NOORUL ISLAM CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

NOORUL ISLAM UNIVERSITY, KUMARACOIL

M.E. BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS

SEMESTER I

Sl. Course
Course Title L T P C
No Code

THEORY

1 MA1501 3 1 0 4
Advanced Mathematics
2 BM1501 3 0 0 3
Advanced Bio Signal processing
3 BM1502 3 0 0 3
Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation
4 BM1503 3 0 0 3
Applied Medical Image Processing
5 BM1504 3 0 0 3
Anatomy and Physiology
6 XX5E1 3 0 0 3
Elective I
PRACTICAL

7 BM1571 0 1 2 2
Medical Image & Signal Processing Lab
TOTAL 18 2 2 21
MA1501 ADVANCED MATHEMATICS 3 1 0 4

AIM:
To gain a well found knowledge of optimizing a function and variational problems which
provide necessary mathematical support and confidence to tackle real life problems.

OBJECTIVE:
The course objective is to extend the ability of the students in the areas of Matrix Theory
and Stochastic Processes. This will be applicable in Engineering practices and serve as a pre-
requisite for higher studies and research.

UNIT I ADVANCED MATRIX THEORY 9

Generalised Eigen vectors– Jordan canonical form –– Matrix norms – Singular value
decomposition – Pseudo inverse – Least square approximations – QR algorithm.

UNIT II SPECIAL FUNCTION 9

Bessel's equation – Bessel function – Recurrence relations - Generating function and
orthogonal property for Bessel functions of first kind – Fourier-Bessel expansion.

UNIT III RANDOM PROCESSES 9

Classification – Stationary random processes – Ergodic process - Auto correlation – Cross
correlation – Properties - Power spectral density.

UNIT IV DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING 9

Bellman’s principle of optimality – Characteristics of the dynamic programming model –
The recursive equation - Backward and Forward approach – Applications of Dynamic
programming problem in Allocation problems , Shortest route problem and Cargo loading
Problem

UNIT V CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS 9

Euler’s equation – Functional dependent on first and higher order derivatives –
Functional dependent on functions of several independent variables -Isoperimetric Problems.

L: 45 + T: 15, TOTAL: 60 PERIODS

REFERENCES:
1. Bronson, R., “Matrix Operations”, Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw–Hill, New
York,1989.
2. Gupta, A.S., “Calculus of Variations with Applications”, Prentice-Hall of India, New
Delhi, 1997.
3. Dr.Venkataraman, M.K., “ Higher Mathematics for Engineering and Science”, National
Publishing Company.1992.
4. Taha, H.A., “Operations Research – An Introduction”, Sixth Edition, Prentice-Hall of
India, New Delhi,1992.
5. Gupta, P.K. and Hira, D.S., “Operations Research”, S.Chand & Co. New Delhi,2001.
6. Peebles Jr., P.Z., “Probability, Random Variables and Random Signal Principles”,
McGraw-Hill Inc..2002.
BM1501 ADVANCED BIO SIGNAL PROCESSING 3003

UNIT –I INTRODUCTION TO BIOMEDICAL SIGNALS 9

Examples of Biomedical signals - ECG, EEG, EMG etc - Tasks in Biomedical Signal
Processing - Computer Aided Diagnosis. Origin of bio potentials - Review of linear systems -
Fourier Transform and Time Frequency Analysis (Wavelet) of Biomedical signals- Processing of
Random & Stochastic signals – spectral estimation – Properties and effects of noise in
biomedical instruments - Filtering in biomedical instruments

UNIT –II CONCURRENT, COUPLED AND CORRELATED PROCESSES 9

Illustration with case studies – Adaptive and optimal filtering - Modeling of Biomedical
signals - Detection of biomedical signals in noise -removal of artifacts of one signal embedded in
another-Maternal-Fetal ECG-Muscle- contraction interference. Event detection - case studies
with ECG & EEG – Independent component Analysis - Cocktail party problem applied to EEG
signals - Classification of biomedical signals.

UNIT –III CARDIO VASCULAR APPLICATIONS 9

Basic ECG - Electrical Activity of the heart- ECG data acquisition – ECG parameters &
their estimation - Use of multiscale analysis for ECG parameters estimation - Noise & Artifacts-
ECG Signal Processing: Baseline Wandering, Power line interference, Muscle noise filtering –
QRS detection - Arrhythmia analysis.

UNIT -IV DATA COMPRESSION 9

Lossless & Lossy- Heart Rate Variability – Time Domain measures – Heart Rhythm
representation - Spectral analysis of heart rate variability - interaction with other physiological
signals.

UNIT –V NEUROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 9

The electroencephalogram - EEG rhythms & waveform - categorization of EEG activity -
recording techniques - EEG applications- Epilepsy, sleep disorders, brain computer interface.
Modeling EEG- linear, stochastic models – Non linear modeling of EEG - artifacts in EEG &
their characteristics and processing – Model based spectral analysis - EEG segmentation - Joint
Time-Frequency analysis – correlation analysis of EEG channels - coherence analysis of EEG
channels.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. D.C.Reddy ,“Biomedical Signal Processing: Principles and techniques” ,Tata McGraw
Hill, New Delhi, 2005
2. Willis J Tompkins , Biomedical Signal Processing -, ED, Prentice – Hall, 1993
REFERENCES BOOKS
1. R. Rangayan, “Biomedical Signal Analysis”, Wiley 2002.
2. Bruce, “Biomedical Signal Processing & Signal Modeling,” Wiley, 2001
3. Sörnmo,“Bioelectrical Signal Processing in Cardiac & Neurological Applications”,
Elsevier
 4. Semmlow, “Bio-signal and Biomedical Image Processing”, Marcel Dekker
5. Enderle, “Introduction to Biomedical Engineering,” 2/e, Elsevier, 2005

BM1502 ADVANCED BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION 3003

UNIT 1: BIOPOTENTIAL MEASUREMENT 9

Electrode-Electrolyte interface, half-cell potential, Polarization- polarisable and
nonpolarizableelectrodes, Ag/AgCl electrodes, Electrode circuit model; motion artifact.
Body Surface recording electrodes for ECG, EMG, and EEG -Internal Electrodesneedle and wire
electrodes- Micro electrodes- metal microelectrodes, Electrical properties of microelectrodes.
Electrodes for electric stimulation of tissue

UNIT II : CARDIOVASCULAR MEASUREMENT 9

ECG Theory, ECG Electrodes,Electrocardiograph,Vectorcardiograph, Amplifiers,
Transient Protection, Interference Reduction, Movement Artifact Circuits, Active Filters, Rate
Measurement, Averaging and Integrator Circuits, Transient Protection Circuits,
Phonocardiography, Blood Pressure Measurement (Invasive and Noninvasive), Blood Flow
meters: Magnetic, Ultrasonic, Thermal Convection Methods, Cardiac Output Measurement (dye
dilution method), Plethysmography

UNIT III : NEURO MEASUREMENT 9

Different waves from different parts of the brain, structure of neuron, Neuro muscular
transmission, Electroencephalography, Evoked Response, EEG amplifier, Biofeedback-
Muscular Measurement- Muscle contraction mechanism, Myoelectric voltages,
Electromyography (EMG)

UNIT IV : SPECIAL SENSES INSTRUMENTATION 9

I. Ear: Mechanism of Hearing, Sound Conduction System, Basic Audiometer; Pure tone
audiometer; Audiometer system Bekesy; Evoked response Audiometer system, Hearing Aids.
II. Vision: Anatomy of Eye, Visual acuity, (Errors in Vision,) Slit Lamp, Tonometer,
ophthalmoscope, Perimeter.

UNIT V : RESPIRATORY INSTRUMENTATION & ELECTRICAL SAFETY 9

Natural Process of Breathing, O2 and CO2 Transport, Regulation of Breathing,

Spirometers, airflow measurement, Oxygenators-Bubble Type, Membrane Type ,Ventilators
Electrical Safety:Significance of Electrical Danger, Physiological Effect of Current, Ground
Shock Hazards, Methods of Accident Prevention Electrical safety codes & standards.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS

1. Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation By R. S. Khandpur, TMH

2. Biomedical Instrumentation, Arumugam

REFERENCES BOOKS

1. Human Physiology- The Mechanism of Body Function By Vander, Sherman,TMH

Ed.1981
2. Introduction To Biomedical Equipment Technology By Carr & Brown
3. Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements By Cromwell, 2nd edition, Pearson
Education.
4. Biomedical Digital Signal Processing, Tompkins, PHI
5. Text book of clinical Ophthalmology- Ronald Pitts Crick, Pang Khaw, 2ndEdition, World
Scientific publication. ISBN 981-238-128-7
6. “Medical Instrumentation” by John G Webster
7. “Hand Book of Biomedical Engineering” by Jacob Klime.

BM1503 APPLIED MEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING 3003

UNIT I : DIGITAL IMAGE FUNDAMENTALS AND TRANSFORMS 9

Image perception, MTF of the visual system, Image fidelity criteria, Image formation
model, Image sampling and quantization – two dimensional sampling theory, Image
quantization, Optimum mean square quantizer, some basic relationships between pixels, matrix
and singular value representation of discrete images, Image transforms – 2D-DFT, DCT, DST,
Walsh- Hadamard, Haar, Slant,KL and their properties..

UNIT II :IMAGE PREPROCESSING 9

Image enhancement – point operation, Histogram modeling, spatial operations,
Transform operations - Image restoration – Image degradation model, Inverse and Weiner
filtering - Image Compression – Spatial and Transform methods

UNIT III : MEDICAL IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION 9

Mathematical preliminaries and basic reconstruction methods, Image reconstruction in
CT scanners, MRI, fMRI, Ultra sound imaging., 3D Ultra sound imaging Nuclear Medicine
Imaging Modalities- SPECT,PET, Molecular Imaging.

UNIT IV: IMAGE ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION 9

Image segmentation- pixel based, edge based, region based segmentation. Image
representation and analysis, Feature extraction and representation, Statistical, Shape, Texture,
feature and image classification – Statistical, Rule based, Neural Network approaches

UNIT V : IMAGE REGISTRATION AND VISUALIZATION 9

Rigid body visualization, Principal axis registration, Interactive principal axis
registration, Feature based registration, Elastic deformation based registration, Medical image
fusion, Image visualization – 2D display methods, 3D display methods, virtual reality based
interactive visualization.
 TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. Atam P.Dhawan, ‘Medical Image Analysis’, Wiley Interscience Publication, NJ, USA
2003.
2. R.C.Gonzalez and R.E.Woods, ‘Digital Image Processing’, Second Edition, Pearson
Education, 2002.
3. Anil. K. Jain, ‘Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing’, Pearson education, Indian
Reprint 2003.
4. Alfred Horowitz, ‘MRI Physics for Radiologists – A Visual Approach’, Second edition
Springer Verlag Network, 1991.
5. Kavyan Najarian and Robert Splerstor,” Biomedical signals and Image processing”,CRC
– Taylor and Francis, New York,2006
6. H.B.Mitchell, “Image fusion Theories and Applications”, Springer verlag Berlin
Heildelberg, 2010.
7. Jerry L.Prince and Jonathan M.Links,” Medical Imaging Signals and Systems”- Pearson
Education Inc. 2006
8. Geoff Dougherty, “Digital Image Processing for Medical Applications,”Cambridge
University Press,India 2009

BM1504 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 3003

OBJECTIVES:

 To understand basics of Human Anatomy and Physiology.

 To study the organs and systems involved in body functions.
 To apply this knowledge into Biomedical engineering field.

UNIT I: CELL STRUCTURE, TISSUE and TISSUE SYSTEMS 9

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology, Basic Anatomical and Physiological
terms - Cell Structure & Functions, different cell organelles and their functions - Tissues and
Tissue Systems-Organization of human system - Introduction to Support Systems - Maintenance
Systems, Control Systems, Defence System and Concept of Homeostasis.

UNIT II: SKELETAL, MUSCULAR and NEURAL SYSTEMS 9

The Skeletal System: Skeleton, Functions of skeleton, Classification of bones, Study of
joints - Structure and function of a Synovial joint - The Muscular System: Types of Muscles in
the body - The characteristics, structure and functions of the Skeletal Muscles, Smooth Muscles
and Cardiac Muscles. Structure of a Neuron. Classification of neurons. Parts of brain cortical
localization of functions. Conduction of action potential in neuron - synaptic transmission. Parts
of spinal cord , simple reflex , with drawl reflex and autonomic nervous system.

UNIT III : DIGESTIVE, EXCRETORY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 9

Gross anatomy of digestive system, functional anatomy of Mouth, Oral cavity, Pharynx,
Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine and Anal canal - Physiology of digestion,
assimilation & peristalsis, Gastric and digestive juices involved during digestion, associated
glands involved in digestive system - Urinary system, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra -
Skin and sweat glands. Functional anatomy male and female reproductive system - Gross
anatomy of the respiratory passages

UNIT IV : BLOOD AND CARDIOVASCULAR 9

Composition of blood corpuscles - RBC, WBC and Platelets - Plasma, hemoglobin -
coagulation of blood and anti coagulants, blood groups and its importance - Sites, functional
anatomy of lymph nodes and their function - Lymphatic system and its’ role in immune system -
Functional anatomy of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries - The organization of systematic
and pulmonary circulation, the cardiac cycle - Blood: Composition and Functions, Blood groups
and their importance - Cardiac output and venous return - Blood pressure and regulation of blood
pressure.Regulation of respiration. Cardiac cycle – ECG - Heart sound - volume and pressure
changes

UNIT V: ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND SPECIAL SENSES 9

Anatomical structure of important endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
pancreas, adrenal and gonads) - Short anatomy of the hypothalamus and the releasing hormones
secreted from it - Structure and function of anterior and posterior pituitary - Function of thyroid,
parathyroid, supra renal and islets of Langerhans.Functions and importance of the parts of the
brain viz., cerebrum,mpons, medulla, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum and autonomic
nervous system [sympathetic and parasympathetic] - Functional anatomy and physiology of eyes,
ears, nose, tongue and skin.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. Anatomy & Physiology, Gary A.Thibodeau, Kevin T.Patton – 7thEdition, Mosby
Publisher 2009.
2. The Human Body, Gillian Pocock& Christopher D.Richards, Oxford University Press,
2009.
3. Guyton ‘Text book of Medical Physiology – WB Jaunder company Philadelphia –
10thedition 2002.
4. Tobin C.E., “Basic Human Anatomy”, McGraw – Hill Publishing Co., Ltd., Delhi 1997.
5. Gibson.J., “Modern Physiology & Anatomy for Nurses”, Blackwell SC Publishing 1981.
6. Essential of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Elaine.N.Marieb Eight Edition, Pearson
Education,New Delhi, 2007.

BM1571 MEDICAL IMAGE & SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB 0122

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Basic representation of biomedical signals

2. Applying filtering methods to reduce noise in biomedical signals
3. Analysis of EEG signal
4. Analysis of ECG signal
5. Detection of QRS complex from ECG signal
6. Analysis of Arrhythmias
7. Adaptive noise canceling
8. Spectral Analysis
9. Gray level transformation and histogram processing of X-ray images.
10. Noise removal and filtering in various medical images
11. Pixel based segmentation of MRI images
12. Edge based segmentation of CT images.
13. Morphological operations on x-ray images.
14. Statistical feature extraction on X-ray and CT images.
15. Medical Image registration.
16. Color image Segmentation – Implementation in medical images
 NOORUL ISLAM CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

NOORUL ISLAM UNIVERSITY, KUMARACOIL

M.E. BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS

SEMESTER II

Sl. Course
Course Title L T P C
No Code

THEORY

1 BM1505 3 0 0 3
Biomedical Imaging Systems
2 BM1506 3 0 0 3
Advanced Virtual Instrumentation
3 BM1507 3 0 0 3
Special Medical Equipments
4 BM1508 3 0 0 3
Advanced Bio-MEMS
5 BM1509 3 0 0 3
Bio Transducers & Sensors
6 XX5E2 Elective II 3 0 0 3

PRACTICAL

7 BM1572 0 1 2 2
Virtual Instrumentation Laboratory
TOTAL 18 1 2 20
BM1505 BIOMEDICAL IMAGING SYSTEMS 3003

UNIT-I X-RAYS AND RADIATION 9

Principles and production of soft and hard X-rays, selection of anodes, Heel Pattern.
Scattered radiation, Porter Bucky system, Cooling system, Radio isotopes- alpha, beta and
gamma radiations. Radio pharmaceuticals.Radiation detectors - Gas Filled, ionization Chambers,
proportional counter, GM counter and Scintillation Detectors.

UNIT-II RADIO DIAGNOSIS AND SPECIAL RADIOLOGICAL EQUIPMENTS 9

Radiography, Angiography, Fluoroscopy, Image Intensifier, Multi section radiography,
Principle, Plane of Movement, Multi section Radiography, CAT, Principle of NMR, MRI,
Digital Fluoroscopy. Angiography, Cine angiography. Digital SubtractionAngiography.
Mammography, CT-colonography.

UNIT-III RADIOISOTOPES AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE SYSTEMS 9

Alpha, Beta and Gamma emission, Principle of radiation detectors, dot scanners, Nuclear
angiogram, brachytherapy,Principles of Radiation therapy. Hazardous effect of Radiation,
Radiation protection Techniques, Safety Limits, Radiation Monitoring, Principle of nuclear
medicine, Production of radionuclides, generators, detectors, analysers-single, multi, thyroid
uptake system, Gamma Camera- Principle of operation, Collimator, Photo multiplier tube, X-Y
Positioning Circuit, Pulse height Analyzer. Principles of SPECT and PET.

UNIT IV THERMAL IMAGING SYSTEM 9

Medical thermography, physics of thermography, infrared detectors, thermographic
equipments, Quantitative medical thermography, pyroelectric vidicon camera,thermal camera
based on IR sensor with digital focal plane array.

UNIT-V SPECIAL IMAGING SYSTEM 9

Ultrasound,physics of ultrasonic waves,A-Scan, B-scan, M-mode
echocardiograph,Endoscopy,Laproscopy-urology,Real time US imaging system- Multi-element
linear array scanners-biological effects of US. Lithotriptors.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXTBOOKS
1. R.S.Khandpur, “Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation”, Tata McGraw-ill Publishing
Company Ltd., New Delhi, 1997. (Unit I - IV).
2. Steve Webb“The Physics of Medical Imaging“, Adam Hilger Philadelphia 1988. (Unit V)

REFERENCES
1. William R.Hendee, E.Russel Ritenour,” Medical Imaging Physics”, Third Edition,
Mosby Year Book, St. Louis, 1992.
2. Physics and Radiobiology of Nuclear Medicine –Third edition – Gopal B.Saha –
Publisher – Springer, 2006.
3. Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering –B.H Brown , PV Lawford, R H Small
wood , D R Hose , D C Barber , CRC Press, 1999.
 4. Standard handbook of Biomedical Engineering and Design – Myer Kutz Publisher –
McGraw – Hill, 2003.
5. P.Raghunathan, “Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy in Medicine” Concepts
and Techniques

BM1506 ADVANCED VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION 3 0 0 3

AIM
To obtain comprehensive knowledge in virtual instrumentation and some of its
biomedical applications.

OBJECTIVES
 To study the basic building blocks of virtual instrumentation.
 To study the various techniques of interfacing of external instruments of PC.
 To study the various graphical programming environment in virtual instrumentation.
 To study biomedical tool boxes in virtual instrumentation.
 To study a few applications in virtual instrumentation

UNIT I : FUNDAMENTALS OF VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION 9

Concept of virtual instrumentation – PC based data acquisition -virtual instrument and
traditional instrument-hardware and software in virtual instrumentation-virtual instrumentation
for test, control and design

UNIT II : INTERFACING OF INSTRUMENTS IN VI SYSTEM 9

Interfacing of external instruments to a PC – RS232, RS 422, RS 485 and USB standards
- IEEE 488 standard – ISO-OSI model for serial bus – Introduction to bus protocols of MOD bus
and CAN bus.

UNIT III : GRAPHICAL PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT IN VI 9

Concepts of graphical programming – Lab-view software – Concept of VIs and sub VI -
Display types – Digital – Analog – Chart – Oscilloscopic types – Loops – Case and sequence
structures - Types of data – Arrays – Formulae nodes –Local and global variables – String and
file I/O.

UNIT IV : .TOOLS IN VI 9
Digital filter design tools –spectral measurement tools – biomedical startup kit-GSD
Application-Image acquisition and processing using LabVIEW

UNIT V : APPLICATIONS IN VI 9
Fourier transforms Power spectrum-Correlation methods-windowing & flittering-
Application in Process --Control Designing of equipments like Oscilloscope, Digital Millimeter
using Lab view Software -Study of Data Acquisition & control using Lab view

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Virtual instrumentation using Lab View, Sanjay Gupta, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing,
first reprint, 2006.
2. S. Gupta and J.P Gupta, ‘PC Interfacing for Data Acquisition and Process Control’,
Instrument society of America, 1994.
3. Peter W. Gofton, ‘Understanding Serial Communications’, Sybex International.
4. Robert H. Bishop, ‘Learning with Lab-view’, Prentice Hall, 2003.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Labview Graphical Programming, “Gary Johnson”, second edition, MC GrawHill,
Newyork, 1997
2. Labview for everyone, “Lisa K. Wells & Jettrey Travis”, Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
1997.
3. Basic Concepts of Labview 4, “Sokoloff”, Prentice Hall, New Jercy, 1998.
4. PC interfacing for Data Acquisition & process control, “S. Gupta, J.P.Gupta”, second
Edition, Instrument Society of America, 1994.

BM1507 SPECIAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS 3003

UNIT I ARRHYTHMIA, AMBULATORY AND FOETAL MONITORING

INSTRUMENTS 9
Cardiac Arrhythmia Simulator, QRS detection techniques, exercise stress
testing,ambulatory monitoring instruments,cardiotocograph,Methods of monitoring foetal heart
rate,monitoring labour activity,recording system.oximeters-ear,pulse oximeter, skin reflectance
oximeter,intravascular oximeter, cardiac-bedside-central monitoring systems

UNIT II BLOOD FLOWMETERS AND CARDIAC OUTPUT MEASUREMENT 9

Electromagnetic blood flowmeter-types, ultrasonic blood flowmeters, NMR blood
flowmeter, lase rdoppler blood flowmeter, indicator dilution method, dye dilution method,
thermal dilution method, measurement of continuous cardiac output derived from the aortic
pressure waveform,impedance technique,ultrasound method.

UNIT III DIATHERMY 9

IR and UV lamp and its application. Thermography – Recording and clinical application.
Short wave diathermy, ultrasonic diathermy, Microwave diathermy, Electro surgery
machine - Current waveforms, Tissue Responses, Electro surgical current level.

UNIT IV RESPIRATORY MEASUREMENT STSTEM 9

Instrumentation for measuring the mechanics of breathing – Spirometer-Lung Volume
and vital capacity, measurements of residual volume, pneumotachometer - Airway resistance
measurement, Whole body plethysmography, Intra-Alveolar and Thoracic pressure
measurements, Apnea Monitor. Types of Ventilators – Pressure, Volume, Time controlled.
Flow, Patient Cycle Ventilators, Humidifiers, Nebulizers, Inhalators.
UNIT V EXTRA CORPOREAL DEVICES AND SPECIAL DIAGNOSTIC
TECHNIQUES 9
Need for heart lung machine, functioning of bubble, disc type and membrane type
oxygenerators, finger pump, roller pump, electronic monitoring of functional parameter.
Haemo Dialyser unit , Lithotripsy, Principles of Cryogenic technique and application,
Endoscopy, Laproscopy.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Joseph J. Carr and John M. Brown, “Introduction to Biomedical equipment technology”,
Pearson education, 2003.
2. John G.Webster, Medical Instrumentation Application and Design, third edition, Wiley
India Edition, 2007.
REFERENCES:
1. Myer Kutz, “Standard Handbook of Biomedical Engineering & Design”, McGraw Hill,
2003.
2. Khandpur R.S, “Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation”, Tata McGraw Hill, New
Delhi, 2003.
3 L.A Geddes and L.E.Baker, “Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation”,
4. Leslie Cromwell, “Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurement”, Pearson Education,
New Delhi, 2007.

BM1508 ADVANCED BIO-MEMS 3003

Unit I: MEMS AND MICROSYSTEMS 9

MEMS and Microsystems- Introduction - Typical MEMS and micro system products -
Application of micro system in healthcare industry - Working principle of Microsystems,
materials for MEMS and Microsystems, micromachining, System modeling and properties of
materials
Unit II: MICROSENSORS AND ACUATORS 9
Mechanical sensors and actuators – beam and cantilever, piezoelectric materials, thermal
sensors and actuators- micro machined thermocouple probe, Peltier effect heat pumps, thermal
flow sensors, Magnetic sensors and actuators- Magnetic Materials for MEMS Devices

Unit III: MICRO OPTO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 9

Fundamental principle of MOEMS technology, light modulators, beam splitter, micro
lens, digital micro mirror devices, light detectors, optical switch

Unit IV: MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS 9

Microscale fluid - Important consideration on micro-scale fluid - Properties of fluid -
expression for liquid flow in a channel, fluid actuation methods, dielectrophoresis, micro fluid
dispenser, micro needle, micro pumps- Typical Micro-fluidic channels - continuous flow system

Unit V DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 9

Drug delivery, micro total analysis systems (MicroTAS) - detection and measurement
methods, microsystem approaches to polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA hybridization,
Electronic nose, Bio chip
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Wanjun Wang, Steven A.Soper “ BioMEMS- Technologies and applications”, CRC
Press, Boca Raton,2007
2. Abraham P. Lee and James L. Lee, BioMEMS and Biomedical Nano Technology,
Volume I, Springer 2006.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Tai Ran Hsu, “MEMS and Microsystems design and manufacture”, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company, New Delhi, 2002
2. Nitaigour Premchand Mahalik, “MEMS”, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New
Delhi, 2007

BM1509 BIO TRANSDUCERS & SENSORS 3003

UNIT I: TRANSDUCER & ITS CHARACTERISTICS 9

Transducer – Definition, Classification of Transducer – analog and digital transducer-
primary and secondary transducer- active and passive transducer Inverse transducer,
Characteristics and choice of transducer, Factors influencing choice of transducer.

UNIT II: RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE TRANSDUCER 9

Resistance Transducer-Basic principle, Potentiometer – Loading effects, Resolution,
Linearity, Non-linear Potentiometer, Noise in potentiometer, Resistance strain gauge – Types,
Resistance thermometer, Thermistors – characteristics, Thermocouple – Compensation circuits –
junction and lead compensation, merits and demerits. Inductance Transducer:- Basic principle,
Linear variable differential transformer, RVDT, Synchro, Induction potentiometer, variable
reluctance accelerometer

UNIT III: CAPACITANCE AND PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER 9

Capacitance Transducer – Basic principle, transducers using change in - area of plates
distance between plates- variation of dielectric constants, frequency response, Merits, demerits
and uses. Piezoelectric transducer- Basic principle, Mode of operation, properties of piezoelectric
crystals, loading effects, frequency response and impulse response uses.

UNIT IV: PRESSURE, DIGITAL AND OTHER MISCELLANEOUS SENSORS 9

Pressure sensors – bourdon tube, bellows, diaphragm. Digital Transducer – shaft encoder,
optical encoder ,digital speed transducer. Hall effect transducer, sound sensors, vibration sensors
– seismic tranducer, chemical sensor – PH sensor, velocity transducer, Introduction to smart
sensors.

UNIT V: BIOSENSORS 9
Overview of Biosensors - Fundamental elements of biosensor devices - Electrochemical
Biosensors - Optical Biosensors - Mass and Acoustic Biosensors
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. A.K. Sawhney “A Course in Electrical and Electronics Measurements and
Instrumentation” – Dhanpat Rai & Co., (Pvt) Ltd., 2000.
2. S.Renganathan “Transducer Engineering” – Allied publishers Limited, 1999.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Ernest O. Doeblin “Measurement Systems – Application & Design” McGraw – Hill
Publishing company, 1990.
2. Woolvert, G.A., “Transducer in Digital Systems” Peter Peregrinus Ltd., England, 1998.
3. D. Patranabis “Principles of Industrial Instrumentation” Tata McGraw – Hill Publishing
Company Limited, New Delhi, 1996.

BM1572 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 0122

1. Creating Virtual Instrumentation for simple applications

2. Programming exercises for loops and charts
3. Programming exercises for clusters and graphs.
4. Programming exercises on case and sequence structures, file Input / Output.
5. Data acquisition through Virtual Instrumentation.
6. Developing voltmeter using DAQ cards.
7. Developing signal generator using DAQ cards.
8. Simulating reactor control using Virtual Instrumentation.
9. Real time temperature control using Virtual Instrumentation.
10. Instrumentation of an amplifier to acquire an ECG signal
11. Ac, Analyse and Present an EEG using virtual instrumentation

12. Image acquisition and processing using Labview.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
 NOORUL ISLAM CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

NOORUL ISLAM UNIVERSITY, KUMARACOIL

M.E. BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS

SEMESTER III

Sl. Course
Course Title L T P C
No Code

THEORY

1 XX5E3 Elective III 3 0 0 3

2 XX5E4 Elective IV 3 0 0 3

3 XX5E5 Elective V 3 0 0 3

PRACTICAL

4 BM1573 0 1 2 2
Medical Instrumentation Laboratory
5 BM15P1 0 0 12 6
Project Work – Phase I
TOTAL 9 1 14 17
BM 1573 MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 0122

1. Study and Check Specifications of an ECG Recorder.

2. Recording of Electromyogram.
3. Measure Blood Pressure Using Sphygmomanometer, Calibration of BP apparatus
4. Study of Audiometer
5. record/monitor heart sounds using Electronic Stethoscope
6. Develop a Photo-plethysmography Sensor for Pulse Rate Measurement
7. Study of Haemodialysis Machine: Dialyzers
8. Respiratory measurement using Spirometry
9. Design and Implement an ECG Amplifier
10. Implement a Heart Rate Meter
11. Study EEG/EMG
12. Study Ophthalmic instruments

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
 NOORUL ISLAM CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

NOORUL ISLAM UNIVERSITY, KUMARACOIL

M.E. BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

CURRICULUM

SEMESTER IV

Sl. Course
Course Title L T P C
No Code

1 BM15P5 Project Work – Phase II 0 0 36 18

TOTAL 0 0 36 18
 NOORUL ISLAM CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION
NOORUL ISLAM UNIVERSITY, KUMARACOIL
M.E. BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS
LIST OF ELECTIVES

Sl.No Course Course Title L T P C

Code

1 BM15A1 Advanced Biomechanics 3 0 0 3

2 BM15A2 Physiological Control systems 3 0 0 3
3 BM15A3 Advanced Rehabilitation Engineering 3 0 0 3
4 BM15A4 Medical Optics 3 0 0 3
5 BM15A5 VLSI Design & Application 3 0 0 3
6 BM15A6 Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition 3 0 0 3
7 BM15A7 Physiological Modeling 3 0 0 3
8 BM15A8 Medical Informatics 3 0 0 3
9 BM15A9 Nano Technology in Medicine 3 0 0 3
10 BM15B1 Embedded Systems for Medical Applications 3 0 0 3
11 BM15B2 Biofluids and Dynamics 3 0 0 3
12 BM15B3 Advanced Biomaterials 3 0 0 3
13 BM15B4 Telemedicine & Expert Systems 3 0 0 3
14 BM15B5 Medical Robotics 3 0 0 3
15 BM15B6 Tissue Engineering 3 0 0 3
16 BM15B7 Hospital Waste Management 3 0 0 3
17 BM15B8 Soft computing for Medical Applications 3 0 0 3
18 BM15B9 Pattern Recognition for Medical Applications 3 0 0 3
BM15A1 ADVANCED BIOMECHANICS 3003

AIM:

 Fundamentals of mechanics involved in human body

 To give an exposure about the uses of bio mechanics in medical and sports.
OBJECTIVES:

 To learn the basic concepts of Biomechanics.

 Application of biomechanics in Sports and medicine.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Introduction to bio-mechanics, relation between mechanics and Medicine, Newton's laws,
biofluid mechanics, soft tissue mechanics, stress, strain, shear rate, viscosity, visco elasticity, non
Newtonian viscosity, mechanical properties of soft biological tissues.

UNIT: II STATICS AND MOTION OF THE BODY 9

Statics and Motion of the body: Forces in the Achilles tendon, forces on the Hip. Stress and
strain, Shear, hydrostatics. Statics of the body: the lower arm. Hip. Statics of synovial joints.
Kinematics and musculature. Forces on the feet.

UNIT: III MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 9

Material components of the body. Elastic properties, bone shortening. Energy storage in
elastic media. Viscoelesticity in bone, bone fractures. Total muscle tension, Muscle fatigue.
Biomechanics of bone and ligament.

UNIT IV MECHANISM OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 9

Skeletal muscles servo mechanism, Cardio vascular control mechanism, respiratory
control mechanism

UNIT V BIO MECHANICAL ASPECT OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION 9

Experimental and Analytical method of analysis, Clinical evaluation, Head Injury
tolerance, rotational injury, spine injury – Accident reconstruction, Analysis of impact, skid
analysis – Damage analysis.

TOTAL: 45

REFERENCES:
1. Bio Mechanics Circulation: Y.C. Fung.
2. Fundamentals of Biomechanics: Nihat Ozkay & Margareta Nordin.
3. Physics of the Human Body. Irving P. Herman
4. Fundamentals of Biomechanics. Duane Knudson
5. D.Dawson and Right, Introduction to Bio-mechanics of joints and joint
replacement,Mechanical Engineering publications Ltd. 1989.
6. Jacob clime, Head book of Bio Medical Engineering, Academic Press in,Sandiego, 1988.
7. Susan J.Hall, Basics Bio Mechanics 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co,2002.
BM15A3 ADVANCED REHABILITATION ENGINEERING 3003

UNIT I PROSTHETIC AND ORTHOTIC DEVICES 9

Hand and arm replacement, different types of models for externally powered limb
prosthetics, feedback in orthotic system, material for prosthetic and orthotic devices, mobility
aids.

UNIT II AUDITORY AND SPEECH ASSIST DEVICES 9

Types of deafness, hearing aids, application of DSP in hearing aids, vestibular
implants,Voice synthesizer, speech trainer.
UNIT III VISUAL AIDS 9
Ultra sonic and laser canes, Intra ocular lens, Braille Reader, Tactile devices for visually
challenged, Text voice converter, screen readers.

UNIT IV MEDICAL STIMULATOR 9

Muscle and nerve stimulator, Location for Stimulation, Functional Electrical
Stimulation,Sensory Assist Devices

UNIT V REHABILITATION MEDICINE AND ADVOCACY 9

Physiological aspects of Function recovery, Psychological aspects of Rehabilitation
therapy, Legal aspect available in choosing the device and provision available in education, job
and in day-to-day life.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Levine.S.N.Editor, Advances in Bio Medical Engineering and Medical Physics, Inter
University Publication, New York 1968.
2. Albert M.Cook and Webster J.G, Therapeutic Medical devices, Prentice Hall Inc.,
NewJersy, 1982.
3. Reswick.J, What is Rehabilitation Engineering, Annual review of Rehabilitationvolume2,
Springer-Verlag, New York 1982.

BM15A4 MEDICAL OPTICS 3003

UNIT I OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE TISSUES 9

Refraction, Scattering, absorption, light transport inside the tissue, tissue properties,
Light interaction with tissues, optothermal interaction, fluorescence, speckles.

UNIT II INSTRUMENTATION IN PHOTONICS 9

Instrumentation for absorption, scattering and emission measurements, excitation light
sources – high pressure arc lamp, solid state LEDs, Lasers, optical filters, polarizer, solid
state detectors, time resolved and phase resolved detectors.

UNIT III APPLICATIONS OF LASERS AND SPECIAL OPTICAL TECHNIQUES 9

Laser in tissue welding, lasers in dermatology, lasers in ophthalmology, otolaryngology,
urology,neurosurgery, dentistry, Near field imaging of biological structures, in vitro clinical
diagnostic, fluorescent spectroscopy, photodynamic therapy .

UNIT IV OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY AND HOLOGRAM 9

Optical coherence tomography, Elastrography, Doppler optical coherence tomography,
Application towards clinical imaging, principle of hologram, optical hologram, applications.

UNIT V OPTICAL BIOPSY 9

Raman, infrared, optoacoustics, ultrasonically modulated optical imaging, molecular
probes, optical tweezers, bioluminescent reporters.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS
1. Tuan Vo Dirh, “Biomedical photonics – Handbook”, CRC Press, Bocaraton, 2003
2. Mark E. Brezinski., Optical Coherence Tomography: Principles and
Applications,Academic Press, 2006.

REFERENCES

1. Leon Goldman, M.D., & R. James Rockwell, Jr., “Lasers in Medicine”, Gordon and
Breach, Science Publishers Inc., New York, 1971

2. R. Splinter and B.A Hooper, An Introduction to BioMedical Optics,Taylor and

francis,2007.

BM15A5 VLSI DESIGN & APPLICATION 3003

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the concepts of MOS transistors operations and their AC , DC
 characteristics.
 To know the fabrication process of cmos technology and its layout design rules
 To understand the latch up problem in cmos circuits.
 To study the concepts of cmos invertors and their sizing methods
 To know the concepts of power estimation and delay calculations in cmos circuits.

UNIT I MOS TRANSISTOR THEORY 9

NMOS and PMOS transistors, CMOS logic, MOS transistor theory – Introduction,
Enhancement mode transistor action, Ideal I-V characteristics, DC transfer characteristics,
Threshold voltage- Body effect- Design equations- Second order effects. MOS models and small
signal AC characteristics, Simple MOS capacitance Models, Detailed MOS gate capacitance
model, Detailed MOS Diffusion capacitance model

UNIT II CMOS TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN RULE 9

CMOS fabrication and Layout, CMOS technologies, P -Well process, N -Well process,
twin –tub process, MOS layers stick diagrams and Layout diagram, Layout design rules, Latch
up in CMOS circuits, CMOS process enhancements, Technology – related CAD issues,
Fabrication and packaging.

UNIT III INVERTERS AND LOGIC GATES 9

NMOS and CMOS Inverters, Inverter ratio, DC and transient characteristics , switching
times, Super buffers, Driving large capacitance loads, CMOS logic structures , Transmission
gates, Static CMOS design, dynamic CMOS design.

UNIT IV CIRCUIT CHARACTERISATION AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION 9

Resistance estimation, Capacitance estimation, Inductance, switching characteristics,
transistor sizing, power dissipation and design margining. Charge sharing .Scaling.

UNIT V VLSI SYSTEM COMPONENTS CIRCUITS AND SYSTEM LEVEL

PHYSICAL DESIGN 9
Multiplexers, Decoders, comparators, priority encoders, Shift registers. Arithmetic
circuits –Ripple carry adders, Carry look ahead adders, High-speed adders, Multipliers. Physical
design – Delay modelling ,cross talk, floor planning, power distribution. Clock distribution.
Basics of CMOS testing.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. Neil H.E. Weste and Kamran Eshraghian, Principles of CMOS VLSI Design, Pearson
Education ASIA, 2nd edition, 2000.
2. John P.Uyemura “Introduction to VLSI Circuits and Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
2002.
3. Eugene D.Fabricius, Introduction to VLSI Design McGraw Hill International Editions,
1990.
4. Pucknell, “Basic VLSI Design”, Prentice Hall of India Publication, 1995.
5. Wayne Wolf “Modern VLSI Design System on chip. Pearson Education.2002.

BM15A6 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND PATTERN RECOGNITION 3003

AIM
 By learning various techniques of problem solving, searching and other knowledge
representation, artificial intelligence will be formed.
 By understanding different types of pattern recognition techniques and decision making,
any patterns in the clinical side can be recognised.

OBJECTIVES
 To study different components of artificial intelligence and basic problem solving
methods.
 To learn the different techniques of pattern recognition and training.
 To learn various rules available in decision making.
 Study the different approaches of pattern classification and application in clinical
diagnosis.
UNIT: I INTRODUCTION 9
Definition of AI, Intelligent agents, perception and language processing, problem solving,
searching, heuristic searching, game playing, Logics, logical reasoning.

UNIT: II BASIC PROBLEM SOLVING METHODS 9

Forward Vs Background, knowledge representation, frame problems, heuristic functions,
weak methods of matching.

UNIT: III PRINCIPLES OF PATTERN RECOGNITION 9

Patterns and features, training and learning in pattern recognition, pattern recognition
approach, different types of pattern recognition.

UNIT: IV DECISION MAKING 9

Baye’s theorem, multiple features, decision boundaries, estimation of error rates,
histogram, kernels, window estimaters, nearest neighbor classification, maximum distance
pattern classifier, adaptive decision boundaries.

UNIT: V CLUSTER ANALYSIS AND FEATURE EXTRACTION 9

Unsupervised learning, hierarchical clustering, Graph theories approach to pattern
clustering, fuzzy pattern classifier, application of pattern recognition in medicine.
TOTAL: 45
TEXT BOOKS
1. Elain Rich and Kevin Knight, “Artificial Intelligence”, 2 nd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill,
1993.
2. Earl Gose, Richard Johnsonbaugh, Steve Jost, “Pattern Recognition and Inmage
Analysis”, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1999.

BM15A7 PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELING 3003

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
System Concept, System Properties, Piece-Wise Linear Approximation, Electrical
Analog for Compliance, Thermal Storage, Mechanical Systems, Step response of a
Resistance/Compliant Systems, Pulse Response of First Order System.

UNIT II TRANSFER FUNCTION 9

System as an Operator use of Transfer Function, Bio Engineering of a Coupled System,
Example of Transformed Signals and Circuits for the Transfer Function with Impedance
concept,Prediction of Performance.

UNIT III PERIODIC SIGNALS 9

Sinusoidal Functions, Sinusoidal Analysis of Instrumentation System, Evaluation of
Transfer Function s from Frequency Response, Relationship between Phase Lag and Time Delay
Transient Response of an Undamped Second Order system, General Description of Natural
Frequency Damping, Physical Significance of Under Damped Responses.
UNIT IV FEEDBACK 9
Characterization of Physiological Feedback Systems, system stability, Uses of System
Stability - Testing of System Stability.

UNIT V SIMULATION OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 9

Simulation of Skeletal muscle servomechanism, thermo Regulation, cardiovascular
control System, Respiration controls, Oculo Motor System, Endocrine control system and
Modelling of receptors.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS

REFERENCES
1. William B. Blesser, A System Approach to Biomedicine, McGraw Hill Book Co, New
York, 1969.
2. Manfreo Clynes and John H. Milsum, Biomedical Engineering System,McGraw Hill and
Co, New York, 1970.
3. Douglas S. Rigg, Control Theory and Physiological Feedback Mechanism,The William
and Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1970 .
4. Richard Skalak and Shu Chien, Hand Book of Biomedical Engineering,McGraw Hill and
Co, New York, 1987.
5. Michael C.K. Khoo, "Physiological Control System" - Analysis, Simulation and
Estimation"- Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2001

BM15B7 HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT 3003

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
The Medical Waste Stream - Types of waste - Waste management elements - Definition
of General and Hazardous health care waste, Infectious waste, Genotoxic waste, Waste Sharps,
Biomedical waste – categories Categorization and composition of Biomedical waste.
Specification of materials. Hospitals & health care establishments & other sources- Regulatory
Requirements.

UNIT II PRINCIPLES OF STERILIZATION 9

Disease Transmission - Disinfection methods – Sterilization - steam sterilizing (Auto
claving) - Microwave (Non-burn treatment technology) - central sterilization unit (CSSD)

UNIT III DISPOSAL OF WASTE 9

Sources of Health care wastes, Disposal methods - Colour coding for different wastes -
Incinerator - Hazardous waste, radioactive waste, liquid waste destruction - landfill.

UNIT IV CONTROLS APPLIED TO WASTE MANAGEMENT 9

Air pollution and Emission control, Water pollution due to hospital waste and control
measures - Instrumentation and monitoring, Crematories

UNIT V ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, RISKS & PUBLIC ISSUES. 9

Risk management in hospitals - Environment issues in hospitals - Risk analysis – Public
issues faced due to Hospital wastes
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. C.R.BRUNNER, Medical Waste Disposable Handbook, Incentrated, Consultant in
orporated, Virginia, 2000.
2. C.R.BRUNNER, Incentrated Consultant in Corporated Incentration System Hand Book,
Virginia.