Newton’s Laws of Motion

LECTURE 3
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Newton’s Laws of Motion
LECTURE 3
 A groove OA = 5 m cut in the plane makes an angle 30° with OX. A ball is
Example free to slide down in the influence of gravity. Find the time taken by the
cylinder to reach from A to O. (g = 10 m/s2)

A. 4 sec
B. 3 sec
C. 2 sec
D. None of these

30°
30° x
O
 Solution:

A
30°
30° x
O
Looking at the incline plane from left,
we get the image as:

mg cos30°
30°
mg

Resolving the force ‘mg’ along the plane

and perpendicular to the plane.
 Solution:
Let’s view the force on the cylinder along the plane A
Resolving the force ‘mg sinθ’ along the groove
Hence, net force on cylinder along the grove = mg sin30° 30°
mgsin30° cos60° 30°
O x

∴ Acceleration along the groove = mgsin30°cos60°

m
1 1
= g× 2 ×2
g
=
4
Displacement along the groove = 5m (=AO)
 Solution:
1
s = ut + 2 at2
and, u = 0
1 2
∴s = at
2
1 × g 2
⇒5 =
2 4 t
5×8 = 4
⇒ t2 =
10

⇒ t = 2 sec

∴ Time taken = 2 sec

 One end of a string 0.5 m long is fixed to a point. The free end
Example
has a downward force of 8 N and a horizontal force F acting on
it, until it is 0.3 m from the vertical through A. Find the
magnitudes of the tension T in the string and the force F.

A. 10 N, 6 N
B. 8 N, 6 N
C. 6 N, 10 N
D. None of these 0.3 m
F

8N
 Solution:

Given, AC = 0.5 m, BC = 0.3 m A

∴ AB = 0.4 m (By Pythagoras's Theorem) T

θ θ
and if ∠BAC = θ
B F
C
AB 0.4 4
Then, cos θ = = =
AC 0.5 5
BC 0.3 3 8N
and sin θ = = =
AC 0.5 5
 Solution:

Resolving the tension force in horizontal and A

T cosθ

vertical direction.
Applying Newton’s First law in Vertical T
θ
direction:
θ
T cosθ = 8 N B F

T sinθ
4
or, T =8N
5
or, T = 10 N 8N

Applying Newton’s First law in Horizontal

direction:

F = T sinθ
3 F = 6N
F = 10 5 N
Example Determine the tensions T1 and T2 in the strings as shown in figure.

A. 150 N, 120 N
B. 120 N, 150 N
C. 90 N, 0 N 37°

D. None of these
T1
T2

9 kg
 Solution:

Resolving the tension T1 along horizontal and vertical

directions.
T1 sin37° 37°
Applying Newton’s First law in Vertical direction:
T
1 37° T1 cos37°
T1 sin37° = 9 × 10 N ….(i) T2

Applying Newton’s First law in Horizontal direction :

T1 cos37° = T2 ….(ii)
 Solution:
T1 sin60° 60°
T1
T1 sin 37° = 90 N ….(i) 60°
T1 cos60°
T2
T1 cos 37° = T2 ….(ii)

From equation (i) From equation (ii)

T1 = 150 N T2 = T1 cos 37°

= 120 N
String & Pulley based Questions
Example Consider the system of ideal pulley as shown. A block of mass
m kg is attached with the help of ideal string. Find the Force
exerted by pulley on the ceiling.

A. mg
B. 2mg
C. 0
D. None of these •

m
 Solution:
Draw FBD

Block Pulley
+ T T′
+

m
g T T

Applying IInd law Applying IInd law

Fnet = Ma Fnet = Ma

T – mg = M(0) T′ – 2T = Mpap

T = mg T′ – 2T = 0

T′ = 2mg
Example Find acceleration of the blocks & tension in the string (m2 > m1).

m2 + m1 2m1m2
A. g, g
m2 - m 1 m2 + m1
•
m2 – m1
B. g, 2m1m2g
m2 + m1

C. m2 – m1 2m1m2
g, g
m2 + m1 m2 + m1
m1 m2
D. None of these
Solution:

1. For mass m1,Take upward

direction as +ve & •
downward direction as – + –
T
ve. So T will be +ve & m1g T

will be –ve.
2. For mass m2,Take a
a m1 m2
downward direction as +ve – +
& upward direction as –ve.
So T will be –ve & m2g will m2g
m1g
be +ve.
 Solution:

Applying Newton’s 2nd law on mass m1 •

+ –
T – m1g = m1a … (i) T T

Applying Newton’s 2nd law on mass m2

a m2 a
m1
m2g -T = m2a … (ii) – +

m1g m2g
 Solution:
Adding equations (i) and (ii)
T – m1 g = m1 a … (i)
m2g -T = m2a … (ii)

m2g –m1g = m 1 a + m2 a
⇒ (m2 – m1)g = (m1 + m2)a

m2 – m1
∴ a = g
m2 + m1

Putting value of ‘a’ in either of Eqn. (i) or (ii), we can get value of T.

2m1m2
T = g
m2 + m1
Example 2 masses m1 and m2 are connected by a light string going over a
smooth light pulley as shown.
The system is at rest. Find the angle of the incline and the force
exerted by the incline on m1
A. sin-1 (m2/m1),m1g 1-(m2/m1)2

B. sin-1 (m1/m2),m1g 1-(m2/m1)2

m2
C. sin-1 (m1/m2),m1g 1+(m2/m1)2

D. None of these
θ
 Solution:
Take the body of mass m2 as the system.
The forces acting on it are :
(i) m2g vertically downward (by the earth),
m2
(ii) T vertically upward (by the string),
As the system is at rest, these forces should
add to zero. θ

This gives T = m2g . . . (i) T

m2

m2 g
 Solution:
Next, consider the body of mass m1 as the system.
The forces acting on this system are:
m2
(i) m1g vertically downward (by the earth),
(ii) T along the string up the incline (by the string.)
(iii) N normal to the incline (by the incline.) θ

Taking components parallel to the incline,

T = m1g sin θ . . . (ii)

N T
➔As the string and the pulley are all light and
smooth, the tension in the string is uniform m1g sinθ
everywhere. m1g
➔As the system is in equilibrium, these forces
should add to zero.
 Solution:
Taking components along the normal to the incline,
m2
N = m1g cosθ . . . (iii)

Eliminating T from (i) and (ii)

θ
⇒ m2g = m1g sinθ.
⇒ sinθ = m2/m1
⇒
θ = sin-1 (m2/m1)
N T
N = m1 g 1-(m2/m1)2
m1g sinθ m1g cosθ
m1g
 Constrained Motion
A motion in which motion of all the bodies in
a system are depended on each other
 Constrained Motion

2 m/s

600

➔Mathematical relation by which motion of bodies in a system are related is

called constrained relation.
➔By motion, we imply displacement ,velocity ,acceleration.
Constrained Motion
SA SB

A B

Block A and B are connected with an inextensible string

Hence, constrained relation is

Velocity and Acceleration
of both bodies will= be
equal
 Constrained Motion
y x

A B

Block A and B are connected with an inextensible string

So, displacement of B = displacement of A

x=y
Differentiate w.r.t. time: VB = VA Velocity and Hence, constrained relation is
Acceleration of both
Differentiate w.r.t. time: aB = aA
bodies will be equal
sA = sB
VA = VB
So, the relations between displacement /
velocity of A, B are called constrained relation. aA = aB
 Example Particle B moves along the horizontal path with speed VB.
Then find the speed of A at an instant when the string at B makes
an angle θ with the horizontal.
A. VA = VB cos θ
B. VA = VB sin θ
C. VA = VB cot θ
D. None of these

A
θ
B VB
 Solution: Let A be moving vertically up with speed VA.

VA

A
θ
B VB
 Solution:
Component of velocities / accelerations along the length of string /rod should
always be same. (As the length of the string does not change).
Let us resolve the velocities of two ends into two
Components. One along the length and the other
perpendicular to the length. We clearly see VB sin θ
being perpendicular to the string does not change the
length of string.
And as the length of the string remains constant

VA

VB sin θ VA = VB cos θ
A
θ
B VB
θ

VB cos θ
Constrained Motion based Problems

Pulley-Block Constrained Motion

Method 1: Segment method

Concept: As the string is inextensible, elongation in the string is Zero

x2 x1

P String Q

Elongation in string

(+ x1) + (–x2) = x1 – x2

As elongation in string should be zero.

x1 –x2 = 0 ⇒ x1 = x2
Method 1: Segment method
Concept: As the string is inextensible, elongation in the string is Zero
x2 x1

P String Q

Elongation in string
(+ x1) + (–x2) = x1 – x2
As elongation in string should be zero.

x1 –x2 = 0 ⇒ x1 = x2 Differentiate w.r.t. time: v = v x1 = x2

1 2
v1 = v2
Differentiate w.r.t. time: a1 = a2
a1 = a2

1. Consider a string PQ. Point Q is displaced by x1 and point P is displaced by x2

2. Any displacement towards the center of the string will be considered NEGATIVE
3. Any displacement away from the center will be considered as POSITIVE
Illustration

Let’s take an example of Atwood Machine…

x1
1 2 x2
 Q R ➔ String has two segments PQ and RS.
➔ Displacement of any point of segment
x1
attached to fixed pulley will always be
P S
A considered to be zero.eg. point Q and R
B x2
➔ Let displacement of block A in upward
direction = x1
So, total elongation = (–x1) + (+x2) = 0 ➔ Displacement of block B in downward
direction = x2
Differentiate w.r.t. time: v1 = v2 ➔ In segment PQ, end P is going towards
Differentiate w.r.t. time: a1 = a2 center so it’s contribution to elongation
is (–x1)
➔ In segment RS, end S is going away
from center so it’s contribution to
elongation is (+x2)
 • •

?
v

• •
Method 2: Tension Trick
Net work done by massless string on blocks will be
ZERO.
•
→ →
∑ T . x = 0

On Differentiation.
→ → T T
∑ T . v = 0
x
On Differentiation. A B x
→ →
∑ T . a = 0
 Short Trick:

x1 T
A T
B x2

→ → → →
∑ T. x =0 T . x = Tx cos π
Tx1 +( – Tx2) =0 ⇒ –Tx
Tx = Tx2
1
x1 = x 2
On Differentiation v1 = v2 As from block A to B there is single and massless
On Differentiation a1 = a2 string, tension throughout the string will be same
Pulley Trick

a1

a0

a2
Example If block B moves downward with acceleration 3 m/s2, find
acceleration of block A.
A. 2 m/s2
B. 4 m/s2
C. 6 m/s2
D. None of these

•
A
•

B 3 m/s2
 a1
Solution: T
2
A •

∑ → . →
T •
= 0 T
T a
2
⇒ Ta1 – 2Ta2 = 0 T
B a
⇒ Ta1 = 2Ta2 2

⇒ a1 = 2a2
⇒ a1 = 2 × 3 = 6 m/s2
Example If velocity of block A is 2m/s upwards, find velocity of block B ?

A. 4 m/s
B. 8 m/s •

2 m/s
C. 16 m/s
D. None of these A •

B
v
 Solution: •
8 8T
∑ → . → = 0 v1 T A
T v 4T
•
4T
⇒ 8Tv1 – Tv2 = 0 •
⇒ 8Tv1 = Tv2 2T 2T
⇒ v2 = 8v1 •
T T
⇒ v2 = 8 × 2 = 16 m/s
B v2
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