Sign Survey

Report on
Narayanghat-Butwal Road Project

By
Jhamak B. Karki, PhD
Wildlife Expert

May 2019

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank

AH Asian Highway

BZUC Buffer Zone User Committee

BZCF Buffer Zone Community Forest

CF Community Forest

CNP Chitwan National Park

CPG Community Patrol Group

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

GIS Geographic Information System

GoN Government of Nepal

GPS Global Positioning System

IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature

KAFCOL Kathmandu Forestry College

Km Kilometer

LC Least Concerned

LFG Local Forest Guard

LR Local Resident

masl Meter above sea level

NB Narayanghad-Butwal

NF National Forest

NPWC National Parks and Wildlife conservation

NTT Nepal Tiger Trust

RoW Right of Way

SPS Safeguard Policy Statement

VDC Village Development Committee

VU Vulnerable

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TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………3
1.1 Study area………………………………………………………………………………….…3
1.2 Description of Forest patches ………………………………………………………………4
2. Objective …………………………………………………………………………………………...5
2.1 Primary Objective……………………………………………………………………………..5
2.2 Secondary Objective …………………………………………………………………………5
3. Limitation …………………………………………………………………………………………..5
4. Methodology………………………………………………………………………………………..6
4.1 Consultation Meetings............................................................................................……6

4.2 Methodology used in sign survey……………………………………………………………6

4.3 Information on human casualties and livestock depredation……………………………..6

4.4 Secondary method ……………………………………………………………………………6

5. Result………………………………………………………………………………………………..7
6. Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………...16
7. Reference…………………………………………………………………………………………16
8. ANNEXES…………………………………………………………………………………………17
ANNEX 3.4-1. Detail list water source along with GPS coordinates ………………………17
ANNEX 3.4-2. Detail list of all the personnel consulted before/during sign survey ……...19
ANNEX 3.4-3. Table showing the potential camera trap location for 2nd camera trap
survey………………………………………………………………………………………………...21

ANNEX 3.4-4. Detail list of sign survey data about the wild animals recorded…………...24

LIST OF TABLE
Table 1. Names of sign surveyed forest patches along with the CF adjoining the Road
corridor ………………………………………………………………………………………………..4
Table 2. Species recorded in the sign survey along with their forest patches and survey
routes.....................................................................................................................................13
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Map showing six forest patch of NB road section……………………………………...4

Figure 2. Map showing the survey routes and points of Thumse Forest Patch ……………….7

Figure 3. Map showing the Survey routes and points of Kawasoti Forest Patch ……………..8

Figure 4. Map showing the Survey routes and points of Danda Forest Patch ………………..9

Figure 5. Map showing the Survey routes and point of Bhagra Forest Patch ……………….10

Figure 6. Map showing the Survey routes and points of Dumkibas Forest Patch……………11
Figure 7. Map showing the Survey routes and points of Daunne Forest Patch ……………..12

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1. Introduction
The Narayanghat – Butwal (NB) road is categorized as ‘A’ in accordance with ADB’s
Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), which is part of the East West highway from Kakarvita to
Gadda Chowk, part of Asian Highway (AH2) linking South Asia to Central Asia.

Under the present scope of the SASEC Road Improvement Project it is proposed to improve
the two road sections i.e. Narayanghat – Butwal Road and Bhairhawa – Lumbini – Taulihawa
Road. Narayanghat – Butwal road is being improved to 4-lane road in its entire length of 114
km with asphalt concrete surfacing, service roads in urban / populated sections, at grade
intersection, provision of climbing lane in hill section, adding new two-lane bridges next to
existing major bridges, replacing all minor bridges and culverts with 4-lane structure / bridges
etc.

The road is located adjacent to the buffer zone of the Chitwan National Park (CNP) with the
edge of the road on the left-hand side forming the boundary of the buffer zone for about 24
km from km 7+000 to km 30+530 (Figure 1). The road encroaches on critical habitat of the
Panthera Tigris Tigris (Bengal Tiger), Rhinoceros Unicornis (Greater One-Horned
Rhinoceros), Panthera Pardus (Common Leopard) and other wildlife.

In the Narayanghat–Butwal Road, eight forest patches with about 64 Km length of forest will
be crossed by the proposed road expansion which will use 50 m Right of Way (RoW) (EIA,
2017). This will impact wildlife habitat and may reduce forest for resource use by communities.

As part of the baseline survey of wildlife, first sign survey was conducted from 20-26 May 2018
along the six forest patches of NB road. In addition, Camera trap has also been conducted in
the same five forest patches from 12 Dec. 2018 and completed in 23rd of Feb.2019 with the
aim to further understand the wildlife movement across the road section where sign survey
had been conducted except for Daunne forest.62 camera traps were set in five forest patches
for minimum of two months with a range of 61-63 days.
This sign survey has been conducted in the same six forest patches starting from 30thApril
2019 to 8th May 2019 where previous sign survey was conducted. However, the second sign
survey was done more intensively than previous one with an aim of identifying additional
wildlife habitats (forest, grassland, water source etc.) and gather idea about the potential
location for 2ndcamera trap survey proposed for June-July 2019.

1.1 Study area

The wildlife baseline Assessment (Sign survey) was conducted within the six forest patches
of Nawalpur District through which the Project road (Pulchowk to Butwal) alignment will cross.
The proposed road alignment project will cross a combined total distance of 47.5 Km of road
section passing through different community forests and National forests such as Mukundasen
CF, Sajhedari-Hariyali CF (Table 1). A 24 Km section share the border of the Chitwan National
Park Buffer zone which has its own community managed forest system with Community Forest
User groups (EIA, 2017).

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Table 1. Names of sign surveyed forest patches along with the CF adjoining the Road
corridor

S. Chainage Forest Starting and Ending Name of forests

N. Patch Location Name of adjoining the road
From To forest patch section
1 07+000 11+400 Thumse Narayani CF,
Thumse - Sisnedanda
Mukundasen CF
2 26+000 31+000 Kawasoti Manakamana CF,
LokahaKhola - Kawasoti
Maharaj CF, Shiva CF
3 36+700 43+300 Danda MadhyabindhuSajhedari
CF, Madhyabindhu
Chormara-Danda
Hariyali CF, Sayapatri
CF
4 44+200 50+000 Bhagra Ranitar CF, National
Bhagra- ArunKhola
Forest
5 50+400 59+300 Dumkibas Dumkibas National
ArunKhola - Dumkibas
Forest
6 59+800 75+000 Daunne GheuKhola CF,
Daune-Bardaghat
Daunnedevi Tapoban RF
(Source: Field source, 2018), RF= Religious Forest

1.2 Description of Forest Patches

Mahabharat Range

Danda
Daunne

Thumse
Kawasoti
Dumkibas Bhagra

Chitwan National Park

Figure 1. Map showing six forest patches of NB road section

In our study area, we have incorporated 6 forest patches. Thumse being the first forest patch
from Pulchwok, occupy short road alignment passing through the forest area, in-comparison
to other four forest patches. Having chainage ranging from 07+000 to 11+400, southern part
of the forest adjoins with the NarayaniRiver. The forest area of Thumse is managed by
Mukundasen CF at the North and Narayani CF at the South with the mix forest especially
dominated by Sal trees. Residential area starts from the end of the forest patch starting from

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11+400 road alignment and continue west up to the chainage of 26+000 with heavy residential
area of Pragatinagar Municipality.
Starting from the road alignment of 26+000 chainage, the second forest patch exists up to the
chainage of 31+000 Nawalpur city. This forest patch is hotspot for Rhinoceros movement
since they are sighted directly (GPS location: X: 220983 Y: 3063606 and X: 218543 Y:
3062894) as well as indirectly through sign survey. In North, the forest patch is managed by
Maharaj and Shiva CFs whereas the forest of southern part of the highway is managed by
BZUC (Kudauli, Rajratna and Shanti BZCFs). This part of the forest patch is not connected to
any large river and also isolated from the Northern part. Kawasoti Municipality starts from the
31+000 and reaches the settlement up to Danda with chainage of 35+000.
From the 36+700 the road again enters into the forest area (Danda forest patch) and this forest
area reaches to the Gadar-Khola with chainage of 43+300 with three CF forests managing the
forest area (Table 1). This patch of forest is much denser in comparison to previous two forest
patches and has few settlement area inChormara VDC at the end of forest patch in west.
The road crosses the Khola and again enters into the Bhagra forest patch starting from 44+200
to 50+000. This patch of forest is also dominated byShorea robusta(Sal) tree with Phoenix
acaulis(Thakal) as the major undergrowth vegetation. This patch of forest is connected to the
Northern hill forest as well as close to the CNP at South. The Northern part of the forest is
managed by government whereas the southern part of the forest is managed by different CFs
(table 1). The forest patch ends at the Arun-khola with less settlement area in comparison to
previous settlement area.
After its completion, the forest patch of Dumkibas starts from road alignment of 50+400 to
59+300 chainage. The patch of forest is the largest among all forest patch of our area of
interest. It is particularly managed by Nepal government and termed as a block forest with
very close connectivity with CNP.

2. Objective

2.1 Primary Objective

• The main objective of the this 2nd sign survey was to record the presence of wildlife in
summer season across the NB highway and prepare the wildlife baseline information

2.2 Secondary Objective

• To identify the potential habitat of the wildlife, presiding over those forest patches.
• To gather idea about the potential locations for 2nd camera trap survey
• To help recommend the best sites for the wildlife crossings

3. Limitation
• High leaf litter content on the ground has made the sighting of animal tracks (pugmark
and hoofmark) very difficult to visualize.
• The unexpected storm and a day strike has limited the working days due to which
forest patch of Daunne could not be surveyed intensively.
• The aim of this sign survey was also to identify the reason for wild animals to cross
highway from North to south or vise-versa like to located water source, grassland etc.

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 Therefore, instead of surveying the routes near to the highway section like in previous
sign survey, large distance routes were covered which thus took more time for survey.

4. Methodology
4.1 Consultation Meetings

Permission was taken in the first sign survey for the whole project period. Based on that,
support from respective community forest user groups, forest offices of the divisional forest
office (DFO)was received. A courtesy visit was made after the sign survey by me along with
the PD offices staffs and project managers along with the joint wildlife crossing structure
verification period. Information regarding the wildlife incidents within the road sections were
recorded with the help of local forest guards (LFG) and local residents (LR) of the respective
forest areas (CF and NF)
Local forest assistants were used from the respective community forests in the particular days
of sign survey to help facilitate the wildlife technicians in navigating the forest roads.

4.2 Methodology used in sign survey

Total of 9 days intensive sign survey was conducted covering five forest patches (Table 1)
along with reconnaissance survey of Daunne forest by senior wildlife technician from Nepal
Tiger Trust (NTT), Meghauli and two other wildlife technicians from Kathmandu forestry
college (KAFCOL), Kathmandu. In addition, local assistants were also hired depending upon
their need for navigating the forest roads.
Sign survey was conducted along the both sides of NB highway starting from forest patch of
Thumse to Daunne lining 35.6 Km of road section touching the forest area. Two survey teams
worked consecutively, one towards Northern forest and the other southern part of the NB
highway.
Field team walked more than 1 km inside each forest patch, making transect in three of the
five forest patches but Daunne and Bardaghat forest patches were traversed by vehicles once
recording the nearby water source from highway where animals could cross the highway. Also,
slope moving up towards Daunne and then slope moving down from Daunne was then
excluded based on the information gathered so far.
In each forest patch, both side from the highway, the team walked after gathering the
information on wildlife sign and enquiring presence of wildlife in these forest with whoever
were present in the forest area. Every sign found, either trail or foot mark, defecation, call or
direct observation were carefully identified and recorded. Apart from that potential wildlife
habitat were also recorded such as water source, vegetation, grassland to further understand
the movement of the wild animals from North to south of the highway or vise-versa. The
information was verified with any person found in the route and later with the person met in
consultation.

4.3 Information on human casualties and livestock depredation

Information on human casualties and major wildlife distribution was gathered from field offices
of the Division forest offices, Nawalpur and buffer zone user committee (BZUC) office from
Sikhrouli and Gosaibaba Buffer zone user committees. This has helped to triangulate the

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provided indirect information of the presence of wildlife such as Rhinoceros, Muntiacus
muntjak (Barking deer), Axis axis (Spotted deer), Sus scrofa (wild boar), etc.

4.4 Secondary sources

Published and unpublished reports was searched to find out the potential wildlife found in the
buffer zone, community forests and national forests in the Nawalpur district along the NB road.

5. Results
Thumse Forest Patch
It is the first forest patch to encompass Mahendra Highway from Narayanghad to Butwal road
section with a chainge of 07+000 to 11+400. This forest area adjoining the road section is
managed by two CFs in North and the Buffer-zone in the south (Table 1). The south area of
the road consisted a riverbank where rhinoceros footmarks and dung were abundantly seen
throughout the area. Other few footmarks of Sus scrofa (Wild boar), Muntiacus muntjak
(Barking deer), Hyaena hyaena (Striped hyena) and scat of Panthera pardus (common
leopard) were also found. The rhinoceros’s footmark showed both enter and exit marks from
the riverbank to the forest across. This riverine forest consists 2-3 small ponds near both the
highway and the island in between where maximum numbesr of footmarks and rhinoceros
dung were recorded. The north side constitutes Sal forest where scraps of wild boar and
footmarks of barking deer were found. A culvert is located in between these two areas which
could later be updated for underpasses (X: 27.701748 Y: 84.328793).

Natural pond
Dung of Natural pond
Rhinoceros
Figure 2. Map Showing the Survey Routes and Points of Thumse Forest Patch

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Kawasoti Forest Patch
It is the second forest patch to encompass the NB road section after Thumse forest patch. In
addition, it is one of the smallest forest patch (approx. 10 Km2) in comparison with other five
forests (Table 1). Sign survey was conducted by taking 7 routes/transect (4 in North and 3 in
South) where, large number of wild boar (Scraps and scats) and Rhinoceros (foot mark, dunk)
signs were recorded (Table 2). This forest area consists 5 CFs (one in south and rest four in
north) along with 3 BZCF in the south.

Gaida-trail (Potential
Rhinoceros habitat) Rhinoceros direct Artificial water source
Rhinoceros Footmark sighting

Figure 3. Map Showing the Survey Routes and Points of Kawasoti Forest Patch

Two Rhinoceros were recorded to have been residing in these forests with direct sighting of
both providing its evidence. One is a male adult whereas the other is an old male. There are
various natural and manmade ponds (Annex 2) that provide water sources for these
Rhinoceros and other animals. Apart from Rhinoceros; wild boar, monkeys, leopard and
barking deer were also found during the sign survey conducted during summer. However, the
sign of other carnivore's species such as Leopards were found comparatively lower than the
sign of herbivores. All the forest areas of Kawasoti consists of Sal along with Tectona grandis
(Teak) in some places. These forests are scientifically managed.

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Danda Forest Patch
This forest patch is one of the largest forest patches that enclose the NB road section starting
from Chainage of 36+700 to 43+300). Majority of the forest area is dominated with Sal forest
with mixed forest and riverine forest in few other areas of the forest. These forests were all
scientifically managed except for the National forest at the North-western part of the forest
patch. The forest also included other vegetation like Saccharum spontaneum (Kans grass),
Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass, Dubo), Imperata cylindrica (Cogon grass, Siru), Thakal,
etc. in some areas. No natural source of water was present in the forest, so many artificial
drums were placed in various part of the forests in order to provide water source to animals
which could also be used during forest fires. Whereas, an artificial pond was constructed in
the Collaborative Forest near Danda (Annex 3.2 and 3.3).
In Northern part from the highway, sign of Leopard (scat), Striped hyena (scat), and Wild boar
(scrapes) were recorded. Whereas, south part of the forest constituted Wild boar (footmark
and scat), Rhesus monkey (direct sighting), spotted deer (pallet) and barking deer (direct
sighting and footmark).

Hyena Den Scat of Hyena Artificial pond Scat of Leopard

Figure 4. Map Showing the Survey Routes and Points of Danda Forest Patch

Bhagra Forest Patch

Five surveys routes/transect were searched, three towards southern part and two towards
northern part of the highway. Wild boar’s (direct sighting, footmark, and scraps) was the
highest recorded signs followed by barking deer (footmark), spotted deer (footmark) and
Rhesus monkey (direct sighting) in the Southern part of the forest. While, signs of large

9

mammal species such as Leopard, barking deer, spotted deer were recorded at the Northern
part of the forest.
Within this forest patch, undergrowth vegetation was mainly dominated by Thakal plant with
Sal as a major forest tree species. Majority of the forest were scientifically managed Sal forest
along with Thakal and Kas in some parts. Various water drums were also placed in different
parts in the forest. A pond was also found few meters ahead of a culvert inside the forest.
There were two grasslands inside the forest.

Artificial pond Pugmark of Hyena Natural Pond

Figure 5. Map Showing the Survey Routes and Points of Bhagra Forest Patch

Dumkibas Forest Patch

Dumkibas forest area is also one of the largest forest patches where majority of the forest is
managed by government as scientific forest management system. The forest patch is largely
dominated by Sal species along with sal associated species like Terminalia tomentosa (Saj),
Lagerstomia parviflora (Botdhangera).
North side – Signs of various animals like Tiger, Rhinoceros, Wild boar, Spotted deer, barking
deer, Peacock, Fox, Sambar, Rhesus monkey, and Red jungle fowl were found. Whereas,
Tiger pugmark were recorded at the North-eastern part from the forest along the fire line near
Thulo Khahare Khola. Majority of the forest was Sal along with Thakal, Saj, Botdhangero, etc.
Many areas of the forest were seen being destroyed by forest fire. There were no water

10

sources in the forest expect few puddles of water in the Khahare Khola. Water tanks were
fitted in various places along the fire line for putting out forest fires.
South side – Similar animals like One-Horned Rhinoceros, barking deer, Spotted deer, Wild
boar, Rusa unicolor (Sambar), Macaca mulatta (Rhesus monkey), Striped hyena, Gallus
gallus (Red jungle fowl) with other animals like Common leopard, Felis chaus (Jungle cat) and
Domestic buffalo were found in this side of the forest. Three adult Rhinoceross were directly
sighted at the Natural pond (X: 27.5927798 Y: 83.938847) in the Southeastern part of the
forest. Similar habitat was found in this side of the forest. Water drum along the fire line was
also found. Machan was also found in both side of the forest.

Rhinoceros Habitat
Scat of Jungle cat Hoofmark of Spotted deer Pugmark of Tiger (3 Rhinoceros sighted)
deer
Figure 6. Map Showing the Survey Routes and Points of Dumkibas Forest Patch

Daunne Forest Patch

Daunne as the six-forest patch adjoining NB road mainly constitute of hilly forest area.
Dominated by the Sal forest, this forest patch joins Chitwan national park with the western hilly
region as a form of wildlife corridor. Signs of Leopard and wild boar were recorded in northern
part from the road of the forest patch while no signs were found due to leaf litter throughout
the survey route towards south. However, stream was found along the culvert.

11

Figure 7. Map Showing the Survey Routes and Points of Daunne Forest Patch

12

Table 2: Species Recorded in the Sign Survey along with their Forest Patches and
Survey Routes.

Name of Species Recorded in The Sign Survey

S. Additional
Forest Towards North Survey Towards South Survey
N. Information
Patch from Highway Route from Highway Route
Striped Hyena,
1 Mongoose, Large T_1
Indian Civet
Spotted Deer,
Wild Boar,
2 Thumse Barking Deer, Wild T_2 T_4
Barking Deer
Boar, Mongoose
Striped Hyena,
3 Rhinoceros, Barking T_3
Deer, Leopard
Rhinoceros, Wild Rhinoceros,
4 K_1 K_2
Boar Wild Boar

Rhinoceros, Wild
5 K_3 Wild Boar K_4
Boar
Kawasoti
Rhinoceros, Wild
6 K_5
Boar
Wild Boar K_6
7 Leopard, Wild Boar K_7

Barking Deer,
Wild Boar,
8 Wild Boar Dc_2 Dc_1
Rhesus
Monkey,

9 Wild Boar Dc_3 Den of

Striped
Danda
Hyena
Wild Boar, Recorded
10 Wild Boar Dc_4 Dc_6
Spotted Deer
Striped Hyena, Wild
11 Boar, Leopard, Dc_5
Python, Gecko
Striped Hyena,
Barking Deer,
Spotted Deer, Wild Wild Boar,
12 B_3 B_1
Boar, Rhesus Indian Rabbit,
Monkey, King Presence of
Cobra, Sloth Bear,
Bhagra Presence
Wild Boar,
13 B_2 Of Blue
Barking Deer
Wild Boar, Barking Sheep
Deer, Peacock, B_4 Wild Boar,
King Cobra, Rhesus
14 B_5
Monkey,
Barking Deer

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 Name of Species Recorded in The Sign Survey
S. Additional
Forest Towards North Survey Towards South Survey
N. Information
Patch from Highway Route from Highway Route
Tiger, Rhinoceros, Rhinoceros,
15 Wild Boar, Barking D_1 Spotted Deer, D_2
Deer, Spotted Deer, Wild Boar,
Striped Hyena,
Rhinoceros,
Leopard, Barking
Sambar, Wild
Deer, Spotted Deer,
Boar, Barking
16 Wild Boar, Sambar, D_6 D_3
Deer, Spotted
Rhesus Monkey,
Deer, Indian
Red Jungle Fowl; Person
Hare,
Dumkibas Domestic Buffalo, Killed by
Barking Deer, Rhinoceros
Spotted Deer,
Tiger, Wild Boar,
17 Wild Boar, D_4
Spotted Deer,
Sambar,
Barking Deer, Fox,
D_7 Rhesus Monkey
Sambar, Rhesus
Barking Deer,
Monkey, Peacock,
Sambar,
18 Red Jungle Fowl D_5
Spotted Deer,
Jungle Cat
Rhinoceros, Spotted
19 Da_1
Deer, Wild Boar
Cattles
Daunne Rhinoceros, Wild Leopard Da_2 Eaten by
Boar, Barking Deer,
Tiger
20 Spotted Deer, Da_3
Sambar, Indian
Hare,

Higher proportion of prey species as well as less human disturbance (Giri, 2019). Dumkibas
forest patch being managed and protected by divisional forest office and Buffer zone shows
less human disturbance and presence of large number of prey species which may have
resulted comparatively suitable habitat for tiger in this patch of forest.
Common leopard, another important carnivore for Nepal, found more sign than tiger but only
towards north of the highway. It is possible that they may be using northern area only due to
possible conflict with tiger towards south but the studies have pointed that leopard can co-
exists with tiger avoiding competition by temporal shift of habitat use when tiger is not using
(Thapa, 2011).

14

7. References

1. EIA 2017. Environmental Impact Assessment Study of Narayanghat-Butwal Road (115

km). Kathmandu: Ministry of Population and Environment.
2. Giri, M., 2019. An assessment of habitat use by Tiger and impact of Narayanghat-
Butwal road expansion project on tiger and its prey species in Arunkhola-Dumibash
forest, Nawalpur.A project paper submitted for the partial fulfillment of Bachelor of
Science in Forestry degree, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu Forestry College,
Kathmandu, Nepal.

3. Thakur, S., Upreti, C. R., & Jha, K. 2014. Nutrient analysis of grass species consumed
by greater one-horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Chitwan National Park,
Nepal. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2(4), 402-408.

4. Thapa, T.2011.Habitat Suitability Evaluation for Leopard (Panthera pardus) using

Remote Sensing and GIS in and around Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Ph. D.
dissertation, wildlife Institute of India, Saurashtra University, India

15

 ANNEXES

16

Annex 3.4-1: List Water Sources Along with GPS Coordinates

Forest GPS coordinates N/S from Remark

Survey
S.N Patch X Y the
Routes
Name coordinate coordinate Highway
1 27.71278 84.34380 North Natural Pond
2 T_1 27.71369 84.34352 North Natural Pond
Natural water
3 27.71433 84.34325 North
source
Natural water
4 27.70153 84.33338 South
source
Thumse
Natural water
5 T_4 27.70052 84.33173 South
source
6 27.69891 84.33163 South Natural pond
7 27.69816 84.33133 South Natural pond
Natural water
8 T_3 27.70433 84.33310 North
source
9 K_1 217306 3061877 North Artificial pond
10 K_2 219997 3062913 North Artificial pond
11 Kawasoti K_3 218543 3062894 North Natural pond
12 K_6 220415 3062130 North artificial pond
13 K_7 218012 3060813 south Artificial pond
14 27.61546 84.07111 south Artificial pond
15 T_1 27.61872 84.06941 south Artificial pond
16 27.62476 84.06063 south Artificial pond
17 27.6246 84.05878 North Artificial pond
18 27.63878 84.04594 North Natural pond
T_2 Seasonal water
19 27.6336307 84.0752586 North
source
seasonal water
20 Danda 27.6392058 84.0747487 North
source
Seasonal water
21 27.6444608 84.0731124 North
T_3 source
22 27.6350693 84.068988 North Artificial Pond
Seasonal water
23 T_4 27.6349029 84.0655747 North
source
Seasonal water
24 T_5 27.6316199 84.056744 North
source
Seasonal water
25 T_6 27.6310967 84.0417417 south
source
Artificial water
26 27.6154976 84.0386661 North
source
Artificial water
27 27.6275745 83.9612539 North
B_4 source
Bhagra
Natural water
28 27.6298925 83.9611458 North
source
Natural water
29 27.6302736 83.9617695 North
source

17

 Forest GPS coordinates N/S from Remark
Survey
S.N Patch X Y the
Routes
Name coordinate coordinate Highway
Natural Water
30 27.6344884 83.96491 North
source
31 27.617284 83.9797488 North River
32 27.6166193 83.9808314 North Small river
33 27.616067 83.980953 North Natural pond
34 B_3 27.6156783 83.9809634 North Natural pond
35 27.6148782 83.980571 North River
Natural water
36 27.61437 83.9813992 North
source
Natural water
37 27.6146153 83.9817812 North
source
38 27.6210845 83.9846024 North Small river
Natural water
39 B_1 27.59921 83.99874 South
source
40 27.6024 83.99895 South Small puddle
41 27.62426 83.8941 South Small river
D_2
42 27.5927798 83.938847 South Natural pond
43 Dumkibas 27.5914393 83.9422095 South Natural Pond
44 D_5 27.5854212 83.9266007 South Small pond
Artificial water
45 D_7 27.5877555 83.9034669 North
source
46 DA_1 27.5500054 83.8401499 North Small Pond
Small water
47 Daunne DA_2 27.5536863 83.835856 North
source
Artificial water
48 - 27.5533618 83.8279062 South
source

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Annex 3.4-2: Details of All the Personnel Consulted Before/During Sign Survey

Designation and
SN Name Contact No.
Institution
Ilaka forest office,
Mukundasen

1 JyotiKoirala Asst.Forest Officer (AFO) 9846083143

2 JagannathPoudel Office asst., Sikhrouli BZUC 9857041753

Kawasoti sector forest

office, Kawasoti
3 Krishna B. Devkota Asst. Forest Officer 9852051520
AFO, Maharaja Ilaka
4 Mrs.ChandaniDevkota 9845123386)
Forest, Kawasoti
5 Bal B. Rana Jamadar 9847484366
6 Meghnath 9867824020
Sector Forest Office,
Bardaghat
6 Bharat Bhandari AFO 98450573610
Arunkhola Sector Office
7 Gyan Singh Gurung AFO 9847084038
Lamichaur BZUC
8 Basu 9840489549
BhagraIlaka Forest Office
10 Ganesh Chandra Devkota AFO 9851215253
11 Ishowar Wagle 9851239222
Ghiukhola CF
12 Lanimakanta Parajuli 9867858967
13 Meghnath Bhattarai 9867824020
14 Purna B. Chairperson 9847326380
15 Tara Bhattarai Secretary 9847148241
Madhyabindu SFM
16 Ramprasad Neupane Chairpesron -984714511
17 Basudev Rijal Vice-Chairperson 9847240052
18 Jayaram Bhatta Forest Guard 9814935171
Dumkibas
Forest guard (national 9615397946,
19 Bir B. Kumal, Dumkibas
forest), 9817514624
Sikhrouli BZUC
20 Jagannath Poudel Office Secretary 9857041753
Gosaibaba BZUC
21 Biphal Chaudhary 9847377825

Officials contacted

19

 Designation and
SN Name Contact No.
Institution
Assistant Conservation
22 Bed B. Khadka Officer, Officiating CCO of 9741014175
CNP
DFO, DFO Offiice,
23 Vijay raj Subedi 9855041040
Nawalparasi
Assistant Conservation
24 BinayaK.Mishra Officer, Amaltari Sector, 9811963826
CNP

20

Annex 3.4-3: Table Showing the Potential Camera Trap Location For 2nd Camera Trap
Survey

S. Forest patch GPS coordinate

Remark
N. Name X_Coordinate Y_coordinate
Prevous camera trap location,
1 Thumse 27.70281 84.33932
Rhinoceros movement
2 27.70233 84.33377 Previus camera trap location
3 27.70233 84.33377 possible wildlife crossing
4 27.702702 84.335488 Natural water source
Previous camera trap location
5 Kawasoti 27.65944 84.16041
(5,6)
Previous camera trap location (7,
6 27.65407 84.14556
8)
Previous camera trap location (9,
7 27.64814 84.13462
10)
8 27.656755 84.152653 WWF proposed, PP10
9 27.650210 84.138699 EIA proposed for culvert upgrade
Danda- previous camera trap location
10 27.625196 84.066858
Chormara (13, 14)
11 27.625724 84.058220 WWF proposed, PP8
12 27.625120 84.048784 WWF proposed, PP7
Bridge Proposed by wildlife
13 27.622811 84.030848
expert
Under bridge, possible animal
14 27.617631 84.024347
crossing
15 Bhagra 27.605606 83.996484 River
16 27.605259 83.989110 River (WWF proposed, PP6)
17 27.605802 83.979895 previous camera location
18 27.613416 83.961816 previous camera loaction
19 Dumkibas 27.60689 84.93926 signs of wild animals
20 27.60414 83.93098 Sign of Tiger pugmark
21 27.60202 83.91144 Hoofmark of Sambar deer
22 27.59972 83.889 previous camera location (31,32)
23 27.603155 83.916414 Potential route of Tiger
Way to Rhinoceros habitat (WWF
24 27.604302 83.930640
propose, PP5)
Natural water source (WWF
25 Daune 27.579050 27.579050
recommended PP2)
26 27.562341 83.846427 Natural water source
27 27.553081 83.827970 Natural water source
28 27.556 83.8199 Natural water source

21

 Annex 3.4-4. Detail List of Sign Survey Data About the Wild Animals Recorded

N/S
Chainage Forest Observation of
S. Rout from Forest Terrain
Location Patch Species Sign Type Remarks
N. e No. High Type Type
From To Name (Sign/Direct)
way
Striped Hyena,
Sf, Thakal, Human Trail,
1 T_1 N Mongoose, Large Pm/ Hm
Mix Forest Foot Hill
Indian Civet
Spotted Deer,
Barking Deer,
2 T_2 N Hm, S, Ds Sf Human Trail
Thumse - Wild Boar,
Thums
Sisnedan 07+000 11+400 Mongoose
e
da Striped Hyena,
Rhinoceros, Sand Bed,
3 T_3 N Pm,S Rg, Sf
Barking Deer, Flat Terrain
Leopard
Wild Boar,
4 T_4 S Sc, Hm Sf Foot Hill
Barking Deer
Dung,
Rhinoceros, Wild
5 K_1 N Footmark, Sf Flat Terrain
Boar
Hoof Mark
Wild Boar, Footmark,
6 K_2 S Sf Flat Terrain
Rhinoceros Scat
Rhinoceros, Wild Foot Mark,
7 K_3 N Sf Flat Terrain
Lokahakh Boar Scat
8 Kawas K_4 S Wild Boar Scat, Scrape Sf Flat Terrain
ola - 26+000 31+000
oti
Kawasoti Rhinoceros , Wild Footmark,
9 K_5 N Sf Flat Terrain
Boar Scat
10 K_6 S Wild Boar Scraps Sf Flat Terrain
Leopard
Leopard, Wild Pugmark, Residency
11 K_7 N Sf Flat Terrain
Boar Scraps, Scat (X:220449,
Y: 3062924)

22

 N/S
Chainage Forest Observation of
S. Rout from Forest Terrain
Location Patch Species Sign Type Remarks
N. e No. High Type Type
From To Name (Sign/Direct)
way
Direct Mix Forest,
Rhesus Monkey,
Sighting, Riverine
12 Dc_1 S Barking Deer, Flat Terrain
Footmark, Forest, Sal
Wild Boar,
Hoofmark Forest
Wild Boar, Scrape,
Grassland, Flat Terrain,
Leopard, Python, Pugmark, Elephant
13 Dc_2 N Sal Forest, Slight Hilly
Gecko, Striped Crawl Mark, Grass
Mix Forest Terrain
Hyena Scat
Thakal
Forest, Den
Of Striped
Chormara Wild Boar, Striped Scat/Scrape,
36+700 43+300 Danda Flat Terrain, Hyena(X:
14 -Danda Dc_3 N Hyena, Spotted Pugmark, Sal Forest
Slightly Hilly 27.6316301
Deer Scat
Y:
84.0396907)

Wild Boar, Scraps,

15 Dc_4 N Mix Forest Flat Terrain Grassland
Leopard Pugmark
Wild Boar, Striped Direct
16 Dc_5 N Hyena, Spotted Sighting, Sal Forest Flat Terrain
Deer Scat, Scat
Wild Boar, Thakal
17 Dc_6 S Scat, Scat Sal Forest Hilly Terrain
Spotted Deer Forest
Wild Boar, Indian Scrapes,
18 B_1 S Sal Forest Flat Terrain
Rabbit, Pallet
Wild Boar, Scrapes,
19 Bhagra- B_2 S Sal Forest Flat Terrain
Bhagr Barking Deer Hoofmark
Arunkhol 44+200 50+000
a Hoofmark, Tractor
a Barking Deer,
Direct Hilly Terrain, Road,
20 B_3 N King Cobra, Sal Forest
Sighting, Churie Burned
Rhesus Monkey,
Direct Forest

23

 N/S
Chainage Forest Observation of
S. Rout from Forest Terrain
Location Patch Species Sign Type Remarks
N. e No. High Type Type
From To Name (Sign/Direct)
way
Leopard, Spotted Sighting,
Deer, Wild Boar Pugmark,
Call,
Hoofmark
Wild Boar, Hoofmark, Burned
21 Peacock, King Direct Hilly Terrain, Forest,
B_4 N Mix Forest
Cobra, Barking Sighting, Call Flat Terrain Thakal
Deer, Scrape, Call Forest
Scrapes,
Wild Boar,
Direct
22 B_5 S Rhesus Monkey, Sal Forest Flat Terrain
Sighting,
Barking Deer
Hoofmark
Hoofmark,
Wild Boar,
Hoofmark, Thakal
Barking Deer, Sal Forest,
23 D_1 N Scat, Hilly Terrain Forest,
Spotted Deer, Mix Forest
Footmark, Forest Fire
Rhinoceros, Tiger
Pugmark
3 Rhinoceros
Bathing In
Natural
Spotted Deer, Hoofmark, Sal Forest,
Arunkhol Pond(X:
24 Dumki D_2 S Wild Boar, Scat, Direct Khar Flat Terrain
a- 50+400 59+300 27.5927798
bas Rhinoceros Sighting Grasses
Dumkibas Y:
83.938847)

Wild Boar,
Hoofmark,
Barking Deer,
Scat, Scat, Riverine
Spotted Deer,
25 D_3 S Scat, Forest, Sal Flat Terrain
Indian Hare,
Footmark, Forest
Rhinoceros,
Hoofmark
Sambar

24

 N/S
Chainage Forest Observation of
S. Rout from Forest Terrain
Location Patch Species Sign Type Remarks
N. e No. High Type Type
From To Name (Sign/Direct)
way

Barking Deer,
Hoofmark,
Spotted Deer,
Scat,
26 D_4 S Wild Boar, Sal Forest Flat Terrain
Scrapes,
Sambar, Rhesus
Hoofmark,
Monkey
Direct
Sighting
Hoof Mark,
Barking Deer,
Hoof Mark,
27 D_5 S Sambar, Spotted Sal Forest Flat Terrain Forest Fire
Scat,
Deer, Jungle Cat
Pugmark
Hoofmark,
Barking Deer, Scat,
Spotted Deer, Scrapes,
Wild Boar, Hoofmark,
Thakal
Sambar, Rhesus Direct
Flat Terrain, Forest,
28 D_6 N Monkey, Sighting, Sal Forest
Churie Burned
Domestic Buffalo, Hoofmark,
Forest
Striped Hyena, Pugmark,
Red Jungle Fowl, Direct
Leopard Sighting,
Pugmark
Hoofmark,
Wild Boar,
Scat,
Spotted Deer,
Hoofmark,
Barking Deer,
Direct
29 D_7 N Peacock, Fox, Sal Forest Flat Terrain Fire Line
Sighting,
Sambar Rhesus
Scat,
Monkey, Tiger
Hoofmark,
Red Jungle Fowl,
Direct

25

 N/S
Chainage Forest Observation of
S. Rout from Forest Terrain
Location Patch Species Sign Type Remarks
N. e No. High Type Type
From To Name (Sign/Direct)
way
Sighting,
Pugmark,
Direct
Sighiting
Hoof Mark, Daunne
Wild Boar,
Direct Temple, Wild
30 Da_1 N Rhesus Monkey, Mix Forest Hilly Terrain
Sighting, Boar Loafing
Binaykhol Leopard
Daunn Pugmark Site
a- 59+800 66+300 Artificial
e
31 Daunne Da_2 S Leopard Scat Mix Forest Hilly Terrain Water
Source
32 Da_3 N Leopard Pugmark Mix Forest Hilly Terrain Leopard Den

26