FLUID

MECHANICS

JEJOMAR DUQUE, CE
 FLUID DYNAMICS

I. FLUID FLOW
II. BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
 II. FLUID DYNAMICS
FLUID FLOW
SYSTEM
Is a fixed quantity of matter and no mass is
allowed to cross the system boundary.

CONTROL VOLUME
Is a space of interest where mass can cross the
boundary. The boundary of the control volume
is called control surface.
 II. FLUID DYNAMICS
FLUID FLOW
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
“For any closed system to all transfers of matters
and energy (both of which have mass), the
mass of the system must remain constant over
time, as system mass cannot change quantity if
it is not added or removed.”

CONTROL Mass
Mass
VOLUME leaving
entering
per unit
per unit
time
time Increase in mass per unit time
 II. FLUID DYNAMICS
FLUID FLOW
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
Mass entering per unit time = mass leaving per
unit time + increase of mass in the control
volume per unit time
STEADY FLOW
No Increase of mass in the control volume per
unit time
Mass entering per unit time = mass leaving per
unit time
 II. FLUID DYNAMICS
FLUID FLOW
FLOW IN STREAM TUBE 𝒖𝟐
2
ρ𝟐

1
𝑨𝟐

STEADY FLOW
𝒖𝟏 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐
ρ𝟏 Where: A = cross-sectional area of the flow
𝑨𝟏 u = velocity of the flow
ρ = density of fluid
 II. FLUID DYNAMICS
FLUID FLOW
MASS FLOW RATE (𝒎)
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝝆𝑽 𝒅𝒎
𝒎= = 𝒎=
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒅𝒕
Where: V = volume; m = mass
VOLUME FLOW RATE
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒅𝑽
𝑸= 𝑸 = 𝑨. 𝒖 𝑸=
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒅𝒕
WEIGHT FLOW RATE
𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝜸𝑽
𝒘= =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
Where: γ = unit weight
 II. FLUID DYNAMICS
FLUID FLOW
FLOW IN STREAM TUBE 𝒖𝟐
2 STEADY FLOW
𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐
ρ𝟐
ρ𝟏 𝑸𝟏 =ρ𝟐 𝑸𝟐
1 CONTINUITY EQ’N
𝑨𝟐
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS
ρ𝟏 =ρ𝟐
𝒖𝟏
𝑸 𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐
ρ𝟏 𝑨𝟏
 II. FLUID DYNAMICS

BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
CONSERVATION CONSERVATION
OF ENERGY OF MASS
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐

WORK-ENERGY EQ’N INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS

𝑸 𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = ∆𝑲𝑬
 II. FLUID DYNAMICS
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
“In a steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy
in a fluid along the streamline is the same at all
points on that streamline.” 2

𝒗𝟐 𝑷𝟐

𝑷𝟏 1
𝒛𝟐
𝒗𝟏
𝒛𝟏
Datum
 II. FLUID DYNAMICS
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
“For an inviscid flow of a conducting fluid, an
increase in the speed of the fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a
decrease in the fluids potential energy.”
𝛒𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝛒𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝑷𝟏 + 𝛒𝒈𝒛𝟏 + = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝛒𝒈𝒛𝟐 +
𝟐 𝟐

Stagnation
pressure Dynamic
pressure
 II. FLUID DYNAMICS
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
In terms of pressure
𝛒𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝛒𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝑷𝟏 + 𝛒𝒈𝒛𝟏 + = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝛒𝒈𝒛𝟐 +
𝟐 𝟐

In terms of energy head

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ 𝒛𝟏 + = + 𝒛𝟐 +
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈
 II. FLUID DYNAMICS
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE (w/o LOSSES)
Energy grade line 𝑽𝟐𝟏
𝟐𝒈
𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 2

𝒗𝟐
𝑬𝟏
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑬𝟐
𝜸
1
𝒛𝟐
𝒗𝟏
𝑷𝟏 𝒛𝟏
Datum
 II. FLUID DYNAMICS
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE (w/ LOSSES)
𝑯𝑳
𝑽𝟐𝟏
𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝒈
𝟐𝒈 𝑷𝟐
𝜸
𝒗𝟐 2
𝑬𝟏
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑬𝟐
𝜸
1
𝒛𝟐
𝒗𝟏
𝑷𝟏 𝒛𝟏
Datum