THE JUPITER MYTH

A revaluation of
early mythohistorical records
in light of recent astronomical
and archeological discoveries

- Working Draft as of November 1 2016 –

Julian West
julianwest.mythsarehistory@gmail.com
www.mythsarehistory.com
 THE JUPITER MYTH
PART ONE:
CONJUNCTION OF OPPOSITES
1) The ancient Sun-Jupiter binary system was invaded by wayward Proto-Saturn.
1.1 Hot Jupiter
1.2 Cold Saturn

2) Opposing charges captured Jupiter and Saturn into a series of progressively converging mean-
motion resonances (MMRs) and close encounters.
2.1 Opposites Attract
2.2 Little Lost Worlds

3) Over time, additional electrical contacts and MMR crossings displaced and drove other planets into
a compact configuration centered on Saturn.
3.1 Polar Alignment
3.2 The “Saturn Nebula”
3.3 Holocene Eden

4) Eventually a Great Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn destabilized the entire planetary
configuration.
4.1 Conjunction of Opposites
4.2 Unseating the Golden King
4.3 Jupiter in Bonds, Saturn in Chains
4.4 Catastrophe and Creation

PART TWO:
CATASTROPHE & CREATION

5) Jupiter and Saturn migrated outward, setting in motion a catastrophic rearrangement of the inner
Solar system.
5.1 Dismembering the Primordial Giant
5.1.1 The Collapse of the Saturnian Polar Configuration
5.1.2 The Mutilation Myth: Torn in Pieces
5.1.3 Venus Released
5.2 The Waste Land
5.2.1 Earth Released
5.2.2 The World Flood
5.2.3 The Beginning of History
5.3 Separating Heaven and Earth
5.3.1 The “Second Creation”
5.3.2 Saturn Thrown Down
5.4 Tzimtzum: The Gods Retreat
 5.5 Tehiru: The Opening of Space
5.6 Night and Day
5.7 The Shining Ones
5.8 Lord of the Bright Skies
5.9 Arich Anpin: The Extended Countenance
5.9.1 Lower Plasma Expulsions – Mountain, Beard or Mantle
5.9.2 Upper Plasma Plumes – Horns, Headdress or Antennae
5.9.3 Equatorial Plasma Torus – Watchful Eyes, Mask or Helmet

THE SILVER AGE COSMOS

5.10 Shmayim: The Fire-Waters of Space
5.11 Churning the Celestial Sea: The Interplanetary Dust Cloud
5.12 Separating the Waters: The Terrestrial Dust Cloud
5.12.1 Sparkling Spirals in the Sky
5.12.2 The Sea of Reeds
5.12.3 The Valley of Shadow
5.13 The Boat of the Night-Time Sun

PART THREE:
CLASH OF THE TITANS
6) A subsequent series of electrical encounters between Jupiter, Saturn and other planets unfolded.
6.1 Divine Deliberations
6.2 “Nine-Strides”
6.3 Jumping Jupiter
6.4 Titanomachy
6.5 Thunderbolts of the Gods
6.6 Electrically Devastated Moonscapes
6.7 Handing Off the Measures

7) Additional MMR crossings drove the giant planets through the Asteroid belt. A heavy
bombardment of the inner Solar system ensued thereafter.
7.1 Zeir Anpin: The Lesser Countenance
7.2 Gigantomachy
7.2.1 “Chaos Monsters”
7.2.2 Scattering Short-Range Comets
7.2.3 The Late Heavy Bombardment
7.3 Jump-Capturing the Hosts of Heaven
7.3.1 Trojan Asteroids
7.3.2 Irregular Satellites
7.4 The Milky River of Heaven
7.5 Zedek: Midnight Sun & Red Morning Star
7.6 Jove Rejuvenated
 THE DRAGON & THE SERPENT

8) Secular resonances amplified encounters between displaced terrestrial worlds in the inner Solar
system — including Earth and Venus.
8.1 The Unquiet Heavens
8.2 The Comet Venus
8.3 The Bow in the Sky
8.4 Slaying the Plasmoid Dragon
8.5 Shevirat ha-Kelim: The Shattering of the Vessels
8.6 The Heavenly Cow
8.7 The Return of the King
8.8 The World-Encircling Snake
8.9 Nibiru: The Crossing-Place

9) Divergent migration eventually spaced out Jupiter, Saturn and other planets onto their modern
orbits.
9.1 The Underworld of Departed Gods
9.2 Jove Retires: The King is Dead!
9.3 Mercury Rising: Long Live the King!
When The Saturn Myth was introduced by David Talbott in 1980, the interdisciplinary scope of modern
investigations into questions of Solar system history was significantly widened. The basic ‘Saturnian
polar alignment’ model has been revised and expanded over the ensuing years, and alternative
Velikovskian scenarios have been proposed and extensively elaborated. In the meantime, many of
Velikovsky’s earlier predictions regarding the stellar nature of both Saturn and Jupiter have been
consistently affirmed by observations in radio, infrared, X-ray and ultraviolet imaging. Yet Velikovsky
never sketched more than the barest outlines of Jupiter’s career; and most Saturnian models since have
largely downplayed or neglected to account for Jupiter’s predominance in the mythohistorical record.

The Saturn Myth, however, is not the only modern reconstruction of Solar system history to evoke the
catastrophic planet-god dramas of ancient myth. Recent astrophysical speculations have increasingly
drawn attention to Jupiter’s starring role in organizing, harmonizing and maintaining the dynamic
stability of the Solar system. The most notable of these, the Nice Model, offers a compelling description
of the Solar system's cataclysmic prehistory that endeavors to account for many of our system's often
overlooked mysteries. Like The Saturn Myth, the Nice Model’s reconstruction of events suggests that all
planets were once in a closer, more compact configuration close to the Sun, before an encounter
between Jupiter and Saturn violently separated them all across vast distances. The Nice Model itself has
evolved over the last ten years, and now includes a destructive 'Jumping Jupiter' scenario, in which
additional interactions between the planets triggered system-wide instabilities that eventually led to the
planets' nearly circular orbits where we find them today.

What follows is an abbreviated condensation of a large-scale work-in-progress that compares

cosmologies new and old in an attempt to properly situate Jupiter in relation to Proto-Saturn and the
Saturnian polar configuration, the break-up of the Golden Age cosmic order and the conversion of both
Jupiter and Saturn from shining dwarf stars to dim gas giants. It includes an overview of major Jovian
motifs recalled worldwide -- giving emphasis to correlations in the Kabbalah, the traditional mythology
of the Jews behind both Old and New Testaments. It also incorporates a thorough review of the Nice
Model's strikingly similar version of events, including references to Uranus and Neptune as active
players in the cosmological drama. -- All in all what follows is a preview of a more comprehensive
reconstruction yet to come that will unite the myths surrounding Jupiter and Saturn with the
observations of modern astronomy, archeology and a growing number of interdisciplinary fields of
study.

Along the way we shall meet a handful of Jovian alter-egos from around the world, including: Zeus, Baal,
Indra, Marduk, Hadad, Amun-Ra, Thor, Teshub, Bolon-ti-ku, Ninurta and Ningirsu. Luminous details
conserved across cultures in parallel patterns will help us establish a 'visual vocabulary' that clearly
denotes and differentiates Jovian references and associations heretofore obscured by Saturnian
misidentifications. As old erroneous planetary identifications are laid to rest, a tighter chronology of
planetary events may be established. And as the myths surrounding Jupiter and Saturn come to be
viewed in proper perspective as preliterate cultural memories of actual historical circumstances --
modern-day beliefs, taboos and superstitions long held over from former ages of catastrophe might also
be seen in a new light.
1) The ancient Sun-Jupiter binary system was invaded by wayward
Proto-Saturn.

1.1 Hot Jupiter

An earlier binary arrangement of the Solar system is widely speculated to have been dominated by
Proto-Jupiter and the Sun. “An ancient satellite” sharing a common barycenter with the Sun, Proto-
1

Jupiter was likely comparable to a sub-brown dwarf star, and may have been in an inflated ‘hot’ phase
of development at this time. So-called “Hot Jupiters” -- giant planets with masses comparable to Jupiter
orbiting extremely close to their host stars -- are quite numerous in nearby star systems. 2 In addition,
many of the extrasolar systems near enough to study “have at least two suns, each with their own set of
satellites.” 3 In light of the abundance of these Hot Jupiters, it was recently proposed that Jupiter
likewise formed “in the innermost parts” of the primeval Solar system. Some of Ralph Juergens’ earlier
4

suppositions seem rather prescient in retrospect, e.g., “If nothing else, the axial inclination of Jupiter
[argues] for an ancestral relationship between Jupiter and the Sun."
5

Recent conjectures suggest that intense solar radiation delivered at close proximity heated and inflated
Proto-Jupiter’s developing atmosphere, inducing a prolific magnetic field. 6 The early Jovian
magnetosphere, excited by the ionized output of the Sun, may have driven electrical currents through
the interior core and back out the upper atmosphere, possibly illuminating the ionosphere from within.
7

While the Jupiter we know has since cooled off and is now parked safely far away, the very fact that Hot
Jupiters exist in other systems at all is very “real and remarkable,” and suggests that the “bodies in
8

[our] solar system were not necessarily formed where we find them today.”
9

1.2 Cold Saturn

Indeed, an unresolved issue long besetting the Nice Model is its inability to account for Saturn’s
relatively late arrival in the context of Jupiter’s early formation and evolvement. Simulations consistently
suggest that, in order for Jupiter to remain adjacent to the Sun long enough to inflate into a gas giant
planet, let alone a sub-brown dwarf, Saturn must have been either strangely absent or relatively far
removed at this time. 10 Roman orator Cicero famously ascribed an ancient, wide-ranging “boundless
course” to Saturn that eventually necessitated Jupiter’s intervention. 11 “While the actual beginning of
the drama is shrouded in the mist of grey antiquity and difficult to pinpoint with exactitude, there [was
eventually] a point at which … the two [giants] … approached each other closely.” 12 Echoing Juergens’

1
Eggleton 1981
2
Morbidelli et al. 2007; Cameron et al. 2010
3
James 2000
4
Raymond et al. 2016
5
Juergens 1977
6
cf. Batygin & Stevenson 2010; Batygin et al. 2011
7
cf. Buzasi 2013
8
Morbidelli et al. 2007
9
Walsh et al. 2012
10
cf. Walsh et al. 2011
11
Cicero, De Natura Deorum II:54. “Boundless course” suggests Saturn as an invading presence in the Solar system.
12
Velikovsky 1971

1
suggestion that “Saturn was the invading star to a Sun-Jupiter binary,” 13 modern cosmologists now seem
to concur: “Initially far away, Saturn swiftly [approached] Jupiter,” 14 “[accelerating] exponentially, in a
runaway [Type III]” migration towards the Sun. 15

Admittedly, “our understanding of planet formation is too limited to assess with confidence where
Saturn formed.” 16 Perhaps Proto-Saturn was initially captured by the Sun from beyond heliopause, as
some Saturnists argue. 17 Or perhaps Proto-Saturn had been ejected into a far-ranging solar orbit by an
earlier interplanetary encounter, 18 eventually swinging back around to perihelion like a comet,
converging on Proto-Jupiter and the Sun. A variety of scenarios have been proposed, all of which
amount to a single theme: The ancient Sun-Jupiter binary system was considerably disrupted by the
“runaway” intrusion of Proto-Saturn.

No matter how its inbound trajectory was originally initiated, Proto-Saturn would possess an
accumulated charge potential befitting colder, more distant reaches of space. As such, Proto-Saturn
would be likely to sport a preponderance of positive voltage with respect to the relatively low voltage
Sun-Jupiter binary. – Thus, Proto-Saturn would eventually be captured by Jupiter and the Sun simply
because their opposite charges would attract and draw them closer and closer together.

2) Opposing charges captured Jupiter and Saturn into a series of

progressively converging mean-motion resonances (MMRs) and close
encounters.

2.1 Opposites Attract

Proto-Saturn’s “boundless course” was likely reduced by a sequence of electric shocks, delivered by
remote plasmasphere contacts with Proto-Jupiter during Great Conjunctions. 19 As soon as their
plasmaspheres made contact along the Solar current sheet at the same ecliptic longitude, Saturn’s
“runaway migration” would come to a sudden violent halt.20 Because of the sheer extent of their
plasmaspheres, it wouldn’t be necessary for Jupiter and Saturn to be extremely close to make electrical
contact. And because of their unbalanced, opposing charges, such contacts would be electro-
magnetically attractive —capturing Jupiter and Saturn into a series of progressively converging mean-
motion resonances (MMRs).

13
Juergens 1977:49. Martin Sieff, on the other hand, sees Jupiter as the invader of a hypothesized Sun-Saturn binary, who thus caused the
disintegration of Saturn, the one-time companion of the Sun (Sieff 1980. Cf. also Tresman and B. O'Gheoghan 1977). — In the context of a
multi-resonant system, however, in which both Jupiter and Saturn orbited a barycenter shared with the Sun, is this not essentially the same
narrative told from different points of view?
14
Morbidelli et al. 2009. Cf. Morbidelli et al. 2007
15
Masset and Papaloizou 2003. Cf. Morbidelli and Crida 2007
16
Morbidelli et al. 2007
17
Cardona Hypotheses:15
18
Such as suggested in many simulated runs of the Nice Model, where Jupiter violently ejects Saturn (Morbidelli 2014).
19
Cook 2016 Vol1:505
20
Morbidelli et al. 2007

2
In the context of the scenario outlined here, MMRs are essentially a mathematical method of modeling
recurrent Jupiter-Saturn conjunctions during various phases of their convergence. 21 These resonances
are the “consonant intervals” that make up the famed Pythagorean “music of the spheres.” 22 For
example, if Saturn was ‘trapped’ or ‘locked’ in a 2:3 resonance with Jupiter, Saturn would orbit the Sun
twice in the same length of time it takes Jupiter to complete three orbits.23 For Jupiter and Saturn to
cross from one MMR to another, however, would require both bodies to be aligned parallel to the
ecliptic during a Great Conjunction. The sudden shock of the electric field established between the two
would then modulate the orbits of both bodies simultaneously — inducing a virtual ‘jump’ from one
resonance to the next. 24

Hydrodynamic simulations suggest that Jupiter and Saturn “[moved] in opposite directions” — that is.,
they jumped toward each other. 25 Contrary to expectations, “Jupiter did not migrate closer to the Sun;”
in fact, “Jupiter [started] to migrate outward, while Saturn [moved] inward.” 26 This “argues that the
inward migration of the Jupiter-Saturn pair was, for the most part, inhibited” 27 — on account of their
voltage differential. Hence Jupiter jumped further away from the Sun each time Saturn jumped closer
in. 28 “The planets’ orbital periods also [changed]” accordingly. 29 Jupiter’s orbit expanded as Saturn’s
diminished. Jupiter’s spin-rate accelerated as Saturn’s slowed. And each time this occurred, Jupiter may
have intermittently cooled off as Saturn progressively warmed up.

The Saturnist model of proto-Saturn as an extrasolar interloper with a grossly mismatched charge
potential hence fills a distinct narrative void in the Nice Model -- which cannot otherwise account for the
initial attraction between the giants, nor make concrete sense of the ensuing series of equilibrium
events that drew them closer and closer together. Indeed, in anyone’s reconstruction, this early
condition of attractive forces seems to be the only way to effectively account for: 1) why Jupiter did not
migrate closer to the Sun when Saturn did, but 2) was instead drawn away from the Sun into an
eventual close encounter with Saturn; 3) the ignition of a Saturnian “hot” phase; 4) the reciprocal
diminution of Jupiter’s “hot” phase; 5) the extreme voltage differential later exhibited by their explosive
electrical exchange; as well as 6) the resulting relocation of them both to more remote reaches of the
Solar system. 30 -- All in all this seems to resolve the so-called “fundamental drawback with all theories
based on a Jupiter-Saturn encounter,” — i.e., the supposed inability to answer “how Jupiter and Saturn
came to have intersecting orbits” in the first place. 31

2.2 Little Lost Worlds

During the same era, equatorial moons orbiting the giant planets may have been displaced when Jupiter
and Saturn jumped into tighter resonances. It is hypothesized that “more massive satellites [would be]

21
According to David Darling’s online Encyclopedia of Science, MMRs “may lead to major changes in the orbit of one or both of the bodies or
may enhance orbital stability, depending on the precise nature of the resonance.” (Darling 2016)
22
Landscheidt 1989:72f
23
D’Angelo and Marzari 2012. Distance from the Sun would determine the precise periodicity of Great Conjunctions during each phase. If
Jupiter was at 0.5AU and Saturn at 1.0AU, for example, this would mean that [. . .]
24
Such dynamics would also be likely to increase the orbital eccentricity of each
25
Morbidelli et al. 2007
26
Morbidelli et al. 2007
27
Morbidelli et al. 2007
28
Perhaps as Eggleton 1981 conjectured: “Jupiter ... menaced Saturn's orbit periodically.”
29
Tsiganis et al. 2005
30
Cf. Cook 2016 Vol2:69
31
Forshufvud 1976

3
removed more quickly than less massive ones.” 32 Subsequent torques on displaced satellites from their
parent planet would “slow the [satellites’] rotation.” 33 -- This might suggest that Earth and other
terrestrial worlds were first ejected from equatorial orbit around Saturn prior to recapture as polar-
aligned Saturnian companion planets.

3) Over time, additional electrical contacts and MMR crossings displaced

and drove other planets into a compact configuration centered on
Saturn.

3.1 Polar Alignment

“The architecture of the Solar system” undeniably bears evidence that “Jupiter and Saturn may have
been closer to each other in the past.” 34 “Possibly they were close for a long period of time, passing near
one another as they traveled along orbital paths quite dissimilar to those of today.” 35 In such close
proximity to the Sun, Great Conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn would not only excite each other’s
eccentricities, but also significantly offset the Sun from the barycenter of the Solar system. 36 Periodic
accelerations of Saturn toward Jupiter and the Sun during resonance crossings would, as such, perturb,
excite and/or ‘kick’ the orbits, inclinations and eccentricities of their displaced moons, as well as those
of any other nearby planets or sub-dwarf stars.37 Smaller bodies inside or outside the progressively
narrowing ellipse of Proto-Saturn’s orbit would then be subject to its highly charged, volatile influence. 38
Worlds with an opposing negative electrical potential with respect to Saturn would be attracted into
resonant alignment during these close encounters.

Eventually several planets —including Earth, Venus and Mars — were steered and captured into an
interplanetary configuration centered on Saturn, strung along a subtle current of charge that spanned
millions of miles of dusty ionized space.39 As planets locked in polar resonance with Saturn, they were
simultaneously trapped in a second-order resonance with Jupiter — and with each other. As a result,
40

the orbital eccentricity and axial inclination of each increased with respect to “the masses and semi-
major axes of all planets” involved. The Nice Model suggests that when “the system naturally
41

[evolved] into a configuration in which the [giant] planets [were] locked in a quadruple MMR,” “the
42

planets [had] to move in parallel to preserve the resonant configuration.”

43

32
Barnes and O'Brien 2002
33
Murray and Dermott 2000
34
D’Angelo and Marzari 2012
35
Velikovsky 1971
36
Cf. Landschedit 1981; Wilson et al. 2008; Sharp 2013
37
Tsiganis et al. 2005; Braser et al. 2009
38
Cf. Walsh et al. 2012
39
In Maori lore, Parearu [Saturn] is still regarded as the primordial ‘puller’ or ‘lead steerer’ of older cosmic times. (Best 1922:35f)
40
Morbidelli et al. 2007; Deienno and Nesvorny 2014
41
Tsiganis et al. 2005; Morbidelli et al. 2007. Cf.:“Planet eccentricities are believed to be the result of mutual perturbations” (Rasio and Ford
1996; Marzari and Weidenschilling 2002). “The only mechanism by which inclinations can be efficiently increased is by close encounters”
(Morbidelli et al. 2009).
42
”I.e., each planet is in resonance with its immediate neighbor or neighbors,” according to Levison et al. 2011.
43
Morbidelli et al. 2007

4
All in all, according to David Talbott, “the entire [Saturnian] planetary configuration [moved] through a
gaseous envelope extending perhaps several million miles from Jupiter. ... Jupiter was the apparent
source of an interplanetary vortex within the gaseous envelope -- a vortex powerful enough to bring the
participating [planets] into alignment and to maintain the alignment in the face of the natural forces
working against it.” 44 Axially synchronized, the Saturnian planets appear to have been precariously
conjoined by the coupling of double layers at the peripheries of their magnetospheres. A periodically
flaring ion current passed between the planets and impinged brilliantly — and sometimes destructively
— at their magnetic poles.

3.2 The “Saturn Nebula”

Incorporating all other gods who came near, Hesiod said, Kronos swallowed all his children but Zeus,
“intending to prevent the kingship of the gods from passing to any other of the majestic sons of Heaven
[Ouranos].” 45 In fact, “the curious reverence in which the planet Saturn was held in ancient times may
have begun with [the] cataclysmic event” 46 that resulted in the capture of Earth and the alignment of its
magnetic axis with the other Saturnian worlds in the domed heavens above. Nice Models and Saturnian
scenarios alike have proposed that Uranus and Neptune also became integral components in the
temporary stability of the planets’ “multi-resonant configuration.” 47 Jupiter and Saturn’s early
exchanges may have initially induced the ice giants’ inward migration. 48 In NM simulations, Uranus and
Neptune were repeatedly captured into a close resonant configuration with Saturn — but always and
only after Saturn had first arrived at a tight MMR with Jupiter. 49 While a range of configurations were
proposed by the simulations, “in all cases, the four [giant] planets [formed] a fully resonant system.” 50

Inside the configuration’s encompassing magnetopause, the fixed stars would have been obscured by a
cloudy aurora-like phosphorescence. 51 At the apex of this ‘gloomy’ or ‘rainy’ cave-like canopy stood “the
One completed by absorbing others:” 52 the large central sun-like disk of hot, inflated Proto-Saturn.
“There was no vacant place, no aspect of empty space or void, but everything was filled by that pure
endless light [‘or eyn sof].” 53 Fragmentary memories worldwide similarly recall archaic sky-gods like
Atum 54 and Ouranos, 55 Utu and Anu, 56 Tian, 57 Tvashtar 58 and Prajapati, 59 Perusha 60 and Vishvarupa 61 as
giant primordial figures or cosmic configurations “embodying the whole of heaven, or indeed, the whole

44
Talbott has emphasized that “the dynamic interaction of the participating planets with this medium must be a part of any discussion of the
physics of planetary alignment” (Talbott 1991).
45
Hesiod 461-462; cf. DeGrazia 1981 Chapter 9 passim.
46
James 2000
47
Morbidelli et al. 2007; Levison et al. 2011. Cf. Cook 2016 Vol1:329f.; cf. also Holden and McLachlan 2013.
48
Cf. Deienno and Nesvorny 2014
49
Morbidelli et al. 2007
50
Morbidelli et al. 2007
51
This might make easy sense of wide-spread lore that early man inhabited a smaller-scale cosmos, the limited extent of which could easily be
seen at night “from one end [of the world] to the other.” (Kaballah)
52
Definition of the Egyptian sky-god Atum, as given by Mullen, A reading
53
Vital, Tree of Life I:1:2
54
Atum (Egyptian) means “the One completed by absorbing others.”
55
The plain meaning of Ouranos in Hesiod’s day identified “Heaven” with what would later, in Ptolemaic times, be referred to as the “Primum
Mobile,” the “first moved” outermost ring of fixed stars. This would seem to imply that the outward extent of the known universe was believed
to have been previously much closer to Earth before Ouranos was separated from Gaia.
56
Ouranos, Atu and Anu all connote “cloudy rainy heavens.” Ouranos and the root of the word urination, for example, are etymologically
related.
57
Ancient Chinese word for “Heaven,” often personified as “the large great One” in the form of a stick-figure man.
58
Tvashtar (Vedic) means literally “Heaven Builder”
59
Prajapati (Vedic), often identified with Perusha, was a primordial anthropomorphic unity of forces. See, for example, Jaim. Br. 2.56; Satapatha
Br. 6.1.1.5; or Eliade 1.227.
60
Perusha (Vedic) means literally the “Cosmic (or Universal) Person.”
61
Vishvarupa (Vedic) means literally “He who has the form [or shape] of the cosmos.”

5
of creation.” 62 As it is said in the Kabbalah: “He filled all the worlds and he surrounded them from every
side.” 63 Or, in the words of Diodorus: “In the original order of the cosmos the heavens and the earth had
one form, their natures being mingled.” 64 This phase appears to be synonymous with the proto-
planetary ‘Saturn Nebula’ recalled in a variety of esoteric lore 65 as “the primeval state of our [Solar]
system,” 66 and “the Abode of the Gods of Former Times” at the top of the world, 67 in which the planets
revolved around the Sun “in equal times,” 68 “sharing the same axis of rotation,” 69 “so arranged in one
row that a straight line would pass through their spheres.” 70

3.3 Holocene Eden

Pherecydes was quoted as asserting “Zeus and Kronos always existed, and Earth also.” 71 Surely, in
distant times, these two great bodies must have been much closer to the Earth, for their attributes to be
so vividly and prominently presented in early myth. 72 Talbott has conjectured that “Jupiter was
originally hidden behind Saturn.” 73 It is here proposed that this was indeed true for a good portion of
the Saturnian Golden Age. Because Earth appears to have been the furthest body below the conjoined
orbits of the other Saturnian planets, Earth would have been a considerable distance vertically below
Jupiter also. 74

Over time, however, a more critical phase seems to have been reached where the perturbed ellipse of
Saturn’s orbit annually crossed over Jupiter’s more neatly circular orbit. Their mean motions crossed
below the 1:2 resonance, and likely approached a 1:1 MMR relatively rapidly. 75 In such an arrangement,
Earth and its synchronous Saturnian companions would pass by Jupiter roughly once with every yearly
revolution around the Sun. A visually distorted 76 Jupiter may have been occasionally visible in the north
skies when Jupiter and Saturn were near conjunction. 77 Under such conditions, Jupiter would have
appeared as a bright up-turned ‘crescent,’ ‘horn’ or ‘sickle’ (backlit by the Sun) when traveling inside the
Saturnian planets’ orbits. 78 -- Was this the “monstrous sickle, long and jagged-toothed” 79 with which
Kronos will castrate Ouranos, separating the rainy skies of the Saturnian magnetopause from the Earth
“in a glorious burst of light?” 80

62
Sieff, The Father of the Gods
63
Vital, Tree of Life I:1:2
64
Diodorus 1,7,1, Kirk32
65
cf. the works of Godfrey Higgins, Steiner, Schure HPB?GDP?
66
Higgins
67
Ma’aseh Bereshit
68
Higgins. cf. Milton PL10: “…equal in days and nights, etc.”
69
Cardona, Hypothesis #7
70
Berossus, Fragments
71
Diogenes Laertius I.119; Damascius de principiis 124 bis. Pherecydes of Syros was an early mythographer from the 6th century BC who
bridged Hesiod and the pre-Socratic thinkers.
72
Tresman et al
73
Talbott, Mythic History 1
74
Cook, in Appendix B, estimates Earth at 3 million miles (or 4.8 million km) below Saturn. Earth’s modern orbit still exhibits the largest
divergence from the Sun’s equatorial plane.
75
cf. Constructing II 2009
76
at a vertical skew of approximately 45 degrees
77
Why else would Zeus and many other Jupiter alter-egos be singled out as not having been devoured like the other gods?
78
Jupiter may have alternately appeared as a glowing “egg” (lit by the Sun) when outside of the Saturnian planets’ orbits. cf. Cook Ch.
79
Hesiod, “Theogony” 180
80
Cf. Cardona Hypothesis #20

6
4) Eventually a Great Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn destabilized the
entire planetary configuration.

4.1 Conjunction of Opposites

On one particularly unforgettable occasion, “as a result of the [extreme] ‘compactness’ of the system,” 81
when Saturn and its companion planets were passing outside Jupiter, 82 “the planetary orbits [became]
chaotic and [began to] intersect.” 83 A Great Conjunction superimposed the electric fields of Jupiter and
Saturn, “causing violent perturbations and huge tidal effects in each other’s atmospheres.” 84 A scenario
of “global dynamical instability” -- “the last major dynamical event to shape the solar system” 85 -- began
to unfold. 86

Because of their extreme voltage differential, the shock impulse pervading their shared electric field
again exerted an attractive force between the two —but this time, at a closer proximity than ever
before. “Their eccentricities [were] quickly excited” by a series of “kicks’,” 87 at which point, “both
planets [slowed] down slightly and then reversed,” 88 and “[their] orbits diverged as a result of their
interaction.” 89

The forward orbital speeds of both bodies suddenly and violently decelerated. Saturn was pulled
forward out of alignment with its companion planets. Simultaneously, Jupiter was pushed backwards
onto a wider orbital ellipse. Their charge sheaths intersected like soap bubbles merging, and a conjoined
plasmasphere instantaneously formed to include both bodies. (Again, on account of the sheer extent of
their plasmaspheres, it would not be necessary for Jupiter and Saturn to have been extremely close to
make electrical contact. Talbott has suggested that the Saturnian system at this time extended “perhaps
several million miles from Jupiter;” 90 Cook more specifically estimates a distance of “8 million miles.” 91)

Thus the Chilam Balam reminds us: “Then [at the time of the “Second Creation”] Oxlahun-ti-ku [‘Lord of
13,’ Saturn] was seized by Bolon-ti-ku [‘Lord of 9,’ Jupiter]." 92 In Hesiod, Zeus dethroned Kronos “by
throwing him off his chariot,” 93 likewise bringing Saturn to a crashing halt. Orphic commentary
elaborated: “Saturn [was] ensnared by Jupiter through honey. ... Saturn, being filled with honey, [was]
intoxicated, his senses [were] darkened, as if from the effects of wine, and he [fell asleep].” 94

81
2005 Origin
82
on their annual return to aphelion, according to Cook, Ch.
83
2005 Origin. Cf Forshufvud, “PROTOSATURN AND VELIKOVSKY'S COSMOGONICAL RECONSTRUCTION” Vox Populi Kronos 10 03: “In
Velikovsky's cosmogonical reconstruction, the instability ... began when Jupiter and Saturn - on crossing orbits - made contact.”
84
V, ITB
85
Populating 2012
86
Constructing I 2009; Late 2011
87
2005 Origins
88
Constructing I 2009
89
2005 LHB. See also 2005 Origin, where it is stressed that no known planet other than Saturn could have “[excited] the orbit of Jupiter” so as
to displace him from the Sun. Cf. Velikovsky: “Saturn could be removed only by the planet Jupiter, the sole member of the planetary family
more powerful than Saturn” (Veli ITB S&J). Walsh et al 2012 adds: “It is worth stressing that … migration reversal of two planets in resonance
occurs only if the outer planet is less massive than the inner planet.” (Walsh 2012 supplement)
90
Talbott, Mythic History
91
Ch 20? App B?
92
Chilam Balam ..
93
HM 148
94
HM .. Santillana and vD elaborate: Drunkenness, “when ascribed to divine natures by ancient theologists, signifies a deific super-essential
energy, or an energy superior to intellect [perhaps overmastering the logical laws which keep the planets in steady orbits?]. Hence, when
Saturn is said by Orpheus to have been intoxicated with honey or nectar, the meaning is, that he then energized providentially, in a deific and
super-intellectual manner.”)

7
“Now this has the form of a myth, but really signifies a shifting 95 of the bodies moving in the heavens
around the Earth.” 96 “Various peoples witnessed the events and described them, as a celestial-human
drama in different forms.” 97 "In each instance a single pattern of events is present:” 98 “the overthrow of
a reigning king and father of the gods by a son whom the father has previously exiled or sought to
destroy.” 99 “The closest parallel to the divine succession in Hesiod's theogony is to be found in a series
of texts from the Hittite[-Hurrian cosmogony], where the succession of gods Anu – Kumarbi - Teshub
mirrors that of Ouranos – Kronos - Zeus.” 100 Analogies have also been noted between these and the
Phoenician cosmology of Sanchuniathon -- which echoes ancient Canaanite cosmology also, where the
succession ran from Elyon to El to Baal. 101

4.2 Unseating the Golden King

Mutually mismatched charge potentials conducted an exchange of electrons across Jupiter and Saturn's
shared electric field, instantly inducing an explosive battery of gigantic interplanetary thunderbolts
spanning millions of miles. Jupiter’s universal association with the cosmic thunderbolt may thus have
been initially inspired by remembered eyewitness accounts of Jovian lightning delivered at relatively
close range.

While the actual close encounter would not have lasted very long, worldwide descriptions strongly
suggest considerable violence was involved. In Hesiod’s description: “A sudden surge of energy
inspirited [Zeus], and he exerted all the strength he had … sending flash after flash of continuous
lightning. The bolts … flew thick and fast from his powerful hand, whirling a solid roll of awesome
flame." 102 As recalled in the Chilam Balam: “[when] Oxlahun-ti-ku [Saturn] was seized, his head was
wounded, his face was buffeted, he was spit upon."

At first appearing in large sheets impinging in visible glow or arc mode, the electrical exchange would
then begin to pinch into plasmoid bolts. As the distance between Jupiter and Saturn increased, the bolts
would take on the appearance of spittle shot in sputtering bursts across the skies. In the words of Ralph
Juergens: “Electricity is too spooky to think about; it is rightly called the Fire of Heaven.” 103 Planetary
thunderbolts were discussed by Greek philosophers until at least the 3rd century BC. Roman historians
were still invoking memories of the “red lightning” of Jupiter centuries later.

4.3 Jupiter in Bonds, Saturn in Chains

Electrically “disrupted” by this close encounter with Jupiter, “Saturn became unstable and ... exploded,
flaring as a nova which, after subsiding, left a remnant that ... was but a fraction of the celestial body of
earlier days.” 104 Vsekhsviatskii concurred: “The present state of Saturn is the result of a relatively recent

95
the Greek word is parallaxis, meaning “alteration”
96
Plato, Timeaus 22d
97
V, Saturn and Flood lec
98
C. Scott Littleton, "The 'Kingship of Heaven' Theme: Phoenician, Babylonian, Hittite, Hurrian, Iranian, Norse, Parallels to Greek Mythology," in
Myth and Law Among the Indo-Europeans. Jaan Puhvel, ed. (University of California Press, 1970), 83.
99
Griffard, MM
100
James, Saturn Problem
101
Eliade 1:147f. In some sources, Sanchuniathon genealogy actually names Ouranos as El’s father.
102
Theogony 670f
103
Juergens, On Morrison
104
Veli, lec/valais/satflood. “This was the basis for Velikovsky's successful advance prediction that Saturn, having undergone nova, would now
be found to be emitting low-energy radiations.” (Sieff. / T. A. Ferte, "A Record of Success", Pensee IVR I (1972), p.23.)

8
and especially high flare-up of eruptive activity on the planet and in its satellite system.” 105 It has been
suggested that “disc-shaped clouds are created by [such] nova outbursts.” 106

Hence, in the wake of this electrical flare-up, a tumult of pulverized particulates began to surround
Saturn in massive toroidal belts of spinning debris. Some of this material was likely expelled from Saturn,
some of it likely excavated or sputtered from the surface of the moons and moonlets that still orbit
among the rings. 107 Comparative analyses of Saturn’s rings seem to support these suggestions.
Electrostatically suspended along the plane of least electrical resistance in counter-rotating rings, dust
particulates are covered by frosts and ices of methane and ammonia. 108 Saturn’s C-Ring in particular has
been steadily spreading out since 1850 at a remarkable rate, implying “a very recent evolution or origin
for the Saturnian ring system,” possibly even during recent human history. 109

In Scandinavian lore regarding the end of the Golden Age, the celestial Mill revolving in the sky above
Earth’s north pole “churned out first gold, then salt, then sand and stones … before it finally sank into
the sea.” 110 Similarly, when the cosmic giant Yima was murdered in the time before time, metals flowed
from his body; the “gold of his soul” fell to Earth like seed, and the celestial sea came forth from his
tears. 111 The Greeks specifically associated Kronos with blizzards of snow and hail, remembered as the
planet-god's weapons at war; Nonnus, for example, recalled the "shining victory of Zeus ... and the
hailstorm snowstorm conflict of Kronos." 112 The author of Job references “treasuries of snow” and
“treasuries of hailstones ... reserved for the time of trouble, the day of battle and war.” 113 “Out of whose
womb came the ice? And the frost of heaven, who gendered it?” asks Yahweh. 114

The theme of Saturn being tied up or put in these chains specifically by Jupiter was also recalled globally.
“Baal [Jupiter] and his confederates [attacked] El [Saturn] by surprise in his palace on Mount Zaphon and
[succeeded] in tying him up and wounding him.” 115 In the Zend-Avesta it was recorded: “Tistyra
[Jupiter], bright star, [kept] Pairiko [Saturn] in twofold bonds.” 116 In well-versed Platonic lore, Zeus 117
tied Kronos in chains and fetters after confronting and subduing him in battle. The statue of Saturn at
the Roman capitol had “his feet bound together ... with a bond of wool,” according to Macrobius. 118
“The depiction of an anthropomorphized Saturn ... encircled by rings extends to Roman times. No other
God is ever depicted as bound by rings.” 119

Saturn was “put in chains by Jupiter to restrain his boundless course and to bind him in the network of
the stars,” according to Cicero. 120 At the same time, it was said, Zeus also surrounded himself in bands

105
Vsekhsviatskii "Indications of Eruptive Evolution..." (note 11?)
106
Forshufvud, “PROTOSATURN AND VELIKOVSKY'S COSMOGONICAL RECONSTRUCTION” Vox Populi , Kronos 10 03
107
Was this the “deific super-essential energizing” of the drunken Saturn evoked by Orphic myths? See HM ..
108
A. Cook et al., “Saturn’s Rings—A Survey,” Icarus 18 (1973)
109
Clube & W. Napier, The Cosmic Serpent, Faber & Faber, London, 1982, pp. 69-70.
110
See for instance, de Santillana and von Dechend, op. cit., p. 146. Tresman et al, “Osiris—”
111
von F?
112
Nonnus: Dionysiaca XII, 52-63.
113
Job 38:22-3
114
Job .. ..
115
Eliade History 1:152; regarding Tablet VI AB
116
Zend-Avesta xvi, transl. by J. Darmesteter (1883), p. 107. An epigram of Martial likewise referred to Saturn’s “chains with their double fetter”
III. 29; transl. by W. Kerr (London, 1919).
117
There lauded as “god most powerful” and “Demiurge supreme.”
118
Macrobius, The Saturnalia, I.8.5, transl. by P. V. Davies (New York, 1969)
119
Cook ch 16
120
Cicero, The Nature of the Gods II:54. Emphasis added.

9
and belts. 121 The identification of Jupiter in old Near Eastern depictions is often suggested by the banded
headdress he wears, which remarkably resembles the banded atmosphere of the planet. 122 Jupiter’s
banded appearance was also recalled abroad in Mesoamerica and Oceania. “In placing bonds about his
father, he at the same time [bound] himself," wrote Proclus. 123 By these means, Zeus bound himself
“subject to his own laws as well.” 124

This episode of the Jupiter-Saturn Myth has of course been subsequently verified, first by telescope and
later by robot videography. Saturn is indeed “in chains and fetters.” Jupiter is indeed shrouded “in bands
and belts.” 125 But “instead of solving anything, this fact presents a new problem that demands a
solution. How did the ancients know that Saturn is encircled by rings?” 126 Could our ancestors really see
the icy rings of Saturn and the cloudy bands of Jupiter with the naked eye? --Surely, in distant times,
these two great bodies must have been much closer to the Earth, for their physical attributes to be so
vividly and prominently presented in early myth. 127 It is surpassing difficult to account for such a global
plethora of clear-cut cross-cultural correlations in any other way.

4.4 Catastrophe and Creation

It is here suggested that this unforgettable, catastrophic encounter between Jupiter and Saturn also
became the archetypal imprint enshrined in astrology, alchemy and esotericism, as the ‘Great
Conjunction’ or ‘Union of Opposites.’ 128 “According to medieval tradition, the religion of the Jews
originated in a conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn.” 129 Great Conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn have
superstitiously connoted both apocalyptic destruction and creative renewal for millennia. 130 Saturn has
long been regarded as a maleficent dark star, polar opposite of Jupiter’s common characterization as a
beneficent midnight sun. While Jupiter continues to signify expansive vitality and youthful joy of life,
Saturn has become symbolic of diminutive hardships, disintegration and death. “The conjunction of the
two therefore signifies the union of extreme opposites,” in the estimation of Carl Jung. 131

121
Thomas Taylor, "On the Coincidence between the Belts of the Planet Jupiter and the Fabulous Bonds of Jupiter the Demiurgus." Classical
Journal 40 (1819), pp. 324-326.
122
Jupiter’s banded appearance was also recalled abroad in Mesoamerica and Oceania.
123
Commenting on Plato’s Timeaus; in J. Harward, The Epinomis of Plato (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1928), p. 326. Quoted by DeG, in Ancient
Knowledge
124
DeG CC9
125
Astronomical verification of Saturn’s “icy” “chains and fetters” was achieved in the early 17th century (1610). First seen by telescope by
Galileo (who was rather puzzled by what he saw, on account of Earth’s shifting perspective; see Sidereus Nuntius. Cf. A. Alexander, The Planet
Saturn, (1962), pp. 84ff.), Saturn’s bizarre bulges were later studied extensively, and accurately deduced as equatorial rings, by Huygens. (Chr.
Huygens, Systema Saturnium (1659); Cf. Alexander, The Planet Saturn, loc. cit.)
126
Veli, ITB, Rings
127
paraphrasing Tresman et al
128
aka “Coincidentia Oppositorum,” “Mysterium Coniunctionis,” etc.
129
Albumasar, Lib II, De magnis coniunctionibus
130
The dawning of the Age of Pisces was [notably] heralded by a Great Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn in Pisces circa 6 BC (HM 245f). (Other
sources calculate this as 7 BC; cf. Jung Aion p. 77f). Virgil’s famous Fourth Ecologue alluded to this in a brief poetic vision hopeful of Saturn’s
return and the inauguration of a new Golden Age (HM 245f). Jews have likewise looked forward to the appearance of the Messiah during a
Jupiter-Saturn conjunction (Jung, Aion 74f); “they were expecting and still do expect it to be a cosmic event” (Eggleton, Some Religious
Themes). Ironically, the elusive Star of Bethlehem has many times been suggested as the very same Jupiter and Saturn conjunction of c. 6 BC
announced by Virgil (G.H. Box, "Star," A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels (N.Y., 1908), II, p. 675). Astronomically speaking, such a conjunction
would have appeared especially significant. The superimposition of the two would have been exceptionally large and “of an impressive
brilliance.” Kepler was the first to point this out, asserting that God himself marks “such great conjunctions as these with extraordinary and
marvelous stars” (Kepler, Discurs von der grossen Conjunction, 1623, p 701). Counting backwards, Kepler believed this same astronomical
phenomenon “always coincides with some great historical crisis” (E.W. Bullinger, The Witness of the Stars (London, 1895), p. 39, note.). His
obsessive calculations have been confirmed by others.
131
Jung, Aion 77

10
Velikovsky, suspecting that such conjunctions likewise induce active, measurable effects on both Jupiter
and Saturn themselves, proposed that “spectroscopic analysis” of Jupiter’s great red spot should be
performed, especially during “periods of conjunction with Saturn.” 132 Binary-like behaviors of Jupiter
and Saturn during Great Conjunctions, in fact, still modulate the position of the Sun with respect to the
barycenter of the Solar system. 133 It has been demonstrated that the Sun stands furthest removed from
the center when Jupiter and Saturn are conjunct. These same modulations disturb shortwave radio
frequencies, induce heightened electrical activity in Earth’s upper atmosphere 134 and may even have a
cumulative effect on Earth’s climate. 135 “These two great planets,” confirms Jewish commentary, are
[indeed] “the most important for the destiny of the world.” 136

5) Jupiter and Saturn migrated outward, setting in motion a catastrophic

rearrangement of the inner Solar system.
5.1 Dismembering the Primordial Giant
5.1.1 The Collapse of the Saturnian Polar Configuration
“The sudden jump in the eccentricities of Jupiter and Saturn” during this particular Great Conjunction
“[had] a drastic effect on the planetary system as a whole.” 137 The Saturnian planets were wrenched out
of polar alignment as their respective spin-rates accelerated in response to the Saturn system’s
displaced forward momentum. “The multi-resonant state [was] suddenly broken.” 138 “Moving contrary
to the course of Heaven [Ouranos],” 139 their shared axis was disturbed, 140 permanently upsetting “the
primeval state of our [Solar] system.” 141

No longer axially synchronized, individual charge sheaths formed around each planet as the conjoined
plasmasphere of Jupiter and Saturn subdivided, electrically isolating them from one other. “Saturn [was]
displaced from its polar position” and the “gaseous envelope” surrounding the Saturnian planets began
to disperse. 142

A relatively “fast departure” from resonance was “likely.” 143 “During the instability, the orbits of Uranus
and Neptune became Saturn-crossing, and Uranus and Neptune were scattered out by Saturn,” 144

132
pensee/ivr02/22hess
133
Landschedit, “Swinging Sun;” Wilson et al “Spin Orbit Coupling..”; Sharp, “Are Uranus and Neptune..”
134
Hancock 243f. Hancock adds: “This would seem to indicate that the planets and the sun [do indeed] share in a cosmic-electrical balance
mechanism that extends a billion miles from the centre of our solar system.”
135
Landscheidt, Sun-Earth-Man
136
Issac Abravanel ben Jehuda, Ma’yene ha-Yeshu’ah (Sources of Salvation. Ferrara, 1551. Referenced in Jung, Aion 74
137
2005 Origin
138
“…[leaving] at least one planet [Uranus] with a significant eccentricity.” Late 2011
139
Porphyry
140
cf. Talbott, Mythical History 1
141
Higgins
142
Talbott, Mythical History 1
143
Constructing II 2009
144
Orbital 2014

11
“leading to a short phase of close encounters” among the gas and ice giants [Uranus and Neptune].” 145
Torn in pieces, the Saturn nebula collapsed, and the Golden Age cosmic order of old king Kronos was
utterly destroyed and dissipated across vast distances.

The Nice Model notably suggests that “the instability that our multi-resonant planetary system
[suffered]” was “quite likely” to be “severe,” “given that the initial interplanetary separations [were]
smaller.” 146 I.e., when the initial planetary configuration is more compact, 1) more interplanetary
encounters will occur when the configuration is scattered; 2) outbound migrations will be rapidly excited
and accelerated; 3) the migrating planets will be driven more distantly from the original configuration;
and 4) the more spaced out with respect to each other will displaced planets eventually be.

5.1.2 The Mutilation Myth: Torn in Pieces

Velikovsky and Juergens both envisioned this “cataclysmic disruption” in terms of the “Saturnian
planetary system, which included the Earth,” as having been “invaded,” “dismembered” and “derailed”
during their fateful “near-collision with Jupiter.” 147 Indeed, one of the most widely distributed themes
in world mythology describes the formation of a new heaven and a new earth from the sacrificial
dismemberment of an older order of the cosmos, in the form of an anthropomorphic divine being. 148

In many accounts, the planetary gods of heaven themselves were “born from the destruction of an
earlier figure embodying the whole of heaven, or indeed, the whole of creation.” 149 “The gods sacrificed
the sacrifice to the sacrifice,” records the Rig Veda. 150 “He gave himself to the gods to be divided up so
that a differentiated universe could come into being.” 151 Violently divided, the many-headed primeval
Unity was split asunder; the One was broken into many myriads of parts. “Slain from the foundation of
the world,” the primordial giant was shattered into thousands of pieces, scattered across the darkness
of space, dispersed as sparks of light, planets, suns, moons and stars: “the Moon from his mind, from his
eye the Sun, from his mouth Jupiter and Mars.” 152 In Japanese myth, when the Great Kami Susanowo
[Saturn] was startled from sleep by the sound of the Earth resounding, “he pulled down the [celestial]
palace around himself.” 153 In Egyptian lore, Osiris was sawed by his son Set, gored by the tusks of a boar,
mangled and torn in pieces and scattered along the celestial river.

In the cosmology of the Near East, when Anu [the Heavens] began to retreat into expanding space,
Kumarbi [Saturn] mutilated him with his teeth. 154 Recoiling, Kumarbi spat out the “two terrible gods” he
found in his mouth — who later make war on Kumarbi under the thunder and lightning storm-god
Teshub’s command and guidance. 155 Zeus likewise forced the enchained and emasculated Kronos to
disgorge his brothers the Titans. Teshub himself came fully into his own only when a pregnant and
feverish Kumarbi finally exploded. 156 Similarly, when three-headed Trisiras was slain by Indra’s [Jupiter’s]

145
2005 LHB; “Saturn, Uranus and Neptune” are specifically invoked in the original. Later variations on the NM (beginning w/ Constructing I in
2009) also included Jupiter as an agent in the “close encounters.” More on this below.
146
Late 2011
147
Veli, ITB, S&J; Juergens, Critics and Stellar Energy; cf. Sieff? who spoke of a Sun-Saturn binary
148
Also known in Dionysian and Christian theology as sparagmos.
149
Sieff, Father of the Gods, The?)
150
RV 10.90.16
151
Pannikar, The Vedic Experience
152
RV 10.90. ..
153
HM 171
154
ANET 120-21; Kirk 36. Kumarbi thereby also cannibalistically ingested parts of Anu’s “virility.” See Eliade 1.145f
155
Eliade 145f. Kirk 36 asserts that the Greek equivalent of Teshub was obviously Zeus.
156
cf. Kirk 36

12
thunderbolt (vajra), his “three heads shone with brilliant energy until they were cut off.” Then fiery
flocks of birds flew out of him, and “the fever” left his body. 157 Such myths seem to strongly suggest that
Uranus and Neptune temporarily became visible along with Jupiter as shrunken Saturn shed his mass
and as the old planetary alignment was wrenched apart. 158

It is here suggested that the swift-moving dissolution of the old Saturnian system became the archetypal
imprint remembered as the “Dismemberment of the Primordial Giant” or the “Slaying of the Primal
Father.” 159 Sometimes it was a son who ousted the father; sometimes it was a younger brother who
overturned the rule of an elder brother; sometimes it was the virtuous son of a deceased father who
took vengeance on a murderous, wicked uncle. In addition, sometimes these protagonists were
portrayed as fighting over the same woman [Venus]; sometimes the younger god abducted or seduced
the wife of the elder.

5.1.3 Venus Released

Tom van Flandern160 suggested that a large planet’s sphere of influence — in this case, the Saturnian
magnetosphere 161 — could be drastically reduced in size with proximity to another large body — such as
the Jovian magnetosphere. Under such conditions a large planet like Saturn may lose one or more of its
satellites. In addition to the release of Uranus and Neptune, it is here suggested that Venus was either
initially excluded from the conjoined plasmasphere of Jupiter and Saturn, or was otherwise extruded
from the Saturnian alignment by this point. Displaced to the ecliptic, Venus would have spiraled away
from Jupiter and Saturn, like a comet towards the Sun.

In Near Eastern myth, El [Saturn] remained strangely “submissive and hesitant” even when Baal [Jupiter]
carried his wife Asherah [Venus] away. 162 After binding Susanowo’s [Saturn’s] hair to the palace rafters,
Great-Land-Master [Jupiter] absconded with Susanowo’s wife Princess-Forward [Venus] on his back. 163
In the Chilam Balam, after being assaulted by Jupiter, Saturn “was despoiled of his rattle-tailed dragon
scepter [canhel] and its quetzal plumage.” The dragon scepter and the quetzal plumage are, of course,
often directly equated with Kukulkan or Quetzalcoatl – that is, Venus.

5.2 The Waste Land

5.2.1 Earth Released
Earth was apparently released from Jupiter and Saturn’s briefly conjoined charge sheath, or subdivided
from Saturn’s plasmasphere soon after also. As Hesiod hinted: “Vast Earth groaned under the strain,

157
DeG SB 14
158
Deg CC9
159
The latter likewise involved the Father’s dismemberment as well as the cannibalistic incorporation by the Father’s son(s) and/or devotees.
Freud’s tracing of both modern and primitive compulsions and beliefs to a “collective delusion” supposedly repressing a hypothetical historical
drama of the late Stone Age. In the traditional Freudian view, the murder of the tribal father by his sons, for the purpose of possessing their
mother [Venus?](Freud p 203f), is the repressed “historical truth” of humanity’s “forgotten primeval past” (Freud, “Construction in Analysis,” in
Works vol 23, transl. Strachey, p269. Cf. also Heinberg 8). Theodore Reik interpreted the “original sin” of the first people (the “eating of the
forbidden tree”) as the killing, dismembering and eating of the primeval head of the family (Reik, Myth and Guilt p142). However, “there is little
anthropological or archeological evidence to suggest that patricide was ever widespread, much less universal” (Heinberg 193). How exactly,
then, did the mytheme ever become so popular worldwide? Could our ancestors have instead beheld the drama in the skies?
160
Dark Matter, Missing Planets and New Comets (1999)]
161
Others might suggest a planet’s gravitational ‘Hill sphere’ of influence.
162
Eliade History 1: 152-53
163
HM 171

13
being crowded out.” 164 Japanese myth similarly recalls the Earth “resounding” when Susanowo [Saturn]
was displaced. Urged on by Earth to relieve the overpowering pressure of the Heavens, Kronos, “in a
hidden place of ambush,” took up in his right hand 165 the huge sickle of flint, long and jagged-toothed,
and separated the rainy glow of the Saturnian magnetopause from the Earth. 166 It was with his right
hand likewise that Zeus wielded the same ancient blade that mutilated Kronos himself. As it is said in the
Kabbalah’s Teachings on the Work of Creation: ”It is his right hand which has stretched out the heavens
as a veil.” 167

Again following van Flandern’s suggestion that large planets in close proximity may lose satellites, 168
Earth (Saturn’s most remote polar aligned companion) may have uncoupled from Saturn’s
magnetosphere on account of the sudden entrance of Jupiter’s overwhelming mass. In such a scenario,
the sudden decrease in Saturn’s attractive force may have been experienced by Earth as a virtual
repulsive force.

An individual charge sheath would’ve formed around Earth as it emerged from Saturn’s plasmasphere —
somewhat akin to the way an egg-cell divides. Pherecydes recounted obscure lore regarding the
marriage of Jupiter and Earth, which took place soon after his defeat of Saturn and her release from
Ouranos. On the third day of the wedding festivities, Zeus presented Gaia with a woven veil
embroidered with the image of Gaia herself, along with Okeanos and the "halls of Okeanos" surrounding
and encircling her. 169 (Again, “as it is said: He extends the heavens as a veil.” 170) “With a magnetosphere
now giving protection from cosmic rays and an ionosphere giving protection from ultraviolet rays,” 171
Earth was only indirectly impacted by the radioactive exchanges of charge — “cosmic rays and X-rays” 172
— passing between the star-gods above.

5.2.2 The World Flood

The cosmological drama unfolding on high led directly to a global climatological collapse and the ensuing
explosive rise of heavily-defended city-states below. In all renditions of the myth, when the Golden King
on high was unseated, displaced or put to death, Earth below became a desolate wasteland, a place of
dire dangers and unpredictable perils. “Now the land had been totally destroyed, and darkness was on
the face of the Deep [Tehom].” 173 Its rotational axis forcibly relocated, the old world passed away and a
new world fell immediately into being. “Earth was pulled out of harm's way by the Sun, and in the
process, mankind was overwhelmed by a deluge.”” 174

The chalcolithic developments of the late Stone Age came to a sudden halt. Archaic sea-side ports on
continental shelves were completely inundated, and remain drowned beneath the waves to this day.
Large areas of formerly fertile terrain became virtual wastelands, totally devastated, voided of vitality,

164
Hesiod 159f
165
As it is said:”It is his right hand which has stretched out the heavens [shmayim].” Right-handedness is extensive in Jovian myths, whether it
be the accomplishments of Jupiter’s right hand, or the right-handed coiling of the dragon that Jupiter slays.
166
Hesiod 174f
167
Ma’aseh Bereshit. Cf. Leet, Universal Kabbalah pg 12.
168
Dark Matter, Missing Planets and New Comets (1999
169
Greek Papyri Ser. II no 11, p 23 (DK 782). Cf. Kirk 60-61, where it is clarified: "With the cloth he also [gave] her Okeanos."
170
Ma’aseh Bereshit. Cf. Leet, Universal Kabbalah pg 12.
171
Velikovsky, Recollections 22
172
Velikovsky, Recollections 21
173
Cf. Arthur Custance’s translation of Genesis 1:2. Tehom, “the Deep,” was the new open horizon of interplanetary space, initially “dark” prior
to the separation of the waters of heaven. See below.
174
Eggleton, Did Saturn.? An important aspect of the overall narrative of the Saturnian system’s collapse, details of the flood are here omitted
in favor of focusing on the celestial narrative above.

14
embattled with long-term bouts of desertification. “Seasonal differences in the earlier era were minimal
compared to variations in climate now existent on the Earth.” The Earth quickly became “a drier,
harsher habitat,” where one had to wear skins rather than fig leaves. 175 In fact, the rise of Bronze Age
civilization as a whole seems to have been predominantly characterized by large-scale adaptations to
increasing aridity and scarcity ushered in by the collapse of the polar alignment and the dispersal of the
Saturn nebula. “They [didn’t] know why, nor understand [how], in darkness, all of Earth’s foundations
[had] wandered off course.” 176 “Driven out of Paradise into this world ... [driven] out of eternity into
time, out of plenty into want, out of stability into instability,” 177 mankind huddled themselves into
hordes as a substitute for the omnipresent gods of their forefathers. Civilization was not constructed for
the sake of a better life for all (as Aristotle says), but rather for the flight of a few survivors from sure
death in the wilderness, and the terrifying independence of being left alone in the dark.

5.2.3 The Beginning of History

The only recourse for the astonished survivors was subsistence agriculture, which sprang up
simultaneously soon after in several unconnected regions around the globe, where the land had not
been too heavily devastated by salt water floods nor overly dried by lack of rain. 178 Suddenly emerging
from extended immersion in the outside world of nature, humankind set to work at the task of an
extended self-domestication, “even while the heavens [above] remained unsettled.” 179 “Men built
houses for themselves... and the oxen struggled, groaning and laboring under the heavy yoke,” wrote
Ovid. 180 Agriculture made a settled life of social stratification in a permanent location not only possible,
but — through centralization of food storage and division of labor — virtually necessary in an extended
era of cold drought.181

A new and comparatively unique level of drive and dynamism entered the world when the world's first
large cities arose. All of the basic arts of high civilization were rapidly developed in response: writing,
mathematics, astronomy, irrigation, organized government, a priestly class and organized religions,
calendars, armies, massive stone architecture, metallurgy, the wheel, pottery, weaving, music, poetry
and so much more. In many cultures, these inventions were remembered as given ready-made or
inspired by the activities of the gods.

5.3 Separating Heaven and Earth

5.3.1 The “Second Creation”
It is here suggested that the sudden and dramatic exclusion of Earth from the Saturnian alignment
during the midst of this episode became the archetypal imprint remembered as the “Separation of the
Heavens and the Earth” 182 and the “Expulsion from Paradise.” Though some Saturnists have been
reluctant to assign a chronological date to their Golden era, it is here suggested that “spring perpetual ...
175
Deg SB15
176
Psalm 82:
177
Eriugena 815A
178
DeG CC9
179
DeG CC9
180
Metamorphoses, I, lines 112
181
Heinberg168
182
The cosmogonic separation of sky and earth was a familiar motif in many accounts of the present world’s genesis. In Euripides, this mytheme
is explicitly described “as being passed on from mother to child, i.e., as a popular and traditional account” (Kirk 33; cf. Euripides fr. 484). The
same trope was widely professed, however, long before the early Greeks, in the mytho-historical records of the great cultures of the near east
(Kirk 33). In Hurrian-Hittite cosmology, the heavens and the earth were would likewise be “cut asunder with a cleaver” (ANET 125); Marduk was
commonly represented on old cylinder seals with a jagged cleaver in hand. It may be found even earlier in Egyptian myths of Nut and Geb, and
further abroad as well, in Maori lore of Rangi and Papa.

15
equal in days and nights” 183 -- the endless Eden of eternal Saturnian summertime -- was synonymous
with the Holocene Climactic Optimum. 184 Thus 1) the termination of the Saturnian Golden Age (the
Vedic Satya Yuga), and 2) the opening the Jovian Silver Age (the Vedic Treta Yuga), as such would’ve
coincided with 3) the fitful close of the Holocene Climactic Optimum and 4) the end of the Neolithic
Subpluvial; punctuated by 5) the intensifying aridification that characterizes the late 4th millennium
BC, 185 6) the opening of the dry and cold Older Subboreal period and 7) the archeological Early Bronze
Age I — the era conventionally known as the ‘beginning of history.’ 186

The Chilam Balam remembers this as the “Second Creation.” It was the beginning of a new world era,
and a new order of the ages; a new sun-star and a new orbit around the Sun; brighter skies during the
day and darker skies at night; sporadic electrical phenomena at both poles and along equatorial
radiation belts; 187 striking astronomical movements and alignments never before witnessed by
humankind; the establishment of Earth’s modern obliquity with respect to the ecliptic; and the
beginning of measurable time as we know it. 188

Earth’s “originally elliptic orbit may have become more and more circular” 189 when modified by later
interplanetary encounters in subsequent rounds of catastrophe. Until then, the point of Earth’s release
constituted the annual aphelion of its orbit.190 As Velikovsky indicated, the increased distance between
Earth and Saturn was most likely the result of both the removal of Earth from its place as well as Saturn
from its place. 191

5.3.2 Saturn Thrown Down

The opening scenes of the divine spectacle would have been seen in the north skies, since Earth was still
millions of miles below Saturn and Jupiter. But after Earth was released from Saturn into a path of its
own around the Sun, the plane of Earth’s orbit would lift steadily, eventually reorienting at a steep 7
degree inclination, crossing over the Sun’s equatorial current sheet twice a year — at each equinox. In
addition, Jupiter and Saturn’s subsequent relocation away from the inner Solar system also radically
altered their view from Earth.

Altogether, this accounts for the modern obliquity of the ecliptic; i.e., the plane of Earth’s orbit still
retains the steepest divergence from the Sun’s equatorial plane to this very day — because Earth was
formerly furthest below the orbits of the other Saturnian planets. This also accounts for the changed
eyewitness perspective on Jupiter and Saturn, which shifted at that time, so that the unfolding
interplanetary drama panned from the northern skies to a side-view of the sky-gods receding away
along the ecliptic. (If one was standing in Egypt or the Near East, for example, this would mean that the

183
Milton PL 10
184
Conventionally dated at ..BP.
185
Cf. the so-called “5.9-kiloyear Event.”
186
sources: Eliade, Campbell?]
187
Narratized globally as four cardinal “pillars” or “flagpole standards” or “braziers” or brightly colored “trees”
188
HM 135
189
Forsh. source?
190
Cook ch. .. . Cf. Forsv. [source?], who emphasized: “During the first few turns, [when] Earth ... regularly ... returned to the point where it left
Protosaturn[, this] point must have been closer to the Sun than Saturn's present orbit” (emphasis added), i.e., -- Saturn and the Saturnian
planets must have orbited closer to the Sun than Earth’s modern day orbit during the Golden polar era.
191
Veli ITB S&J

16
planets had visibly migrated from polar positions in the north into wandering transits seen parallel to
the ecliptic in the southern night sky.) 192

Saturn was then viewed “edge-on” for the first time — the visual equivalent to having been “thrown on
his back.” Such was the fate of Oxlahun-ti-ku [Saturn] in the Chilam Balam: after being violently
assaulted and having his ‘plumed dragon scepter’ stolen by Bolon-ti-ku [Jupiter], Oxlahun-ti-ku “was
thrown on his back as well.” The Chinese god-king Kin-thien –‘the Less Resplendent’ -- similarly seems to
have been Saturn in a less active mode, retreating away from the Sun after “falling on his side.” Ancient
Egyptian legends 193 likewise recall that Osiris died when he fell on his side at the ‘river-bank,’ where he
was swathed in wrapped bands. 194

Moreover, the rings of Saturn would have been seen laterally for the first time then as well. The Maori
recall Parearu [Saturn] becoming “entangled [or] surrounded” in a “headband [or] “fillet.” 195 The Chilam
Balam likewise refers to Oklahun-ti-ku’s [Saturn’s] “headband” or “blindfold.” The Dogon of Mali still
speak of Saturn as a star with a “permanent halo.” 196

5.4 Tzimtzum: The Gods Retreat

The dramatic encounter between Jupiter and Saturn left Saturn “greatly reduced in size,” 197 mass 198 and
charge, 199 and, as such, utterly incapable of exerting the supreme “attractive force” necessary to entrain
large companion planets any longer. Derailed from their dynamically synchronized alignment, Jupiter
and the large Saturnian planets immediately redirected their orbital momentums into elliptical outward-
bound spirals. While many observed extrasolar planetary systems contain planets in MMRs, 200 “the
scattering of giant planets in a violent instability is thought to have occurred in the majority of known
systems.” 201 Again, “the outward migration is a direct result of the [planets’ former] ‘compact’ orbital
configuration.” 202 “It is currently well accepted that the outer planets radially migrated in the past.” 203
Despite “perturbations,” the NM suggests the giant planets scattered in an extended radial migration,

192
Saturn was then viewed “edge-on” for the first time — the visual equivalent to having been “thrown on his back.” Such was the fate of
Oxlahun-ti-ku [Saturn] in the Chilam Balam: after being violently assaulted and having his plumed dragon scepter stolen by Bolon-ti-ku [Jupiter],
Oxlahun-ti-ku “was thrown on his back as well.” The Chinese god-king Kin-thien --"the Less Resplendent" -- similarly seems to have been Saturn
in a less active mode, retreating away from the Sun after “falling on his side.” Ancient Egyptian legends found among the Fifth Dynasty Pyramid
Texts of Unas likewise recall that Osiris died when he fell on his side at the river-bank, where he was swathed in wrapped bands. (This was not
the bank of the earthly river Nile, but rather the celestial river of fluorescing debris coursing along the plane of the ecliptic in the retreating
giants’ wake.) Moreover, the rings of Saturn would have been seen laterally for the first time then as well. The Maori recall Parearu [Saturn]
becoming “entangled [or] surrounded” in a “headband [or] “fillet” (Elsdon Best: The Astronomical Knowledge of the Maori, Dominion Museum
Monograph No. 3 (Wellington, N.Z., 1922), pp. 35f. The Maori originally migrated from an older homeland in the Solomon Islands, nearer the
equator and thus in a better line of sight with regard to the earlier Saturnian alignment than their current home in New Zealand.). The Chilam
Balam likewise refers to Oklahun-ti-ku’s [Saturn’s] “headband” or “blindfold.” The Dogon speak of Saturn as a star with a “permanent halo”( M.
Griaule and G. Dieterlen: Le Renard pâle (1965), p. 329.).
193
Found among the Fifth Dynasty Pyramid Texts of Unas
194
This was not the bank of the earthly river Nile, but rather the celestial river of fluorescing debris coursing along the plane of the ecliptic in
the retreating giants’ wake.
195
Elsdon Best: The Astronomical Knowledge of the Maori, Dominion Museum Monograph No. 3 Wellington, N.Z., 1922, pp. 35f. The Maori
originally migrated from an older homeland in the Solomon Islands, nearer the equator and thus in a better line of sight with regard to the
earlier Saturnian alignment than their current home in New Zealand.
196
M. Griaule and G. Dieterlen: Le Renard pâle (1965), p. 329.)
197
Veli ITB S&J
198
Forsv, “Vox populi”
199
Cook, ch ..
200
Marois et al. 2008; Rivera et al. 2010, quoted in Late 2011
201
Chatterjee et al. 2008; Ford and Rasio 2008; Juric and Tremaine 2008; Raymond et al. 2010; in Populating 2012
202
Outward 2012
203
Orbital 2014

17
due to “exchange[s] of energy and angular momentum.” 204 “The final orbits of the planets [would
depend] on the evolution of the system immediately after the resonance crossing event” that drove
them apart. 205

Like many Saturnian scenarios, the NM also affirms that “the [modern] tilt angles of the giant planets
preserve information about migration and encounter history.” 206 The Grand Tack model specifically
describes Jupiter “tacking” (changing direction against the wind) 207 into an outward-bound radial
migration, propelling Saturn and the ice giants ahead of him. "The key feature is planet scattering. All
the orbits get very quickly disturbed." 208 “Saturn could be removed only by the planet Jupiter, the sole
member of the planetary family more powerful than Saturn. And indeed, the myth says that Saturn was
removed by Jupiter.” 209 After Zeus and his disgorged brothers had "dethroned Saturn [and] bound him
up,” they “consigned him to outer space."210 The old Orphic wording is more distinct: "After ... Zeus
threw his father from the chariot, [he] 'entartarosed' him right away.” 211 When the bewildering thunder
of Adad [Jupiter] reached unto the Heavens [Anu], and turned the soft light of the old Saturnian night
into darkness, “the [Anunnaki] gods were terror-stricken by the deluge. Shrinking back, they fled, and
ascended to [the outermost] heaven of Anu; they cowered against the outer wall like dogs crouching in
distress.” 212

Saturn, the god who had always been unmistakably apparent and immediately present, now became
deus otiosus 213 — the departed or disappeared god recalled in the traditional cosmologies of preliterate
peoples — further and further withdrawn from Earth ever after.214 Nearly all African myths of “the Fall”
tell of the disappearance of god (or the gods) into the deep night sky. Having formerly lived on Earth
among human beings in a golden age of peace and plenty, the sky-gods of ancient Africa were driven
away by a terrible outbreak of great cruelty and violence, during which the forests burned down and the
entire ecosystem fell drastically out of sustainable equilibrium. Nzambi “withdrew his affection” from
mankind, and left people to themselves. Mulungu was chased away from Earth in a feverish rage.
“Nobody has seen him since, so people today don’t know what he is like.” 215

Christian theologians of several denominations have evoked this same mytheme in their doctrine of
creation by kenosis — the self-emptying of the creator-god into a new emanation of creation. A distinct
parallel may also be drawn to the teachings on tzimtzum, the first stage of creation described in the
Kabbalah — the self-contraction, concealing, shrinkage or retreat of the creator-god’s original form into
a new dilation or opening of space (called Tehiru). The “light of creation,” originally “endless,” was
hidden away. “As it is said: “He made Night [Lailah] his withdrawal [tzimtzum]; her tent surrounds

204
Late 2011
205
2005 Origin
206
Tilting 2015
207
This reversal of direction is compared to the course that a sailboat takes when it tacks, or changes direction against the wind (Zubritsky,
Jupiter’s youthful.) But if Jupiter is to be compared to a sailboat, with what shall we compare the sea? The Solar electric field?
208
Joe Hahn, a planetary scientist at St. Mary's University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, quoted in Hansen, “Orbital Shuffle …”
209
Veli ITB S&J. See also 2005 Origin, where it is stressed that no known planet other than Saturn could have “[excited] the orbit of Jupiter” so
as to displace him from the Sun. Walsh et al 2012 adds: “It is worth stressing that … migration reversal of two planets in resonance occurs only
if the outer planet is less massive than the inner planet.” (Walsh 2012 supplement)
210
Deg CC9
211
HM 266
212
ANET, p. 94, n. 207; 11.115); quoted in HM 297f.
213
or, deus absconditus
214
Eliade 1 151
215
Heinberg 84. The story of “the Fall” remains all too common to cultures who feel that their god is still upset with them. Might this account
for the overwhelming abundance of ceremonies and sacrifices designed to appease the gods, ameliorate Earthly conflict and violence, and
medicate our collective loneliness and confusion with spells of memory and forgetfulness?

18
him.” 216 Steadily diminishing in size and luminosity, receding away from Earth and the inner Solar system
— “hiding himself, withdrawing himself, entering into himself” — the contraction of the departing god
Saturn cleared space for a new creation. 217

5.5 Tehiru: The Opening of Space

The Kabbalah continues: “That contraction [tzimtzum] was completely uniform all around,” withdrawing
to the circumference of the sides surrounding it, so that “it left a vacant space [tehiru] – an empty,
hollow void … uniformly circular on all sides.” 218 Until this time, our ancestors would have had no
concept of limitless space extending away from the Earth – because such conditions had never before
been seen by them or their recent forbearers. Although the exact nature and context of this widening
‘gap’ was often enough explicitly specified in popular traditions, 219 subsequent generations eventually
found it implausible that the skies had ever been any different. It was thus understandably difficult for
later readings to make concrete sense of the original context. When “the chasm between Earth and Sky
came into being, Chaos came into being.” 220 “When [Earth and Sky] had been separated apart from each
other they [brought] forth all things.” 221 “After ... their bodies parted from each other ... the world took
on the whole arrangement that we see in it now.” 222

Hesiod’s primordial “Chaos” is derived from a root meaning “chasm” (gape, gap, or yawn 223) -- in the
sense of “upper air” or “open space.” 224 Hesiod specifically described Chaos as a “gloomy” but “bounded
interval” -- not a measureless void -- that came into being as a “dark and windy chasm” between the
Heavens and the Earth when they were separated. The Egyptian Shu was likewise the “empty expanding
air” that lifted the Sky-goddess Nut from the body of the Earth-god Geb (Keb). 225 Similarly, Sumerian
Enlil was the “air, atmosphere (or) space” that hoisted the Sky [An] over the Earth [Ki]. 226

Unfurling like a curtain drawn open, or a scroll uncurling, the old Heavens progressively whirled away
from Earth on all sides. The “primordial cosmic waters” 227 of the old Saturnian “gaseous envelope” 228
retreated and withdrew from Earth, differentiating a deep ‘open space’ in place of the perpetually rainy
wall of Ouranian clouds that shrouded Earth in former times. All in all, the outbound contraction
[tzimtzum] of Saturn and the Saturnian star-gods 229 thus coincided with and was complimentary to the
creative differentiation of Earth and Heaven, as well as the progressive dilation [tehiru] of a gaping vault
of highly conductive space between Earth and Heaven through which the shining star-gods daily and
nightly blazed.

216
Ma’aseh Bereshit 14f
217
Modern retellings of this ancient mytheme have not been as confined to sophisticated theological discursions, however. Globally
crisscrossing all cultures, new variants have become foundation myths of several scientific enterprises: Freudian and Jungian schools of
psychoanalysis; the “dying-rising god” of Frazer, Harrison and the Cambridge mythologists; Msgr Lemaitre’s “Big Bang” and its absurd
“astromathemagical” elaborations; Pascal’s, Hegel’s and Nietzsche’s musings on the “death of god” and their later amplification by 20th century
existentialist philosophers and theologians, etc.
218
Vital, Tree of Life I:1:2
219
Kirk 29
220
Hesiod 116f; cf. Kirk 28
221
Euripedes fr 484; cf. Kirk 32
222
Diodorus 1,7,1; cf. Kirk 32
223
Kirk 26
224
As, for example, suggested by later Pythagorean conjectures found in Zeno, Plato’s Timeaus and Aristotle’s Physics.
225
ANET 4; cf. Kirk 33
226
Eliade 58
227
Eliade 1 163
228
Talbott, Mythical History
229
El and Elohim, Anu and Anunnaki, et al. There were precisely seven Elohim and seven Anunnaki.

19
5.6 Night and Day
The breaking open of outer space and the creation of a new heaven and a new earth became the
discovery of a new kind of time. In place of an ever-present pulse of peace and plenty, time became
serial and cyclical — something measurable, something to remember. When “the chasm between Earth
and Sky came into being, Chaos came into being. ... Out of Chaos came Twilight [Erebos] and black Night
[Nyx]; and from Night came Aither and Day.” 230 The regular alteration of Day and Night, more or less as
we know them now, began then for the first time. “It is natural that both Day and Night should come
into being as soon as Sky and Earth have separated, to occupy the gap between the two.” 231 As Talbott
has affirmed, during “the gradual dispersal of the gaseous envelope” formerly surrounding the Saturnian
planets, “the arrival of a more clearly defined ‘day and night’ is fundamental to the mythical
sequence.” 232
“The age of Jupiter, now upon the world, introduced mankind to the light of the stars in the darkness of
the night.” 233 Jovian alter-egos worldwide – widely lauded as “Day-Maker” and “Sky-Father”-- display a
unique and unparalled relationship to feminine personifications of Night. “[Zeus] was in awe of doing
what would be displeasing to swift Night,” says Hypnos. 234 Night [Nyx] is also described in the same
passage as “subduer of gods and men,” displaying “an unusual implication of Night’s special power or
priority among the gods. ... The virtually all-powerful Zeus hesitates to offend Night … lest she should
subdue him on some unsuitable occasion.” 235
In Egypt it was Ra [Jupiter] who boasted: “I am he who made the hours, so that days might come into
being.” 236 Nut was specifically the night-time star-studded sky arched over the wide horizon, through
which the red sun-like disk of Ra journeyed each night. Hebrew legend is also very specific with respect
to the relationship of Zedek [Jupiter] and Lailah [Night]; during the time of Abraham’s struggles, it was
said, Zedek made Lailah bright. 237
In the Iliad, Night [Nyx] herself apportioned Zeus’ sovereignty to “the wide Heaven [Ouranos] among the
cloudy Aither” 238 -- that is, a wide band of night sky centered on the ecliptic, from ~17 degrees north to
~17 degrees south; i.e., the ‘Way of Anu’ likewise assigned to Marduk [Jupiter] in the Near East.239 Baal
and Yahweh were likewise described as the “Rider of the Clouds.” 240 In fact, from Ireland to India, all
Jovian alter-egos were remembered as driving wheeled chariots along a high way through the skies.

5.7 The Shining Ones

As the battling sky-gods retreated through this expanding space into deeper and more distant reaches of
the Solar system, they discharged as brilliantly lit wandering stars. “Aristotle was proud to state it as

230
Hesiod 116f
231
Kirk, Presoc 20
232
Talbott, Mythical History
233
DEG SB14
234
Iliad 14.260f; cf. Kirk 19. Nyx is also described in the same passage as “subduer of gods and men.”
235
Kirk 19; emphasis added.
236
ANET 12
237
Ginzberg op. cit., vol. I, p. 232. In the same passage it is said that Lailah also “fought for Abraham” when Zedek illuminated her.
238
Iliad 15.189. In the Timaeus is it said that, among the “diverse kinds of fire,” the “brightest part” of air (or space) “is called the aither” (58d).
239
Demarcated by Aldebaran at ~17 degrees N, and Sirius at ~17 degrees S.
240
E.g., Psalm 68:4

20
known that the gods were originally stars.” 241 Throughout all antiquity, “light [was] considered to be the
particular attribute of divinity;” 242 moreover, “the power of the celestial gods was revealed by their
light.” 243 “The Anunnaki raised (their) torches, lighting up the land with their brightness,” —still huge in
size though far removed, lighting the night as nearby suns. Shining not only in the black vault of night,
but also on occasion in the brighter twilit sky, and sometimes even in broad daylight, 244 the “numinous
character of the gods” inspired a “holy fear” of their “terrifying brightness.” 245 The Akkadian word
melammu designated the “divine splendor” 246 or “fearsome or awe-inspiring radiance” emanated as a
charismatic mask or garment by the gods of ancient Mesopotamia. 247 The old Indo-European name for
the celestial gods was Daevos, “the Bright Ones;” 248 in the Vedas they are the Devas, “the Bright
Powers;” 249 the word ‘divine’ stems from the same root, and originally denotes the brilliant shining of
the wandering star-gods. The determinative sign that proceeded the ideograms of the gods in ancient
Sumeria originally represented a star 250 — Dingir, an 8-rayed asterisk which literally meant ‘shining.’ The
Elohim and the Anunnaki also originally denoted pantheons of celestial luminaries — respectively, the
children of El and the offspring of Anu: that is, the star-like planets who had wandered out of the old
Saturnian alignment.

All four outer giants still exhibit rotational speeds far out of proportion to their sizes. All four still “emit
[significantly] more energy than they receive from the Sun, and ... they are in that sense stars even
today.” 251 Such residual heat and radioactivity “is often taken by astronomers as an indication of a very
recent ... nova” event 252 --- i.e., a high-frequency mega-voltage outburst. Certainly, in the context of a
conjectural age of Holocene-era catastrophes ending only a few thousand years ago, “evidence of
disequilibrium is only to be expected in massive bodies violently disturbed” so recently. 253 “The idea
that the[se] planets were much more highly charged before than they are today” here receives
additional support from the mythohistoric record. 254 For even though darkness lay upon “the face of the
Deep [Tehom],” the shining Elohim — El and his accompanying retinue of gods, i.e., the Saturnian
planets — nevertheless “vibrated vibrantly” as they hovered over the churning celestial waters, “losing
their charges to other bodies and to inner and outer space.” 255

Spinning away at different orbital speeds, Jupiter and Saturn migrated from east to west with Earth’s
rotation, rising and setting on the ecliptic sometimes at night and other times during the day; moving
alternatively further up the sky between winter and summer solstice, and further down the sky between
summer and winter solstice; and successively approaching and receding from conjunction with Earth

241
HM4. A tradition has been handed down by the ancient thinkers of very early times ... to the effect that these heavenly bodies are gods”
(Aristotle, Metaphysics 12:8:19). The strictly astronomical names for Jupiter and Saturn in Greek were, respectively, ‘Phaethon’ and ‘Phaenon’
(Burnet 23). “It should be noted, however, that these astronomical terms were not themselves devoid of mythic characteristics. (Cardona, God
Star 55)
242
Eliade 1:69. Emphasis added.
243
Krupp 64. Emphasis added.
244
Krupp 64
245
Eliade His 1:69
246
Eliade His 1 140. In the Hebrew tradition, this was the Kevod, the glory or sun-like radiance of Yahweh. Cf. Rosenberg 14.
247
Emelianov. The Iranian equivilant was hvarna, the “glory” of the gods. Cf. HM 293.
248
Krupp 64
249
Brhadaranyaka Upanisad 1.4.6
250
Eliade History 1:57
251
Juergens, Critics
252
DeG SB14
253
Juergens, Critics. Again, this was precisely the line of reasoning that led Velikovsky to accurately deduce that Jupiter would be found to emit
radio waves and X-rays (source), and that the temperatures of both Jupiter and Saturn (and Venus likewise)”must be considerably higher than
the accepted estimate[s]” (Veli ITB S&J, n1).
254
DeG CC5
255
DeG CC5

21
with each annual revolution around the Sun. But overall, Jupiter and Saturn progressively and steadily
diminished in size as they continued to recede from the inner Solar system on outward-bound spirals.
Over time their movements continued to “space out” in both directions, “increasing their orbital
diameters gradually” with increased distance from the Sun. 256 With Saturn “greatly reduced in size and
removed to a [more] distant orbit … Jupiter took over the dominant position in the sky. 257

5.8 Lord of the Bright Skies

Now entirely outside Earth’s orbit, Jupiter continued to experience significant electrical distress as he
spiraled away from his former MMR near the Sun, scattering Saturn and ice giants Neptune and Uranus
ahead of him. Talbott suggests that this is when Jupiter was “’born’ as the rejuvenated or resurrected
sun god” 258 and began to predominate the skies. Indeed, myth, legend and ancient history uniformly
attest that “Jupiter once dominated the heavens as a brilliant celestial light.” 259 “Among the old Indo-
Europeans ... the sky's ruler had the name Djevos. … From his name, other forms evolved: Dyaus
(Sanskrit), Zeus (Greek) and Jovis (Latin). The name Jupiter derives, in turn, from Dyaus-pitar [Sanskrit],
or Zeus-pater [Greek], ‘Father Zeus.’ 260 In … its original Indo-European root, the name Zeus means
‘resplendent’ or ‘shining.’” 261 “Then [Marduk] answered the gods who had questioned him;” He opened
his mouth and showed them light. 262

It is often remarked that “Jupiter is still more like a star than a planet to this very day.” 263 A stellar
history for Jupiter was, in fact, much in vogue among mainstream astronomers through the seventeenth
to nineteenth centuries. 264 Simon Newcomb’s Popular Astronomy famously speculated on the nature of
Jupiter as a dark star 265 — a hypothesis revived during the second half of the 20th century in light of the
considerable implications suggested by data recovered from orbiting satellites and interplanetary
explorers. Jupiter’s wide-ranging variety of active emanations – infrared, radio, X-ray and ultraviolet
among them – have led others to consider Jupiter as a failed sun 266 or a star yet to be. 267

At first looming large near Earth, Jupiter became “the new central body of the sky, shining alternately or
together with the Sun,” 268 more or less “[taking] over Saturn’s [old] identity.” 269 "When Jupiter was first
born, he defeated Saturn and the Sun by his brilliance," we are told in Vedic literature. 270 It was then
that Zeus became "Lord of the Bright Skies," according to Homer and Hesiod, banishing his father Kronos

256
DeG CC5. DeGrazia further elaborated: “The ultimate spacing may not be incomprehensible; the intervals may follow "Bode's Law," or a type
of the same, as the result of the expulsion of the outer planets into farther space.”
257
Velikovsky, ITB, S&J
258
Mythical History 1
259
Strickling
260
Comparable forms include Dai-patures (Illyrian), Zeus-Papaws (Scythian) and Zeus-Pappos (Thraco-Phrygian). (Eliade 1.189)
261
Krupp 64
262
ANET 503
263
F, Jupiter Puzzle
264
pensee\ivr07\47review
265
Newcombe, Simon (1878), Popular Astronomy (Harper & Brothers: New York), p334f. “The physical constitution of Jupiter seems to offer
more analogies to that of the sun than to that of the earth. Like the sun, he is brighter in the centre than near the edges. ... Again, the interior
of Jupiter seems to be the seat of an activity so enormous that we can attribute it only to a very high temperature, like that of the sun. This is
shown by the rapid movements always going on in his visible surface, which frequently changes its aspect in a few hours.”
266
James, Saturn problem. Cf. also Dr. D. McNally, "Are the Jovian Planets 'Failed' Stars?" in Nature, 244, August 1973, pp. 424-426. This
viewpoint was famously shared by G Kuiper (Velikovsky, Birth of Venus).
267
Deg SB 15
268
DEg CC 9
269
Eggleton, Did Saturn
270
5:1:1. Cf. HM 434 and DeG CC9.

22
to the outer reaches of the heavens. In Egyptian eyes it was red Horus-Ra [Jupiter] assuming royal
power, leaving green Osiris [Saturn] to reign over the kingdom of the dead. 271

During his subsequent radial migration into more distant space, Jupiter’s volatile magnetosphere would
continue to display dramatic plasma instabilities as it distributed an excess of voltage. Progressively
acclimating to an outbound spiral orbit, Jupiter’s appearance would have been stupendous in size,
visibly larger than the daytime Sun. Jupiter’s massive magnetosphere — today ten times stronger than
that of any other planet and about four times as wide as the Sun — would have fluoresced with
brilliantly colored glow-mode plasma flows for some time thereafter, “retaining enough of a mini-
discharge to give a semblance of starhood.” 272 The coma surrounding Jupiter would have appeared as a
giant glowing red globe standing halfway up into the sky, migrating westward along the ecliptic, and
slowly retreating away year after year – the red disk of Ra, night-time sun-star of the Jovian Silver Age.

5.9 Arich Anpin: The Extended Countenance

5.9.1 Lower Plasma Expulsions – Mountain, Beard or Mantle
Below the glowing globe appeared a long beard, mantle, cloak or skirt trailing all the way to the horizon
below (and beyond), a stupendous plume of plasma extending away from Jupiter’s south geographic
pole. (The polarity of Jupiter’s magnetosphere being reversed from that of Saturn and every other
known Solar system body, Jupiter’s south geographic pole is actually the site of its north magnetic pole.)
The plasma expulsion would have primarily been an inflow of electrons, but simultaneously also an
outflow of protons and other disassociated ions. Appearing as a steep elongated cone, Jupiter’s
southern expulsion was also characterized as his royal mountain or throne of glory. In other
representations, it appears as a rounded mound or conical hat topped by a large orb.

In the Kabbalah this appearance is remembered as the long-bearded Arich Anpin: the “Extended
Countenance” (Macroprosopus or “Long Face”) 273 of the newly crowned star-god. “He let out his throne
above and stretched a part of his glory below,” we read in the Teachings on the Work of Creation. 274
“And the Ancient of Days did sit: […] his throne was fiery flame, and his wheels burning fire.” 275 “For a
cloak [Marduk] was wrapped in an armor of terror; with a fearsome halo his head was turbaned.” 276 In
the Vedas, Indra [Jupiter] dwelt in the palace Svarga atop Mount Meru. Baal’s distinctive iconography
portrayed him as a bearded god wearing a conical hat; his throne was perched on Mount Zaphon, 277
which formerly belonged to his predecessor El. In Egypt, Horus-Ra inherited “the throne which is in the
Island of Flame.” 278On the other side of the world, Viracocha 279 was similarly remembered as a tall,
glowing bearded man dressed in a long flowing cloak, “who came in a time of chaos to set the world to
rights.” 280

271
Veli ITB S&J
272
Juergens, Critics
273
Arich Anpin, who was the cosmological vehicle of Atik Yomin, ‘Ancient of Days.’
274
Ma’aseh Bereshit 8-9
275
Daniel 7:9
276
ANET 67
277
Identified with Jebel el-Aqra and known as Mount Casius (Greek) and Mount Hazzi (Hurrian) in classical sources, the highest peak in Syria.
Ugarit (Ras Shamra) lies less than 20 miles to the south.
278
Book of Dead 175, ANET 9
279
Whose name means “foam of the sea,” the same as the Hurrian Jupiter, Teshub.
280
Hancock FIngerprints 48f

23
In the following centuries, 281 peoples throughout the world began constructing mountains of chalk and
pyramids of stone 282 -- sometimes square, sometimes star-shaped, sometimes round -- in the image of
such polar plasma expulsions. “These were the ‘High Places’ so often mentioned in the Hebrew books,
on which the idolaters sacrificed to foreign gods.” 283 Much more recently, a comparable plasma
expulsion has been witnessed emanating from both poles of proto-planetary nebula HD44179. The
distinct “rungs” or “steps” of this conical ejection are remarkably comparable to early pyramids,
ziggurats and mounds, and suggest that these imitative architectures were purposeful representations
of what was visibly seen in the night skies by our ancestors here below.

5.9.2 Upper Plasma Plumes – Horns, Headdress or Antennae

A smaller, less intense plasma discharge impinged at Jupiter’s north geographic pole (the site of Jupiter’s
south magnetic pole). This discharge appears to have bifurcated into two or more distinct flow vortices,
broadening like plumes as they trailed away above the glowing globe. Seen from a distance, this
expulsion was suggestive of horns, antennae or a feather headdress, where the edges of the flower-
shaped funnel appeared most dense and distinctly visible. On some representations, these plasma
plumes appear as wavering rays streaming from Jupiter’s shoulders – such as in representations of
Marduk. Baal’s forehead was often portrayed as bearing two upturned horns. The Vedas portrayed
Dyaus-Pitar as a “ruddy bull bellowing thunder.” In the Near East and elsewhere, the stormy sky in
which thunder sounds ... was assimilated to the bellowing of bulls.” 284

5.9.3 Equatorial Plasma Torus – Watchful Eyes, Mask or Helmet

Even more impressive would’ve been the equatorial belts of glowing plasma within Jupiter’s coma. The
left and right cross sections, where the toroid belts appeared most densely lit, stood out dramatically as
two bright, watchful and immobile eyes staring back at mankind. “Eye icon” figurines and amulets (with
dramatically glaring open eyes) have been recovered in the Near East by the tens of thousands, and
similar motifs are found as petroglyphs, as engravings on the walls of barrows, cave-paintings, and other
artifacts recovered globally.

Identified by Anthony Peratt as a ‘low opacity torus,’ the most intense plasma currents would be
“concentrated at the center and [be] surrounded by a number of concentric ‘shells.’ Because the outer
shells have a low opacity, an observer can see deeply inside the torus.” 285 Peratt also concluded that such
a toroid would tend to “flatten with increasing current,” a characteristic likewise conserved in hundreds
of instances of “eye mask” icons (with unusually large slit eyes). The fact that other facial features were
less readily apparent was suggestive to some cultures of the god as wearing a mask or helmet (such as
Jovian alter-egos Thor or Taranis). 286 In later eras, this was further stylized as a totemic owl with garishly
over-sized eyes. Sacred to Athena and Minerva — but also to Lilith and Moloch —the symbolism of the
dreadful all-seeing owl has continued to mesmerize members of secret societies to this very day.

281
Beginning no later than 2650 BC.
282
All within a hundred years of each other -- in Egypt, Nubia, Mesopotamia, England, China, Peru, Greece and the Balkans.
283
M&D 23
284
Eliade 1:57
285
Thunderbolts of the Gods book? Peratt paper?
286
As Jupiter continued to spiral away from the inner Solar system, the equatorial toroid would have eventually vanished from view.

24
5.10 Shmayim: The Fire-Waters of Space
When “the Anunnaki raised (their) torches, lighting up the land with their brightness,” the bewildering
dark night imposed by Adad [Jupiter] was flooded by rippling streams and spreading sheets of glowing
plasma. The diffuse cloud of gaseous debris spreading outward through the Solar system essentially
became a magnetohydrodynamic medium through which vaporous trails of ionized dust lighted the
night in electrified splendor. The night sky’s circumferential horizon opened up expansively as fluid back-
lit clouds of dust spread out profusely in the Titans’ tracks. Suspended bands of scintillating dust and
debris began to accumulate in the ecliptic between Earth and the retreating giants, in the wake of the
violent encounter between Jupiter and Saturn. “And when light mixed with darkness, it made the
darkness bright. And when darkness mixed with light, it made the light dark. So it was neither light nor
darkness but rather a luminous gloom.” 287 The spacious chasm opened up by the separation of Earth
and Sky was now windy and dust-swept, disturbed with the “viscous stirring [of] disk particles” 288 in
rippling sheets of “burning waters.”

The frequently rehearsed theme of the ‘Waters of Space’ is extremely archaic. 289 In the Zohar this is the
"water stream," emanating from the radiance of the contracting light of creation, which spread into an
“expansive Sea [Yamm]” or “unfathomable Deep [Tehom]." 290 In Genesis, “the Deep” is the Hebrew
Tehom – a word closely related to the Babylonian Tiamat, the Greek Tethys and the Sumerian Tamtim –
the celestial sea of ‘salty waters’ that surrounded the glowing plane of the ecliptic. Only initially dark
(prior to the passage of the outbound star-gods), in Hesiod this windy expanding chasm gave birth to
Aither in the Night -- a misty glimmering haze of “fire-waters,” the “brightest part” of space. 291 Clouds of
ionized meteoroids and pulverized debris excavated and evacuated by Jupiter and Saturn’s explosive
outbursts was “thrown off into space,” 292 dispersed, dispensed or “poured like water” across the gaping
heavens. 293 The same likeness is found in Egypt as the “seething, watery mist” of Tefnut sputtered out
by Atum-Ra into the “empty expanding air” of Shu, filling the dark windy void with colorful translucent
sea foam.

In the Zohar and other rabbinical literature, these waters are referenced repeatedly, under various
guises: Floors of flowing marble, curtains of living waters, or misty veils of liquid light. 294 An intriguing
passage from the Kabbalah’s Teachings on the Work of Creation is particularly illuminating: “Why are
these called heavens [shmayim]? It is because the Holy One [extended] the heavens [shmayim] as a veil,
mingling the fire [esh] with the waters [mayim], spreading out the one with the other when He [was]
creating the heavens [shmayim]. [Therefore,] you shouldn’t read it as ‘heavens’ [shmayim] but [rather]
as ‘fire-waters’ [esh mayim].” 295

Interestingly enough, esotericists have speculated for centuries that these fire-waters saturating the
surrounding space were “electric and magnetic fluids” pervaded by “living [i.e., ionized] hydrogen.” 296
This primeval cloud or sea of living hydrogen was held to have filled “all space,” and “came to be

287
Apocryphon of John 11:10-14. (Layton 1987)
288
Late 2011
289
Eliade 1 163. Cf. also Eliade 1.58, where the waters of space are “imagined as a totality at once cosmic and divine” – a common ambiguity
among conventional mythologists.
290
Zohar I:42b
291
Timaeus 58d
292
Veli ITB S&J
293
Kirk 26f
294
R Bakst
295
Ma’aseh Bereshit
296
Higgins 336

25
described as breath or air in motion” — a “Gas [or] Ghost” — “considered to be the substance of the
First Cause ... by which is meant a substance which is the base of both water and fire.” 297

5.11 Churning the Celestial Sea: The Interplanetary Dust Cloud

The face of “the Deep” was no longer dark. At first “a massive cloud circling the Sun, enveloping the
whole region of the inner planets,” 298 the fluorescing debris appears to have assumed a highly flattened,
disc-like or lenticular distribution over time 299 -- and still extends all the way to the orbit of Jupiter
today. “Centered on the Sun’s equator” 300 and electrostatically suspended by the outflowing solar
current sheet, shimmering meteoroid particles in the interplanetary cloud reflectively back-scattered
sunlight and thermal radiation. Electrically pulverized particles repelled outward in hyperbolic streams,
sparkling brightly before fading with increased distance from the Sun. 301 Sometimes referenced as
‘Zodiacal light,’ the ethereal ‘fire-waters’ of the dust cloud once extended some distance either side of
the ecliptic plane, both obscuring as well as highlighting the fixed stars of the Zodiac. 302

“Most modern people have never seen the zodiacal light, but earlier it was more conspicuous.” 303 In
fact, “the amount of dust in interplanetary space is not [yet] at equilibrium but is [still] decreasing.” 304
Aside from disintegration of short period Jovian comets, the modern interplanetary dust cloud is not
replenished by any known ongoing process. 305 Considering the cloud’s relatively recent origin and rapid
rate of dissipation, it appears that its density, and hence its reflective visibility, have always been on the
decline. Today the residual ‘afterglow’ or ‘countershine’ [Gegenschein] of the Zodiacal cloud remains
visible as a tall cone-shaped ribbon of soft light “brightening on the plane of Earth’s orbit,” before
sunrise and after sunset, “above the horizon opposite the Sun.” 306 The interplanetary dust cloud as such
represents the mortal remains of the primordial “gaseous envelope” dissipated during the collapse of
the Saturnian configuration, as well as ejecta from subsequent interplanetary encounters. 307 Some of
this debris may still remain suspended in the rings surrounding the giant planets.

297
Higgins, Anacalypsis 336; emphasis added
298
R. Forshufvud, "On the Circularization of the Orbit of Venus," KRONOS VII:2 (Winter 1982), pp. 3 ff.; see also, idem, "Protosaturn and
Velikovsky's Cosmogonical Reconstruction," KRONOS X:3 (Summer 1985), pp. 103 ff
299
W. K. Hartmann, Moons and Planets (Belmont, 1973), p. 121
300
Hindley 1976
301
As suggested by modern observations of the now very depleted Zodiacal Cloud, in 1976 Z-Cloud article.
302
In the “Zodiacal Light” entry in the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, a width of ~3 to 4 degrees was still observable as of circa 1900 AD. The
fuller extent of the back-scattered glow in earlier eras may have extended all the way to the classical demarcation of the ‘Way of Anu’ ruled by
Marduk [Jupiter] or the ‘bright cloudy Aither’ belonging to Zeus, i.e., ~17 degrees either side of the ecliptic plane.
303
Forsh (Vox populi Kronos. F is here referring to modern people beholding residual countershine in the interplanetary dust cloud. The
reflective backscattering of sunlight during earlier eras when the cloud was more dense may “explain certain mythological concepts such as ‘the
sun boat’ and ‘the two sun wolves,’” suggests F.
304
Forshufvud, “PROTOSATURN AND VELIKOVSKY'S COSMOGONICAL RECONSTRUCTION” Vox Populi Kronos 10 03 ref: 6. K. Hindley, New
Scientist (7 Oct. 1976), p. 16.
305
Hindley 1976
306
Hindley 1976. I.e., the cone-shaped glow stands on the east horizon at sunset, and on the west horizon at dawn.
307
As also suggested previously by Forsh, Vox populi., who continued: “I should say that the interplanetary gas cloud solves so many problems
that Velikovskian catastrophism can hardly do without it. But, I also agree … that the origin of it needs to be explained.” The above represents
one possible scenario explaining the relatively recent origin of the interplanetary dust cloud.

26
5.12 Separating the Waters: The Terrestrial Dust Cloud
5.12.1 Sparkling Spirals in the Sky
Earth would also wind up with its share of drifting dust and debris. Gas vapors, ionized meteoroids and
assorted celestial wreckage began falling through the magnetosphere with short-lived splendor. Highly
charged particles would fragment and shear into fragile fractal heteromacs, often described as having
the appearance of “writing in the sky.” 308

With its ~7 degree inclination with respect to the solar current sheet, Silver Age Earth would have
migrated through the interplanetary cloud year round, sweeping through the densest clouds of debris
during each equinoctial pass through the solar current sheet. 309 A near-Earth terrestrial dust cloud
began to accumulate. 310 Heavier in-falls of material through the ionosphere sparkled and fizzled out in
the upper atmosphere as concentric circles and spirals aglow in the night. Thousands of these patterns
were recorded in stone worldwide.

5.12.2 The Sea of Reeds

A decent portion of this debris, however, “on meeting the tenuous outer layers of the Earth's
atmosphere,” 311 remained electrostatically suspended along Earth’s equatorial plane, sorted by
conductive sheaths of Earth’s plasmasphere into counter-rotating belts and rings. In the Zohar we read:
“Then a great reservoir was formed” out of the “unfathomable Deep [Tehom]” – “just as if a huge
hollow had been dug.” This reservoir “divided itself into seven streams, resembling seven long vessels,”
glimmering with a metallic sheen. 312 “All of them are in the form of concentric circles … like the layers of
an onion, with rings inside each other.” 313 Most traditional mythologies retained memories of these
‘Earth rings.’ In the mythology of the Inca, Viracocha [Jupiter] “caused ‘terraces and fields’ to be formed
on the steep sides of ravines, and ‘sustaining walls’ to rise up and support them. He also made ‘irrigating
channels’ to flow.” 314 In the Sumerian myth of Atrahasis, lesser deities, the Igigi, are set to work digging
a ‘watercourse’ for the Anunnaki. All in all, there is rich profusion of descriptions handed down from
remote antiquity and conserved to this day in several schools of esoteric thought that have puzzled
scholars and laymen alike for centuries.

Seen under variable conditions of light and shadow every day and night, sometimes obscured by clouds,
fog or mist, Earth rings appeared to be an extension of the land along the far horizon. Entrained
perturbations generated constantly shifting interference patterns appearing as moving spokes, braids,
waves and spirals – giving rise to a multitude of mythic narratives, characterizations and interpretations.
During the day these debris rings appeared to some as concentric streams, rivers, or seas; to others as a
looming golden green hill stretching from horizon to horizon, covered with wind-blown grasses. Some

308
cite paper
309
Earth would emerge from the interplanetary cloud for two roughly equal spans of time each year -- rising above the cloud about halfway
between fall equinox and winter solstice, entering back into the cloud about halfway between winter solstice and spring equinox; and falling
below the cloud about halfway between spring equinox and summer solstice, rising back up into the cloud about halfway between summer
solstice and the autumnal equinox.
310
A terrestrial dust cloud remains to this day;“the flux near the Earth is about 5 times that in deep space, while that falling down through the
Earth's atmosphere is two orders of magnitude higher” (1976 article).
311
(1976)
312
Zohar I:42b-43a
313
Vital, Tree of Life I:1:2
314
Francisco de Avila, 'A Narrative of the Errors, False Gods, and Other Superstitions and Diabolical Rites in Which the Indians of the Province of
Huarochiri Lived in Ancient Times', in Narratives of the Rites and Laws of the Yncas (trans, and ed. Clemens R. Markhem), Hakluyt Society,
London, 1873, vol. XLVIII, p. 124.

27
saw green-golden Elysian Fields of wheat or golden-green beds of bamboo; others beheld an “expanse
of beaten brass,” a “sea of reeds,” or even “an ocean standing in the southern sky.” Extending out
perhaps as much as 8500 miles, their concentric furrows appeared to bundle together at the east and
west edges of the horizon, visually comparable to the hooped bundles supporting the domed roofs of
both ancient and modern reed houses. Some interpreted this as Earth-girding serpents trapping or
channeling the waters of space into narrow canals or waterways.

In Egypt they were known as the Du’at (Tuat), the realm traversed nightly by the red disk of Ra.
Encompassed by the darker waters of Nun, the Du’at was the famed court of the soul’s last judgment,
filled with a labyrinth of rivers, islands, fields, lakes of fire, mounds, caverns, metallic walls and blue-
green trees. In the Near East the rings were called the Absu (Apsu), the sweet fresh waters 315 bounded
by the salty deep of Tiamat. 316 The Absu seems to be more or less identical to the ‘net’ in which Marduk
captured and divided the sea of Tiamat. In ancient Greece the rings were remembered as fair-streamed,
deep-eddying, back-flowing Okeanos, who circled round the whole Earth in seven (some sources say
nine) concentric streams, himself surrounded by his mate and companion Tethys. 317

5.12.3 The Valley of Shadow

At night the debris rings would have been subject to daily alterations of light and shadow due to Earth’s
sinuous annual transit above and below the solar current sheet. Earth itself, illuminated by the Sun at an
angle offset from the bands of debris, cast a long dark penumbral shadow across the rings, a virtual
crack in the sky that would glide from horizon to horizon across the rings every night. 318

This shadowy crevice would also appear to expand and contract each year. During summer, Earth’s
north hemisphere would cast a shadow across the rings from above; during winter, her south
hemisphere would cast a shadow on the bottom of the rings from below. At the solstices, this shadow
would resemble an arched doorway, cave entrance, valley, tunnel, corridor, celestial portal, star gate or
hole in the sky -- the ‘Door to the Underworld.’ 319 This is most likely the origin of the “inaccessible cave”
in which Earth hid Zeus, in the dense mountain woods. 320

Between solstice and equinox Earth’s shadow would lengthen and widen night after night, progressively
obscuring more and more of the rings until portions on either side of the penumbra resembled a ‘cleft
mountain,’ ‘two hills’ or ‘twin peaks.’ These were remembered as “tall woody mountains” in Hesiod, 321
the “cedar and boxwood mountains” of double-peaked Mashu in Mesopotamian myth 322 and the
ruptured turtle shell from which God-L emerged in Mesoamerica. They were also often depicted on
either side of Marduk on cylinder seals, and as the akhet (double-mounded horizon) surrounding the
disk of Ra in Egypt.

315
Believed to be responsible for the falling of rain, and thus associated also with the god Ea or Enki. The Absu may also have been more or less
identical to the ‘net’ in which Marduk captured and divided the sea of Tiamat.
316
There were 12 divisions of the Du’at through which Ra traversed, and likewise 12 fantastic beasts spawned by Tiamat to fight Marduk – the
12 houses of the Zodiac constellations.
317
It was said that the Sun circled around the entire expanse of Okeanos once daily. See Kirk 14.
318
In Hesiod’s account, this long dark shadow may have been Erebos, who came forth from Chaos at the same time as Night [Nyx].
319
Cf. Tartaros, sometimes described as nearly indistinguishable from Erebos. The Chinese Taotie and the Mesoamerican ‘Sky glyph’ also seem
to reference the same phenomenon.
320
Hesiod 480f
321
H 129f, the haunts of perilous nymphs ravished by Zeus.
322
Gilgamesh ..; cf. ANET 556

28
On the night of the equinox, a huge inverted gorge of darkness would extend all the way across the
rings, as the penumbra of Earth’s shadow widened its reach across the distance. From equinox to
solstice the shadow would progressively shrink and narrow again, turning back into an ‘arched doorway’
once more.

The view through this otherworldly aperture would have always been obscure. Although Jupiter and
some of the brightest stars (Sirius and Canopus, for example) would have shimmered through this ‘valley
of shadow,’ the dust and gases in the rings (as well as the interplanetary dust cloud outside Earth’s
magnetosphere) would have obscured the light of dimmer stars from visibly passing through.

5.13 The Boat of the Night-time Sun

All in all, the night sky, brilliantly illuminated by the backlit ‘fire-waters’ of space — which now included
the interplanetary sea of debris through which Earth and other inner planets moved as well as the
shining fields of equatorial debris surrounding Earth — became commonly understood as an aquatic
underground abode of the gods, filled with rotating rivers, serpentine streams and marshland swamps.
And as the receding star-gods diminished in size, their complex activities seemed to unfold more and
more in the context of this expanse.

Ancient Egyptian literature furnishes ample references. “I know that central door from which Ra issues
in the east. South of it is the pool ... where Ra sails with the breeze; north of it are the waters ... where
Ra sails with rowing.” 323 Because the debris in the inner Solar system was only a thin veneer of
electrostatically suspended dust and gas, a planet’s bright globe would cast a glare through the
interplanetary cloud, appearing as a thin curved streak with upturned edges – an enormous ‘ship’ in
which the night-time sun sailed. 324 The top portion of the halo would often be truncated, on account of
the narrowness of the interplanetary cloud (suspended within a few degrees either side of the ecliptic
current sheet); and the bottom curve of the "boat" would often be shadowed by Earth's penumbra on
the terrestrial cloud – and thus appear as a relatively flat-bottomed barge.

Jupiter (and occasionally other planet-gods) was thus now understood to travel over the celestial waters
in a boat, raft, skid, ship, or barge with a pronounced stern and bow. “Then Horus-Ra built himself a ship
of cedar, and he plastered it with gypsum, and he launched it on the water in the evening time, without
any one in the entire land having seen what he had done;” a new sequence of embroiled entanglements
with Set ensued. 325 Of such ilk also were the flat-bottomed magur reed boats of the Near East, in which
Marduk is depicted sailing. The position of the oars on both Ra and Marduk’s barges indicates that the
oars are not propelling the ship, but are rather simply steering the ship, which is effortlessly following
the drift of the celestial sea. This imagery is entirely distinct from a more archaic ‘Sun-boat’ motif — the
revolving sunlit crescent seen circling around the limb of Golden era Saturn. The Sun-boats of the Silver
Age, in distinction, consistently displayed a flattened bottom or base and a characteristically up-turned
stern and bow.

323
ANET 33
324
Cf. Forshufvud, “PROTOSATURN AND VELIKOVSKY'S COSMOGONICAL RECONSTRUCTION” Vox Populi Kronos 10 03, where it is suggested that
reflective countershine in the interplanetary dust cloud “can explain certain mythological concepts such as "the sun boat" and "the two sun
wolves." Cf. also Cook ch..
325
ANET 16

29
6) A subsequent series of electrical encounters between Jupiter, Saturn
and other planets unfolded.

6.1 Divine Deliberations

In a subsequent series of non-intersecting transits, Jupiter’s Olympian family would periodically cluster
in ‘assembly,’ deliberate in ‘council,’ or otherwise ‘congregate’ in juridical or senatorial ‘negotiations.’
Such tropes are indicative of early interplanetary conjunctions that unfolded as the dismembered
planets re-oriented with respect to the plane of the ecliptic, from Earth’s new point of view. Zeus
“gathered all the gods in his most honorable residence at the world’s center.” 326 In Mesopotamia,
Marduk, “the most honored of the gods, [whose] decree [was] unrivaled,” sat down on his tall throne,
“[summoning] the great gods to assembly; presiding graciously, he [issued] instructions.” 327 In Egypt, it
was Ra who summoned the gods to the “court of Nun” [the ‘abysmal waters’ of the interplanetary dust
cloud]. When they entered, the gods “[put] their heads to the ground in the presence of his majesty. …
Then they said: … “Speak to us, so that we may hear it.” 328 Similar imagery is strikingly preserved in
Psalm 82: “Elohim gather in congregation around El; among Elohim he dispenses decrees.” (Both Ra and
El were concerned about being plotted against.) A Mayan painted pot likewise depicts six gods in
council 329 with a seventh elder god — God-L, cigar-smoking grandfather god, who sports the usual
Jupiter accoutrements – a broad feathery headdress which is also an owl’s nest; a long jaguar mantle or
cape; and a long cane. The other grandfather or grandson gods are advising God-L at the opening of the
“Second Creation,” or perhaps holding court in anticipation of his decisive decrees.330 In Japanese myth
the gods comparably assemble in the shining “milky” path of the ecliptic to hold council after Susanowo
angers Amaterasu, who has fled into darkness.

In other traditions, the earlier cosmogonic struggle was replaced by a sometimes petty and downright
childish contest or competition for sovereignty. This divine “dual” was to be decided by the other gods
convening in tribunal, who seemed increasingly disinterested in passing judgment. Such was the case in
the elaborate deliberations recounted in Egypt, where the circuitous circling of Horus and Set drags on
and on for years into a tiresome stalemate. “What are we going to do for the two who have been in
court for eighty years now, since no one is able to pass judgment on them?” 331 In Mesopotamia, Marduk
was elected god-king by a similar congregation of gods. 332 “Another text refers to the ‘Fixing of the
Destinies’ by the assembly of the gods.” 333

According to prevailing opinion in mainstream mythological studies, dramatic elaborations of these

myths were later ritually recited and re-enacted at equinoctial New Year festivals. 334 Certain texts show
... combat between two opposing groups.” 335 Through such deliberate dramatizations of archetypal
motifs, mankind seems to have resolved early on to “accept whatever transpired in the heavens -- even
if he did not always understand what was happening there.” 336 At first other planet-gods would seem to

326
Critias 121c
327
Enuma Elish IV and VI (ANET 60, 69).
328
ANET 10-11
329
one of whom is Bolon-Yokte, “Nine-Strides,” see more below
330
Two in particular appear to be deliberating their cases before him.
331
ANET 15
332
source
333
Eliade 1 145 n12
334
Such as the Akitu, etc.
335
Eliade 1.145.
336
Cardona – Moloch

30
visit Jupiter regularly, bunching together in inferior conjunction along the ecliptic. “Then they milled
about him; then the gods milled about [Marduk.]” 337 But as Jupiter and Saturn’s orbits continued to
widen, these assemblies gathered less and less frequently with each return of Jupiter or Saturn around
the Sun.

6.2 “Nine-Strides”
An approximation of how often Jupiter and Saturn entered into conjunction during the early Silver age
appears to be strikingly conserved in several traditions. An episode of the Hurrian-Hittite theogony, 338
for example, references an otherwise unaccounted for periodicity that recurred during “the succession
of the first gods.” From Alalu to Anu to Kumarbi to Teshub, once every nine years a younger god serves
and submits himself to an older god — whom he will subsequently attack, overthrow and ultimately
vanquish. 339 The defeated gods flee and take refuge in the starry underworld (flying deeper into the
distance during outbound migrations). Every “nine years” a similar drama is re-enacted. 340

It is not here supposed that the lineage of Hurrian-Hittite star-gods is a literal accounting of celestial
affairs. However, the repeating “nine year” interval elapsing between successive negotiations and/or
battles for “heavenly kingship” may represent a misplaced reference to an earlier pattern of periodicity
between consecutive Great Conjunctions, when their orbits were still closer to the Sun. 341

Similarly, in older Mesoamerican cosmology, both God-L [Jupiter] and God-M [possibly Saturn] are held
to be representative of “movement through space and time” during their association with Bolon-Yokte –
whose name means literally “Nine-Strides.” 342 (Alternatively, the nine-year period may be
representative of the length of time Jupiter would take to complete a single revolution around the Sun
during an era of particular brilliance.) 343 Hesiod attested that any of the gods who poured a libation from
the world-encircling river [Styx] would be cut off from the councils and feasts of the gods for a full nine
years. In the Norse mythology of Ragnarok, it was said that Thor [Jupiter], fatally poisoned by the world-
encircling serpent [Jormungandr], will walk nine paces before falling dead.

6.3 Jumping Jupiter

Along the way, as Jupiter pursued Saturn and the ice giants, the planets battled over supremacy. They
“were not [yet] faultlessly circling celestial bodies, nor were they harmless.” 344 Congested conjunctions
periodically broke out into brief excursions of eruptive violence – a short phase of encounters among
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune 345 -- transiting plasmasphere intersect events highlighted by
distinctly visible electrical exchanges. A repeating series of plasmasphere contacts (occurring at
equinoctial Great Conjunctions) is here proposed -- in consideration of how the relatively short-lived
duration of a conjoined charge sheath seems to preclude the possibility that a total diversion of Saturn’s
mass and voltage could’ve ever occurred during any single intersect event.

337
ANET 67
338
Eliade p145 n13. The reference is to Hittite translations from Hurrian texts, made ca.1300 s.c. The Hurrian "theogony" reflects syncretism
with theearlier Sumerian and North Syrian traditions.”
339
It seems to have been a “god eat god” kind of cosmos out there in the old western skies.
340
Eliade 1.145f
341
cf. Hamlet’s Mill, appendix 23. By comparison, a Great Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn today occurs once every 18-20 years , on account of
the combined modern orbital periods of Jupiter and Saturn.
342
Gillespie and Joyce 1998: 287ff
343
cf. Cook ch ..
344
Veli, ITB, Deification
345
LHB 2005

31
The Nice Model’s ‘Jumping Jupiter Scenario’ (JJS) strikingly concurs with the mythohistorical record and
other catastrophist reconstructions, insisting that, “in addition to radial migration, [interplanetary]
encounters … needed to have occurred in order to explain the current properties of … the outer solar
system.” 346 Concluding that resonance crossings of Jupiter and Saturn cannot by themselves explain the
current dynamical structure of the Solar system, the JJS suggests that “it [was] necessary that the
eccentricity of Saturn [received] a [stochastic] kick that [was] not counterbalanced by a corresponding
increase in the eccentricity of Jupiter (or vice versa).” 347 As such, “resonances can be jumped over, or
occur [only] very briefly.” 348 “This leads to a violent phase of crossing orbits and planet–planet
scattering.” 349 Such encounters are considered to be “the only mechanism … known … to be able to
produce large-scale orbital separation of the planets.” 350

In NM simulations, “repeated encounters between the ice giants were seen;” 351 quite often “Uranus and
Neptune [switched] positions.” 352 “Encounters between both Jupiter and Saturn with either Uranus or
Neptune” also occurred. 353 “[When] Jupiter [did] not encounter any planet, the orbital separation
between Jupiter and Saturn [decreased]. … However, if an ice giant [was] first scattered inwards by
Saturn and subsequently outwards by Jupiter, then the orbital separation between Jupiter and Saturn
[increased] abruptly.” 354 Such “a [rapid] divergent radial displacement of the orbits of Jupiter and
Saturn” is the hallmark of the JJS, inducing a jump in planets’ orbital periods, ratios of separation and
eccentricities simultaneously. 355

6.4 Titanomachy
“The orbital separation between Jupiter and Saturn … [increased] abruptly [and irreversibly] as a result
of encounters of both these planets with either Uranus or Neptune.” 356 Morbidelli et al elaborate on the
inherent catastrophism of the JJS: “The discussion on whether the orbital separation between Jupiter
and Saturn increased smoothly … or abruptly … is not only of academic interest. These two modes of
orbital separation correspond to two radically different views of the early evolution of our Solar System.
[…] In the jumping-Jupiter scenario, Jupiter was involved in encounters with another planet. In this case,
the evolution of the outer solar system would have been very violent, similar to the one that is expected
to have occurred in many (or most) extra-solar planetary systems.” 357

Thus we hear in Hesiod’s account that “Jupiter did not wear his new crown [so] easily. ...His new order
of the world was attacked in earthshaking revolts, first by the Titans, who were [the] Saturnian

346
Constructing II 2009
347
Constructing I 2009; cf. 2005 Chaotic
348
Constructing II 2009
349
Populating 2012
350
Evidence 2010. Close encounters are likewise “the only mechanism by which inclinations can be efficiently increased,” according to
Constructing I 2009. Cf. also “Planet eccentricities are believed to be the result of mutual perturbations”(Rasio & Ford 1996; Marzari &
Weidenschilling 2002, quoted in Dynamics 2007).
351
2005 Origin
352
Constructing II 2009. Dynamics 2007 elaborated: “As a result, Neptune is thrown much farther […] . Its orbit is subsequently circularized by
dynamical friction, and it comes to rest in a nearly circular orbit near 30 AU.”
353
Constructing II 2009
354
Evidence 2010
355
Evidence 2010; cf. Constructing I 2009 and Constructing II 2009 also.
356
Evidence 2010; cf. Constructing II 2009
357
Evidence 2010

32
[planets],” the [giant] older generation of gods. 358 “The whole earth boiled, and the streams of Okeanos,
and the unharvested sea [Tehtys] likewise; and the Titans were surrounded by a warm blast, and
unquenchable flame reached up into the holy Aither, and the darting gleam of thunderbolt and brilliant
lightning blinded the eyes.” Celestial fire filled the plane of the ecliptic, and spread further and further
out through the waters of space. “A marvelous burning took hold of Chaos; and it was all the same to
eyes and ears as if Earth and Heaven above had crashed together in a thunderous din.” 359 So also, in the
Egyptian Book of the Dead we read, “the children of Night [Nut] ... have made an uproar;” they quarrel
and rebel against one another; they slaughter and imprison each other. 360 From another vantage point,
this was narrated as Anu's children, with Teshub [Jupiter] the thunderbolt god leading them, making war
on the deposed father Kumarbi [Saturn]. 361 “For full ten years they … fought without ceasing, so bitterly
did they hate each other; there was no truce in the hard-fought struggle, no decision for either side; the
fortunes of war were equally balanced.” 362 The battles of Ningirsu [Jupiter] and Imdugud [Saturn], or
Ninurta and Anzu, similarly came to a draw repeatedly, when the “lightning flash arrows” of Jupiter
were repelled by the magic incantations shrieked by the beastly Saturn. 363

6.5 Thunderbolts of the Gods

With an increasing level of dust in the ecliptic, batteries of thunderbolts were hurled in massive firework
displays as scintillating streams of plasma played across the sky. As is by now well enough known, these
thunderbolts were depicted worldwide as twisted shafts with a ball plasmoid and bifurcating trident at
either end. Such fantastic displays of power were remembered mythically as the magical weapons of the
gods -- the lightning of Zeus that never misses, the “electric hammer” of Thor, 364 the ceremonial
“serpent bar” of God-L, and the vajra bolt of Indra. “So many stood and watched / chariot-wheels
turning, / saw with their very eyes / the battle of the Titans, / saw Zeus’ thunderbolts in action / and
how from giant hands / the lightning shattered earth / and splintered sky.” 365 Baal’s distinctive
iconography similarly portrayed him brandishing a mace or battle-ax in his right hand and grasping
lightning and thunderbolts in his left; “the club [swooped] in the hands of Baal like an eagle between his
fingers.” 366 Adad’s presence in the heavens was comparably manifested by roaring winds, peals of
thunder, and bolts of lightning. 367Egyptian legends recall these plasmoids as the explosive ejaculations
of Horus and Seth, depicted dramatically as “crocodiles” 368 and “catfish-chisels” with open jaws spurting
through the steamy waters of space. 369 In Mesoamerica these plasmoid bolts were illustrated as
caimans sprouting branches and leaves or as rigid serpents with vicious heads at either end.

358
DeG CC9. According to Hesiod there were precisely five Titans. In the Mahabharata there were similarly five Pandava brothers, each of
whom was sired by one of the planet-gods, all of whom were married to Draupadi. (The two flanks of her famed green sari are a remarkably
clear-cut analogue to Venus’ quetzal-green comet tails.) In older Greek lore, the five Titans drown their nephew Helios. During the celestial
Bharata battle, the five Pandavas likewise scheme to murder their older brother, who is representative of his star-god father, the Sun. These
narratives seem to heavily connote the retreating star-gods’ significant differentiation from the relatively quiet Sun.
359
Hesiod, Theogony 695f; cf. Kirk 27
360
Anet 9; Book of the Dead ch 175; Papyrus Anu sheet 29
361
Eliade HIs 145f
362
Hesiod 634f.
363
ANET 515
364
HPB, Isis Unveiled p 160
365
HD, Trilogy 68
366
ANET 132
367
Cf. also characteristic descriptions of Jupiter alter-egos Thor, Donar, Taranis, et al.
368
The crocodile is prominently related to Jupiter in both Egypt and Mesoamerica.
369
cf. Cook Ch..

33
Hesiod said: “While the weapons discharged at each other whistled through the air, both sides shouted
loud battle cries as they came together, till the noise reached the starry sky.” 370 In the gnostic
Apocryphon of John we read that the Demiurge “shared some of his fire with them and lorded it over
them on account of the glorious power he now had from his light. That is why he called himself
‘God.’” 371

6.6 Electrically Devastated Moonscapes

In Hesiod’s account, Zeus’ initial acts of banishment are followed by further volleys and “pre-emptive
strikes” — repeatedly repulsing Kronos and the Titans into deeper, further away reaches of the Solar
system. Each discharge would grant a renewed semblance of starhood for a time — punctuated by
eruptive outbursts that scalloped and scoured their satellites with furious lashes of lightning. The major
satellites of Jupiter and Saturn were “profoundly affected” by these interplanetary encounters, 372
altering their orbits and axial inclinations, leading to potential close encounters and even the complete
ejection of satellites. 373

There seem to be a variety of references to the four major moons of Jupiter in world myth, such as the
four attendant beasts of many enthroned god-kings. Moreover, there are several instances of preliterate
oral traditions that likewise testify to Jupiter having four satellites that were formerly visible to the
naked eye. Nice Model simulations suggest that these satellites and others “would have lost mass due to
impact vaporization during an era of massive bombardment,” leaving their surfaces scorched, fractured,
shattered and deeply scarred. In addition, these interactions would also have generated enough heat to
melt ice and vaporize water. 374

The thunderbolts of the gods appear to have heavily impacted every known moon of the Jupiter and
Saturn systems. A highly active electrical circuit between Jupiter and Io is still observable today; Io
regularly sports multiple moving discharge plumes with occasional eruptions or intense flare-ups that
shine brightly in infrared. 375 Auroral footpoints of Ganymede, Io and Europa have been clearly imaged
at Jupiter’s north pole. Periodic Jovian outbursts have been also been witnessed -- and more recently
videotaped -- for centuries. If we can see these relatively subtle types of activity at work in the Jovian
system now, at a time when Jupiter seems so quiescent, just imagine how stupendous earlier displays
must have been!

6.7 Handing Off the Measures

Jupiter and Saturn’s electrical potentials would continue to approach equilibrium with each exchange of
charges. Thus, these exchanges furthermore became representative of transfers of power, might,
sovereignty and/or force – handing down decrees, handing out responsibilities, handing off the “times,”
or the “norms and measures” of creation. As Psalm 82 recalls it, El handed down or dispensed decrees

370
Hesiod 672f
371
Apocryphon of John, 12:4-8 in Layton’s arrangement (1987).
372
Orbital 2014. “To understand the early evolution of the Solar System it is important to not only consider the evolution of giant planets, but
also to determine the effects of the planetary evolution on the populations of small bodies,” i.e., “the planetary satellites. … They presumably
… were exposed to the effects of planetary encounters
during the instability.”
373
There are currently more than 1600 known possible candidates in the modern Solar system for victims of such a scenario.
374
Impact 2012. NM Simulations confirm that “several satellites would have lost all their H2O. … Most of the vapor produced will escape the
immediate vicinity of an impacted satellite. Once it condenses, it will be rapidly removed,” resulting in “ring material.”
375
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=pia18657

34
while convening with the other gods, the Elohim: “Elohim gather in congregation with El, among Elohim
[he] dispenses decrees.” In contrast to more drastic renditions of the myth, there are variants (or
possible supplementary episodes) which portray Saturn’s cosmogonic sacrifice as a willing and voluntary
abdication or self-immolation. 376 Neo-Platonism is one such tradition. In Plutarch and Proclus, for
example, “Kronos [willingly] gives with paternal grace ‘all the measures 377 of the whole creation’ to his
son Zeus.” 378 The broad-minded satirist Lucian (invoking Plutarch as authority) went as far as to make
Kronos say: "No, there was no fighting, nor does Zeus rule his empire by force; I handed it to him and
abdicated quite voluntarily.” 379 The original neo-Platonist contexts are quite specific: Kronos handed off
the “measures” to Zeus by way of the “Great Conjunctions” of Saturn and Jupiter 380 – the very same
conjunctions invoked by the references to young father-gods overthrowing old father-gods “once every
nine years,” or Jupiter and Saturn walking together with “nine strides.”

Similarly, in Mesopotamia, the kingly scepter and sovereignty of the me, the ‘norms and measures’ of
the cosmic world order, are transferred to Ningirsu [Jupiter], 381 who likewise takes up the reigns of his
departed predecessor’s two-wheeled chariot -- i.e., he had now become the bright midnight sun roving
along the path of the ecliptic in the southern skies. 382 Comparably, Marduk received fifty new names
during the course of arranging the new cosmos, including the names and epithets of his deposed father,
who at the same time handed down “all his rites for Marduk to administer,” and “all his instructions for
Marduk to carry out.” 383

Despite the hostility he appears to show to Baal in self-defense, El never attempts to recover his
supreme position. As Eliade conjectured: “In the Ancient East, such a mutilation” as El has undergone at
the hands of Baal, or Kronos on Zeus’ jagged flint, or Anu by Kumarbi’s teeth, “[excluded] the victim
from sovereignty” — not to mention paternity. “Impotent ... submissive and hesitant,” Old Man El
willingly hands over cosmic sovereignty to Baal. 384 Vedic lore invoked earlier becomes even more
comparable in light of these considerations: “Not having anything [left] out of which to create the
world” – that is, on account of having lost his “virility” in battle with Jupiter and the Titans -- Prajapati
[the Saturn system] “[had] to resort to himself, dismembering himself, offering himself as a sacrifice,
falling to pieces” until no more of him could be seen. 385 Other departed Saturnian alter-egos, such as
Osiris, similarly vanished after being scattered in dissociated fragments along the celestial river of the
ecliptic in the night skies.

Along these same lines, each time Saturn discharged or otherwise ejected material in the inner Solar
system, conservation of angular momentum required that its orbit be widened. Saturn “moved
outwards from the Sun” while ejecting discharges inward, towards Jupiter and the Sun, surrendering his
“virility” as he handed off “the times and the measures.” In such fashion did Saturn become
subsequently known as a “dark star” and a “black [or] invisible [or] disappeared god”– a dearly departed
deus otiosus retired to the murky depths of the night sky. Only by “losing a major part of its mass” and

376
Much like Vedic lore regarding the tearing and scattering of Prajapati or Purusha during the formation of the present world order.
377
Or, “all the times,” i.e., panta ta metra.
378
HM 266f
379
Lucian, Source? But cf. Lucian, Astrology, 21: “Moreover, it is not true, neither, that Saturn is in chains.”
380
HM 266f
381
Known later as Ninurta.
382
HM 266f
383
HM 266
384
Eliade 1 152
385
Pannikar

35
most of its positive voltage could Saturn “widen its orbital radius ... to its present value.” 386 -- And only
by shedding the excess charge diverted from Saturn, could Jupiter eventually relocate to its present
orbit.

7) Additional MMR crossings drove the giant planets through the

Asteroid belt. A heavy bombardment of the inner Solar system ensued
thereafter.

7.1 Zeir Anpin: The Lesser Countenance

The Nice Model’s Jumping Jupiter scenario asserts that “the radial migration of the giant planets [was]
the last major event that sculpted the structure of the Solar system.” 387 The outbound migration of
Jupiter and Saturn appears to have been “rather fast.” As the giant planets retreated from the Sun’s new
inner circle, increasing their orbital radius with every revolution, they “would have been at some time in
the middle of the Asteroid belt.” 388 Saturn and the Titans -- their voltages significantly reduced after
electrical exchanges with Jupiter -- considerably shrank and eventually completely lost their glow-mode
comas and florescent plasma appendages as they migrated through the Asteroid belt. Vedic references
compare this to snakes shedding their skins, strikingly expressed as: “The serpents became [the]
suns.” 389

Following soon after, Jupiter himself entered the Asteroid belt, and his lower plasma plume shrunk to
sideways streams swaying beneath a diminished but warmly glowing red coma – the ram-headed form
of the red night-time sun, Amun-Ra. 390In the Kabbalah, this relatively reduced appearance is
remembered as the emanated Zeir Anpin: the “Lesser Countenance” (Microprosopus or “Small Face”) 391
of the storm-god Yahweh – the much more violent and wrathful countenance of the heavenly Father-
God.

Seen from Earth, Jupiter would have appeared as a large radiant red globe seated on a wavering plane
of plasma. A handful of nearly identical symbols derived from this basic form were popularly employed
by several cultures worldwide. In Egypt, it was called the shen. The hair-like fibers at the top and bottom
of the knot all but complete the appearance of a reduced plasma discharge emanating from both north
and south poles. Sometimes regarded as a knotted rope, it was also used, from the 3rd dynasty on, as a
cartouche outlining the lengthy king-names of pharaohs. It was adopted by the Olmec and the Maya as
an escutcheon, where it was similarly tied in a knot and employed as a frame (around hieroglyphic
Tzolkin day signs). 392 The shen was also frequently depicted in Egypt with the center circle filled in solid
386
Forsv. “Vox populi” Forshufvud, “PROTOSATURN AND VELIKOVSKY'S COSMOGONICAL RECONSTRUCTION” Vox Populi , Kronos 10 03 fn: Forsv
adds: “This is another good reason for assuming a large mass for Protosaturn, much larger than Saturn's present mass.”)
387
Evidence 2010
388
Dynamics 2007
389
Pancavimsa Brahmana XXV:15:4
390
Changes of color may have been induced by influxes of positively and/or negatively charged dust generated by electrically pulverized debris
391
Zeir Anpin.
392
An Introduction to the Study of the Maya Hieroglyphs by S. Griswold Morley

36
red. Similar knotted rope forms, sometimes depicted as ceremonial bracelets, neck-rings or torcs, have
been recovered worldwide.

The curled streams of Jupiter’s plasmatail, with their characteristic turning back and curving up away
from Jupiter’s coma, were also popularly stylized across multiple cultures. The lowering ram-horns of
Ammon-Ra, king of the gods; the ram-headed Daksa, virile “right thumb” of Brahma; the pronounced
forelocks of Baal; and the sacred goat of Zeus were commemorated for hundreds of years as kingly
accoutrements denoting paternal fertility and prolific power. 393 Migrating through ranging swarms of
Asteroids, Jupiter’s back-flowing plasmatail struck dwarf planets Ceres and Vesta as well as hundreds of
thousands (if not millions) of broken planetesimals and meteoroids.

7.2 Gigantomachy
7.2.1 “Chaos Monsters”
Granting that the “giant planets must [have traversed] the Asteroid belt region …the existence and
properties of the asteroid belt [observed] today pose a key constraint.” 394 The current structure of the
asteroid belt is, in fact, “incompatible with a smooth migration of the giant planets;” 395 all observations
display copious evidence of a recent history of stupendous violence. It is estimated that the Asteroid
belt has been substantially “depleted in total mass by a factor of at least 1000 … and that the asteroids’
orbits evolved from having near-zero eccentricity and inclination to the complex [dynamically excited]
distributions we find today.” 396

In addition, migration through a disk of planetesimals would cause the giant planets to diverge even
further, increasing the ratios between their orbital periods. 397 As such, the ice giants migrating ahead of
Jupiter and Saturn would’ve disrupted and scattered asteroids backwards behind them towards Jupiter
and Saturn. 398 In the JJS as well as some Saturnian models, Jupiter appears to have devastated an
innumerable amount of these asteroids with megavolts of direct current, scattering thousands of others
into erratic orbits widely deviating from the ecliptic. “Like a king who wanted to build his palace on
powerful cliffs … he had the rocks smashed and blocks hewn out of them; a great wellspring of flowing
water sprang forth,” we read in the Kabbalah. 399

Evidence of the conflict is shown in the scars, burns and “craters” covering every side of every closely
observed asteroid. “Craters" are here suggested as anode burn marks induced by planetary electric
discharges in arc mode. Every asteroid (and comet) ever inspected has been found to be pockmarked
with such scars, some of them nearly equal to the diameter of their host asteroid as a whole. In the
Zohar these rippling drifts of debris are explicitly regarded as the remains of “worlds which did not
satisfy” the gods. 400 The Elohim “destroyed them; their ruins form chaos.” 401 The disintegrating ruins are

393
Cf. the “forelock” grasped by hand of King at Yazilikaya, etc. The same form was later conserved in the iconography depicted on gnostic gems
of the demiurgic father-god Iao [Yahu, i.e., Yahweh].
394
Populaing 2012
395
Evidence 2010
396
Populating 2012 “The asteroid belt also hosts a wide range of compositions, with the inner regions dominated by S-type and other water-
poor asteroids and the outer regions dominated by C-type and other primitive asteroids.”
397
Constructing i 2009. Cf. Fernandez & Ip 1984.
398
Origin 2005
399
Sefer Bahir 4
400
The NM has suggested “it is possible that other asteroid belts existed in regions that were stable before the giant planet instability”
(Evidence 2010).

37
“chastised” with “the fires of Gehenna,” which are “half flame and half hail:” “burning hail which
scorches like flame” and “[freezing] flame that devours like hail.” 402

All in all, the migration of the outbound star-gods through the Asteroid belt – including stupendous
discharges delivered to dwarf planets and a wide variety of broken debris – represents the “second
battle,” described by Hesiod as Zeus’ struggle with misshapen giants, ‘chaos monsters’ and “ferocious
humanoid dragons.” 403 Formerly “bound fast in chains” by Ouranos, “for a long time they lay in their
underworld dungeon far away at the distant ends of the Earth. … But now they were restored to the
light by Zeus and the other gods. … Each of them had a hundred arms growing from their shoulders and
fifty heads … They grasped massive rocks in their sturdy hands and took their place in the bitter battle. …
The limitless expanse of the [celestial] sea [Tethys] echoed terribly; the earth rumbled loudly, and the
broad sky shook and groaned. … A heavy quaking penetrated to the gloomy depths of Tartarus -- the
sharp vibration of innumerable feet running and missiles thrown.” 404 Thor similarly fought with stony
frost giants; his fiery hammer smashed their skulls and scattered “fragments of whetstone” all around.

7.2.2 Scattering Short-Range Comets

“Powerful orbital resonances [swept] across the Asteroid belt, creating large regions of instability” 405 –
“[driving] asteroids onto [orbits] with eccentricities and inclinations large enough to allow them to
[evolve] into the inner Solar system.” 406 Planetesimals swathed in increasing amounts of ionized dust
rippled away from the ecliptic, violently convulsed with plasmoid bolts discharged from Jupiter. Rock
fragments sparkling in slowly fizzling tumbles took on monstrous shapes. Some of these became short-
range Jupiter or Saturn family comets with glowing comas and serpent-like plasma-tails of their own. 407

The satellite systems of Jupiter and Saturn once again bore the brunt of the damage done. Circular
blisters, crater chains and other assorted electrical scars have been found copiously on every known
moon of the outers. A large quantity of the debris circumnavigating though both systems was likewise
probably originally sputtered from their moons. As Vsekhsviatskii has suggested: “Jupiter's satellites are
likely to be the immediate source of the youngest comets of the Jupiter family.” 408 The JJS concurs that a
large flux of scattered planetesimals “acquired orbits typical of Jupiter family comets.” 409

7.2.3 The Late Heavy Bombardment

The rapid depletion of planetesimals– “a mixture of comets and asteroids” 410 – increased abruptly at this
time, bombarding the terrestrial worlds of the inner Solar system.411 This punctuated influx of material

401
Zohar, Saurat. Again this is not “the common modern sense of “Chaos” as disordered, shapeless matter” (Kirk 27) but rather the windy
chasm of expanding space [tehiru] opened up by the separation or differentiation of Sky and Earth, and decorated with the drifting debris of
Jupiter and Saturn’s destructive splendor.
402
Baraita de Ma’aseh Bereshit p4. In the Sefer Bahir (9) we read that Yahweh’s right hand is water and hail, and his left hand fire. See more on
Zedek [Jupiter] as the “right hand” of Yahweh. Cf. Bahir 102.
403
DeG CC9
404
Hesiod 617f passim.
405
Populating 2012
406
2005 LHB
407
see Ransom 1960f
408
Vsek, Origin and Ev
409
Constructing II 2009
410
2005 LHB
411
Populating 2012, 2005 LHB

38
appears to have heralded a new phase of the Jovian Silver Age – a “cataclysmic spike” of interplanetary
activity known as the Late Heavy Bombardment. 412

7.3 Jump-Capturing the Hosts of Heaven

7.3.1 Trojan Asteroids
Jupiter also captured countless more planetesimals “with a broad distribution of inclinations” into two
swarms entrained along his orbital ellipse, following “essentially the same orbit as Jupiter, but [leading]
or [trailing] the planet by an angular distance of 60 degrees” at Lagrange points 4 and 5, in what is
known as “co-orbital motion.” 413 Nicknamed the “Trojans” and the “Greeks,” they are “apparently
deficient in water and organics” and greatly resemble comet nuclei, Centaurs and Kuiper belt objects. 414
Nothing explains why these asteroids are there at all, let alone why they are so widely distributed within
Jupiter’s orbit — unless they are indeed remnant planetesimals only relatively recently “jump-
captured” 415 by Jupiter’s outbound migration.

The JJS suggests that only when Jupiter was far enough removed from the secular resonances of Saturn
and the ice giants would its co-orbital region become stable enough for the population of planetesimals
that happened to be there at that time to remain trapped, becoming the population of Trojans still
observable today. 416 -- With thousands and thousands of chariots the Rider of the Clouds ascended on
high and captured the captives, taking the rebellious into his dwelling, leading them by spear-point. 417
“Tightly encircled, they could not escape. He made them captives, and he smashed their weapons.
Thrown into the net, they found themselves ensnared.” 418 “And he dwelled in the midst of seraphim” –
having the appearance of glowing coals and brazen hydras. 419

Additionally, Trojan asteroids have been found orbiting with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, suggesting
these were likewise captured during their respective outbound migrations. “That celestial disasters
could have taken place when men on Earth were watching” was actually suggested decades ago by
Harvard astronomer Fred Whipple, who estimated that the Asteroid belt was disturbed by violent
collisions “as recently as 4,700 [to] 1,500 years ago.” 420

7.3.2 Irregular Satellites

Other disturbed planetesimals were captured as minor Jovian satellites with unstable or chaotic orbits.
In fact, “a significant population of satellites with large, elongated, inclined, and often retrograde orbits”
appear to have been “captured around [all the] giant planets” at this time. 421 Like other catastrophist
scenarios, the NM concurs that “the capture of irregular satellites is a generic outcome of planet-planet
encounters.” 422 “If Jupiter never had encounters, only Saturn, Uranus and Neptune should have

412
2005 LHB. “Planetary formation theories cannot naturally account for an intense period of planetesimal bombardment so late in Solar
System history.”
413
2005 Chaotic
414
2005 Chaotic
415
2005 Chaotic. Cf. Capture 2013
416
2005 Chaotic. Cf. Capture 2013
417
Psalm 68:17-18
418
ANET 67
419
Apocryphon of John
420
Eric Larrabee, "Scientists in Collision: Was Velikovsky Right," Harpers Magazine, August 1963, p. 52
421
Capture 2014
422
Evidence 2010. Cf. Nesvorn´y et al. (2007

39
captured irregular satellites;” 423 yet ““the population of irregular satellites at Jupiter does not seem to
be notably different from those at Saturn, Uranus or Neptune.” 424

7.4 The Milky River of Heaven

In the end, in the wake of the giant planets’ outbound passage, the Asteroid belt was swept clean of any
planetesimals orbiting along the plane of the ecliptic. In fact, asteroid orbits do not lie in any single
plane. The vast majority are thinly distributed across distinctly defined regions, with a dozen or so major
swarms huddling together in transit. Their highly elliptical orbits still exhibit perturbations today, with
inclinations varying “over a wide range of values.” 425 Some asteroids develop a comet-like coma or
multiple tails when journeying from aphelion to perihelion. A few have even been observed in active
disintegration. None of the conventional theories of Solar system history can account for any of these
anomalies. Some alternate accountings do not so easily fit these facts either. As Zemel has remarked, “If
the asteroids are the remains of an exploded planet, the explosion must have been very lopsided to
leave [so] little debris in the ecliptic.” -- It is on account of the remarkably clear path through the ecliptic
plane of the Asteroid belt that the belt itself is here presumed to have existed prior to the passage of
Jupiter, Saturn and the ice giants through it during the Late Heavy Bombardment of the Jovian Silver
Age.

The electric arcing that devastated the Asteroid belt launched tons of fine dust and rocky debris through
surrounding space in sputters of positively-charged billowing clouds, illuminating a wavering band
centered on the ecliptic with reflected sunlight. Sparkling debris remained suspended along the ecliptic
plane for thousands of years. This band became a much brighter and more clearly defined ring, ribbon
or river of luminous debris, in comparison to the relatively diffuse sea of dissipating reflective dust in the
inner solar system. This may account for a key feature in the “popular development of the primeval
water motif,” where the formerly “indefinite waste of water is contracted into a vast but not necessarily
illimitable river.” 426

Elsewhere described as a celestial yellow river, a golden shore of shimmering sand, a yellow road or
golden highway of the gods -- the bright path of the ecliptic was seen as a ribbon at least 3 to 4 degrees
wide spanning across the entire night sky from horizon to horizon.427 Known variously as the Golden
Way, the Pollen Path, the Vaitarani River, the River Styx, the River Sanzu or the River of Pus -- it was
regarded as leading to heavenly afterworlds such as the Fields of Aaru or Elysium, the Halls of Belskirnir
or Valhalla, Shambala, Summerland, the Isles of the Blessed and many other variations of a ‘world to
come’: 428 the destination on the far shores of the Du’at, the repository of souls in-between lives to
which the dead rowed in their boats toward the red midnight sun Ra. Backlit by the daytime Sun each
night, this golden hoop visibly defined the ecliptic as ‘the middle path’ of the star-gods until very recent
times. It was the very body of Nut, the slender but shapely golden torso through which the red disk of
Ra circled on his transit through ecliptic plane in the southern skies every night. The milky river of
heaven differentiated the stars of the Zodiac for thousands of years, literally highlighting them relative

423
2009 Constructing II. Cf. Nesvorn´y et al. (2007
424
Capture 2014. Cf. Jewitt & Haghighipour 2007
425
Zemel, Asteroid Belt
426
Kirk 13. In myth this was also remembered as the “golden cord” of Zeus, with which he measured the Silver Age heavens. It may also be seen
as a belt or sash on various Jovian artifacts, including a large number of rough-hewn menhirs stationed across Europe and the Near East (which
also reference other Silver Age Jovian attributes, such as his glaring eyes).
427
Cf. the “Zodiacal Light” entry in the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, where a width of ~3 to 4 degrees was still faintly observable as of circa
1900 AD.
428
I.e., Olam ha-Ba in the Kabbalah.

40
to the other fixed stars. This accounts for the universal attention given to the stars of the Zodiac, as well
as the many myths recounting the exploits of the gods among them. 429

In addition, the glimmering band of milky Zodiacal light would have been seen both above and below
Earth’s equatorial debris rings as a tilted glowing hoop in the night sky, crossing over the rings on both
equinoxes. Thus the shadowed cleft stretching across Earth’s debris rings at those times would’ve
appeared to be capped by a rounded beam or lintel stretching across the shadowed doorway and
extending away at an angle to both horizons, east and west, in an additional visual suggestion of the
penumbral shadow as a cave threshold. On the vernal equinox the glowing hoop would be bent upward
in the east; on the autumnal equinox it would appear bent upward to the west instead. On summer
nights the glowing hoop would disappear behind the debris rings, and on winter nights it would be seen
hovering over the rings.

Thus, to some of our ancestors here below, it instead appeared that the glowing ecliptic was a
riverbank, strand or beach located just outside the edge of Earth’s equatorial sea of debris. Jeremiah, for
example, saw this as “the shimmering sand” employed by Yahweh-Elohim “to bind the sea [Yamm], a
barrier [the sea] can never pass.” 430 There the waves of the sea “heave and toss but they are powerless;
roar as they may, they cannot pass." In a celestial context, the “roaring and tossing” reference the ever-
shifting surface of the rings as they exchanged charge with infalls of interplanetary debris. The
“shimmering sand” of the glowing ecliptic horizon would dip translucently into the ‘equatorial seas’ for
most of the year. In Hesiod, this was instead the “brazen fence” which surrounded Tartarus – the deep
obscurity in which the departed Saturn circled in the dark, enchained on his enchanted island.

7.5 Zedek: Midnight Sun and Red Morning Star

With Old Man Kronos dethroned, shrunken and withdrawn, Young Father Zeus again dramatically “took
over the dominant position in the sky,” 431 establishing new measures and times, shaping a new cosmos
out of the tattered debris of the old war-torn shatterings of the gods. A consistently large red coma
would only develop again, however, when Jupiter had completely exited the Asteroid belt and was no
longer in close proximity to the conductive dust of the Zodiacal cloud. He, who when closer to Earth had
ushered in the brighter skies of Day as the Lord of Bright Skies, now found himself a solitary night-time
or midnight Sun illuminating the Silver Age Night. Each night Jupiter rose blazing in the east, migrating
westward through the glowing band along the plane of the ecliptic -- more or less where he is still seen
today. On account of Earth’s annual transit above and below the glowing plane of the ecliptic, the night-
time sun-god would appear to migrate northward during the winter, and reciprocally southward during
the summer.

The night-time sun, the sun-god of the netherworld, has been a perennial theme in mysticism and
occultism ever since. “As it is written, ‘Even darkness is not dark to you. Night shines like day -- light and
darkness are the same.’" 432 “The planet Jupiter [Zedek] made the night [Lailah] bright.” 433 “In the
depths of midnight I saw the sun glittering with a splendid light,” penned Apuleius hundreds of years

429
Recalled variously as the 12 divisions (or halls) of the Du’at, the 12 fantastic beasts of Tiamat, and the 12 labors of Hercules, for example.
430
Jeremiah 5.22. Cf. Cook Ch 30: “Both the Bible and the Quran identify the barrier as a strand -- a beach.”
431
Veli ITB S&J
432
Sefer Bahir 1. Cf. Psalm 139:12
433
During the days of Abraham, Ginzberg op. cit., vol. I, p. 232

41
later. 434 Occasionally bright enough to be seen even in daylight, Jupiter might’ve even periodically
appeared as a second daytime sun.

Zedek (Sedeq or Sydyk) was originally an old Canaanite 435 name for Jupiter, the 'rightful,' 'just' or
'righteous' king of the star-gods. 436 In the Old Testament Zedek is portrayed as a manifestation 437 of
Yahweh -- the all-seeing chariot-driving 'judge' of the nations, the "minister of the right hand," 438 "who
brought hidden crimes to light and righted the wrongs done to the innocent." 439 Openly referred to as a
"sun," 440 Zedek was often invoked in Hebrew verse in connection with the Mesharim, an old Canaanite
name for the morning and evening stars -- i.e., Mercury and/or Venus. "I have not spoken in secret in
some dark corner, I did not say ... 'seek me in chaos' [tohu]; I, Yahweh, speak openly through Zedek
[Jupiter], I declare myself through Mesharim [morning and evening stars]." 441 "And he shall judge the
world through Zedek [Jupiter], he shall minister judgment through Mesharim [morning and evening
stars]." 442 In this regard, Yahweh became "credited with the deeds that, in Canaanite mythology, were
performed by the gods of the old pantheon." 443

Jupiter would have also occasionally risen in the east amid the splendor of Zodiacal light just before
dawn, each time Earth and Jupiter arrived at opposition. Again, this may have occurred as frequently as
once every ~9 years during the early Silver Age, with this value progressively increasing as Jupiter
continued to recede from the inner Solar system, eventually arriving at a modern value of ~12 years.
North American natives such as the Skiddi-Pawnee paid tribute to a Red Morning Star with violent
festivities held at roughly 10 year intervals (a value that seems to exclude Mercury, Venus and Mars as
possible candidates).

7.6 Jove Rejuvenated

For some time thereafter, Jupiter likely sputtered to renewed life time and again, returning after
intervals of disappearance to dominate the night sky once more. Periodically shedding charge on his
outbound migration while acclimating to reduced voltage potentials in progressively deeper reaches of
space, Jupiter’s magnetosphere alternately dimmed and brightened. The Young Father’s virile horns,
feathered headdress and mountainous south pole plasma expulsion were thus sporadically reinstated in
dramatic splendor.

Variations of color may also have been induced by influxes of positively and/or negatively charged dust
or pulverized debris. 444 Such fluctuations may have given rise to shamanic and priestly traditions of
periodical ‘death and resurrection’ episodes and/or suggested a successive kingly lineage of
‘transmigrating’ fathers and sons. In gnostic texts, it was said that the Demiurge Ialdabaoth “had many
different faces, and relied upon all of them …so that he could show whatever face he wanted.” 445
434
Apuleius, Metamorphoses
435
possibly correlated with the Hittites, the Amorites and/or the Jebusites; cf. Rosenberg
436
"Rightwise" may literally denote a movement from east to west, as opposed to perceived retrograde motion.
437
i.e., hypostatis
438
Psalm 48:10. This is the 'right hand' that was likewise described as "founding the earth and stretching out the sky," etc. (Rosenberg 11). In
the Sefer Bahir (9) we read that Yahweh’s right hand is water and hail, and his left hand fire. Cf. Bahir 102.
439
Rosenberg, "God Sedeq, The" p4
440
Malachi 3:20
441
Isaiah 45:19
442
Psalm 9:8.
443
Rosenberg 10. In Greek myth, it was similarly Zeus and Hermes who executed judgment on humankind. See below for more on the perceived
relationship between Jupiter and Mercury.
444
Jno Cook has prepared a more detailed chronology of these fluctuations; see his Chs. ..]
445
Apocryphon of John

42
8) Secular resonances amplified encounters between displaced
terrestrial worlds in the inner Solar system — including Earth and
Venus.

8.1 The Unquiet Heavens

The Nice Model suggests that the radial migration of Jupiter and Saturn continued to excite the orbital
eccentricities of terrestrial planets like Venus and Earth. 446 And “when Jupiter was [still] closer to
Saturn,” these perturbations would have been delivered far more often. 447 The Sun itself was likely more
volatile then also, as its cyclical swinging around the central mass of the Solar system evolved in
response to the continually shifting resonances of the outbound gas and ice giants. 448 An exaggerated
flaring of the Sun, for example, would scatter an outflow of negatively-charged electrons, which Jupiter's
magnetosphere would sometimes capture and reciprocally discharge, exchanging fire with the Sun and
the inner Solar system so as to remain in resonance and equilibrium rather than jumping into a new
orbit. 449

If terrestrial planets like Venus and Earth as such “had more dynamically excited orbits” back then,
“their eccentricities could have been [progressively] damped by the same mechanism that [initially]
excited them.” 450 Considering how Venus and Earth still exhibit “weakly chaotic dynamics” to this day, 451
“the study of the evolution of the terrestrial planets during the putative changes of the giant planets’
orbits is therefore a key to unveiling the real evolution of the Solar system.” 452

8.2 The Comet Venus

The planet Venus, like Earth, had earlier been displaced from the former Saturnian polar alignment in
the inner Solar system, and was similarly shedding charge in order to acclimate to its new solar
environment. A Sumerian prayer invoked the striking brilliance of Venus [Inanna] as: “The pure torch
that flares in the sky, heavenly light shining bright … like the sun and the moon, known by all lands from
south to north.” 453 In early Egyptian myth, she was regarded as the dreadful dislocated Eye of Ra,
occasionally unleashed upon mankind in vengeance for their disobedience. 454

Appearing as a stupendously large comet day and night, Venus was obsessively tracked by early
astronomers, watchful of potential conjunctions that might align Venus and Earth along the plane of the
solar current sheet.455 Such conjunctions could only fall on an equinox when both Earth and Venus were

446
Constructing II 2009
447
Constructing II 2009
448
Cf. Landscheidt, Wilson et al, and Sharp.
449
I.e., it seems that Jupiter's polar plasma expulsions were progressive equilibrations with surrounding space during radial migration to a lower
voltage environment further away from the Sun – while, in contrast, Jovian magnetosphere discharges along the ecliptic current sheet seem to
have been responsive expulsions of excessive incoming charge. The most stupendous Jovian exchange with the Sun and the inner Solar system
seems to have unfolded circa 685 BC. See Cook, chs ..
450
Evidence 2010
451
Laskar, 1990
452
Construcing II 2009
453
Krupp 64-65
454
Cf. ANET 11
455
Cf. Buzasi 2013: ““In our solar system, magnetospheric extraplane-

43
transiting the ecliptic. Passing in front of the Sun on the day of the equinox, a Venus transit would
eclipse the Sun at the same time as its extended plasmatail would make contact with Earth’s
plasmasphere (as remembered in depictions of the long black hair and flowing black skirts of the
goddess Kali, or the sackcloth donned by Anath in mourning, 456 for example). Superimposed charge
sheaths would expose both planets to an intense repulsive shock, compressing and contorting huge
stretches of land and sea -- pushing Earth into a wider orbital ellipse with its axis torqued in gyroscopic
response.457

8.3 The Bow in the Sky

Each time Earth was propelled away from its former orbit, its charge potential would need to acclimate
to the Sun’s electric field once again, and extensive flow vortices at both poles would radiate intense
aurora funnels and toroidal columns (Peratt instabilities). These plasma plumes would have been visible
day and night to everyone on Earth, rotating from east to west every night, waving in the wind like trees
or smoke blowing down from a fire, 458 extending out from the poles and trailing away for thousands of
miles through Earth’s plasmatail on the night side of the planet. In Hopi lore, for example, these were
the warrior twins Pyukonhoya and Palunhoya who stood at the north and south poles, respectively, to
keep the world upright and balanced.

The plume extending from Earth’s south pole was particularly associated with Jupiter (seen nearby in
southern skies), becoming enshrined in myth as the thunder-god’s ‘war-bow,’ ‘long cane’ or ‘right leg.’
"Then a column went forth from earth to heaven, and its name was Zedek. ... As it is written: 'Zedek is
the pillar [that supports] the world.'" 459 In the Kabbalah this is the "right leg" of Yahweh, the phallic
foundation pillar 460 "in the center" of "the southwest." 461 In all mythic references, the Jovian war-bow
dramatically reappeared during or immediately after large scale Earth cataclysms. Its peculiar bend
along the tail of Earth’s charge sheath became a strange but commonplace motif in the iconography of
many cultures.

The plume in the northern sky -- sometimes seen as a celestial ladder, or a pillar of fire by night and a
cloud by day, 462 “entwined by spiraling filaments” 463 “tottering through the whirling Aither” 464 – was
often invoked in antiquity as the ‘backbone’ or ‘axis’ of the world [axis mundi], around which the sphere
of fixed stars revolved. In 2009 NASA’s THEMIS satellite rediscovered these plasma plumes (in dark
mode) bending up into the magnetosphere on the night side of Earth.

tary energy input is dominated by kinetic energy from the solar wind.”
456
ANET 139
457
In the penultimate chapter of his magnum opus, Anacalypsis, Godfrey Higgins specifically pointed to the close passage of a large comet as
the agent of Earth’s more recent catastrophes, claiming that “the axis of the Earth may have been suddenly changed ... and that, in
consequence, the length of the year was changed.”
458
Cf. Cook ch.
459
Sefer Bahir 71; Proverbs 10:25.
460
Cf. Scholem, On the Kabbalah and Its Symbolism p105.
461
Sefer Bahir 123. In the same passage the "left leg" is described as suspended "northwestward" of Earth -- the north polar plume.
462
Cf. Exodus 13:21
463
van der Sluijs, Rens, thunderbolts post March 29 2009
464
Nonnos, Dionysiaca. The specific context of Nonnos reference appears to be a dramatic interplanetary event circa 685 BC, during which
Earth’s axial orientation was altered once more.

44
8.4 Slaying the Plasmoid Dragon
Venus-Earth conjunctions resulting in episodes of intersecting charge sheaths could also potentially
unleash a battery of electrical exchanges. Having no intrinsic magnetic field of its own, Venus’ induced
charge sheath could’ve conducted plasmoid discharges along its extended, comet-like plasmatail.
Twisting and contorting in blinding arc-mode discharge, a string of plasmoids frolicking in the cloudy
fire-waters of space surrounding Earth closely matches descriptions of dragons remembered worldwide.
“When he sneezes, light leaps forth; his eyes are like the eyelids of the dawn. From his mouth come fiery
torches; sparks of fire fly out of it.” 465 “A hundred snake heads grew from the shoulders of this terrible
dragon [Typhon], with black tongues flickering and fire flashing from the eyes … and fire burned from all
his heads as he glared.” 466 These dragons likely roamed the skies during every Venus-Earth close
encounter. More than one may have directly and catastrophically impacted Earth. “When [the dragon]
stands up, the waves themselves take fright, the billows of the sea retreat. … He churns the deeps into a
seething cauldron; he makes the sea [Yamm] fume like incense.” 467

On one such occasion, an equinoctial Venus-Earth conjunction unleashed a furious dragon into the
debris rings surrounding Earth. Upper ionospheric discharges -- red sprites -- followed, remembered as a
barrage of red arrows shot in defense of Earth by Jupiter’s war-bow -- Earth’s own south polar plume,
appearing simultaneously in the skies in response to Earth’s widening orbit. “[Marduk] constructed a
bow, marked it as his weapon, drew the arrows fast to the bow-cord. … In front of him he set lightning,
with a blazing flame he filled his body.” 468

A feathered serpent with many dragon heads, the comet Typhon was described by Pliny as “twisted like
a coil and ball of fire,” come out of the east to threaten the rule of Zeus. Thunderbolts racking the sky,
Earth was violently convulsed, 469 and Typhon was sent crashing from the top of Mount Cassius, 470
tumbling through cavernous sinkholes Cennet and Cehennum [‘Heaven and Hell’], raising tsunamis and
whirlwinds through the Levantine and Ionian basins of the Mediterranean, eventually to be imprisoned
beneath Mount Etna in splendorous eruption. “Through the clouds the Father of the gods [scattered]
red lightning. … Terror filled the hearts of men. … A loud crash rang out from heaven's vault. Three times
the god thundered from a cloudless sky, three times he hurled his bolts.” 471 In Vedic literature, Indra
likewise rages against the dragon Vritra, 472 eventually striking him down with a stupendous release of
lightning.

There are various glimpses preserved here and there in the Old Testament that typify Yahweh-Elohim --
in his manifestation as Zedek -- as victorious over primordial ophidian monsters, called tanninim
[‘dragons’], Rahab or Leviathan, “beast of the reeds.” 473 Reminiscent of Mesopotamian and Canaanite
traditions 474 (featuring Marduk and Baal, respectively), Yahweh is also described as splitting the sea
[Yamm] in two, smashing the heads of dragons [tanninim] on the waters [mayim], crushing Leviathan’s

465
Job 41:10-11
466
Hesiod 825-828
467
Job 41:17, 23
468
ANET 66
469
Deg CC9
470
Also known as Mount Hazzi [Teshub], Mount Zaphon [Baal] and today as Jebel Aqra, the mountain was famed for being the scene of a
spectacular dragon battle in many cultures for hundreds of years.
471
Ovid, Fasti, III: 285-291, 369-70
472
The name Vritra stems from the root Vrt: to turn, revert, revolve, etc; compare etymologies for names of dragons elsewhere, which similarly
denote the “coiled” nature of the dragon.
473
Psalm 68:30
474
Eliade 1:164

45
heads with a harpoon, riddling his hide with darts, and cleaving the fountain of the flood. 475 He struck
down Rahab, transfixing the crooked serpent, making the waters of space [mayim] luminous with his
breath. 476 “Behind him [Leviathan] leaves a glittering wake – a white fleece seems to float on the Deep
[Tehom].” 477 In China, Archer Yi (Houyi) was similarly called upon to repeatedly vanquish the winged
dragon Fei-Lian (whose name means ‘flying curtain’).

8.5 Shevirat ha-Kelim: The Shattering of the Vessels

Visually tilting up in the sky as Earth torqued off-axis, Earth’s debris rings appear to have been
broadsided by the disconnected bolts released by Venus. Perturbed by Earth’s new eccentricity, the
debris began to dissipate in high-voltage arc discharge through surrounding space, streaming across the
sky in gaseous glowing envelopes that gradually descended through the ionosphere in downpours of
sparkling spatters, 478some falling to Earth in streaks of bright red (ionized hydrogen). In the Kabbalah we
read: “Why are they called streams that weep? Because when the Holy One divided the waters, He took
one part and placed it above and the other part he sent below. The streams sent below are emotional:
they continually lament, weep and grieve.” 479 Mysticisms of later ages, including the gnostic schools of
the major monotheisms, still evoke memories of the “falling sparks” that descended to Earth “from
overhead” after a cataclysmic cosmological drama brought creation to an end.

It is here suggested that this is the origin of the mythological motif known as ‘The Shattering of the
Vessels,’ ‘The Release of the Waters’ and the ‘Second Flood.’ In the Kabbalah, the ‘costly vessels’ of the
second world age were shattered apart when overwhelmed by the majestic brilliance of the ebbing Light
of Creation. “And when the Master broke the vessels he had made, the waters [mayim] returned to the
source; and then remained only fragments of these vessels, dried up and without water.” 480 Some
references indicate there were seven vessels which shattered; other sources suggest nine. The
disappearance of Earth’s debris rings was also remembered as the removal of the ‘net’ in which Marduk
captured and divided the waters of Tiamat. The seven (or nine) swirling back-flowing streams of
Okeanos 481 similarly withdrew from encircling the Earth when boiled away by the burning blasts of Zeus.
Chinese hero Archer Yi (Houyi), descending from heaven to rescue mankind from a severe draught,
famously shattered the nine miniature suns (or sun-birds) of the goddess Xihe [Venus] out of the sky,
one by one, with flaming red arrows. Could these “miniature suns” have been the refracted glare of
Venus’ glowing coma, seen through the collapsing rings as Venus wheeled away from Earth that fateful
day?

Other Jupiter alter-egos who were famed for having slain seven-headed serpents, dragons or other
chimerical beasts, were also noted for clearing the skies with a torrent of rain. The Book of Job invokes
Yahweh [Jupiter] as the one “who carved a watercourse for the downpour of waters, and hacked a way
for the rolling thunder, to satisfy the desolate waste land … making grass spring where everything was
dry.” 482 Other indications are glimpsed in the identification of Jupiter alter-egos as fertile “Riders on the
Storm” 483 -- Jupiter Pluvius, Thor and Taranis the thunderers, the lightning-gods Adad and Teshub and

475
Psalm 74:13-15 passim; Job 40:31
476
Job 26:12-13
477
Job 41:24. Another translation gives: “one would think the Deep was grey-haired.”
478
Cf. O. Reichenbach, On Some of the Remarkable Features in the Evolution of the Earth (London, 1884), p. 9.
479
Ma’aseh Bereshit ??
480
Zohar 1:42b-43a
481
Theogony 790
482
Job 38:2-27 passim
483
Tresman et al copy

46
rain-gods Baal, Indra and Yahweh. 484 “The heavens’ fat did rain, the valleys flowed with honey.” 485 The
Akkadian storm-god Enlil was remembered for “having caused the sky-waters to fall.” 486 In Egypt the
sky-waters were seen as a tide of ‘blood’ – “seven thousand jars” worth of beer-mash mixed with red
ochre – flooding the fields through which the lioness Sekhmet waded in destructive fury. 487 In the Near
East, Anath [Venus] was similarly remembered for her drunken rampage, wading in blood and gore and
slapping her tail in the waters. Like so many other Jovian alter-egos worldwide, Baal also intervened
with a barrage of furious red lightning.

8.6 The Heavenly Cow

In Egypt it was Ra [Jupiter] who claimed: “I am he who made the waters of the great flood, so that the
Heavenly Cow came into being.” 488 This great flood [mehet weret] was itself identified with the goddess
Hathor, described as a celestial ocean in the shape of a cow. The Vedas similarly recall that Indra’s
struggle with the dragon Vrita was responsible for releasing “heavenly cows.” After his struggle with
Lotan, Baal similarly encounters a cow-calf or heifer in a celestial “field.” 489 The celestial heifers were
most likely short-lived glow mode aurorae in Earth’s van Allen radiation belts, rotating across the sky in
molten streaks of ionized debris. 490

8.7 The Return of the King

“Catastrophes occur in time, and yet they also transform it, on the most literal level by changing the
length of the year and the paths of the celestial time-markers. The planetary agent of the change is then
worshiped as lord of time or lord of the year. Equally, the planet during the course of the change often
appears more brilliant than the sun; hence the planet is worshiped as lord of space or lord of the
cosmos.” 491 In the Enuma Elish it was said that the “institution of kingship” – together with its emblems,
its crown and its throne – was “lowered from the sky” for a second time after Marduk’s battle with the
dragon. 492 Jupiter seems to have again developed a mountainous plasma expulsion from its south pole
soon afterward, perhaps in response to the plasmoids released by Venus, or perhaps simply in a further
attempt to reach equilibrium with the electric field of the Sun in the space beyond the Asteroid belt.
Jupiter, victorious, had regained his throne, and reclaimed his “eternal kingship.” It is highly probable
that the reappearance of Jupiter's plasma mountain was widely seen as divine confirmation or approval
of pyramid, ziggurat and mound-building. This would have a profound cumulative effect on the human
psyche, effectively accelerating the weaving of newer and more complex sublimations and irrational
belief systems atop already deeply tangled mythohistorical threads.

In light of 1) Earth’s changed solar orbit; 2) a new orientation of Earth’s axis; 4) a recalibration of Earth’s
tropics; 5) a lengthening of the year; 6) the revealing of the fixed southern stars (including the Pleiades

484
O'Flaherty, op. cit. note 33, p. 56
485
ANET 139
486
DeG SB 14; cf. Mason p77. "Gilgamesh Epic", tablet XI, lines 177-9 - e.g. ANET, p. 95
487
ANET 11
488
ANET 12
489
ANET 138. Cf. also Eliade 1:157
490
As suggested, for example, by Cook op cit. and Gilligan.
491
Mullen, A Reading of
492
Eliade History 1 61

47
and the Zodiac 493); 7) and the simultaneous placement of the Moon in the night sky -- Jupiter was
globally understood to have inaugurated a ‘new heaven and a new earth,’ a veritable ‘new order of the
ages.’ “[Marduk] constructed stations for the great gods, fixing their starry likenesses as constellations.
He determined the year by designing the zones,” setting constellations for each of the months.“Having
opened up the gates on both sides … in [Tiamat’s] belly he fixed the zenith. Then [Marduk] caused the
Moon [Sin] to shine, entrusting the night to him,” to signify the days of each month. 494 As Timaeus spoke
of the Demiurge: “Finding the whole visible sphere not at rest, but moving in an irregular and disorderly
fashion -- out of disorder he brought order.” 495 This was widely commemorated in equinoctial “New
Year” and/or “Day of the Dead” festivals initiated worldwide in the years to come. Many Bronze Age
festivals are believed to have been ritual dramas re-enacted by entire communities, with much
preparation and great fanfare. Yet these festivals did not “merely commemorate an ancient and decisive
triumph over chaos, for chaos always remains latent in the world.” Rather, these festivals “[actuated] an
ongoing victory over disorder.” 496

8.8 The World-Encircling Snake

An outlying remnant of Earth’s former equatorial debris appears to have remained suspended as a
narrow ruddy-colored band for some time thereafter. 497 “There remained something vibrant and alive
within the desolate remains of the shattered shells [klippot].” 498 Modern day Maya still recall it as the
disappeared “cord in the sky” through which blood would flow; in the Popul Vuh it was similarly referred
to as the “River of Blood;” 499 in ancient China it was likewise known as “the Red River.” 500 Much less
impressive than the rings of old, this band -- often personified as a world-encircling serpent --
nevertheless served as the night-time Sun’s daily adversary in some cultures -- as well as being a key
visual reference toward the pinpointing of equinoxes. In Hesiod and Homer, this is the terrible River
Styx, the outermost stream of Okeanos which sprouts from a “rugged place,” “a sore trouble to the
gods.” 501

Described in similar terms worldwide, as “a great python,” 502 "the River-of-the-Snake," 503 "the Path of
the Snake" 504 -- the Egyptians called it the serpent Apep or Apophis. A continual threat, constantly
repelled by Ra, but never killed (and thus “identified with a long series of serpent monsters” 505), Apep
attempted to prevent Ra from rising in the East every night. His weapons in this war were cloud, mist,

493
Cf. Plato, Timaeus 40b: “The fixed stars were created, to be divine and eternal animals.” In the Enuma Elish, Marduk casts the beasts of
Tiamat in fetters, trampling them underfoot – i.e., Earth’s obliquity with respect to the ecliptic plane, and thus the Zodiac, had been reoriented
(ANET 67).
494
ANET 68
495
Plato, Timaeus 30a
496
Sommer, Akitu. Sommer’s own footnote therein reads: “Incidentally, in light of Pongratz-Leisten’s point [in UIna sulmi, 77–78], it seems that
Enuma Elish presents the converse of the cosmogony known from Lurianic kabbalah. For the latter, traces of the Godhead are trapped in the
physical world and must be liberated by theurgic practice; for the former, traces of chaos linger in the world and must be periodically subdued
through the Akitu ritual.”
497
Cf. Kirk 13: ““In this popular development of the primeval-water motif ... the indefinite waste of water (which seems always to have been
conceived as having an upper limit, a surface) is contracted into a vast but not necessarily illimitable river.” This same quote was invoked above
in reference to the glowing band of Zodiacal light along the plane of the ecliptic, but may just as easily be applied to the evolution of Earth’s
equatorial debris from a flat “sea of reeds” to a diminutive world-encircling river.
498
Kabbalah of Creation p8
499
Cook 3:540
500
Cochrane, Milky Way
501
Theogony 790f
502
in Africa: 12. S. Lagercrantz, op. cit., p. 68
503
Akkadian Hid tsirra, R. Allen, op. cit., p. 475
504
Vedic Nagavithi, R. Allen, op. cit., p. 477
505
Budge Gods 2.244f

48
rain and shadow – which the sun-star Ra would counter with “burning and destroying heat,” and “darts
and spears of light.” 506 The result was the same at the end of every night: “Apep was shriveled and burnt
up by Ra, but he was able to renew himself daily,” and each night continued to “[wage] war against Ra
with unabated vigour.” 507 In Norse mythology, this was the world-encircling serpent Jormungandr, 508
adversary and eventual executioner of Thor [Jupiter]. In the Vedas this was the serpent Ahi, “born of the
waters,” 509 likewise a nightly tormenter of Indra. The world-encircling snake was also the Mushussu
serpent familiar to Marduk.

“The unordered realms of chaos” were thus never completely abolished, but “[continued] to surround
the orderly world on every side. … In this way each day [brought] both a confirmation of the established
order… as well as a forcible re-conquest of it.” 510 Seen from city-states in the northern hemisphere, the
bloody serpentine river remained fixed along the equatorial plane in the south, in contrast to the annual
motions of Jupiter along the shifting horizon of the ecliptic, which visually migrates from northward
between summer and winter (in the northern hemisphere) and returns again southward between
winter and summer. The titled glowing hoop of Zodiacal light along the ecliptic would as such be visible
below the red ring during summer, and above it during winter. While (to viewers on Earth) the red ring
would appear to be a more or less perfectly plumb arc stretching from horizon to horizon -- on the
vernal equinox the glowing hoop of the ecliptic would be bent upward in the east, and on the autumnal
equinox upward to the west instead. Thus, at both equinoxes, the glowing ecliptic would visually ‘cross
over’ the remaining red ring.

8.9 Nibiru: The Crossing-Place

Nibiru, ‘the Crossing-Place,’ refers to this visual intersection of the equator and the ecliptic which twice a
year indicated the position of the equinoxes for our ancestors by luminously bisecting the night sky. This
was seen variously as: the snake Apep crossing over the glowing body of Nut; the crossing of “sky-
bands” in Mesoamerican iconography, i.e., the confluence of the equatorial ‘River of Blood’ and the
ecliptic ‘River of Pus;’ and was explicated in an otherwise puzzling passage in Plato’s Timeaus, which
references the visible crossing of “the motion of the Same” (the equatorial ring, always seen plumb
along the horizon. moving from east to west) and “the motion of the Diverse” (the glowing band of the
ecliptic, which seemed to shift position nightly, moving from west to east on a diagonal). The Demiurge
Zeus joined these to each other “at the center like the letter ‘X,’ and bent them into a circular form.” 511

In the Enuma Elish we read, “[Marduk] founded the station of Nibiru to determine the heavenly bands,
that none [of the other gods] might transgress or fall short.” 512 The name Nibiru was likewise applied to
Jupiter explicitly, as “Marduk’s star,” when he periodically stood in conjunction with Earth on the
equinox, in visual alignment with the equinoctial intersection of the red ring and the glowing ecliptic.
Mercury was also invoked as Nibiru, but much less frequently than Jupiter. Both wandering and fixed
stars were also beheld to temporarily tremble, change color and/or grow horns, rays or plumes when
visually obscured by the rotating red ring – a phenomenon regarded as particularly ominous. Sirius, for
example, became especially noted for such displaying such transformations annually.

506
Budge 2.244
507
Budge 2.244f
508
I.e., the Norse Midgardsormr, literally “world-snake.”
509
RV VII:34:16
510
Morenz 168
511
Plato, Timaeus 36c
512
ANET 68

49
The red ring remnant seems to have dissipated completely by AD 900.513 The archaic ‘milky way’ of the
glowing ecliptic was last seen as a glimmering band stretching completely from horizon to horizon
around AD 1840.514 Such relatively recent estimates suggest a natural explanation for the widespread
longevity of the “celestial cross” as a culturally-enshrined religious icon with a well-attested association
to the equinox.

9) Divergent migration eventually spaced out Jupiter, Saturn and other

planets onto their modern orbits.

9.1 The Underworld of Departed Gods

Spacing out on their radial migrations, the mythohistorical record suggests that the planets eventually
drifted far enough away from each other as to cease all direct electrical interaction. The previous series
of encounters “lead to an irreversible increase of the orbital separation (and period ratio)” of the giant
planets. 515 “They were retired gods. Mankind might have seen all of them recede into the farther
reaches of the developing solar system.” 516

Neptune and Uranus continued to recede into far distant darkness. They were rediscovered some 5000
years later by telescope, and named after two of the Titans banished by Zeus to the dim netherworld of
the night sky. 517 The Teachings on the Work of Creation refers to this place as “the land [eretz] under the
river,” saying: “That which descends into [this] land does not re-ascend, as it is said: ‘The gods [Elohim]
who had no part in making the heavens and the underworld [arqa] perished when entering the land
[eretz] under the river.” 518 In other Near Eastern texts, it is referred to literally as “the Land of No
Return;” “the dark house … which none leave who have entered, … the road from which there is no way
back … where they see no light, residing in darkness.” 519

After his own forced retirement, Saturn seems to have all but disappeared completely in later mythic
narratives. “Usurping his throne on Mount Zaphon,” in ancient Canaanite literature, Baal [Jupiter] forced
El [Saturn] to “take refuge at the end of the world, at the source of the Rivers, in the hollow of the
Abysses,” which will henceforth be his dwelling.” 520 In other traditional cosmologies, it was ultimately
Night herself who held the rightful prerogative with regard to the “distributive assignment 521 of parts of
the cosmos to different gods.” 522 In Hesiod and Homer, Night apportioned Kronos to Tartarus, the deep

513
Cook Appendix M
514
Ency Brit
515
2009 Constructing II
516
DeG CC9
517
Velikovsky and DeGrazia’s erstwhile reasoning notwithstanding, it is doubtful that the earlier mythic representations actually correspond to
the modern planets that bear the same names. – In fact, by the time of Hesiod, Ouranos was regarded specifically as the broad sky of the
Primum Mobile, heavenly sphere of fixed stars beyond the Solar system. This later “broad sky” Ouranos thus visually encloses the modern Solar
system in much the same way as the archaic “rainy sky” Ouranos was representative of the Proto-Saturn’s translucent magnetopause, which
visually enclosed the Saturn nebula.
518
Ma'aseh Bereshit 5. Cf. Jeremiah 10:11
519
ANET 508-509
520
Eliade 1.152
521
Greek diataxis
522
Theog 211ff; cf. Kirk 20

50
underworld in the west, whose “dark doorway” was ringed by the “brazen fence” of the glowing ecliptic.
In Orphic poetry, Kronos is similarly enchained forever in “the cave of Nyx [Night].” “Banished in chains
to a blissful island, [Kronos] dwells in slumber; for being immortal, he cannot die, but is thought to live a
life-in-death, wrapped in funeral linen.” 523 The Golden Age celestial mill, after churning out smaller and
smaller debris, finally “sank into the sea” at last. 524 A tiny speck of light wandering against the backdrop
of fixed stars, Saturn was still avidly watched and tracked through all of antiquity, however, right up to
the present day.

9.2 Jove Retires: The King is Dead!

Eventually all the giant planets stopped migrating altogether. 525 The stellar blazing of Jupiter also came
to an end with his arrival at his modern orbital ellipse (~ 5.2 AU) and, hence, his equilibration with the
negative charge of surrounding space. As such, Jupiter would no longer have need of shedding charge
and would thus cease from sputtering back to life – except for instances when intensified outflows along
the solar current sheet would induce brief episodes of stormy Jovian activity.

Jupiter’s coma likely exploded into nova-like brilliance a final time when dropping down more
permanently to dark mode. This seems to have been widely attested as Jupiter’s retirement,
disappearance, extended sleep, mahasamadhi or even death. As the Jovian fireworks were recalled in
the Popul Vuh: "Suddenly on high fire flamed up. The face of the sun was snatched away, taken from
earth." In the Enuma Elish, Marduk’s mountainous garment had disappeared for the last time.

9.3 Mercury Rising: Long Live the King!

In several cultures, a portion of Jupiter’s royal duties were thereafter re-assigned to swift-footed
Mercury — who soon became the most popular star-god on Earth. In Egypt, for example, the retiring
sun-star Ra handed over celestial responsibilities to the god Thoth [Mercury], who thereafter became
the “place-taker” or “deputy” of Ra [Jupiter]. 526 “The majesty of Ra says: ‘Behold -- I am here in the sky
in my rightful place . . . so that the light may shine in the Underworld and the Island of Baba. 527 [Thoth,]
you shall be scribe [to the world] and keep in order [the rebellious] followers of [Apophis]. You shall
stand in my stead, as place-taker [or deputy]. Thus you shall be called: Thoth, Place-Taker [or Deputy] of
Ra. … You shall encompass the two [horizons] with the beauty of your rays.” 528 Similarly, in a rabbinical
elaboration on the Book of Daniel, the Ancient of Days [Atik Yomin] – i.e., Arich Anpin, the “Extended
Countenance” of the night-time sun -- handed off the rule of the kingdom to “the son of the clouds [bar
nefele].” 529 In the winged disk of Mercury, those who walked in the chaotic post-catastrophic darkness
of world ages yet to come would also see a great, sun-like light.

523
HM 148
524
de Santillana and von Dechend, op. cit., p. 146
525
Origin 2005
526
ANET 8
527
Original footnote to the obscure reference to the ‘Island of Baba’ reads: “An otherwise unknown designation for a part of the Underworld. It
may mean a subterranean cavern.” Might it instead be related to the underworld island to which Kronos was banished in chains?
528
ANET 8. Ra also bids Thoth: “I shall have you stretch out your hand in the faces of the primeval gods. … Moreover, I shall have you turn back
and go all the way around [to the peoples in the north].” What manner of orbit was Mercury travelling back then, that his motions are
described as such? -- Interestingly enough, Mercury alter-egos were often identified as the father of Jovian alter-egos among cultures in the
northern latitudes; for example, the Germanic Odin [Mercury] was the father of Thor [Jupiter].
529
Talmud Sanh. 96b Cf. Daniel 7:13-14

51
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