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STEEL STRUCTURES
NEN EN 1991-1-4

Revision: A

NOTE: THIS WORK IS IN PROGRESS

Wind velocity and velocity pressure ; ref.1 §4.1 [22/150]

Fundamental value of basic wind velocity

m
vb0 ≔ 27 ― Terrain category Zone II ; ref.2 §4.2 Tabel NB.1 [6/32]
s
https://www.dlubal.com/en/load-zones-for-snow-wind-earthquake/wind-nen-
Directional factor en-1991-1-4.html#center=51.8749478,4.282547000000022&zoom=7&marke
r=51.8749478,4.282547000000022
Cdir ≔ 1 ; ref.1,2 §4.2 (2)

Season factor

Cseason ≔ 1

Basic wind velocity

m
vb ≔ Cdir ⋅ Cseason ⋅ vb0 = 27 ― ; ref.1 §4.2 [22/150]
s

Structure levels heights above the terrain

⎡ 4 ⎤
⎢ 7 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
z≔⎢ 9 ⎥ m
⎢ 12 ⎥
⎣ 15 ⎦

Mean wind - Variation with height ; ref. 1 §4.3.1 [23/150]

Roughness factor

Terreinruwheid II ; ref.1,2 §4.3.2

z0 ≔ 0.005 m ; ref.1,2 §4.3.2 Tabel 4.1

z0II ≔ 0.2 m

zmin ≔ 4 m

zmax ≔ 200 m

Terrain factor

⎛ z0 ⎞ 0.07
kr ≔ 0.19 ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ = 0.147
⎝ z0II ⎠

⎛ zmin ⎞
Crzmin ≔ kr ⋅ ln ⎜―― ⎟ = 0.981
⎝ z0 ⎠

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⎡ ‖ if z ≤ z ≤ z ⎤ ; ref.1 §4.3.2(4.4)
⎢‖ min 0,0
max ⎥
⎢ ‖‖ ⎥
⎛z ⎞
⎢‖ ‖ ⎜ 0,0⎟ ⎥
‖ ⋅
⎢ ‖ r k ln ⎜―― ⎟ ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎝ z0 ⎠ ⎥
‖
⎢ if z ≤ z ⎥
⎢‖ 0,0
min
⎥
⎢ ‖‖ ⎥
⎛ zmin ⎞
⎢ ‖ ‖ k ⋅ ln ⎜―― ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ‖‖ r
⎥
⎝ z ⎠
⎢ ‖‖ ‖
0
⎥
⎢ ‖ if z ≤ z ≤ z ⎥
⎢‖ min 1,0
max
⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎛z ⎞ ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎜ 1,0⎟ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ kr ⋅ ln ⎜―― ⎟ ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎝ z0 ⎠ ⎥
⎢ ‖ if z ≤ z ⎥
⎢‖ 1,0
min
⎥
⎢ ‖‖ ⎥
⎛ zmin ⎞
⎢ ‖ ‖ kr ⋅ ln ⎜―― ⎟ ⎥
‖
⎢‖ ‖ ⎥ ⎡ 0.981 ⎤
‖ ⎝ z0 ⎠
⎢‖ ⎥ ⎢ 1.063 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
crz ≔ ⎢ ‖‖ if zmin ≤ z ≤ zmax ⎥ crz = ⎢ 1.1 ⎥
⎢ 2,0 ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎥ ⎢ 1.142 ⎥
⎛z ⎞ ⎣ 1.175 ⎦
⎢‖ ‖ ⎜ 2,0⎟ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ kr ⋅ ln ⎜―― ⎟ ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎝ z0 ⎠ ⎥
⎢ ‖ if z ≤ z ⎥
⎢‖ 2,0
min
⎥
⎢ ‖‖ ⎥
⎛ zmin ⎞
⎢ ‖ ‖ kr ⋅ ln ⎜―― ⎟ ⎥
‖
⎢ ‖ ‖‖ ⎝ z0 ⎠ ⎥
⎢‖ ⎥
⎢ ‖ if z ≤ z ≤ z ⎥
⎢‖
min max
3,0 ⎥
⎢ ‖‖ ⎥
⎛z ⎞
⎢‖ ‖ ⎜ 3,0⎟ ⎥
‖
⎢ ‖ kr ⋅ ln ⎜―― ⎥
⎟
⎢‖ ‖ ⎝ z0 ⎠ ⎥
‖
⎢ if z ≤ zmin ⎥
⎢‖ 3,0 ⎥
‖ ‖
⎢‖ ⎛ zmin ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ kr ⋅ ln ⎜―― ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖‖ ⎝ z0 ⎠ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎥
⎢ ‖ if zmin ≤ z ≤ zmax ⎥
⎢‖ 4,0 ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎛z ⎞ ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎜ 4,0⎟ ⎥
‖ ⋅
⎢ ‖ r ⎜――
k ln ⎥
‖ ⎟
⎢ ‖ ⎝ z0 ⎠ ⎥
‖
⎢ ‖ if z ≤ zmin ⎥
⎢‖ 4,0 ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎛ zmin ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ kr ⋅ ln ⎜―― ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖‖ ⎝ z0 ⎠ ⎥
⎣‖ ⎦

cOz ≔ 1
; orography factor for flat terrain
; ref.1 §4.3.1(1)(4.3) §4.3.3 §4.5 NOTE 3

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⎡ 26.5 ⎤
⎢ 28.7 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ m
vmz ≔ crz ⋅ cOz ⋅ vb = ⎢ 29.7 ⎥ ― ; ref.1 §4.3.1(4.3) [23/150]
s
⎢ 30.8 ⎥
⎣ 31.7 ⎦

NOTE 4 The 10 minutes mean wind velocity having the probability p for an annual exceedence is determined by
multiplying the basic wind velocity vb in 4.2 (2)P by the probability factor, cprob given by Expression (4.2).
See also EN 1991-1-6.

KPR ≔ 0.234 ; ref.2 §4.2 Tabel NB.2 [7/32]

n ≔ 0.5 ; ref.2 §4.2 Tabel NB.2 [7/32]

pPR ≔ 0.02 ; ref.1 §3.4 (1) [21/150]

⎛ 1 - KPR ⋅ ln ⎛⎝-1 ln ⎛⎝1 - pPR⎞⎠⎞⎠ ⎞ n

cprob ≔ ⎜――――――――― ⎟ =1 ; ref.1 §4.2 [23/150]
⎝ 1 - KPR ⋅ ln ⎛⎝-ln (0.98)⎞⎠ ⎠

Wind pressure on (external) surfaces ; ref.1 §5.2 (1) (5.1) [28/150]

kg
ρ ≔ 1.25 ――3
; ref.1 §4.5 (4.10) NOTE 2 [27/150]
m

Basic velocity pressure

1 2
qb ≔ ―⋅ ρ ⋅ vb = 0.46 kPa
2

Turbulence intensity I at height z ; ref.1 §4.4 (4.7) [26/150]

kI ≔ 1.0 ; turbulence factor

kI
Ivzmin ≔ ――――― = 0.15
⎛ zmin ⎞
cOz ⋅ ln ⎜―― ⎟
⎝ z0 ⎠

⎡ ‖ if z ≤ z ≤ z ⎤
⎢‖ min 0,0
max ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ ――――― kI ⎥
⎢ ‖‖ ⎛z ⎞ ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎜ 0,0 ⎟ ⎥
c ⋅ ln ――
⎢ ‖ ‖ Oz ⎜ z ⎟ ⎥
⎝ 0 ⎠
⎢‖ ‖ ⎥
⎢ ‖ if z < zmin ⎥
⎢‖ 0,0
⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ ⎥
kI
⎢ ‖ ‖ ――――― ⎥
⎢ ‖‖ ‖ c ⋅ ln ⎛ zmin ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ Oz ⎜―― ⎟ ⎥
⎝ z0 ⎠
⎢‖ ‖ ‖ ⎥
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⎢‖ ⎥
⎢‖ ⎥
⎢ ‖ if zmin ≤ z1 , 0 ≤ zmax ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ ――――― kI ⎥
⎢ ‖‖ ⎛z ⎞ ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎜ 1,0 ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ cOz ⋅ ln ⎜―― ⎟ ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎝ z0 ⎠ ⎥
⎢ ‖ if z < zmin ⎥
⎢‖ 1,0
⎥
⎢‖ ‖ kI ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ ――――― ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ ⎛ zmin ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ c ⋅ ln ⎜ ―― ⎟ ⎥
Oz
⎝ z0 ⎠ ⎡ 0.15 ⎤
⎢ ‖‖ ‖‖ ⎥ ⎢ 0.138 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
Ivz ≔ ⎢ ‖ if zmin ≤ z ≤ zmax ⎥ Ivz = 0.133
‖ 2,0 ⎢ ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎥ ⎢ 0.128 ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ kI ⎥ ⎣ 0.125 ⎦
⎢ ‖ ‖ ――――― ⎛z ⎞ ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎜ 2,0 ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ cOz ⋅ ln ⎜―― ⎟ ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎝ z0 ⎠ ⎥
⎢ ‖ if z < zmin ⎥
⎢‖ 2,0 ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ ⎥
kI
⎢ ‖ ‖ ――――― ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ ⎛ zmin ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ cOz ⋅ ln ⎜―― ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ‖‖ ‖‖ ⎝ z0 ⎠ ⎥
⎢‖ ⎥
⎢ ‖ if zmin ≤ z3 , 0 ≤ zmax ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ kI ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ ――――― ⎛z ⎞ ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎜ 3,0 ⎟ ⎥
⋅
⎜――
⎢ ‖ ‖ Ozc ln ⎥
⎟
⎢‖ ‖ ⎝ z0 ⎠ ⎥
⎢ ‖ if z < z ⎥
min
⎢‖ 3,0 ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ kI ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ ――――― ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎛ zmin ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ cOz ⋅ ln ⎜―― ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ‖‖ ‖‖ ⎝ z0 ⎠ ⎥
⎢‖ ⎥
⎢ ‖ if zmin ≤ z4 , 0 ≤ zmax ⎥
⎢‖ ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ kI ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ‖
―――――
⎛z ⎞ ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎜ 4,0 ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ Ozc ⋅ ln ⎜―― ⎟ ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎝ z0 ⎠ ⎥
⎢ ‖ if z < z ⎥
⎢‖ 4,0
min ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ ――――― kI ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎛ zmin ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ cOz ⋅ ln ⎜―― ⎟ ⎥
⎢‖ ‖ ⎝ z ⎠ ⎥
⎣‖ ‖
0
⎦

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Peak velocity pressure ; ref.1 §4.5(1) (4.8) [26/150]

⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ ⎛1 + 7 ⋅ Ivz0 , 0⎞ ⋅ ―⋅ ρ ⋅ vmz0 , 0
2
⎥
⎢ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎛1 + 7 ⋅ I ⎞ 1 ⋅ ρ ⋅ vmz 2
vz1 , 0 ⋅ ―
⎥
⎢ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ 2 1,0 ⎥ ⎡ 0.898 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1.013 ⎥
1
qpz ≔ ⎢ ⎛1 + 7 ⋅ Ivz ⎞ ⋅ ―⋅ ρ ⋅ vmz
2
⎥ = ⎢ 1.066 ⎥ kPa
⎢ ⎝⎜ 2 , 0
⎠⎟ 2 2 , 0
⎥ ⎢ 1.129 ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 1.179 ⎥⎦
⎢ ⎛1 + 7 ⋅ Ivz3 , 0⎞ ⋅ ―⋅ ρ ⋅ vmz3 , 0
2
⎥
⎢⎝ ⎜ ⎟
⎠ 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎛1 + 7 ⋅ I ⎞ 1 ⋅ ρ ⋅ vmz 2 ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ vz4 , 0 ⋅ ― ⎥⎦
⎟⎠ 2 4,0

Exposure factor ; ref.1 §4.5(1) (4.9) [26/150]

⎡ qpz ⎤
⎢ 0,0 ⎥

⎢ ―― qb ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ qpz1 , 0 ⎥
⎢ ――⎥
⎢ qb ⎥ ⎡
⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1.97 ⎥
q
⎢ pz2 , 0 ⎥ 2.223
⎢ ⎥
cez ≔ ⎢ ――⎥ = ⎢ 2.34 ⎥
⎢ qb ⎥ 2.478
⎢ qpz ⎥ ⎢⎣ 2.588 ⎥⎦
⎢ 3,0 ⎥
⎢ ――⎥
⎢ qb ⎥
⎢ qpz ⎥
4,0
⎢ ―― ⎥
⎢⎣ q ⎥⎦
b

Wind force of PR

cs ≔ 1 ; ref.1 §6.2(1) a) [32/150]

cd ≔ 1

Wind acting on X direction on columns HE400A

l1x ≔ 12.6 m ; structure height ; ref.1 Table 7.16 No. 4 [84/150]

b1x ≔ 0.39 m HE400A

λ1x ≔ ‖‖ if l1x < 15 m = 70 l1x

―― = 32.3
‖ ‖ ⎛ l1x ⎞ b1x
‖ ‖ max ⎜―― , 70⎟
‖ ‖‖ ⎝ b1x ⎠
‖

Note: λ is limited to 70 for other members so the pressure values are the same as for columns

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solidity ratio

; ref.1 Figure 7.37 [85/150]

bx ≔ 10.5 m ; width of the structure perpendicular to

wind direction on X

Acx ≔ bx ⋅ 7.2 ⋅ m + (5.4 ⋅ m ⋅ 5.5 ⋅ m) = 105.3 m

2
; overall envelope area

Areax ≔ ⎛390 ⋅ mm ⋅ 7.2 ⋅ m + .2 ⋅ 390 ⋅ mm ⋅ 12.6 ⋅ m ↲ ⎞ ↲ = 18.086 m

2
; sum of of projected
⎜+ 2 ⋅ 290 ⋅ mm ⋅ 10 ⋅ m + 2 ⋅ 290 ⋅ mm ⋅ 5.5 ⋅ m ⎟ area of the members
⎜ ↲⎟
⎝+ 290 ⋅ mm ⋅ 4.5 ⋅ m ⎠ (piping included)
+ ⎛300 ⋅ mm ⋅ 2.2 ⋅ m + 300 ⋅ mm ⋅ 1.4 ⋅ m ↲⎞
⎜⎝+ 400 ⋅ mm ⋅ 4.8 ⋅ m + 1 ⋅ m ⋅ 1 ⋅ m ⎟⎠

Areax ; solidity ratio

φx ≔ ――= 0.172
Acx ; ref.1 §7.13(3) (7.28) [85/150]

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⎡ 0.1 ⎤ ⎡ 0.99 ⎤
φx1 ≔ ⎢ ψλx1 ≔ ⎢
⎣ 0.5 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 0.97 ⎥⎦

ψλx ≔ linterp ⎛⎝φx1 , ψλx1 , φx⎞⎠ = 0.986 ; end-effect factor

; depth of the structure parallel

dx ≔ 12.5 m with wind on X direction

dx
―= 1.19
bx

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cf0x ≔ 2.0145 ; ref.1 §7.7(1) NOTE1 [71/150]

cf1x ≔ cf0x ⋅ ψλx = 1.987 ; ref.1 §7.7(1) (7.11) [71/150]

wind pressure on columns towards X direction

⎡ 1.78 ⎤ ⎡ 4⎤
⎢ 2.01 ⎥ ⎢ 7⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ kN
pw1x ≔ cs ⋅ cd ⋅ cf1x ⋅ qpz = ⎢ 2.12 kPa on z =⎢ 9⎥ m 1 kPa = 1 ――
⎥ 2
⎢ 2.24 ⎥ ⎢ 12 ⎥ m
⎣ 2.34 ⎦ ⎣ 15 ⎦

Wind acting on X direction on beams HE300A

l2x ≔ 10.5 m ; structure width ; ref.1 Table 7.16 No. 4 [84/150]

b2x ≔ 0.29 m HE300A

zg ≔ z = 4 m
0

check_101 ≔ ‖ if zg ≥ 2 ⋅ b2x = “GO NEXT check - OK!”

‖
‖ ‖ ‖ “GO NEXT check - OK!”
‖
‖ else
‖ ‖ “ref.1 Table 7.16 No. 4 check - Not OK!”
‖ ‖

λ2x ≔ ‖ if l2x < 15 m = 70 l2x

‖ ―― = 36.2
‖ ‖ ⎛ l2x ⎞ b2x
‖ ‖ max ⎜―― , 70⎟
‖ ‖‖ ⎝ b2x ⎠
‖

pw2x ≔ pw1x ; ibidem as for columns

Wind acting on Z direction on columns HE400A

l1z ≔ 12.6 m ; structure height ; ref.1 Table 7.16 No. 4 [84/150]

b1z ≔ 0.30 m HE400A

λ1z ≔ ‖ if l1z < 15 m = 70 l1z

‖ ―― = 42
‖ ‖ ⎛ l1z ⎞ b1z
‖ ‖ max ⎜―― , 70⎟
‖ ‖‖ ⎝ b1z ⎠
‖

bz ≔ 12.5 m

Note: λ is limited to 70 for other members so the pressure values are the same as for columns

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solidity ratio

2
Acz ≔ l1z ⋅ bz = 157.5 m

including PIP area's

Areaz ≔ ⎛3 ⋅ 5.54 ⋅ m ⋅ 260 ⋅ mm + 5 ⋅ 5.54 ⋅ m ⋅ 240 ⋅ mm + 15 ⋅ 6 ⋅ m ⋅ 230 ⋅ mm + 6 ⋅ 3 ⋅ m ⋅ 230 ⋅ mm ↲ ⎞↲

⎜+ 7 ⋅ 460 ⋅ mm ⋅ 240 ⋅ mm + 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ m ⋅ 230 ⋅ mm + 2 ⋅ 3.5 ⋅ m ⋅ 152 ⋅ mm + 3 ⋅ 900 ⋅ mm ⋅ 160 ⋅ mm ⎟
⎜ ↲⎟
⎝+ 6 ⋅ 620 ⋅ mm ⋅ 160 ⋅ mm + 4 ⋅ 300 ⋅ mm ⋅ 200 ⋅ mm + 2.5 ⋅ m ⋅ 160 ⋅ mm + 3 ⋅ 1.4 ⋅ m ⋅ 133 ⋅ mm ⎠
+ ⎛300 ⋅ mm ⋅ 36 ⋅ m + 250 ⋅ mm ⋅ 36 ⋅ m + 500 ⋅ mm ⋅ 36 ⋅ m + 250 ⋅ mm ⋅ 20 ⋅ m + 3 ⋅ 1.2 ⋅ m ⋅ 270 ⋅ mm ↲⎞
⎜+ 1.1 ⋅ m ⋅ 220 ⋅ mm ⎟
⎜ ↲ ⎟
⎝+ 1.4 ⋅ m ⋅ 220 ⋅ mm + 3 ⋅ 360 ⋅ mm ⋅ 250 ⋅ mm ⎠

2
Areaz = 88.144 m

Areaz
φz ≔ ―― = 0.56
Acz

⎡ 0.5 ⎤ ⎡ 0.97 ⎤
φz1 ≔ ⎢ ψλz1 ≔ ⎢
⎣ 0.9 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 0.96 ⎥⎦

ψλz ≔ linterp ⎛⎝φz1 , ψλz1 , φz⎞⎠ = 0.969 ; end-effect factor

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; depth of the structure parallel

dz ≔ 10.5 m with wind on Z direction

dz
―= 0.84
bz

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cf0z ≔ 2.2571 ; ref.1 §7.7(1) NOTE1 [71/150]

cf1z ≔ cf0z ⋅ ψλz = 2.186 ; ref.1 §7.7(1) (7.11) [71/150]

wind pressure on columns towards Z direction

⎡ 1.96 ⎤ ⎡ 4⎤
⎢ 2.21 ⎥ ⎢ 7⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ kN
pw1z ≔ cs ⋅ cd ⋅ cf1z ⋅ qpz = 2.33 ⎥ kPa on z=⎢ 9⎥ m 1 kPa = 1 ――
⎢ 2
⎢ 2.47 ⎥ ⎢ 12 ⎥ m
⎣ 2.58 ⎦ ⎣ 15 ⎦

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References:

1. NEN-EN 1991-1-4 Actions on structures - Part 1-4_General actions - Wind actions.

2. NEN-EN 1991-1-4-NB National Annex.

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Wind pressure on horizontal pipes members ref.1 §7.9.1 [73/150]

αmin ≔ 85 deg ref.1 §7.9.1 Table 7.12 [71/150]

αA ≔ 135 deg
; wind direction on pipe
ref.1 §7.9.1 Figure 7.27 [74/150]

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ 30 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
60
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 85 ⎥
αwPIP ≔ ⎢ 90 ⎥ deg
⎢ 120 ⎥
⎢ 135 ⎥
⎢ 150 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 180 ⎦

; diameter of the first pipe in row

b1PIP ≔ 300 mm

peak velocity pressure

⎡ 37.9 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
2 2 ⋅ qpz ⎢ 40.3 ⎥ m
‾‾‾‾‾
vze ≔ ―― = ⎢ 41.3 ⎥ ― ; ref.1 §7.9.1 Figure 7.27 NOTE 2 [74/150]
ρ s
⎢ 42.5 ⎥
⎣ 43.4 ⎦

Reynolds no.
2
-6 m
ν ≔ 15 ⋅ 10 ――
s
⎡ 7.6 ⋅ 10 5 ⎤
⎢ 5 ⎥
⎢ 8.1 ⋅ 10 ⎥
b1PIP ⋅ vze
Re1PIP ≔ ―――= ⎢ 8.3 ⋅ 10 ⎥
5
; ref.1 §7.9.1 (7.15) [73/150]
ν ⎢ 8.5 ⋅ 10 5 ⎥
⎢ 5
⎥
⎣ 8.7 ⋅ 10 ⎦

Note: To chose the curve values close to Re = 5*10^5 in figure 7.27

surface roughness

k ≔ 0.02 mm ; ref.1 §7.9.2 (2) table 7.13 [77/150]

k 1
――⋅ ―― = 0.667
b1PIP 10 -4

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Revision: A

‖ k -4
check_102 ≔ ‖ if ――< 5 ⋅ 10
‖ b1PIP
‖ ‖
‖ ‖ “see ref.1 Figure 7.27 NOTE 3 check -OK!”
‖ else
‖ ‖
‖ ‖ “check - Not OK!”

check_102 = “see ref.1 Figure 7.27 NOTE 3 check -OK!”

⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 30 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ -1.5 ⎥ ⎢ 60 ⎥
⎢ -2.2 ⎥ ⎢ 85 ⎥
cp0 ≔ ⎢ -2.2 ⎥ αwPIP = ⎢ 90 ⎥ deg
⎢ -1.2 ⎥ ⎢ 120 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 135 ⎥
⎢ -0.4 ⎥ ⎢ 150 ⎥
⎢ -0.4 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ -0.4 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 180 ⎦

l1PIPx ≔ bx ; wind direction towards X

λ1PIP ≔ ‖‖ if l1PIPx < 15 m = 35

‖ ‖ ⎛ l1PIPx ⎞
‖ ‖ min ⎜――, 70⎟
‖ ‖ ⎝ b1PIP ⎠
‖ ‖

ψλ ≔ 0.84

⎡ if 0 deg ≤ αwPIP ≤ αmin ⎤

⎢ 0,0 ⎥
⎢ ‖1 ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎥
⎢ else if αmin < αwPIP0 , 0 < αA ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎛ ⎛αwPIP - αmin⎞ ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎜ π ⎜⎝ 0,0 ⎟⎠ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ψλ + ⎛⎝1 - ψλ⎞⎠ ⋅ cos ⎜―⋅ ―――――⎛ ⎞ ⎟ ⎥
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Revision: A
⎢ ‖ ψλ ⎝ ψλ⎠ ⎜ ⎛⎝αA - αmin⎞⎠ ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ ⎝2 ⎥
⎢ else if αA ≤ αwPIP ≤ 180 deg ⎥
⎢ 0,0 ⎥
⎢ ‖ψ ⎥
⎢ ‖ λ ⎥
⎢ if 0 deg ≤ αwPIP ≤ αmin ⎥
⎢ 1,0
⎥
⎢ ‖1 ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎥
⎢ else if αmin < αwPIP1 , 0 < αA ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎛ ⎛αwPIP - αmin⎞ ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎜ π ⎜⎝ 1,0 ⎟⎠ ⎟ ⎥
‖ ψ + ⎛
⎝ 1 - ψ ⎞
⎠ ⋅ cos ⎜― ⋅ ――――― ⎟
⎢ λ λ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ ⎝2 ⎝⎛αA - αmin⎠⎞ ⎠ ⎥
⎢ else if αA ≤ αwPIP ≤ 180 deg ⎥
1,0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖ψ ⎥
⎢ ‖ λ ⎥
⎢ if 0 deg ≤ αwPIP ≤ αmin ⎥
2,0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖1 ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎥
⎢ else if αmin < αwPIP2 , 0 < αA ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎛ ⎛αwPIP - αmin⎞ ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎜ π ⎜⎝ 2,0 ⎟⎠ ⎟ ⎥
‖ ψ + ⎛⎝1 - ψλ⎞⎠ ⋅ cos ⎜―⋅ ――――― ⎟
⎢ λ
⎛ ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖ ⎝2 ⎝αA - αmin⎠ ⎠ ⎥
⎢ else if αA ≤ αwPIP ≤ 180 deg ⎥
2,0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖ψ ⎥
⎢ ‖ λ ⎥
⎢ if 0 deg ≤ αwPIP ≤ αmin ⎥
3,0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖1 ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎥
⎢ else if αmin < αwPIP3 , 0 < αA ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎛ ⎛αwPIP - αmin⎞ ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎜ π ⎜⎝
⎛⎝1 - ψλ⎞⎠ ⋅ cos ⎜―⋅ ―――――
3,0 ⎟⎠ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ψλ + ⎟ ⎥
⎛ ⎞
⎝αA - αmin⎠ ⎠
⎢ ‖ ‖ ⎝2 ⎥
⎢ else if αA ≤ αwPIP ≤ 180 deg ⎥
3,0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖ψ ⎥
⎢ ‖ λ ⎥
ψλα ≔ ⎢ if 0 deg ≤ αwPIP ≤ αmin ⎥
4,0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖1 ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎥
⎢ else if αmin < αwPIP4 , 0 < αA ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎛ ⎛αwPIP - αmin⎞ ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎜ π ⎜⎝
⎛⎝1 - ψλ⎞⎠ ⋅ cos ⎜―⋅ ―――――
4,0 ⎟⎠ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ψλ + ⎟ ⎥
⎛ ⎞
⎝αA - αmin⎠ ⎠
⎢ ‖ ‖ ⎝2 ⎥
⎢ else if αA ≤ αwPIP ≤ 180 deg ⎥
4,0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖ψ ⎥
⎢ ‖ λ ⎥
⎢ if 0 deg ≤ αwPIP ≤ αmin ⎥
5,0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖1 ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎥
⎢ else if αmin < αwPIP5 , 0 < αA ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞⎞ ⎥
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Revision: A

⎢ ‖ ⎛ ⎛αwPIP - αmin⎞ ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ π ⎜⎝ 5,0 ⎟⎠ ⎟ ⎥
‖ ψλ + ⎝1 - ψλ⎠ ⋅ cos ⎜―⋅ ―――――⎟
⎢ ‖ ⎛⎝αA - αmin⎞⎠ ⎠ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎝2 ⎥
⎢ else if αA ≤ αwPIP ≤ 180 deg ⎥
5,0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖ψ ⎥
⎢ ‖ λ ⎥
⎢ if 0 deg ≤ αwPIP ≤ αmin ⎥
6,0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ‖ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎥
⎢ else if αmin < αwPIP6 , 0 < αA ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎛ ⎛αwPIP - αmin⎞ ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ π ⎜⎝
‖ ψλ + ⎝1 - ψλ⎠ ⋅ cos ⎜―⋅ ―――――⎟
6,0 ⎟⎠ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎥
⎝2 ⎝⎛αA - αmin⎠⎞ ⎠
⎢ ‖ ⎥
⎢ else if αA ≤ αwPIP6 , 0 ≤ 180 deg ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ψλ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎥
⎢ if 0 deg ≤ αwPIP7 , 0 ≤ αmin ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖1 ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎥
⎢ else if αmin < αwPIP7 , 0 < αA ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎛ ⎛αwPIP - αmin⎞ ⎞ ⎥
⎜
⎢ ‖ ψ + ⎛1 - ψ ⎞ ⋅ cos ―⋅ ―――――
π ⎜⎝ 7,0 ⎟⎠ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ‖ λ ⎝ λ⎠ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝2 ⎛ ⎞
⎝αA - αmin⎠ ⎠
⎢ ‖ ⎥
⎢ else if αA ≤ αwPIP7 , 0 ≤ 180 deg ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ψλ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎥
⎢ if 0 deg ≤ αwPIP8 , 0 ≤ αmin ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ‖1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ else if αmin < αwPIP8 , 0 < αA ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ⎛ ⎛αwPIP - αmin⎞ ⎞ ⎥
⎜
⎢ ‖ ψ + ⎛1 - ψ ⎞ ⋅ cos ―⋅ ―――――
π ⎜⎝ 8,0 ⎟⎠ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ‖ λ ⎝ λ⎠ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝2 ⎛ ⎞
⎝αA - αmin⎠ ⎠
⎢ ‖ ⎥
⎢ else if αA ≤ αwPIP8 , 0 ≤ 180 deg ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ‖ ψλ ⎥
⎣ ‖ ⎦

; ref.1 §7.9.1 (4) [73/150]

⎡1 ⎤
⎢1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢1 ⎥
⎢1 ⎥
ψλα = ⎢ 0.998 ⎥
⎢ 0.913 ⎥
⎢ 0.84 ⎥
⎢ 0.84 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0.84 ⎦

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Revision: A

⎡ cp0 ⋅ ψλα ⎤ ; ref.1 §7.9.1 (2) [73/150]

⎢ 0,0 0,0 ⎥

⎢ cp0 ⋅ ψλα ⎥
⎢ 1,0 1,0 ⎥
⎢c ⋅ψ ⎥
⎢ p02 , 0 λα2 , 0 ⎥
⎢c ⋅ψ ⎥
⎢ p03 , 0 λα3 , 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
cpe ≔ ⎢ cp0 ⋅ ψλα ⎥
04 , 0 4,0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ cp05 , 0 ⋅ ψλα5 , 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ cp06 , 0 ⋅ ψλα6 , 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ cp07 , 0 ⋅ ψλα7 , 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ cp0 ⋅ ψλα ⎥
8,0 8,0
⎣ ⎦

⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 30 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ -1.5 ⎥ ⎢ 60 ⎥
⎢ -2.2 ⎥ ⎢ 85 ⎥
cpe = ⎢ -2.196 ⎥ αwPIP = ⎢ 90 ⎥ deg
⎢ -1.095 ⎥ ⎢ 120 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 135 ⎥
⎢ -0.336 ⎥ ⎢ 150 ⎥
⎢ -0.336 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ -0.336 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 180 ⎦

αwPIP = 0 deg ; α wind direction on a pipe member when the

0
wind global on structure is on X, at level z
⎡ qpz ⋅ cpe ⎤
⎢ 0 0⎥ ; ref.1 §5.2 (1) [28/150]
⎢ q ⋅ c ⎥ ⎡ 0.898 ⎤ ⎡ 4⎤
⎥ ⎢ 1.013 ⎥ ⎢ 7⎥
pz pe0
⎢ 1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
weα0 ≔ ⎢ qpz ⋅ cpe ⎥ = 1.066 kPa z= 9 m
⎢ 2 0⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ q ⋅ c ⎥ ⎢ 1.129 ⎥ ⎢ 12 ⎥
⎢ pz3 pe0 ⎥ ⎣ 1.179 ⎦ ⎣ 15 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢ qpz4 ⋅ cpe0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

αwPIP = 30 deg
1

⎡ qpz ⋅ cpe ⎤
⎢ 0 1⎥

⎢ qpz ⋅ cpe ⎥ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ 4⎤
⎢ 1 1⎥ ⎢0⎥ ⎢ 7⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
weα30 ≔ qpz ⋅ cpe = ⎢ 0 ⎥ kPa z =⎢ 9⎥ m
⎢ 2 1⎥
⎢q ⋅c ⎥ ⎢0⎥ ⎢ 12 ⎥
⎢ pz3 pe1 ⎥ ⎣ 0 ⎦ ⎣ 15 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢ qpz4 ⋅ cpe1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

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STEEL STRUCTURES
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Revision: A

αwPIP = 135 deg

6

⎡ qpz ⋅ cpe ⎤
⎢ 0 6⎥

⎢ qpz ⋅ cpe ⎥ ⎡ -0.302 ⎤ ⎡ 4⎤

⎢ 1 6⎥ ⎢ -0.34 ⎥ ⎢ 7⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
weα135 ≔ ⎢ qpz ⋅ cpe ⎥ = ⎢ -0.358 ⎥ kPa z= 9 m
⎢ 2 6⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ q ⋅ c ⎥ ⎢ -0.379 ⎥ ⎢ 12 ⎥
⎢ pz3 pe6 ⎥ ⎢⎣ -0.396 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 15 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢ qpz4 ⋅ cpe6 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

αwPIP = 150 deg

7

⎡ qpz ⋅ cpe ⎤
⎢ 0 7⎥

⎢ q ⋅ c ⎥ ⎡ -0.302 ⎤ ⎡ 4⎤
⎢ pz1 pe7 ⎥ ⎢ -0.34 ⎥ ⎢ 7⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
weα150 ≔ ⎢ qpz ⋅ cpe ⎥ = ⎢ -0.358 ⎥ kPa z =⎢ 9⎥ m
⎢ 2 7⎥
⎢ q ⋅ c ⎥ ⎢ -0.379 ⎥ ⎢ 12 ⎥
⎢ pz3 pe7 ⎥ ⎢⎣ -0.396 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 15 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ qpz4 ⋅ cpe7 ⎥⎦

αwPIP = 180 deg

8

⎡ qpz ⋅ cpe ⎤
⎢ 0 8⎥

⎢ qpz ⋅ cpe ⎥ ⎡ -0.302 ⎤ ⎡ 4⎤

⎢ 1 8⎥ ⎢ -0.34 ⎥ ⎢ 7⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
weα180 ≔ qpz ⋅ cpe = ⎢ -0.358 ⎥ kPa z=⎢ 9⎥ m
⎢ 2 8⎥
⎢ q ⋅ c ⎥ ⎢ -0.379 ⎥ ⎢ 12 ⎥
⎢ pz3 pe8 ⎥ ⎢⎣ -0.396 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 15 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ qpz4 ⋅ cpe8 ⎥⎦

30 deg ⋅ π ⋅ b1PIP
l30 ≔ ―――――― = 78.54 mm
360 deg π ⋅ b1PIP = 0.942 m

⎛⎝180 deg - αA⎞⎠ ⋅ π ⋅ b1PIP

l135 ≔ ―――――――― = 117.81 mm
360 deg

; exterior pressure on a pipe due to wind on X applied on αwPIP = 0

0

angle referenced to horizontal at 4m height

kN
pw2x0 ≔ weα0 l30 + ⎛⎝-1⎞⎠ ⋅ weα135 ⋅ ⎛⎝2 ⋅ l135⎞⎠ = 0.142 m ⋅ kPa 1 kPa = 1 ――
0 0 2
m

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STEEL STRUCTURES
NEN EN 1991-1-4

Revision: A

wind load on support with pressure coefficients

bx
Fwp_1s ≔ pw2x0 ―= 0.743 kN
2

Wind force on horizontal pipes ref.1 §7.9.2 [75/150]

5
Re1PIP = 7.58 ⋅ 10 on level z =4 m
0 0

k -5
――= 6.7 ⋅ 10
b1PIP

⎛ k ⎞
0.18 log ⎜10 ⋅ ―― ⎟
⎝ b1PIP ⎠
cf0 ≔ 1.2 + ――――――― = 0.599
⎛ Re1PIP ⎞
⎜ 0⎟
1 + 0.4 log ⎜――― ⎟
6
⎝ 10 ⎠

cf ≔ cf0 ⋅ ψλ = 0.503 ref.1 §7.9.2 (1) (7.19) [75/150]

wind load on support with force coefficients

⎛ bx ⎞
Fwf_1s ≔ cs ⋅ cd ⋅ cf ⋅ qpz ⋅ ⎜b1PIP ⋅ ―⎟ = 0.712 kN ref.1 §7.9.2 (7.20) [77/150]
0 ⎝ 2⎠

Note:
Some differences between wind load determined with pressure and force coef.
can appear due to approximate graphics.

Wind definition with STAAD (sample)

...

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