Electronic Systems and Technologies: June 25, 2017, OT1

1. When microwave signals follow the curvature of the earth, this is known as

Answer: Ducting

2. OC – 1 (STS – 1) line rate is

STM - 1, 155.52 Mbps, 2430 octets in size

STS - 1 is one-third of an STM-1/STS-3c/OC-3c carrier, 810 octets in size

Answer: 51.84 Mbps

3. A half wave dipole antenna is capable of radiating 1kW and has a 2.15 dB gain over an

isotropic antenna. How much power must be delivered to the isotropic antenna

(omnidirectional), to match the field strength directional antenna?

Gain = 10^(2.15/10) = 1.64

Pisotropic = (1000 W)(1.64)

Answer: 1640 W

4. A beam antenna has a height of 10 meters over a service area. Determine the beam tilt

angle.

θtilt = tan−1(10 m / 6371 km)

Answer: 0.088 deg

5. The direction of rotation of a CD is

Answer: Clockwise

6. Duration of vertical blanking

Answer: 63.5 us

7. IS-95 system uses direct sequence spread spectrum with a chipping rate of

One of the unique aspects of CDMA is that while there are certainly limits to the number

of phone calls that can be handled by a carrier, this is not a fixed figure. The number of

simultaneous connections any base station is able to handle is the result of a trade-off

with the range of the base station and the quality of each connection. A standard CDMA

connection has a digital transfer rate of 9.6kbps (kilobits per second), the same as GSM.

The voice data part of the connection is transmitted at a rate of 8kbps. All connections

are shared around the spread spectrum with a maximum transfer rate of 1.23Mbps
(Megabits per second), theoretically allowing a maximum of 131 connections, compared

to 48 GSM connections in a similar bandwidth.

CDMA supports variable bandwidth connections, with enhanced standards at 13kbps

and 64kbps for superior quality speech and faster data connections. This

'bandwidth-on-demand' limits the number of simultaneous connections to a particular

base station.

Answer: 1.23 MHz

8. How often will hand-offs occur when vehicle travels through a CMTS at 100 km per hour

speed if the distance between cell sites is 10 km?

(10/100)*2*60

Answer: 12 mins

9. As electromagnetic waves travel in free space, only one of the following can happen to

them

Answer: Attenuation

10. It is a solicitation sent from the primary to a secondary to determine if the secondary

has data to transmit.

Answer: Polling

11. Calculate the earth bulge 2 miles away from a transmitter for a 25 miles terrestrial

microwave link

2 miles = 10560 ft = 3.218688 km

25 miles = 132000 ft = 40.2336 km

Eb = 0.078 (d1d2/kave)

Eb = 0.078(3.218688 * 37.014912)/4/3 = 6.97 m

Answer: 22.87 ft

12. A 9600-baud rate signal can pass over the voice grade telephone line if which kind of

modulation is used?

Answer: QAM

13. The analog signal m(t) is given below m(t) = 4cos100(πt) + 8sin(πt) + cos(300πt), the

Nyquist sampling rate will be

100π = 2πf, f1 = 50 Hz

π = 2πf, f2 = 0.5 Hz

300π = 2πf, f3 = 150 Hz

Use 150 Hz

Fs = 2finmax = 2*150Hz

Answer: 300 Hz

14. The characters making up the message in a synchronous transmission are collectively

referred to as the data

Answer: Block

15. In Laplace transform, multiplication by e -at in time domain becomes

Answer: Translation by a in s domain

16. Which of the following microphones has lowest output impedance?

a. Moving coil

b. Crystal

c. Ribbon

d. Condenser

17. In a TV receiver antenna the length of the reflector rod

Answer: Is more than that of dipole

18. A radio station works at 800 kHz and uses AM, if this is a public broadcast system, it

should transmit using

Answer: A vertical antenna less than quarter for practical reasons

19. CATV superband channel

Answer: V

20. In equally tampered musical scale, an octave is divided into

Answer: 12 intervals

21. Entropy gives

Answer: Measure of uncertainty

22. If e(t) = 10sin(108 t + 3 sin 104t) then the modulation index is

For FM modulation,
mf = 3

Answer: 3

23. The noise performance of a square law demodulator of AM signal is

Answer: Better than that of a synchronous detector

24. Calculate the bandwidth in the E-plane of a pyramid horn antenna that has an aperture

of 60 mm in the E-plane, 80 mm in the H-plane and operating 60 GHz.

Answer:

25. Hearing loss due to non-occupational noise sources e.g. household noises, TV and road

traffic.

Answer: Sosiocusis

26. A candle power that is located 12 ft from a surface provides how many lux?

Answer: 37.375 lux

27. A mechanism used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems

back to the sender.

Answer: ICMP

28. Quadrature refers to a ____ degree phase difference.

Answer: 90

29. The quadrature detector input circuit produces a varying _____ as the input frequency

changes.

Answer: Phase shift

30. The main disadvantage for using coax for microwave signals is because of its high

Answer: Attenuation

31. It is a modulation and multiplexing technique that distributes the signal and its

sidebands over a very wide bandwidth.

Answer: Spread spectrum

32. The absorption of radio waves by the atmosphere depends on

a. Their frequency

b. Their distance from transmitter

c. Polarization of waves
d. Polarization of the atmosphere

33. The signal in a channel is measured to be 23 dB while noise in the same channel is

measured to be 9 dB. The signal to noise ratio is therefore

23 - 9 dB

Answer: 14 dB

34. What are the three major oscillator circuits often used in radio equipment?

Answer: Colpitts, Hartley and Pierce

35. If the frequency fed to the pre-amplifier of a basic transmitter with multipliers is

composed of a pair of triplers and a doubler is 198 MHz, what frequency should the

oscillator operate?

198/3*3*2

Answer: 11 MHz

36. Which of the following is correct?

a. The bit rate may be greater than the baud rate

b. The baud rate may be greater than the bit rate

c. The bit and baud rate are always the same

d. The bit and baud rates are not related

37. Function of data link protocol that coordinates hop-to-hop data delivery where a hop

maybe a computer, a network controller or a network-connecting device such as router.

Answer: Line discipline

38. Which one is a linear system?

a. y[n] = x[n] x x[n-1]

b. y[n] = x[n] + x[n-10]

c. y[n] = x2[n]

d. a and c

39. A form of switching which is stored and forwarded

Answer: Message switching

40. Determine the speed of sound in air at STP

Answer: 332 m/s

41. Which of the following is an indirect way of generating FM?

a. Armstrong modulator

b. Varactor diode modulator

c. Reactance FET modulator

d. Reactance bipolar transistor

42. It is a multiplexing system similar to conventional time-division multiplexing except that

it was developed to be used with optical fibers

Answer: SONET

43. You are at a party and talking with a group of people. They all produce sound levels of

the same magnitudes at your position. The combined level when all four talks at once is

70 dB. What is the sound level from one person?

70 – 20 log(4)

Answer: 64 dB

44. The data rate for IEEE 802.11b is _______.

Answer: 11 Mbps

45. In PCM system

Answer: Quantizing noise can be overcome by companding

46. The result whenever the sampling rate is less than twice the highest audio frequency

Answer: Alias

47. The main benefit of the HSCSD feature compared to other data enhancements

introduced is that it is

Answer: An expensive way to implement higher data rates

48. Ten bit error occurs in two million transmitted. The bit error rate is

10/2000000

Answer: 5 x 10 -6

49. If output power of a radio receiver is doubles, its volume is increased by ___ dB.

Answer: 3 dB

50. It is a function of the carrier-to-noise power ratio and the number of possible encoding

conditions used
Answer: Probability of error

51. For North America DTMF Code, the digit “2” has ____ Multifrequency Push-Button

Tone

Hz 1209 1336 1477

697 1 2 3

770 4 5 6

852 7 8 9

941 * 0 #

Answer: 697 Hz, 1336 Hz

52. To eliminate ghosts in the picture

Answer: Change the antenna orientation of location

53. Sixteen different levels (symbols) are used to encode binary data. The channel

bandwidth is 36 MHZ. The maximum channel capacity is

C = 2Blog2(M)

C = 2(36MHz)log2(16)

Answer: 288 Mbps

54. It is required to match a 73-ohm antenna to a 600 ohm polyethylene coaxial feeder line,

with a velocity factor of 0.66 by means of a quarter wave matching a transformer, at a

frequency of 150 MHz, the impedance of the matching section is ___ ohms.

Zo = sqrt(73*600)

Answer: 209.28 ohms

55. What is the minimum bandwidth required to transmit a 56 kbps binary signal with no

noise?

Answer: 28 kHz

56. Which of the following does not cause losses in optical fiber cables?

a. Stepped index operation

b. Impurities

c. Microbending

d. Attenuating in glass
57. It is the thermal noise power normalized to 1-Hz bandwidth

Answer: Noise Power Density

58. A Fade Margin of 28 dB has a reliability of

90 - 8

99 - 18

99.9 - 28

99.99 - 38

99.999 - 48

Answer: 99.9%

59. Any rounded-off errors in the transmitted signal are reproduced when the code is

converted back to analog in the receiver

Answer: Quantization error

60. As per Shannon-Hartley theorem, a noise less Gaussian channel has

Answer: Infinite channel capacity

61. T1 stands for

Answer: Transmission one

62. A LAN device that is used to interconnect two networks that use different protocols and

formats

Answer: Gateways

63. Fourier analysis indicate that a square wave can be represented as

Answer: A fundamental sine wave and odd harmonics

64. The OSI layer that provides the control functions necessary to establish, manage and

terminated the connections as required to satisfy the user request.

Answer: Session layer

65. Which of the following steps is not included in the process of reception?

Answer: Storage

66. AM is the process of

Answer: Superimposing a low frequency on a high frequency carrier

67. A receiver connected to an antenna whose resistance is 50 ohms has an equivalent

noise resistance of 30 ohms. Calculate the receiver’s noise figure in dB.

NF = 1 + (30/50)

F = 10log(8/5)

Answer: 2.04 dB

68. Calculate the noise voltage at the input of a television….

Answer: 6.93 uV

69. A transmitter is required to deliver 100 W to an antenna through 5 m of coaxial cable

with a loss of 3 dB/100m, what must be the output power of the transmitter, assuming

line is matched?

(3 dB / 100 m)(5 m) = 0.15 dB: Loss = 10^(0.15/10) = 1.035

Pout = 100 W (1.036)

Answer: 136 W

70. What type of mastergroup that can be further multiplexed and used for higher-capacity

microwave radio systems?

Answer: U600

71. In order to separate channels in TDM receiver, it is necessary to use

Answer: AND gates

72. A broadcast radio transmitter radiates 10kW when the modulation percentage is 60.

How much is the carrier power?

Pt = Pc(1 + m^2/2)

10000 = Pc(1 + 0.60^2/2)

Answer: 8.47 kW

73. The antenna current of an AM broadcast transmitter, modulated to a depth of 40% by

an audio sine wave, is 11A. IT increases to 12 A as a result of simultaneous modulation

by another audio sine wave, what is the modulation index due to the 2 nd wave?

11 = Ic * sqrt(1 + 0.4^2/2); Ic = 10.58 A

12 = 10.58 * sqrt(1 + m2^2/2); m2 = 0.757

mt = sqrt(m1^2 + m2^2) = sqrt(0.757^2 + 0.4^2)

Answer: 0.757
74. C3F is normally used for

Answer: TV broadcasting

75. To provide two or more voice circuits with the same carrier, it is necessary to use

Answer: ISB

76. What is the modulation index of an FM system in which the modulating frequency 2kHz

and the maximum deviation is 10kHz?

10kHz/2kHz

Answer: 5

77. When the modulating frequency is doubled, the modulation index is halved and the

modulating voltage remains constant. The modulation system is

Answer: FM/PM

78. It is required to match a 200 ohm load to a 300 ohm TL, to reduce the SWR along the

line to 1, what must be the characteristic impedance of the QWT used for this purpose,

if it is connected directly to the load?

Zo = sqrt(200*300)

Answer: 245 ohms

79. A directional coupler is

Answer: A coupling device for matching impedance

80. Impedance inversion may be obtained with

Answer: Quarter-wave line

81. VLF waves are used for some types of services because

Answer: They are very reliable

82. A range of microwave frequencies more easily passed by the atmosphere than the

others is called

Answer: Window

83. High frequency waves are

Answer: Affected by the solar cycle

84. What is the purpose of peak clipper circuits in radio transmitters?

Answer: To prevent overmodulation

85. It is found that a ship to ship communication suffers from fading. This can be avoided

using

Answer: Frequency diversity

86. The minimum depth for an underground entrance conduit under areas used for

vehicular traffic inside private property.

Answer: 600 mm

87. The maximum power output of a standard A earth station over the total band allocated

to satellite communication is about

Answer: 0.5 kW

88. Are intended to carry either encoded speech or user data

Answer: Traffic channels

89. A scheme in which the transmitter alternately uses the two antennas to transmit bursts

or to decorrelate the fading profile of each alternate burst

Answer: Antenna hopping

90. Refers to a spatial diversity where transmission or reception is performed

simultaneously at two or more base station sites and used to combat fast fading.

Answer: Macrodiversity

91. It is the work-effort that is required to provide a given spectral efficiency at a given

grade of service.

Answer: Operational efficiency

92. It provides MAC enhancements to support LAN applications with QoS requirements

Answer: IEEE 802.11e

93. It suffers a known plaintext attach; recovering the pseudorandom string by XORing the

plaintext and ciphertext of challenge, which can be eavesdropped from the air

Answer: Shared-key authentication

94. Introduced the term PAN to denote a communication between proximal electronic

devices by using the body as a conduit for information.

Zimmerman

95. How can we represent the number 21 in one’s complement arithmetic using only four
bits?

21 -> 10101 -> 01010

Answer: 5

96. The telephone receiver, as a converter of electrical to acoustic energy, has a

comparatively low efficiency, on the order of

Answer: 2% to 3%

97. How much time in seconds is saved if we use Touch Tone Dialing instead of Pulse Dialing

to call telephone number 781-01-05?

Touch Tone Dialing

Pulse Dialing

t = (7 + 8 + 1 + 10 + 1 + 10 + 5)(0.1 s) = 4.2 s

Answer: 7.75

98. With attenuation limit at 6dB, what is the length of cable using gauge 26 with

attenuation of 1.61 dB per km.

6dB/1.61dB/km

Answer: 3.7 km

99. An ambulance travels down a highway at a speed of 75 mph with its siren transmitting a

sound with a frequency of 400 Hz. What frequency is heard by a passenger in a car

travelling at 55 mph in the opposite direction as it approaches the ambulance?

75 mph = 33.528 m/s

55 mph = 24.5872 m/s

f’ = 400 Hz (331+24.5872/331-33.528)

Answer: 478 Hz

100. Find the doppler shift caused by a vehicle moving toward a radar at 60 mph, if the

radar operates at 10 GHz.

60 mph = 26.8

f’ = 10GHz(331/331-26.8)

doppler shift = f - f’ = 10 GHz – 10.88 GHz

Answer: 0.88 kHz

Electronic Systems and Technologies: OT2

1. At even quarter-wave points on a shorted transmission line

Answer: High I, Low Z

2. Amount of amplitude change present in AM waveform

Answer: Coefficient of Modulation

3. The mismatch between antenna and TL impedance cannot be corrected for by

Answer: Adjusting the length of the TL

4. The higher the gauge number of a conductor

Answer: Higher the resistance or the smaller the diameter

5. A vertical loop antenna has

Answer: a bidirectional radiation pattern in the horizontal plane

6. An AM receiver can be used to demodulate FM by means of

Answer: Slope detection

7. In the phasing method of SSB generation, one sideband is cancelled out due to

Answer: Phase shifting

8. Transmission signal coding of T1

Answer: Bipolar

9. Image rejection in a super heterodyne receiver is enhanced by

Answer: Front-end selectivity

10. Rhombic antenna primarily used for

Answer: Sky wave propagation

11. Zo is calculated by the ratios of

Answer: E to I at every point along the line

12. A one-quarter wavelength shunt-fed vertical Marconi antenna

Answer: Must have a vertical receiving antenna for the best reception

13. _________ causes multipath or frequency selective fading

Answer: Large Reflector

14. Advantage of phase modulation over direct FM

Answer: The oscillator is crystal controlled

15. A sudden and intense burst of UV light is especially disruptive to communications in the

Answer: MF band

16. If the length of a Hertz dipole is increased

Answer: Its resonant frequency will be increased

17. When a capacitor is connected in series with a Marconi antenna

Answer: Antenna resonant frequency increases

18. A simple half-wavelength antenna radiates the strongest signal

Answer: At right angles to its axis

19. Two layers in the ionosphere recombine and largely disappear at night

Answer: D and F

20. Ungrounded antenna near the ground

Answer: Acts as antenna array

21. Ability of a receiver to perform in the strong signals is a consequence of its

Answer: Dynamic Range

22. Good grounding is important for

Answer: Vertical antennas

23. LCU

Answer: DTE

24. Diode and capacitor can detect

Answer: AM

25. T-1 carrier service has

Answer: 1.544 Mbps (digital bit rate)

26. Lengthen an antenna electrically

Answer: Add a series coil

27. RS232, between DTE and DCE, signal rate of

Answer: 20 kbps

28. Which of the following is the biggest disadvantage of PCM systems?

a. Inability to handle analog signals

b. High error rate as a result of quantizing noise

c. Not compatible with TDM

d. The large bandwidth required

29. FDM is being replaced by TDM

Answer: Because noise is amplified with voice when an FDM system is used

30. The reflected wave

Answer: Arrives in a variable phase compared with the direct wave

31. First fixed-length 5-bit character code

Answer: Baudot code

32. Single-sideband can be demodulated by

Answer: A BFO and Mixer

33. Time-division multiplexing is often done with

Answer: PM

34. To receive UHF signals on a shortwave receiver

Answer: A down converter is needed

35. If the frequency of each component in a signal spectrum is increased by the same fixed

amount

Answer: FM and UP Conversion

36. Pre-emphasis in FM transmitters to improve SNR of

Answer: High modulating frequencies

37. Parasitic element of an antenna system will

Answer: Increase its directivity and give it unidirectional properties

38. Primary purpose of the data modem

Answer: Interface digital terminal equipment to analog communications channel

39. S+N/N is a measure of

Answer: Sensitivity

40. If k-factor is greater than 1, the array beam is

Answer: Bent Towards the earth

41. Redundancy

Answer: Symbols are to be repeated

42. Stacking elements in a transmitting antenna system

Answer: Increase the field strength at the receiving antenna and increase the

directivity of the transmitter antenna

43. Reflected wave in a radio signal

Answer: Travels farther than the direct wave

44. Complex antenna are constructed from

Answer: The half-wave antenna

45. The main purpose of the BFO is to generate

Answer: An output whose frequency differs from the IF by 1kHz

46. When a TL is terminated in a resistance greater than Zo

Answer: The end of the TL appears as an open circuit

47. A low is not a practical with a single-conversion receiver because

Answer: The image frequency would be too close to the incoming signal frequency

48. E and M field of antenna is maximum

Answer: When they are quarter-cycle apart

49. To electrically decrease the length of an antenna

Answer: Add a capacitor in series

50. Coherent

Answer: Same frequency

51. Parasitic element in Hertz dipole

Answer: Increase the antenna’s power gain

52. Neutralization of an RF amplifier stage can be necessary in order to

Answer: Prevent the generation of spurious oscillations

53. Stages common to both AM and FM Receivers

Answer: RF amplifier, mixer, IF Amplifier, AF Amplifier

54. Digital signal processing can be used to advantage with:

a. SSB

b. SSTV

c. FSK
d. Any of the above

55. SSB

Answer: Reduced bandwidth

56. Ionization in the atmosphere is produced chiefly by

Answer: UV Radiation

57. Product detector

Answer: Often used to receive CW (Continuous-wave)

58. Ionization density of the D layer

Answer: Relatively low

59. AGC

Answer: Uses the Audio detector voltage components as a feedback

60. Current maximum in a Marconi antenna is at

Answer: The Base of the antenna

Electronic Systems and Technologies: OT3

1. In digital transmission, signal degradation can be improved using:

Answer: Regenerative repeater

2. Quantizing noise:

Qe = 1/2Res

Resolution = Vmax-Vmin/L-1

Answer: Decreases as the bits per sample increases

3. DS-1 rate for each channel is:

Answer: 64 kbps

4. Immediate result of sampling is:

Types of sampling:

a. Natural sampling

b. Sample and Hold

Answer: PAM

5. What is the Shannon Limit of a channel that has a bandwidth of 4000 Hertz and a SNR of

15?
C = BWlog2(1 + SNR)

C = 4000log2(1 + 15)

Answer: 16 kbps

6. Use Hartley’s law to find how much time it would take to send 100,000 bits over a

channel with a bandwidth of 2000 Hertz and a channel constant of k = 10.

I = ktB

100,000 = 10(t)(2000)

Answer: 5 seconds

7. Bits added to a digital signal to help the receiver detect the beginning and end of data

frames

Answer: Framing bits

8. The telephone local loop that combines analog telephone service with data

communications

Answer: ADSL

9. Net susceptance at resonance

Answer: Equal to zero

10. Voltage gain in dB at the break frequency

Answer: -3 dB

11. A parallel LC circuit has the following values L=100 uH and C=67 pF, and a Q=150. What

is the bandwidth?

Fr = 1/(2*pi*sqrt(L*C))

Fr = 1.94 MHz

B = 1.94 MHz/150

Answer: 12.96 kHz

12. What is the range of intermediate frequencies used in AM receivers?

Answer: 450 kHz – 460 kHz

13. Determine the noise current for a diode with a forward bias current of 1mA over a

100-kHz bandwidth.

In = sqrt(2*I*B*q) = sqrt(2*0.001*100000*1.6x10^-19)
Answer: 5.66 nA

14. All kinds of two-way radio communication take place to this frequency band

Answer: VHF

15. What is the approximate frequency of the modulating signal having a bandwidth (using

Carson’s rule) of 15 kHz and a frequency deviation of 6 kHz?

BW = 2(f + fdev)

15 kHz = 2(f + 6 kHz)

Answer: 1.5 kHz

16. A 100 MHz carrier is deviated 50 kHz by a 4 kHz signal. The modulation index is

m = 50 kHz/4 kHz

Answer: 12.5

17. What is the amount of carrier swing necessary to produce an 80% modulation for FM

broadcasting?

0.80 = df / fmax

fmax = 75 kHz * 0.80

Carrier swing = 2 * fmax = 2 * 60 kHz

Answer: 120 kHz

18. A bandwidth of 6 MHZ becomes available for assignment. Determine the number of AM

stations that could be broadcast simultaneously if the maximum modulating frequency

is limited to 5 kHz.

# of AM stations = (6 MHZ/2)/5 kHz

Answer: 600

19. An antenna transmits an AM signal having a total power content of 15 kW. Determine

the power being transmitted at each of the sidebands when the percent of modulation

is 55%.

Psb = Pc(m^2/4)

Pt = Pc(1+m^2/2)

15 kW = Pc(1+0.55^2/2)

Pc = 13029.32 W
Psb = 1970.68/2

Answer: 985.34 W

20. SSBSC - Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier

Answer: J3E

21. AM signal that is used in TV broadcasting

C3F - Vestigial Sideband

Answer: C3F

22. Frequencies in the UHF range normally propagate by means of

Answer: Space waves

23. Tropospheric scatter is used with frequencies in the

Answer: UHF range

24. Calculate the beam width in the E-plane of a pyramid horn antenna that has an aperture

of 60 mm in the E-plane, 80 mm in the H-plane and operating at 60 GHz.

ϕe = 4.67 de

56λ = 0.06 m

56(0.005 m) =

ϕh = 4.375 dh

70λ = 0.08 m

70(0.005 m) =

Answer: 83.33

25. A province in the Philippines has an area of 2000 km^2, it has to be covered by cellular

mobile telephone service using cells with radius of 2 km. Assuming hexagonal cells, find

the number of cell sites needed.

2000/(3rsqrt(3))

Answer: 145 cells

26. Calculate the blocking probability for 5-channel cell with an offered traffic of 1.66

Erlangs

Answer: 2%

27. A flute with all of the holes closed can be considered as a tube with both ends open. It
has a fundamental frequency of 261.6 Hz (which is middle C). Calculate the 3 rd decades

of this fundamental generated.

a. 784.8 Hz

b. 1046.4 Hz

c. 2.1 Hz

d. 261.6 Hz

28. Which of the following specification group does not belong to 3GPP working

organizations?

a. TSG SA Service and System Aspects

b. TSG CN Core Network

c. TSG EFA Error Function Aspects

d. TSG T Terminals

29. In Digital Network Performance Requirements, a blocking probability of _____ is the

quality of service (QoS) objective with judicious use of alternative routing, a blocking

probability of 0.005 might be expected.

Answer: 0.01

30. A satellite communication link between Pinugay Earth Station, Philippines and Mt.

Fucino Earth Station, Italy is to be established. If the assigned uplink frequency at

Pinugay Earth Station is 6175 MHz, what is the downlink frequency at Mt. Fucino Earth

Station, in MHz?

fdown = 6175 MHz - 2225 MHz

Answer: 3950 MHz

31. A satellite receives an uplink frequency of ______ MHz from a ground station of 3700

MHz.

fup = 3700 MHz + 2225 MHz

Answer: 5925 MHz

32. The backboard color for the house or riser cable

Answer: Yellow

33. A phase modulator has Kp = 2 rad/V. What RMS voltage of a sine wave would cause a
peak phase deviation of 38 or 30 degrees?

Vrms = (30*pi/180) / 2rad/V

Answer:

34. The best insulation at UHF is

Answer: Mica

Electronic Systems and Technologies: OT4

1. In a stop-and-wait ARQ system, the transmitting terminal

Answer: Does not wait for acknowledgement after sending a block

2. A certain sound has 10000 times more energy than another sound. The number of times

it would sound stronger to a listener is

20log (10000)

Answer: 40

3. The most effective anti-jamming technique is

Answer: Spread-spectrum modulation

4. Formula for wavelength in insulator given the parameters:

Answer:

5. The period of the function cos pi/4 (t-1)

f = pi/4 / 2pi = 1/8 Hz

Answer: 8 s

6. To make antenna more directional, either its size must be increased or

Answer: The frequency of its transmission must be increased

7. The number of days when Earth’s shadow falls on a geosynchronous satellite is

Answer: 88

8. A line slightly longer than length and short circuited at far end behaves as

Answer: A capacitance

9. A form of switching which is stored and forward

Answer: Message switching

10. Tell something about the stability of system in

a. System is stable
b. Unstable

c. Stable at 0.4

d. Indefinite

11. It is an indirect method of evaluating the phase delay characteristics of the circuit

Answer: Envelope delay distortion

12. It is a distortion formed if SSB is used where the information bandwidth is greater than

half of the carrier frequency

a. Near-far effect

b. Hauffman effect

c. Kendall effect

d. Herringbone effect

13. A weighting technique that assumes a perfect receiver only, therefore its weighting

curve corresponds to the frequency response of the ear only.

a. Relative noise weighting

b. Above relative noise weighting

c. C-message noise weighting

d. Psophometric noise weighting

14. Infrared range for fiber optics

Answer: 700 – 1200 nm

15. Modal dispersion is caused by the

Answer: Dependence of the propagation constant on the mode number

16. Commonly used electro-optic crystal for polarization modulation

Answer: Lithium Niobate

17. Which modulation methods are the most widely used in optical systems?

a. Phase and Frequency modulation

b. Polarization and Phase modulation

c. Intensity and Phase modulation

d. Intensity and Polarization modulation

18. If S represents the carrier synchronization at the receiver and r represents the
bandwidth efficiency, then the correct statement for the coherent binary PSK is

Answer: r = 1.0, S is not required

19. The HV anode supply for the picture tube of a TV receiver is generated in the

Answer: Horizontal output stage

20. A Radome protecting a microwave transmitting antenna has a relative permittivity of 4,

and is designed as a half-wavelength reflection less slab at operating frequency of 10

GHz. Determine its thickness.

0.75 cm

21. Camera signal output without sync is called

Answer: Non-composite video

22. It is the light flux intercepted by a one-foot-square surface that is one-foot from a

one-candlepower source.

Answer: Footcandle

23. If a TV sound transmitter has a carrier frequency of 197.75 MHz, the picture carrier is

fc = 197.75 – 4.5 MHz

Answer: 193.25 MHz

24. In AM broadcast, the transmitter must be capable of maintaining the operating

frequency within the limits of

Answer: +/- 10 Hz

25. The power of any conducted spurious emission shall be attenuated below the maximum

level of carrier frequency in accordance with the following formula:

Answer: Attenuation (dB) = 43 + 10 log P

26. Which of the following Ethernet fiber optic standards uses synchronous, centralized

clock?

a. 10Base-FL (Link)

b. 10Base-FP (Passive)

c. 10Base-FB (Backbone)

d. All of the above

27. A radio station works at 800 kHz and uses AM. If this is a public broadcasting system, it
should transmit using

Answer: A vertical antenna less than quarter for practical reasons

28. Determine the fourth Fresnel radius of a microwave link having a transmitter-receiver

distance of 50 km, operating at a frequency of 7 GHz. An obstruction is found 15 km

from the transmitting station.

D1 = 15 km

D2 = 35 km

H1 = 17.32√ fD

d1d2

H1 = 17.32√ 7 50 = 21.2 meters *

15*35

H4 = sqrt(4) * 21.2 m

Answer: 42 meters

29.

2nd stage:

G2 = 10^20/10 F2 = 10^3/10

3rd stage:

G3 = 10^15/10 F3 = 10^6/10

NF1 = ?

70 K = 290 K (Foverall - 1); Foverall = 1.241

Overall gain = 45 dB = 20 + 15 + G1; G1 = 10 dB = 10^10/10

1.241 = F1 + (10^0.3 - 1 / 10) + (10^0.6 - 1 / 10*10^2)

F1 = 1.138; NF1 = 10log(1.138)

Answer: 0.56 dB

30. If e = 10sin(108t + 3sin 104t) then the modulation index is

For FM modulation, the equation for eFM is: eFM = Ecsin(wct + mfsin(wmt))

Answer: 3

31. The noise performance of a square law demodulator of AM signal is

Answer: Better than that of a synchronous detector

32. Thermal noise has a power spectral density which is quite uniform up to frequencies in

the order of

Answer: 10^13 Hz

33. What oscillator frequency is needed to heterodyne 626 kHz up to 3.58 MHz?

fo = 3.58 MHz – 0.626 MHz

Answer: 2.954 MHz

34. How often will hand-offs occur when vehicle travels through a CMTS at 100 km per hour

speed if the distance between cell sites is 10 km?

(10/100)*60*2

Answer: 12 mins

Electronic Systems and Technologies: OT5

1. A parallel LC circuit has the following values, L = 100 uH, C = 67 pF and Q = 150. What is

the bandwidth?

BW = fr / Qp

Qp = XL / Rp = XC / Rp

fr = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(100 uH * 67 pF) = 1.94 MHz

BW = 1.94 MHz / 150

Answer: 12.96 kHz

2. All kinds of two-way radio communication take place in this frequency band

Answer: VHF

3. Helical antennas are often used for satellite tracking at VHF because of

Answer: The Faraday effect

4. Indicate the antenna that is not wideband

a. Discone

b. Folded Dipole

c. Helical

d. Marconi

5. A flute with all of the holes closed can be considered as a tube with both ends open. It

has fundamental frequency of 261.6 Hz. Calculate the 3rd decades if this fundamental
generated.

Answer: 261.6 Hz

6. if the RMS sound pressure is 5 lb / ft^3, what is the sound pressure level?

Answer: 7.58 dB

7. a telephone exchange has a subscriber loop limit of 1800 ohms, excluding the telephone

instrument. what is the farthest distance in miles, that a subscriber can be located away

from the telephone exchange. If AWG 26 cable, which has a resistance of 431

ohms/loop mile is used?

Answer: 4.18

8. A frequency-modulation system requires a SNR of 40 dB at the detector output. The

modulating frequency is 2 kHz and the deviation is 50 kHz. Calculate the required

minimum S/N at the detector output.

mf = 50 kHz / 2 kHz = 25

S/N output = 40 dB - 20 log(25)

Answer: 12 dB

9. How long should a slot antenna be, if it is installed in waveguide with a cutoff frequency

of 6.56 GHz and operated at 10 GHz?

Answer: 20 mm

10. A horn antenna has a gain of 15 dBi at 10 GHz. What is the gain at 15 GHz?

G1 / G2 = (f2 / f1)^2

G1 = 10^1.5 = 31.62

(31.62 / G2) = (10 / 15)^2

G2 = 71.145; G2(dB) = 10log(71.145)

Answer: 18.5 dB

11. the primary advantage of phase modulation over frequency modulation is that phase

modulation has better carrier _______.

Answer: Frequency stability

12. A receiver’s IF filter has a shape factor of 2.5 and a bandwidth of 6 kHz at the 6-dB down

point. What is its bandwidth at 60-dB down?

Shape factor = BW60dB / BW6dB

2.5 = BW60dB / 6 kHz

Answer: 15 kHz

13. if the current ratios of the two or more elements must be held 5% and the phase angle

to 3 degrees, the antenna is called a ______.

Answer: Critical phased array

14. Find the frequency to which a 400 Hz baseband frequency will be translated, for channel

8 of a group?

Answer: 79.6 kHz

15. on an open-ended transmission line, what is the phase relationship between the

standing waves of voltage and current?

Answer: 90 degrees out of phase

16. in an AM wave, where is the audio intelligence located?

Answer: In the spacing between the carrier and sideband frequencies

17. The signal-to-noise ratio is 30 dB at the input to an amplifier and 27.3 dB at the output.

What is the noise figure and noise temperature of the amplifier?

NF = S/Ni / S/No = 30 - 27.3 dB = 2.7 dB

Teq = 290K(10^2.7/10 - 1) = 250 K

Answer: 2.7 dB, 250 K

18. what digital modulation technique is used in modems?

Answer: PSK

19. where are the voltage nodes in a half-wave antenna?

Answer: at the feed point

20. A disadvantage of using a trap antenna

Answer: it will radiate harmonics

EST

• In digital transmission, signal degradation can be improved using C. regenerative repeater

• Quantizing noise (quantization noise): decreases as the bits per sample increases

• The bit rate for each channel in DS-1 is: 1. 544 Mb/s
• The Nyquist Rate can be expressed as fs=2fmax

• The immediate result of sampling is PAM

• What is the minimum required number of samples per second to digitalized an analog signal with
frequency components ranging from 300 Hz to 3300 Hz? 6600 samples/sec

• What is the Shannon Limit of a channel that has a bandwidth of 4000 hertz and a signal-to-noise
ratio of 15? 16 kbps

• Use Hartley’s Law to find how much time it would take to send 100,000 bits over a channel with
a bandwidth of 2,000 hertz and a channel constant of k=10 C. 5 seconds

• These are bits added to a digital signal to help the receiver detect the beginning and end of data
frames Framing bits

• A series of pulses in which the amplitude of the information signal at a given time is coded as a
binary number PCM

• Speed at which data is transmitted in a digital communication system bit rateDigital modulation
scheme that represents a bit pattern by a change in phase from the previous state PSK

• The telephone local loop that combines analog telephone service with data communications
ADSL

• Codec stands for Coder-Decoder

• Distortion created by using too low a sampling rate when coding an analog signal for digital
transmission Aliasing What is the value of net susceptance at resonance? Equal to zero

• What is the voltage gain in dB at the break frequency? -3 dB

• It is the continued exchange of energy in an ac circuit that produces a damped sine wave at the
resonant frequency Flywheel Effect

• What is the difference in phase of the source voltage and the line current at resonance? 0 degrees

• A parallel LC circuit has the following values, L=100microH and C=67 Pf, and a Q =150. What is
the bandwidth 12.96 KHz

• What is the range of intermediate frequencies used in AM receivers? 450KHz – 460KHz

• Frequencies that are generally referred to as light Visible Light

• Determine the noise current for a diode with a forward bias current of 1 mA over a 100-KHz
bandwidth 5.6 nA

• All kinds of two-way radio communication take place in this frequency band VHF

• Determine the wavelength of a signal whose frequency is 500 MHz 0.6 meters

• Both FM and PM are types of what kind of modulation? Angle Modulation

• What is the approximate frequency of the modulating signal having a bandwidth (using Carson’s
rule) of 15 KHz and a frequency deviation of 6 KHz. 1.5 KHz

• The primary disadvantage of FM is excessive use of spectrum space

• A 100 MHz carrier is deviated 50 KHz by a 4 KHz signal. The modulation index is 12.5

• What is the amount of carrier swing necessary to produce an 80% modulation for FM
broadcasting? 120 KHz

• A modulator circuit performs what mathematical operation on its two inputs multiplication

• A bandwidth of 6 MHz becomes available for assignment. Determine the number of AM stations
that could be broadcast simultaneously if the maximum modulating frequency is limited to 5KHz. 600

• An antenna transmits an AM signal having a total power content of 15 kW. Determine the power
being transmitted at each of the sidebands when the percent modulation is 85% 2709 W

• In the designation of bandwidth and emission, what letter is the first symbol represents an SSBSC
signal? J

• The type of AM signal that is used in TV broadcasting is called C3F

• A (75-j50) load is connected to a coaxial transmission line of Zo=75, at 10 GHz. The best method
of matching consists of connecting a short-circuited stub at some specific distance from the load

• the velocity factor of a transmission line depends on the dielectric constant of the material used

• For a transmission line load matching over a range of frequencies, it is best to use a double stub

• Indicate the true statement below. The directional coupler is a coupling device for matching
impedance

• frequencies in the UHF range normally propagate by means of space waves

• Tropospheric scatter is used with frequencies in the following range UHF

• The ground waves eventually disappear as one moves away from the transmitter because of
tilting

• Electronic waves are refracted when they pass into a medium of different dielectric constant

• Helical antennas are often used for satellite tracking at VHF because of the Faraday effect

• Diffraction of electromagnetic waves may occur around the edge of a sharp obstacle

• Indicate the antenna that is not wideband Marconi

• Indicate which of the following reasons for use of an earth mat with antennas is false protection
of personnel working underneath

• The standard reference antenna for the directive gain is the isotropic antenna
• Top loading is sometimes used with an antenna in order to increase its effective height

• One of the following is not an omni directional antenna Log periodic

• An ambulance travels down a highway at a speed of 75.0 mi/h with its siren transmitting a sound
with a frequency of 400Hz. What frequency is heard by a passenger in a car travelling at 55mi/h in the
opposite direction as it approaches the ambulance? 475 Hz

• Find the Doppler stuff caused by a vehicle moving toward a radar at 60mph, if the radar operates
at 10 GHz. 1.75 KHz

• A province in the Philippines has an area of 2000 sq km. It has to be covered by cellular mobile
telephone service using cells with radius of 2 km. assuming hexagonal cells, find the number of cell sites
needed. 145 cells

• Calculate the blocking probability for 5-channel cell with an offered of 1.66 erlangs 2%

• Determine the speed of sound in air at STP (Used y=1.4 for air, p=1.23 kg/m3, P=1 atm=1.013x106
Pa) 332m

• A flute with all of the holes closed can be considered as a tube with both ends open. It has
fundamental frequency of 261.6 Hz (which is middle C). Calculate the 3rd decades of this fundamental
generated. 261.6 Hz

• You are at a party and talking with a group of people. They all produce sound levels of the same
magnitudes at your position. The combined level when all four talks at once is 70dB. What is the sound
level from one person? 64 dB

• If the RMS sound pressure is 5lb/ft2, what is the sound pressure level? 7.58 dB

• Hearing loss due to non-occupational noise sources e.g. household noises,

• TV and road traffic Sosiocusis

• Which organization has authority over interstate and international commerce in the
communications field? FCC

• A mechanism used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the
sender ICMP

• Which technical specification group does not belong to 3GPP working organizations? TSG EFA
Error Function Aspects

• The main benefit of the HSCSD feature compared to other data enhancements introduced is that
it is an expensive way to implement higher data rates

• Are intended to carry either encoded speech or user data Traffic Channel

• A scheme in which the transmitter alternatively uses the two antennas to transmit bursts or to
decorrelate the fading profile of each alternate burst Antenna hopping
• Refers to its spatial diversity where transmission or reception is performed simultaneously at two
or more base station and used to combat fast fading Macrodiversity

• It is the work-effort that is required to provide a given spectral efficiency at a given grade of
service Operational efficiency

• It provides MAC enhancements to support LAN applications with CoS requirements IEEE 802.11e

• It suffers a known plaintext attack recovering the pseudorandom string by XORing the plaintext
and ciphertext of challenge, which can be eavesdropped from the air Shared-key authentication

• Introduced the term PAN to denote a communication between proximal electronic devices by
using the body as a conduct for information Zimmerman

• How can we represent the number 21 in one’s compliment arithmetic using only four bits 5

• The telephone receiver, as a converter of electrical energy to acoustic energy, has a

comparatively low efficiency on the order of 2% to 3%

• In Digital Network Performance Requirements, a blocking probability of ___ is the quality of

service (QoS) objective. With judicious use of alternative routing, a blocking probability of 0.005 might
be expected B=0.01

• For North American DTMF Code, the digit “2” has ___ Multifrequency

• Push-Button Tone 697 Hz, 1336 Hz

• It is required to match a 73-ohm antenna to a 500 ohm polyethylene coaxial feeder line, with a
velocity factor of 0.66 means by means of a quarter wave matching a transformer. At a frequency of 150
MHz, the impedance of the matching section is ____ ohms 209.28

• A Fade Margin of 28 dB has a reliability of 99.9%

• A wave propagated in a parallel plane waveguide. The frequency is 6 GHz and the plane
separation us 3 cm. The cut-off wavelength for the dominant mode, the group and phase velocity are: 6
cm, 106 Mm/sec, 543 Mn/sec

• A satellite communication link between Panugay Earth Station, Philippines and Mt. Fucino Earth
Station, Italy is to be established. if the assigneduplink frequency at Panugay Earth Station is 6175 MHz,
what is the downlink frequency at Mt. Fucino Earth Station, in MHz? 3950

• A satellite receives an uplink frequency of __________ MHz from a ground station of 3700 MHz.
5925 MHz

• A telephone exchange has a subscriber loop limit of 1800 ohms, excluding the telephone
instrument. What is the farthest distance in miles, that a subscriber can be located away from the
telephone exchange. If AWG 26 cable, which has a resistance of 431 ohms/loop mile is used? 4.18

• The minimum depth for an underground entrance conduit under areas used for vehicular traffic
inside private property 600 mm
• How much time in seconds is saved if we use Touch Tone Dialing instead of Pulse Dialing to call
telephone number 781-10-057 7.75

• With attenuation limit at 6 dB , what is the length of cable using gauge 26 with attenuation of
1.61 dB per km 3.7 km

• The backboard color for the house or riser cable Yellow

• OC-1 (STS-1) line rate is 51.84 Mbps

• Duration of vertical blanking 1333 micro sec CATV superband channel V J

• A three-stage amplifier is to have an overall noise temperature no greater than 70K. The overall
gain of the amplifier is to be at least 45 Db. The amplifier is to characteristics as follows: stage 2 has 20
dB power gain and 3 dB noise figure. Stage 3 has 15 dB power gate and 6 dB noise figure.

• Calculate the maximum noise figure (in dB) that the first stage can have 0.56 dB

• In measuring noise in a voice channel at a -4 dB test point level, the meter reads -70 dBm (F1A
weighted), convert the reading into pWp 63

• A phase modulator has Kp-2 rad/V. What RMS voltage of a sine wave would cause a peak phase
deviation of 36 degrees? 0.185 V

• What are the three major oscillator circuits often uses in radio equipment? Colpitts, Hartley, and
Pierce

• If the frequency fed to the pre-amplifier of a basic transmitter with multipliers is composed of a
pair of triplers and a doubler is 196 MHz what frequency should the oscillator operate? 11 MHz

• What capacitor frequency is needed to heterodyne 626 kHz-up to 3.60 MHz? 2.954 MHz

• The best insulation at UHF is Mica

• A transmitter is required to deliver 100 W to an antenna through 5m coaxial cable with a loss of
3 dB / 100m. What must be the output power of the transmitter assuming the line is matched? 130 W

• IS-95 system uses direct sequences spread spectrum with a chipping rate of 1.23 MHz

• How often with hand-off occur when vehicle travels through a CMTS at 100 km per hour speed if
the distance between cellsites is 10km. 12 mins

1. In a digital transmission, signal degradation can be improved using

C. Regenerative repeater
2. Quantizing noise (quantization noise)

B. decreases as the bits per sample increases

3. The bit rate for each channel in DS-1 is:

A. 1.544 Mbps

4. The Nyquist rate can be expressed in:

D. fS = 2fMAX

5. The immediate result of sampling is:

B. PAM

6. These are the bits added to a digital signal to help the receiver detect the beginning and end of data
frames.

B. Framing bits

7. A series of pulses in which the amplitude of the information signal at a given time is coded as a binary
number.

D. PCM

8. Speed at which data is transmitted in a digital communication system.

A. Bit Rate
9. Digital modulation scheme that represents a bit pattern by a change in phase from the previous state.

B. PSK

10. The telephone local loop that combines analog telephone service with data communications

C. ADSL

11. Codec stands for

B. Coder-Decoder

12. Distortion created by using too low sampling rate when coding an analog signal for digital
transmission

A. Aliasing

13. For a resolution of 0.04 V, determine the voltage for a linear 7 bit sign-magnitude PCM code as
0000011.

C. +0.12V

14. Most common compression value for µ-law

C. 255

15. The number of levels required in a PCM system whose SNR is 40 dB

C. 128

16. The DC component problem is handled in AM through ______

C. Alternate positive and negative amplitude for the 1 bits

17. Bipolar violation

A. C. Occurs when two successive pulses have the same polarity and are separated by one level

18. How many voice channels are supported in an E-1 line?

B. 30

19. Which of the following uses modulo-11 in implementation

C. ISBN-10

20. Statistical TDM is also known as

A. Asynchronous TDM

21. Bandwidth efficiency for 16 QAM with a rate of 10

Mbps

D. 4 bits/cycle

22. Determine the minimum bandwidth for 16-QAM modulator with an input bit rate of 20 Mbps
A. 5 MHz

23. What is the value of net susceptance at resonance?

B. Equal to zero

24. What is the voltage gain in dB at the break frequency?

B. -3 dB

25. It is the continued exchange of energy in an AC circuit that produces a damped sine wave at the
resonant frequency

D. Flywheel Effect

26. What is the difference in phase of the source voltage and the line current at resonance?

C. 0 degrees

27. What is the range of Intermediate frequencies used in AM receivers?

D. 450 kHz – 460 kHz

28. Frequencies that are generally referred to as light

B. Visible Light

29. All kinds of two-way radio communication take place in this frequency band.
C. VHF

30. Both FM and PM are types of what kind of modulation?

C. Angle Modulation

31. The primary disadvantage of FM is

C. Excessive use of spectrum space

32. A modulator circuit performs what mathematical operation on its two inputs?

B. Multiplication

33. In the designation of bandwidth and emission, what letter in the first symbol represents an SSBC
signal?

A. J

34. The type of AM signal that is used in TV broadcasting is called ____.

B. C3F

35. Indicate the false statement regarding the advantages of SSB over double sideband, full carrier AM.

B. Transmitter circuit must be more stable, giving better reception

36. When the modulation index of an AM wave is doubled, the antenna current is also doubled. The AM
system being used is _____

J3E

37. Indicate which one of the following advantages of the phase cancellation method of obtaining
SSB over the filter method is false:

D. There are more balance modulators; therefore, the carrier is suppressed better.

38. The image frequency of a super heterodyne receiver

A. Is created within the receiver itself

39. One of the main functions of the RF amplifier in a super heterodyne receiver is to

Increase the tuning range of the receiver

40. When the modulating frequency is doubled, the modulation index is halved, and the modulating
voltage remains constant. The modulation system is ____.

C. Frequency Modulation

41. Indicate which one of the following is not an advantage of FM over AM:

B. Lower bandwidth is required

42. In the spectrum of a frequency modulated wave

A. The carrier frequency disappears when the modulation index is large

43. The difference between the phase and frequency modulation

D. lies in the different definitions of the modulation index

44. Indicate the false statement. From the transmitter, the signal deterioration because of noise is usually
____

B. Predictable in character

45. A (75 – j50) load is connected to a coaxial transmission line of Zo = 75, at 10 GHz. The best

method of matching consists of connecting

B. An inductance at the load

46. The velocity factor of a transmission line.

A. Depends on the dielectric constant of the

material used

47. For a transmission line load matching over a range of frequencies, it is best to use a

A. Double Stub

48. Indicate the true statement below. The directional coupler is

C. A device used to measure transmission line power

49. Frequencies in the UHF range normally propagate by means of

D. Space Waves

50. Tropospheric scatter is used with frequencies in the following range

A. UHF

51. The ground wave eventually disappears, as one move away from the transmitter, because of

A. tilting

52. Electromagnetic waves are refracted when they

A. Pass into a medium of different dielectric constant

53. Helical antennas are often used for satellite tracking at VHF because of

D. Faraday’s effect

54. Diffraction of electromagnetic wave

D. May occur around the edge of a sharp obstacle

55. Indicate the antenna that is not wideband:

D. Marconi

56. Indicate which of the following reason for use of an earth mat with antennas is false:
C. Protection of personnel working underneath

57. The standard reference antenna for the directive gain is the

B. Isotropic Antenna

58. Top loading is sometimes used with an antenna in order to increase its

A. Effective height

59. One of the following is not an omnidirectional antenna

B. Log periodic

60. Indicate the false statement. The SWR on a transmission line is infinity; the line is terminated in

D. A pure resistance

61. Impedance inversion may be obtained with

C. A quarter wave line

62. Indicate which one of the following terms applies to troposcatter propagation

B. Fading

63. In electromagnetic waves, polarization

B. Is due to the transverse nature of the waves

64. As electromagnetic waves travel in free space, one of the following can happen to them:

B. Attenuation

65. The absorption of radio waves by the atmosphere depends on

A. Their frequency

66. An antenna that is circularly polarized is the

A. Helical

67. One of the following is very useful as a multiband

HF receiving antenna. This is the

C. Log-periodic

68. Which of the following antenna is best excited from a waveguide?

B. Horn

69. Indicate the false statement. When the free space wavelength of a signal equals the cutoff wavelength
of the guide

C. the characteristic impedance of the guide becomes infinite

70. Which organization has authority over interstate and international commerce in the communications
field?
C. FCC

71. What oscillator frequency is needed to heterodyne 626 kHz up to 3.58 MHz?

A. 2.954 MHz

72. The best insulation at UHF is:

D. Mica

73. IS-95 system uses direct sequence spread spectrum with a chipping rate of

A. 1.23 MHz

B. 200 kHz

C. 500 MHz

D. 10.7 MHz

74. How often will hand-offs occur when vehicle travels through a CMTS at 100 km per hour speed if
the distance between cell sites is 10 km?

A. 6 mins

B. 12 mins

C. 395 sec

D. 10 hrs

75. A satellite receives an uplink frequency of _____

MHz from a ground station of 3700 MHz

D. 5925 MHz

76. A telephone exchange has a subscriber loop limit of 1800 ohms, excluding the telephone instrument.
What is the farthest distance, in miles, that a subscriber can be located away from the telephone
exchange if AWG 26 cable, which has a resistance of 4.31 ohms/loop mile, is used?

D. 4.18

77. The minimum depth for an underground entrance conduit under areas used for vehicular traffic inside
private property

B. 600 mm

78. How much time in seconds is saved if we use Touch Tone Dialing instead of Pulse Dialing to call
telephone number 781-10-05?

B. 7.75

79. With attenuation limit at 6 dB, what is the length of cable using gauge 26 with attenuation of 1.61 dB
per km

C. 3.7 km

80. The backboard color for the house or riser cable

A. Yellow

81. OC-1 (STS-1) line rate is

A. 51.84 Mbps
82. Duration of vertical blanking

A. 1333 us

83. CATV superband channel

A. J

84. A three-stage amplifier is to have an overall noise temperature no greater than 70 K. The overall gain
of the amplifier is to be atleast 45 dB. The amplifier is to be built by adding a low-noise first stage with
existing characteristics as follows stage 2 has 20 dB power gain 3 dB noise figure. Stage 3 has 15 dB power
gain and 6 dB noise figure. Calculate the maximum noise figure (in dB) that the first stage can

have

A. 0.267 dB

85. In measuring noise in a voice channel at a -4 dB test point level, the meter reads -70 dBm. Convert
the reading into pWp.

C. 63

86. A phase modulator has Kp = 2 rad/V. What RMS voltage of a sine wave would cause a peak phase
deviation of 30 degrees?

B. 0.185 V

87. What are the three major oscillator circuits often used in radio equipment?

D. Colpitts, Hartley, and Pierce

88. Hearing loss due to non-occupational noise sources

e.g. household noises, TV, and road traffic

B. Sosiocusis

89. A mechanism used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the
sender

A. D. ICMP

90. Which technical specification group does not belong to 3GPP working organizations?

C. TSG EFA Error Function Aspects

91. The main benefit of the HSCSD feature compared to other data enhancements introduced is that it is

D. An inexpensive way to implement higher data rates

92. Are intended to carry either encoded speech or user data

B. Traffic channel

93. A scheme in which the transmitter alternatively uses the two antennas to transmit bursts or to
decorrelate

the fading profile of each alternate burst

C. Antenna hopping
94. Refers to its spatial diversity where transmission or reception is performed simultaneously at two or
more

base station and used to combat fast fading

A. Macrodiversity

95. It is the work-effort that is required to provide a given spectral efficiency at a given grade of service

B. Operational efficiency

96. It provides MAC enhancements to support LAN applications with CoS requirements

B. IEEE 802.11e

97. It suffers a known plaintext attack recovering the pseudorandom string by XORing the plaintext and
ciphertext of challenge, which can be eavesdropped

from the air

D. Shared-key authentication

98. Introduced the term PAN to denote a communication between proximal electronic devices by using
the

body as a conduct for information

A. Zimmerman

99. How can we represent the number 21 in one’s complement arithmetic using only four bits

5
100. The telephone receiver, as a converter of electrical energy to acoustic energy, has comparatively
low

efficiency on the order of

A. 2% to 3%

101. In Digital Network Performance Requirements, a blocking probability of ____ is the Quality of Service
(QoS) objective. With judicious of alternative routing, a blocking probability of 0.005 might be

expected

B. B = 0.01

102. For North American DTMF Code, the digit “2” has

____ Multifrequency Push-Button Tone

D. 697 Hz, 1336 Hz

103. It is required to match a 73-ohm antenna to a 600 ohm polyethylene coaxial feeder line, with a
velocity factor of 0.66 by means of a quarter wave matching a transformer. At a frequency of 150 MHz,
the impedance of the matching section is ____ ohms.

A. 209.28

104. A Fade Margin of 28 dB has a reliability of

B. 99.9%

105. A wave propagated in a parallel plane waveguide. The frequency is 6 GHz and the plane separation
is 3 cm. The cut-off wavelength for the dominant mode, the group and phase velocity are:
A. 6 cm, 166 Mm/sec, 543 Mm/sec

106. A satellite communication link between Pinugay Earth Station, Philippines and Mt. Fucino Earth
Station, Italy is to be established. If the assigned uplink frequency at Panugay Earth Station is 6175 MHz,
what is the downlink frequency at Mt. Fucino Eart Station, in MHz?

B. 3950

107. If the frequency fed to the pre-amplifier of a basic transmitter with multipliers is composed of a pair
of triplers and a doubler is 196 MHz, what frequency should the oscillator operate?

A. 11 MHz

108. When microwave signal follows the curvature of the earth, this is known as:

B. Ducting

109. A half-wave dipole antenna is capable of radiating 1kW and has a 2.15 dB gain over an isotropic
antenna. How much power must be delivered to the isotropic (omnidirectional) antenna, to match the
field strength directional antenna?

A. 1640 W

110. The direction of rotation of a CD is

A. clockwise

111. It is a solicitation from the primary to a secondary to determine if the secondary has data to transmit

C. Polling
112. A 9600-baud rate signal can pass over the voice grade telephone line if which kind of modulation is
used

D. QAM

113. The analog signal m(t) is given below m(t) = 4 cos

100πt + 8sin 200π + cos 300πt, the Nyquist sampling

rate will be

B. 1/300

114. The characters making up the message in a synchronous transmission are collectively referred to

as the data

B. Block

115. In a Laplace transform, multiplication by e-at in time domain becames

A. translation by a in s domain

116. In a TV receiver antenna, the length of reflector rod

C. is more than that of dipole

117. A radio station works at 800 kHz and uses AM. If this is a public broadcast system, it should
transmit using

D. a vertical antenna less than quarter for practical reasons

118. Entropy gives

A. measure of uncertainty

119. The noise performance of a square law demodulator of AM signal is

B. better than that of a synchronous detector

120. Which of the following is correct?

A. The bit rate may be greater than the baud rate

121. Function of data link protocol that coordinates hopto-hop data delivery where a hop may be a
computer, a network controller, or a network-connecting device such as router.

B. Line Discipline

122. Which one is a linear system?

B. y[n] = x[n] + x[n-10]

123. A form of switching which is stored and forward

A. Packet switching

124. Which of the following is an indirect way of generating FM?

A. Armstrong modulator
125. In a multiplexing system similar to conventional time-division multiplexing except that it was

developed to be used with optical fibers

A. SONET

126. The data rate for IEEE 802.11b is ____.

D. 11 Mbps

127. The result whenever the sampling rate is less than twice the highest audio frequency

C. Alias

128. Ten bit error occurs in two million transmitted. The bit error rate is

B. 5 x 10-6

129. If output power of a radio receiver is doubled, its volume is increased by ____ dB.

C. 3

130. It is a function of the carrier-to-noise power ratio and the number of possible encoding conditions
used

A. probability of error

131. To eliminate ghosts in the picture

C. Change the antenna orientation or location

132. Sixteen different levels (symbols) are used to encode binary data. The channel bandwidth is 36 MHz.
The maximum channel capacity is

B. 288 Mbps

133. What is the minimum bandwidth required to transmit a 56 kbps binary signal with no noise?

B. 28 kHz

134. Which of the following does not cause losses in optical fiber cables?

A. Stepped index operation

135. It is the thermal noise power normalized to 1-Hz bandwidth

C. Noise power density

136. Any rounded-off errors in the transmitted signal are reproduced when the code is converted back
to analog in the receiver.

B. Quantization error

137. As per Shannon-Hartley theorem, a noiseless

Gaussian channel has

B. infinite capacity
138. T1 stands for

A. Transmission One

139. Fourier analysis indicates that a square wave can be represented as

A. A fundamental sine wave and odd harmonics

140. The OSI layer that provides the control functions necessary to establish, manage, and terminated
the

connections as required to satisfy the user request

C. Session layer

141. Which of the following steps is not included in the process of reception?

B. Storage

142. Amplitude modulation is the process of

A. Super imposing a low frequency on a high frequency

143.What type of mastergroup that can be further multiplexed and used for higher-capacity microwave
radio systems?

C. U600

144. In order to separate channels in the TDM receiver, it is necessary to use

A. AND gates

145. To provide two or more voice circuits with the same carrier, it is necessary to use

A. ISB

146. VLF waves are used for some type of services because

C. They are very reliable

147. A range of microwave frequencies more easily passed by the atmosphere than the others is called

A. Window

148. High frequency waves are

D. Affected by the solar cycle

149. What is the purpose of peak clipper circuits in radio transmitters?

A. To prevent overmodulation

150. It is found that a ship to ship communication suffers from fading. This can be avoided using

B. Frequency diversity

Determine the M-ary encoding bandwidth of a system that has 64 possible output phases using a data

rate of 600 kbps

-100 kHz

Digital Transmission basically requires the following except

-Multiplexing

Which pulse modulation technique is used with other modulation techniques such as PCM

-PAM

It is the theoretical study of the efficient use of bandwidth to propagate information through electronic

communications system.

-Information theory

____errors happens when the amplitude of the sampled signal changes during the sample pulse time

-Aperture

A system can use a maximum modulating frequency of ____ when the sampling frequency is equal to 80

ksamples per second

-40 kHz

___ is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog signals between two or more points a

communications system.

-Digital Modulation

The alias frequency can be found at ___ kHz when the modulating signal is 5 kHz and the sampling

frequency is 8 kHz.

-3

Non-linear coding is a solution to minimizing quantization error by making the resolution ____ at low

amplitude signals and ____ at high amplitude signals

-Larger, Smaller

The maximum value of quantization error is always _____

-equal to half of the resolution

The coding efficiency of a PCM system is ____ when the system requires a minimum number of bits of

6.3234 (excluding the sign bit)

-91.54

The minimum bandwidth needed to pass an FSK signal is _____ when the peak frequency deviation is 70

kHz and the input bit rate is 10 kbps.

-160 kHz

The bandwidth efficiency of 512 QAM is

-9

The output phases of a 16-QAM modulator are separated by

-30 degrees

____ is the process of compressing the dynamic range prior to transmission and expanding at the

receiver

-Companding

In digital companding, in segment ____ 4 bits are approximated

-5

The information content of a symbol is highly dependent on

-The probability of occurrence of the symbol

How many possible levels will a PCM system have if 7 bits are used for magnitude and 1 bit used as a

sign bit?

-255

If the ASCII character E (45h) is sent and the character P(50h) is received, what type of error is this

-hindi Makita sa OT

Transmit on a medium that has a signal to noise ratio of 50 and a bandwidth of 4 kHz?

-22.690 kbps

The source of entropy is equal to ____ bits/symbol when the source can produce 18 different

equiprobable symbols

-4.1699

Entropy is maximized if the probability of occurrences of the symbols

-are equiprobable

Pulse width modulation is the process of changing the width of the _____ sample pulse in response to

changes in the ____ modulating signal

-Digital, Analog

The same pulse characteristic is varied in which of the following types of pulse modulations?

-PDM and PWM

Compared to PPM, the PDM has the disadvantage that requires

-more powerful transmitter

The most common modulation system used fot telegraphy is

-Frequency shift keying

Most modern modems use ____ for digital to analog modulation

-QAM

Bit rate is ____

-the rate of change at the input of the modulator

An interval during which a signal is present

-Mark

Major component of binary FSK transmitter

-VCO

QAM is the combination of

-ASK and QPSK

Determine the bandwidth for an FSK signal with a mark frequency of 32 kHz, a space frequency of 24

kHz and a bit rate of 4 kbps.

-16 kHz

The most common circuits for demodulating FSK signal is the

-PLL

Circuit used to produce BPSK

-Balanced Modulator

In QPSK, how many bits are represented by each phase shift

-2

Key circuit used in DPSK modulation

-XNOR

Minimum bandwidth for an ASK modulated signal with a baud rate of 5000 is

-5000

Determine the minimum bandwidth for a 16-QAM modulator with an input bit rate of 20 Mbps

-5 MHz
Used for digital microwave long-haul radio communications

-64-QAM

A logic ___ is used for the start bit

-0 and 1

A technique which increases power efficiency without compromising spectral efficiency by combining

modulation with error control coding

-TCM

Bandwidth efficiency for 16-QAM with a rate of 10 Mbps

-4bits/cycle

The character parity can not detect

-even number of errors

On-off keying is more commonly known as

-Digital AM

____ signals appear noise-like and random

-spread spectrum

Frequency division multiplexing uses ______ transmission on a _____link

-Simultaneous, shared

Which encoding method attempts to solve the loss of synchronization in long strings of 0s

-B8ZS

Noise is found to be

-Double the carrier frequency

Which error consists of just one redundant bit per data unit

-Character parity check

At the CRC checker, _____ means that the data unit is damaged

-A nonzero remainder

Which line encoding method introduces violations for 4 consecutive zeroes

-HDB3

Which circuit is common to both frequency-hopping and direct sequence spread spectrum transmitters

-PRN code generator

The type of modulation most often used with direct sequence spread spectrum

-PSK

If the CRC generator is 24 bits long, the CRC is ___ bits long

-23

Suppose a FHSS system utilizes 8 different carrier frequencies. If these 8 frequencies were used in 20 ms,

compute for the hop rate

-0.4

It allows increase in spectrum capacity by allowing all users to occupy all channels at the same time

-CDMA

In FHSS, the pseudorandom code is applied to

-the carrier frequency

In synchronous TDM, for 10 signal sources of the same data rate, each frame contains ___ slots

-10

In TDM, the transmission rate of the multiplexed path is usually _____ the sum of the transmission rates

of the signal sources

-Greater than

The main circuit in a DSSS scrambler is a(n)

-XOR

CDMA utilizes what type of wideband technology

-Spread Spectrum

What is the frame rate of 5- device synchronous TDM system when the bit rate of each channel is 1000

kbps, no synchronization bits are added and bit interleaving is used

-None of the choices (200frames, 1000frames, 5000frames)

The output phase of a 16-QAM modulator are separated by

30 degrees

It is a digital encoding technique wherein a transition at the beginning of an interval is used for

representation and a transition at the middle is used for synchronization

-Differential Manchester

Which of the following error detection techniques has the best error detection capability?
-CRC

What is the quantization range for +1 V if the resolution is 0.25V?

-0.875 to 1.125

1. If the frequency fed to the pre - amplifier of a basic transmitter with multipliers is composed of a pair
of triplers and a doubler is 198 Mhz, what frequency should the oscillator operate?

11 MHz

2. What is the electrical wavelength of a 500 mhz signal?

60cm

3. Duration of vertical blanking

1333us

4. The bit rate for each channel in DS-1 is:

1.544MBs

5. A pre-emphasis circuit provides extra immunity by

Amplifying the higher audio frequencies

6. Which is not a parameter of a photodetector?

Dispersion

7. A repeater is used to

Extend the range of a radio communications system

8. The number of voice channels in a basic FDM group is 12

9. The minimum depth for an underground entrance conduit under areas used for vehicular traffic
inside private property
600mm

10. An instrument designed to measure a frequency-weighted value of the sound pressure level

Sound Level Meter

11. The Hartley-Shannon theorem sets a limit on the

maximum capacity of a channel with a given noise level

12. Interlacing is used in television to avoid flicker

13. A 100-MHz carrier is deviated 50kHz by a 4kHz signal 12.5

14. Space waves are

line of sight

15. If the carrier of a 100 modulated am wave is suppressed the power saving will be

66%

16. The number of voice channels in a basic FDM group is 12

17. The typical core diameter of a single-mode

fiber is

8um

18. Find the Doppler shift caused by a vehicle moving toward a radar at 60 mph, if the radar operates at
10 GHz

1.75kHz

19. Cellular CDMA system uses what modulation method?

BPSK

20. A telephone exchange has a subscriber loop limit of 1800 ohms, excluding the telephone
instrument. That is the farthest distance, in miles, that a subscriber can be located away from the
telephone exchange, if AWG 26 cable, which has a resistance of 431 ohms/loop mile, is used? 4.18

21. A unit of noisiness related to the perceived noise level

Noy

22. Mixer is also known as a

Converter

23. CATV superband channel

24. Microwave link repeaters are typically 50km apart

Because of earths curvature

25. The standard reference antenna for the

directive gain is the

Isotropic Antenna

26. Indicate which of the following system is

digital

Pulse code modulation

27. The “attenuation of free space” is due to:

The decrease in energy per square meter due to expansion of the wavefront

28. A microwave communication uses plane reflector as passive repeaters. The diameter of the parabolic
antenna is 18ft, while effective area is 310 ft^2. Determine the reflector coupling factor.
0.906

29. A fiber has an acceptance angle of 50.8 degrees, calculate the numerical aperture.

0.775

30. A candle power that is located 12 feet from a surface provides how many lux?

37.375 lux

31. A satellite communication link between Pinugay Earth Station, Philippines and Mt. Fucino Earth
Station, Italy is to be established. If the assigned uplink frequency at Panugay Earth Station is 6175 MHz,
what is the downlink frequency at Mt. Fucino Earth Station, in MHz? 3950

32. Fiber optic communication systems typically operate in what three wavelength windows?

850nm, 1300nm, 1550nm

33. Find the group velocity for the waveguide with a cutoff frequency of 3.75 GHz and operating at 5 GHz.

198 x 10^6 m/s

34. How many voice channels are there in a master group?

600

35. A transmission line is operating at 400 MHz, and its primary constants are: R= 0.1 ohm/meter, L = 0.2
microHenry per meter, G= 8microSiemens per meter, C= 90 picoFarad per meter. What is its attenuation
constant?

0.001116 neper per meter

36. Determine the characteristic impedance of an air-filled concentric transmission line with a D/d ratio
of 6.

107.064 ohms
37. If in a broadcasting studio, a 1000kHz carrier modulated by an audio signal of frequency range 100-
5000Hz, the width of the channel is _____kHz.

10

38. Light leaves a slab of transparent material whose index of refraction is 2.0 at an angle of 0
degrees. The angle of incidence is

39. A super heterodyne receiver with an IF of 450kHz is tuned to a signal at 1200kHz. The image
frequency is

2100kHz

40. Which antenna is not a wideband?

Marconi

41. In a transmission line the velocity of the line is 2.5 x 108 m/sec. Capacitance of the line is 30pF/m,
find the inductance per meter of the line.

533nH/m

42. A satellite receives an uplink frequency of ________ MHz from a ground station of 3700MHz.

5925 MHz

43. Indicate the false statement. The SWR on a transmission line is infinity; the
line is transmitted in

A complex impedance

44. A directional coupler with three or more

holes is sometimes used in preference to the

hole coupler

to increase the bandwidth of the system

45. If the power content of a carrier of an AM wave is 4kW at a percentage modulation of 80%, power
content of each sideband is ______kW.

0.64

46. It is an array of metallic conductors buried beneath the antenna, which is used to improve the
conductivity of the natural earth.

Earth mat

47. In Digital Network Performance

Requirements, a blocking probability of ____ is the quality of service (QoS) objective. With judicious use
of alternative routing, a blocking probability of 0.005 might be expected.

B=0.01

48. One of the main functions of the RF amplifier

in a super heterodyne receiver is to Improve the rejection of the image frequency

49. Effective earth radius to true earth radius ratio

K factor

50. What are the two basic categories of fiber splices?

Mechanical and fusion