring Little or no cloud. Cold and
non-glaring sky.
Contour
Map of
DBT
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Contour
map of
relative
humidity
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Elements of Climate Needed in Design
Sky – either cloud cover, measured in 1/8 or 1/10 or % of the sky
covered, or it could be measured in hours of sunshine
map of
global solar
radiation
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Arch./EnP. Rey S. Gabitan
Tropical Design
This is concerned with countries where discomfort due to heat and
humidity are the dominant problems.
Shape
Building fabric
Fenestration
Ventilation
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Arch./EnP. Rey S. Gabitan
Fenestration - the
size, position and
orientation of windows;
window glass
materials; external and
internal shading
devices.
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Arch./EnP. Rey S. Gabitan
Ventilation - air-
tightness; outdoor
fresh air; cross
ventilation and
natural ventilation.
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Passive Cooling
A cooling system using a building’s design and
construction to maintain a comfortable
temperature within the building.
Passive design is
essentially low-energy
design achieved by the
building’s particular
morphological
organization rather
than electro-
mechanical means.
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Arch./EnP. Rey S. Gabitan
Example :
A building can be protected from direct
sunlight by placing it on a location
within the site that utilizes existing
features such as trees, terrain etc.
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Example :
In tropical countries such as the
Philippines, it is best to place
service areas in the west and east
facing sides of the building
because these sides are exposed
to direct sunlight.
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Use of
Double-
layered
façade
Use Low-
emissivity
glass
(Low-E glass)
Use of Insulation
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The circulation of fresh air through open windows, doors or other openings
on opposite sides of a room
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VERTICAL TYPES
EGGCRATE TYPES
SUNSHADE ANALYSIS
1. Solar paths
requiring shade
3. Insolation
4. Sun requirements
during winter
WIND ANALYSIS
Wind direction
Desirable and undesirable winds in each
the climatic zones depend largely on
local conditions. Any breeze in the lower
latitude (tropical and arid climates) is
beneficial for most of the year.
Cross ventilation
Cross ventilation is far more important
in the tropics than in temperate zones.
The theoretical strategy for blocking or
inducing wind flow into a building is
based on local prevailing wind
conditions. Generally, for the tropical
zones as much ventilation as possible is
desired.
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1. Form
Optimum building form for each climatic zone. Research has shown that the
preferred length of the sides of the building, where the sides are of length x:y,
are: tropical zone - 1:3
Analysis of these ratios shows that an elongated form to minimize east and west
exposure is needed at the lower latitudes.
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Influences on Built
Form
2. Orientation
Orientation as well as directional emphasis changes with latitude in response to
solar angles.
Zone Building's main orientations Directional emphasis
Tropical On an axis 5o north of east north-south
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Influences on Built
Form
Thermal Comfort
Human comfort as determined by the ability of the body to dissipate the heat
and moisture it produces by metabolic action.
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CLIMATIC ZONES FOR BUILDING
Relationship between the centre of the comfort zone and the annual mean
temperature (Carl Mahoney):
Tcc = Tam/4 + 17.2
where Tcc is the center of the comfort zone in E.T. oC
and Tam is the annual mean temperature
The comfort zone is compared with the mean maxima (day) and
minima (night) effective temperature for each month to find out
if the climate is comfortable or uncomfortable.
Recommendations to achieve comfort can be made for a great
number of aspects from space between buildings, building
form, down to detail aspects of design.
consider window size together with other factors such as glazed area,
orientation, shading and building form
consider thermal characteristic of roofs and walls, i.e., absorption of the
surface and the insulation of the construction.
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HEAT TRANSFER
Heat transfer in buildings may take place in four (4) different
ways:
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
CONDUCTION
Resistance is the ability of a material to resist the flow of heat
and is measured by the resistivity.
CONVECTION
Convection is the transfer of heat from one place to another by
the flow of molecules from one place to another.
CONVECTION
RADIATION
Radiation is the transfer of energy through space by
electromagnetic waves.
The rate of flow of radiant heat from the sun can be found from
the radiation overlay when it is placed over the sun path
diagram.
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RADIATION
There are two terms commonly encountered while
discussing radiant heat transfer:
Emittance (or emissivity), refers to the ability of a
material’s surface to give off radiant energy. All
materials have emissivities ranging from zero to one.
The lower the emittance of a material, the lower the
heat radiated from its surface. Aluminum foil has a
very low emittance which explains its use in
reflective insulation.
Reflectance (or reflectivity) refers to the fraction of
incoming radiant energy that is reflected from the
surface. Reflectivity and emissivity are related and a
low emittance is indicative of a highly reflective
surface. For example, aluminum with an emittance of
0.03 has a reflectance of 0.97.
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EVAPORATION AND
CONDENSATION
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HEAT TRANSFER
Resistivity m oC / W
CONVECTION Conductivity W / m2 oC
RADIATION
EVAPORATION AND
CONDENSATION
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Heat gain in hot climates are highest when there are low wind
speeds and less heat is transferred to the air and more to the
building surface.
The “U” value represents the rate of heat transfer from inside air
per unit area per unit difference in air temperature per unit time.
This is measured in Watts / sqm oC
U = 1
sum of resistances
Q = U * A * (t0 – t1)
Then:
= 20 oC + 9 oC
= 29 oC
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Where q = heat transfer due to radiation = Q / A (heat flow per unit area)
q = U*A*(tsa-to) / A
q = U*( X*I*ro)
Then q / I = 5 U*X %
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PRINCIPLES OF SIMPLE HEAT TRANSFER
SOLAR HEAT FACTOR
Example:
From previous example of brickwall, “U” value is 2.6 W / m2 oC.
Absorptivity for external concrete rendering = 0.6
q / I = 5 U*X % = 5 *2.6*0.6% = 7.8% > 4% max for walls
To reduce the solar heat factor to acceptable level;
reduce the absorptivity of rendering by using white wash or lime
wash with an absorptivity of 0.30
q / I = 5 U*X % = 5 *2.6*0.3% = 3.9% < 4% max for walls OK
or reduce the transmittance “U” to 1.6 by adding 1cm of expanded
polystyrene with resistivity of 30 (resistance is 0.01*30=0.30)
“U” = 1 / (0.385+0.30) = 1.46
q / I = 5 U*X % = 5 *1.46*0.6% = 4.38% > 4% max for walls
1.5cm of polystyrene (resistance 0.015*30=0.45), “U”=1/(0.385+0.45)
q / I = 5 U*X % = 5 *1.20*0.6% = 3.60% < 4% max for walls OK
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To achieve this,
Roof should have a cavity between the roof and ceiling. A reflective
surface together with a cavity will achieve standard.
Heavy external walls should be restricted to day rooms, and should be as
well shaded as possible.
TROPICAL DESIGN
WIND GRADIENT
Variation in wind
speed as wind
speeds increase with
the height above the
ground, and the
smoothness of the
ground surface.
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SUN SHADING
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SUN SHADING
Azimuth
Sun angle along the horizon, measured
to the east or west from true south
Altitude
Solar angle above the horizon, measured
from the horizon
time
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SUN PATH
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SUN PATH
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SUN SHADING
OCTOBER 1: 3:40pm
OCTOBER 1: 9:50am
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