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INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
MODULES
ELECTRONICS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
OBJECTIVE
MATERIALS
DISCUSSION
PROCEDURES
1. Set the dial of the Digital Multimeter to the continuity test mode.
6. Place the red test probe to the 30 volts terminal of the AC Line Source
and the black test probe to the other 30 volts terminal.
6. Repeat procedures 2 to 5, but place the red test probe to the -5 volts,
+12 volts, and -12 volts terminals, instead.
5. Slowly turn the knob until the maximum value is reached. Observe if the
calibrations are correct.
8. Repeat procedures 2 to 7,but place the red test probe to the negative(-)
terminal of the Variable DC Supply, instead.
4. Adjust the VOLTS/DIV and TIME/DIV knobs of the oscilloscope until you
see a proper visual of the waveform.
Graph 0-A
TIME/DIV
VOLTS/DIV
Graph 0-B
TIME/DIV
VOLTS/DIV
7. Set the knob of the Variable Frequency Clock Generator to its minimum
value. Make sure the multiplier value is set to 1 Hz.
Graph 0-C
TIME/DIV
VOLTS/DIV
USING THE INDUSTRIAL Experiment No.
ELECTRONICS
EXPERIMENTER 0
Industrial Electronics
Graph 0-D
TIME/DIV
VOLTS/DIV
10. Set the knob of the Variable Frequency Clock Generator back to its
minimum value. Switch the multiplier value to 100 KHz.
TIME/DIV TIME/DIV
VOLTS/DIV VOLTS/DIV
12. Repeat procedures 7 to 11, but place the positive test probe of the
oscilloscope to the negative clock (‘CLK) terminal of the Variable
Frequency Clock Generator, instead.
Draw the waveform produced at Graph 0-G, Graph 0-H, Graph 0-I, and
Graph 0-J, respectively.
TIME/DIV TIME/DIV
VOLTS/DIV VOLTS/DIV
USING THE INDUSTRIAL Experiment No.
ELECTRONICS
EXPERIMENTER 0
Industrial Electronics
TIME/DIV TIME/DIV
VOLTS/DIV VOLTS/DIV
5. Repeat procedures 1 to 3, but place the ends of the hook-up wire to the
Data Switch D1, and LED Indicator L2.
Repeat procedures all the way to Data Switch D7 and LED Indicator L8.
USING THE INDUSTRIAL Experiment No.
ELECTRONICS
EXPERIMENTER 0
Industrial Electronics
3. Set the Data Switch D7 to HI. The topmost segment of the display should
light up.
5. Repeat procedures 1 to 4, but place the other end of the hook-up wire
to the seven segment display Segment b.
Testing of Relay
1. Place one end of an appropriately stripped hook-up wire to the +12 volts
terminal of the Fixed DC Supply, and place the other end to the Relay
terminal B.
Testing of Buzzer
1. Place one end of an appropriately stripped hook-up wire to the +12 volts
terminal of the Fixed DC Supply, and place the other end to the positive
(+) terminal of the Buzzer.
V1
5V
+V
V2
5V
+V
R2 R3
1k 1k R1 R4
S1
1k U1 1k
74LS194
CP D3
S2 D2
S1 D1
S0 D0
J1 D
DSR Q3
DSL Q2 C
Q1
MR Q0 B
A
Questions
2. What is the difference between the Clock (CLK) and Not Clock (‘CLK)
terminals?
OBJECTIVES
MATERIALS
1 pc 2N2222 Transistor
1 pc 10KΩ Potentiometer
1 pc 610Ω 1/2W Resistor
1 pc 10KΩ 1/2W Resistor
1 pc LED
1 unit Industrial Electronics Experimenter
1 unit Multimeter
Hook-up wires (AWG#22)
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS
R1
610
D1
R2
10k Q1 + V1
2N2222A 12V
R3
10k 50%
RLY1
12VSPDT
R2 BZ1
+
10k Q1 + V1
R3 2N2222A 12V
10k 50%
-
Schematic Diagram 1-B
DISCUSSION
It has three terminals: the emitter (E), collector (C), and base
(B). There are three common configurations of a transistor: the common-
base, common-emitter, and common-collector. The symbol and
construction of the BJT is shown in Figure 1-A.
PROCEDURES
2. Check the connections and make sure to set the potentiometer to the
lowest value.
4. Set the multimeter in its voltage reading and place the test probes
between the Collector and Emitter terminals of the transistor.
Table 1-A
Collector-
Base Current VR1 + VD1 Mode of
Emitter Voltage (VCE/VCC)*100
(IB) Operation
(VCE)
3 volts
6 volts
9 volts
10 volts
5. Repeat procedure 4, setting the Collector-Emitter voltage (VCE) to 6
volts, 9 volts, and 12 volts.
8. Check the connections and set the potentiometer to the lowest value.
11. Slowly adjust the potentiometer until the buzzer produces a sound.
VCE = ____
QUESTIONS
1. What are the characteristics of the BJT when operating at the Saturation
Region?
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3. What are the characteristics of the BJT when operating at the Cutoff
Region?
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Experiment No.
TRANSISTOR
SWITCHING
1
Industrial Electronics
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CONCLUSION
Experiment No.
SILICON-CONTROLLED
RECTIFIER 2
Industrial Electronics
OBJECTIVES
MATERIALS
1 pc S2003LS3 SCR
1 pc 20KΩ Potentiometer
1 pc 470Ω 1/2W Resistor
1 pc 100KΩ 1/2W Resistor
1 pc LED
1 pc Tact Switch (Normally Open)
1 pc Tact Switch (Normally Closed)
1 unit Industrial Electronics Experimenter
1 unit Oscilloscope
1 unit Analog Multimeter
1 unit Digital Multimeter
Hook-up wires (AWG#22)
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS
D1
R1 LED1
470
V1 + R3
12V 20k 40%
SCR1
S2003LS3
R2
100K
D1
R1 LED1
S1 470
V1 +
12V
S2
SCR1
S2003LS3
R2
100K
DISCUSSION
Figure 2-A
Experiment No.
SILICON-CONTROLLED
RECTIFIER 2
Industrial Electronics
PROCEDURES
2. Place the red test probe to the cathode terminal (K) of the SCR and the
black test probe to the anode terminal (A).
3. Move the black probe so that it touches both the anode (A) and gate (G)
terminals. The needle of the analog multimeter should deflect.
Experiment proper
2. Check the connections and make sure to set the potentiometer to its
maximum value.
4. Measure the voltage across the anode (A) and cathode (K) terminals of
the SCR.
6. Measure the voltage across the anode (A) and cathode (K) terminals of
the SCR.
8. Place the ammeter in series with the pin 3 of the potentiometer and the
gate terminal (G) of the SCR. Make sure to set the potentiometer to its
maximum value.
11. Press normally closed tact switch (S1) and hold. Observe what happens
to the LED.
13. Press normally open tact switch (S2) and observe what happens to the
LED.
QUESTIONS
1. What happens to the needle of the multitester when the black test probe
touches the gate terminal (G) of the SCR? Explain.
Experiment No.
SILICON-CONTROLLED
RECTIFIER 2
Industrial Electronics
TEACHER’S MANUAL
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Experiment proper
_______________________________________________________
2. Assume that the value of the potentiometer is decreased to the point that
the SCR is activated and the LED lights up. Will the LED turn off if the
value of the potentiometer is increased?
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3. When S1 was pressed and held, did the LED light up? Why?
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CONCLUSION
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Experiment No.
SCR PHASE
CONTROL 3
Industrial Electronics
OBJECTIVES
MATERIALS
1 pc S2003LS3 SCR
1 pc 500KΩ Potentiometer
1 pc 2KΩ 1/2W Resistor
1 pc 270Ω 6W Resistor
1 pc 86K Ω 1/2W Resistor
1 pc LED
1 unit Industrial Electronics Experimenter
1 unit Oscilloscope
1 unit Multimeter
Hook-up wires (AWG#22)
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS
R1
270 6W
V1
R4
2K
60 Hz
R3
500k 40%
SCR1
S2003LS3
R2
86K
DISCUSSION
An SCR acts very much like a switch. When it is turned ON, there
is a low-resistance current flow path from anode to cathode; then it acts
like a closed switch. When it is turned OFF, no current can flow from
anode to cathode; then it acts like an open switch.
If the supply voltage is ac, the SCR spends a certain portion of the
ac cycle time in the ON state and the remainder of the time in the OFF
state. The amount of time spent in each state is controlled by the
gate. As the name suggests, the SCR is a rectifier, so it passes current
only during positive half-cycles of the ac supply.
The Firing Delay Angle and Conduction Angle always total 180°.
PROCEDURES
2. Check the connections and make sure to set the potentiometer to its
maximum value.
8. Given different values of Firing Delay Angles at Table 3-A, solve for
their corresponding time values using the formula:
( θ / 360° ) = ( t / (1 / freq) )
where: θ = firing delay angle
t = time equivalent of θ
freq = frequency used (in this case, 60 Hz)
Table 3-A
Firing Delay Time
Firing Delay Angles Equivalent
VRL
(Calculated/Measured)
(Calculated/Measured)
15°
30°
60°
Experiment No.
SCR PHASE
CONTROL 3
Industrial Electronics
9. Draw the waveforms produced at 15, 30, and 60 degrees at Graph 3-A,
3-B, and 3-C, respectively.
Graph 3-C
TIME/DIV= 2mS
VOLTS/DIV= 2V
11. Remove the oscilloscope probes from the Load Resistor (RL) and place
them across the anode (A) and cathode (K) terminals of the SCR.
12. Given similar values of Firing Delay Angles at Table 3-B, copy their
corresponding time values from Table 3-A.
Experiment No.
SCR PHASE
CONTROL 3
Industrial Electronics
13. Adjust the potentiometer according to the solved time values, and
measure the corresponding voltage across the anode (A) and cathode
(K) terminals of the triac (VAK).
Table 3-B
Firing Delay Time
Firing Delay Angles Equivalent
VAK
(Calculated/Measured)
(Calculated/Measured)
15°
30°
60°
14. Draw the waveforms produced across the main terminals of the triac at
15, 30, and 60 degrees at Graph 3-D, 3-E, and 3-F, respectively.
Graph 3-F
TIME/DIV= 5mS
VOLTS/DIV= 2V
QUESTIONS
1. What happens to the voltage across the anode and cathode terminals of
the triac (VAK) as you increase the Firing Delay Angle?
__________________________________________________________
__________________
2. What happens to the Firing Angle Delay as you vary the potentiometer
connected to the Gate terminal (G) of the SCR?
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________________________________ _
3. As you vary the potentiometer connected to the Gate terminal (G) of the
SCR, what is the maximum Firing Delay Angle that the circuit is capable
of having? Is it above or below 90°?
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CONCLUSION
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SCR PHASE Experiment No.
CONTROL
ABOVE 90 DEGREES 4
Industrial Electronics
OBJECTIVES
MATERIALS
1 pc S2003LS3 SCR
1 pc 500KΩ Potentiometer
1 pc 86KΩ 1/2W Resistor
1 pc 2KΩ 1/2W Resistor
1 pc 270Ω 6W Resistor
1 pc 0.022μf Capacitor
1 unit Industrial Electronics Experimenter
1 unit Oscilloscope
1 unit Analog Multimeter
Hook-up wires (AWG#22)
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
R1
270 6W
V1
R4
2K
60 Hz
R3
500k 40% A
G SCR1
S2003LS3
R2
C1
86K K
0.022uF
DISCUSSION
PROCEDURES
1. Recall the procedure on Experiment 2 and test the SCR using the
analog multitester if it is functional.
3. Check the connections and make sure to set the potentiometer to its
minimum value.
4. Set the multitester to the voltage AC range. Place the positive test probe
to the anode terminal (A) and place the negative test probe to the
cathode terminal (K) of the SCR.
6. Slowly adjust the potentiometer until the reading of the voltmeter climbs
to a steady value.
Place the positive test probe of the oscilloscope to the anode terminal
(A) and the negative test probe of the oscilloscope to the cathode
terminal (K) of the SCR.
Adjust the potentiometer until the waveform goes beyond the 90 degree
firing delay angle point. The waveform should not appear as a full sine
wave.
Graph 4-A
TIME/DIV= 5mS
VOLTS/DIV= 2V
13. Place the oscilloscope probes across the load resistor (RL) and make
sure to set the potentiometer to its minimum value.
Graph 4-B
TIME/DIV= 5mS
VOLTS/DIV= 2V
QUESTIONS
2. When the waveform produced across the anode and cathode terminals
of the SCR (VAK) and across the load resistor (VRL) is a full sine wave,
the SCR is in what state?
_____________
CONCLUSION
___________________
Experiment No.
TRIAC
5
Industrial Electronics
OBJECTIVES
MATERIALS
1 pc Q4004L4 Triac
1 pc 20KΩ Potentiometer
2 pcs 820Ω 1/2W Resistor
1 pc 270Ω 6W Resistor
1 unit Industrial Electronics Experimenter
1 unit Oscilloscope
1 unit Multimeter
Hook-up wires (AWG#22)
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS
R1
270 6W
R2
820
V1
R4
60 Hz 20k 40%
R3 Q1
820 Q4004L4
DISCUSSION
Experiment No.
TRIAC
5
Industrial Electronics
Anode 2 (A2)
or
Main Terminal 2 (MT2)
Gate (G)
Anode 1 (A1)
or
Main Terminal 1 (MT1)
When the triac is turned OFF, no current can flow between the
main terminals no matter what the polarity of the externally applied
voltage. The triac therefore acts like an open switch.
When the triac is turned ON, there is a very low resistance current
flow path from one main terminal to the other, with the direction of flow
depending on the externally applied voltage. In this condition, the triac
acts like a closed switch.
PROCEDURES
2. Check the connections and make sure to set the potentiometer to its
minimum value.
Experiment No.
TRIAC
5
Industrial Electronics
3. Use the 30 volts terminal of the AC Line Source as the voltage supply of
the circuit. Make sure to connect the circuit to the GND (0 volt) terminal.
7. Given different values of Firing Delay Angles at Table 5-A, solve for
their corresponding time values using the formula:
( θ / 360° ) = ( t / (1 / freq) )
where: θ = firing delay angle
t = time equivalent of θ
freq = frequency used (in this case, 60 Hz)
Table 5-B
Firing Delay Time
VRL
Firing Delay Angles Equivalent
(Calculated/ Measured)
(Calculated/ Measured)
30°
45°
60°
Experiment No.
TRIAC
5
Industrial Electronics
9. Draw the waveforms produced at 15, 30, and 60 degrees at Graph 5-A,
5-B, and 5-C, respectively.
Graph 5-C
TIME/DIV=2mS
VOLTS/DIV=2V
11. Remove the oscilloscope probes from the Load Resistor (RL) and place
them across the main terminals of the triac (MT1) and (MT2).
12. Given similar values of Firing Delay Angles at Table 5-B, copy their
corresponding time values from Table 5-A.
13. Adjust the potentiometer according to the solved time values, and
measure the corresponding voltage across the main terminals of the triac
(VMT1-MT2).
Table 5-B
Firing Delay Time
VMT1-MT2
Firing Delay Angles Equivalent
(Calculated/ Measured)
(Calculated/ Measured)
30°
45°
60°
14. Draw the waveforms produced across the main terminals of the triac at
15, 30, and 60 degrees at Graph 5-D, 5-E, and 5-F, respectively.
TIME/DIV=2mS TIME/DIV=2mS
VOLTS/DIV= 2V VOLTS/DIV=2V
Experiment No.
TRIAC
5
Industrial Electronics
Graph 5-F
TIME/DIV=2mS
VOLTS/DIV=2V
QUESTIONS
1. What happens to the voltage across the main terminals of the triac (VMT1-
MT2) as you increase the Firing Delay Angle?
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__________________________________________________________
2. What happens to the Firing Angle Delay as you vary the potentiometer
connected to the Gate terminal (G) of the triac?
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. As you vary the potentiometer connected to the Gate terminal (G) of the
triac, what is the maximum Firing Delay Angle that the circuit is capable
of having? Is it above or below 90°?
________
CONCLUSION
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__________________________________________________________
TRIAC PHASE Experiment No.
CONTROL
ABOVE 90 DEGREES 6
Industrial Electronics
OBJECTIVES
MATERIALS
1 pc Q4004L4 Triac
1 pc 20KΩ Potentiometer
2 pcs 820Ω 1/2W Resistor
1 pc 270Ω 6W Resistor
1 pc 22μf Electrolytic Capacitor
1 unit Industrial Electronics Experimenter
1 unit Oscilloscope
1 unit Analog Multimeter
Hook-up wires (AWG#22)
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
R1
270 6W
R2
820
V1
R4
60 Hz 20k 40%
R3 Q1
820 Q4004L4
+
C1
22uF
DISCUSSION
During a negative half cycle, capacitor charges negative on its top plate.
Again, when the voltage across the capacitor gets large enough to deliver
sufficient gate current in the reverse direction through the resistor R 3 to trigger
the triac, the triac fires.
The charging rate of the capacitor is set by the resistor R2. For large R2,
the charging rate is slow, causing a long firing delay and small average load
current. For small resistance R2, the charging rate is fast, the firing delay angle
is small, and the load current is high.
PROCEDURES
2. Check the connections and make sure to set the potentiometer to its
maximum value.
3. Set the multitester to the voltage AC range. Place the positive test probe
to the main terminal 2 (MT2) and place the negative test probe to the
main terminal 1 (MT1) of the triac.
5. Slowly adjust the potentiometer until the reading of the voltmeter climbs
to a steady value.
Place the positive test probe of the oscilloscope to the main terminal 2
(MT2) and the negative test probe of the oscilloscope to the main
terminal 1 (MT1) of the triac.
Adjust the potentiometer until the negative half cycle of the waveform
goes beyond the 90 degree firing delay angle point. Both the positive and
negative half cycle of the waveform should be visible.
Graph 6-A
TIME/DIV=5mS
VOLTS/DIV=2V
12. Place the oscilloscope probes across the load resistor (RL) and make
sure to set the potentiometer to its maximum value.
Graph 6-B
TIME/DIV=5mS
VOLTS/DIV=2V
QUESTIONS
3. In your own opinion, which component is more versatile: the SCR or the
TRIAC? Defend your answer.
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TRIAC PHASE Experiment No.
CONTROL
ABOVE 90 DEGREES 6
Industrial Electronics
CONCLUSION
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Experiment No.
UJT-TRIGGERED
SCR 7
Industrial Electronics
OBJECTIVES
MATERIALS
1 pc 2N2646 UJT
1 pc S2003LS3 SCR
1 pc 500KΩ Potentiometer
1 pc 100KΩ 1/2W Resistor
1 pc 470Ω 1/2W Resistor
1 pc 150Ω 1/2W Resistor
1 pc 27Ω 6W Resistor
1 pc 0.001μf Electrolytic Capacitor
1 pc LED
1 unit Industrial Electronics Experimenter
1 unit Oscilloscope
1 unit Digital Multimeter
Hook-up wires (AWG#22)
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
V1
12V
+V
R1 R2
100K 150
R4
500k 40%
B2
Q1
E 2N2646
B1
C1
.001uF R3
27
V1
12V
+V
D1
R5 LED0
470
R1 R2
100K 27
R4
500k 40% B2
Q1
E 2N2646
B1 SCR1
S2003LS3
C1
.001uF R3
150
DISCUSSION
Figure 7-A
Experiment No.
UJT-TRIGGERED
SCR 7
Industrial Electronics
Figure 7-B shows that as the emitter voltage (VE) increases, the
emitter current (IE) increases up to a peak point (IP, VP). Beyond the peak
point, the emitter current (IE) increases as the emitter voltage (VE)
decreases in the negative resistance region. The voltage reaches a
minimum at the valley point (IV, VV). The resistance of RB1 is lowest at the
valley point and is called the Saturation Resistance.
Figure 7-B
PROCEDURES
2. Place the positive test probe to the base 1 terminal (B1) of the UJT and
the negative test probe to the base 2 terminal (B2). The multimeter
should give a high resistance value reading.
4. Place the positive test probe to the base 1 terminal (B1) of the UJT and
the negative test probe to the emitter terminal (E). The multimeter
should give a high resistance value reading.
5. Place the positive test probe to the base 2 terminal (B2) of the UJT and
the negative test probe to the emitter terminal (E). The multimeter
should give a high resistance value reading.
6. Place the positive test probe to the emitter terminal (E) of the UJT and
the negative test probe to the base 1 terminal (B1). The multimeter
should give a low resistance value reading.
Figure 7-C
Experiment No.
UJT-TRIGGERED
SCR 7
Industrial Electronics
9. Check the connections and make sure to set the potentiometer to its
minimum value.
11. Place the positive test probe of the oscilloscope to the emitter terminal
(E) of the UJT and the negative test probe to the ground (GND).
Graph 7-A
TIME/DIV=50uS
VOLTS/DIV=2V
12. Set the dial of the Digital Multimeter to the Voltmeter mode.
13. Place the positive test probe to the emitter terminal (E) of the UJT and
the negative test probe to the ground (GND).
14. Place the positive test probe of the oscilloscope to the base 2 terminal
(B2) of the UJT and the negative test probe to the ground (GND).
Experiment No.
UJT-TRIGGERED
SCR 7
Industrial Electronics
Graph 7-B
TIME/DIV=50uS
VOLTS/DIV=2V
15. Place the positive test probe of the oscilloscope to the base 1 terminal
(B1) of the UJT and the negative test probe to the ground (GND).
Graph 7-C
TIME/DIV=50uS
VOLTS/DIV=.2V
16. Repeat procedures 11, 14, and 15, but this time vary the potentiometer
and observe what happens to the waveform. There will be no need to
draw.
19. Check the connections and make sure to set the potentiometer to its
maximum value.
21. Slowly decrease the resistance value of the potentiometer until the LED
lights up.
QUESTIONS
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CONCLUSION
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Experiment No.
COMPARATOR
8
Industrial Electronics
OBJECTIVES
MATERIALS
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS
R1
+ B1
7.2k
12V
+
+ B2 IC1
12V R2 V1 UA741
7.2k R3
8V 1k
+V
D1
R1 +V V1
+ B1 1V
7.2k
12V
+
+ B2 IC1
R2 UA741
12V
7.2k R3
1k
D1
R1
+ B1
10K
12V
+
+ B2 IC1
R2 UA741
12V
5K
R3
1k
+V V2 +V
12V
V1
12V
D1
R4
5K
IC2
R5 UA741
10K
DISCUSSION
Non-inverting Comparator
What happens is that, the difference between the VIN and VREF, (Vin -
Vref) will be a positive value and is amplified to infinity by the OPAMP. Since
there is no feedback resistor (Rf), the OPAMP is in open loop mode and so the
voltage gain (Av) will be close to infinity. So the output voltage swings to the
Experiment No.
COMPARATOR
8
Industrial Electronics
Inverting Comparator
Here the difference between two voltages (VIN – VREF) is inverted and
amplified to infinity by the OPAMP. Remember the equation Av = -Rf/R1. Since
there is no feedback resistor, the gain will be close to infinity and the output
voltage will be as negative as possible (-VSAT).
Window Comparator
PROCEDURES
Record it as VS =
Experiment No.
COMPARATOR
8
Industrial Electronics
17. Calculate the Reference Voltages (VREF) from the values recorded on
procedure 15.
VREF1 =
VREF2 =
QUESTIONS
CONCLUSION
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Experiment No.
LIGHT DEPENDENT
RESISTOR 9
Industrial Electronics
OBJECTIVES
MATERIALS
1 pc 2N2222 Transistor
1 pc Light Dependent Resistor
1 pc UA741 Operational Amplifier
1 pc 50KΩ 1/2W Resistor
1 pc 20KΩ 1/2W Resistor
2 pcs 10KΩ 1/2W Resistor
1 pc 5KΩ 1/2W Resistor
1 pc 610Ω 1/2W Resistor
1 pc LED
1 unit Industrial Electronics Experimenter
1 unit Multimeter
Hook-up wires (AWG#22)
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
V1
12V
+V
R1
610
R2
D1
564 lux
R3
5k Q1
2N2222A
V1
12V
+V
RLY1
12VSPDT
R1 R3
50k 7.2k
IC1
UA741 R5
+
+ 20k Q1
2N2222A BZ1
-
R2 R4
1000 lux 7.2k
DISCUSSION
PROCEDURES
2. Cover the face of the LDR and measure the resistance across it.
Record it as R1 =
3. Expose the LDR to a strong light source and measure the resistance
across it.
Record it as R2 =
Set the dial of the Digital Multimeter to the DC Voltmeter mode and
measure the voltage across the collector (C) and emitter (E) terminal of
the transistor.
Measure the voltage across the collector (C) and emitter (E) terminal of
the transistor.
12. Uncover the LDR and expose it to a strong light source. Observe what
happens.
QUESTIONS
2. Based on the value of VCE1, at what region is the transistor operating and
what is its behavior?
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4. Based on the value of VCE1, at what region is the transistor operating and
what is its behavior?
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_
Experiment No.
LIGHT DEPENDENT
RESISTOR 9
Industrial Electronics
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6. What happens to the circuit operation when the LDR and resistor R1 is
interchanged? Explain.
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CONCLUSION
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Experiment No.
PHOTOTRANSISTOR
SENSOR 10
Industrial Electronics
OBJECTIVES
MATERIALS
1 pc Phototransistor
1 pc 2N2222 Transistor
1 pc 76192 Counter IC
1 pc 74248 Decoder IC
1 pc 74194 Shift Register IC
1 pc 7432 OR Gate IC
1 pc 7408 AND Gate IC
1 pc 7404 NOT Gate IC
1 pc 10KΩ Potentiometer
1 pc 1KΩ 1/2W Resistor
1 pc 560Ω 1/2W Resistor
1 pc 230Ω 1/2W Resistor
2 pcs LED
1 unit Industrial Electronics Experimenter
1 unit Multimeter
Hook-up wires (AWG#22)
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS
V1
5V
+V
R2 R4
560 230
D2
R3 R1 LED0
230 10k 40%
D1 Q1
LED0
V1
5V
+V
R4
230
Q1
D2
R3 LED0
230
R2
560
D1
LED0
R1
10k 40%
V2
5V
+V
V1
5V
+V
U1A U2A
R4
1k
U1B U3A U4
R3 74LS194 STEPPER
1k CP D3 MOTOR
R1 R2 D2
S1 D1 TERMINAL
1k 1k S0 D0
U3B J2 D
U2B DSR Q3 C
DSL Q2
Q1 B
MR Q0 A
D1
DIODE Q1
J1
D0 U1C
D1
DATA SWITCHES
V3
12V
Gnd +V
DISP1
abcdefg.
RLY1 4
12VSPDT
2 3
5
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
RBO
74LS248
V1
+
5V U2
+V 1
RBI
BZ1
LT
A0
A1
A2
A3
U3B
-
R5
10k Q1
2N2222A
V4
5V
+V
U4A
Q0
Q1
Q2
Q3
TCD
TCU
74LS192
U1
CPD
CPU
D0
D1
D2
D3
MR
PL
S2
U3C R6 R7
1k 1k
R1
R2 U3A
1k
1k
R4
1k Q2
D1
R3 LED1
1k V2
CP1 Q1
CP2 Q2
Variable Clock
Generator
DISCUSSION
Figure 10-A
The light enters the base region of the phototransistor where it causes
hole electron pairs to be generated. This mainly occurs in the reverse biased
base-collector junction. The hole-electron pairs move under the influence of the
electric field and provide the base current, causing electrons to be injected into
the emitter.
PROCEDURES
2. Make sure LED D1 is facing towards the face of the phototransistor and
the potentiometer is set to its minimum value.
4. Set the dial of the Digital Multimeter to the DC Voltmeter mode and
measure the voltage across the collector (C) and emitter (E) terminals of
the phototransistor.
6. Measure the voltage across the collector (C) and emitter (E) terminals of
the phototransistor.
8. Measure the voltage across the collector (C) and emitter (E) terminals of
the phototransistor.
Measure the voltage across the collector (C) and emitter (E) terminals of
the phototransistor.
12. Make sure LED D1 is facing towards the face of the phototransistor and
the potentiometer is set to its minimum value.
Experiment No.
PHOTOTRANSISTOR
SENSOR 10
Industrial Electronics
14. Set the dial of the Digital Multimeter to the DC Voltmeter mode and
measure the voltage across the collector (C) and emitter (E) terminals of
the phototransistor.
16. Measure the voltage across the collector (C) and emitter (E) terminals of
the phototransistor.
17. Slowly adjust the potentiometer until it reaches its maximum value.
18. Measure the voltage across the collector (C) and emitter (E) terminals of
the phototransistor.
Measure the voltage across the collector (C) and emitter (E) terminals of
the phototransistor.
A - Human presence
B - Door in closed position
C - Door in open position
A A
C B
A A
Figure 10-B
Its operation is set by two output conditions: the opening motion (Op),
and the closing motion (Cl). It is defined by the truth table below:
A B C Op Cl Door Status
0 1 0 1 1 Door is closed
1 1 0 1 0 Door is opening
1 0 0 1 0 Door is opening
0 0 0 0 1 Door is closing
1 0 1 0 0 Door is closed
0 0 1 0 1 Door is closing
23. Follow the truth table above, using the following parameters within
Schematic Diagram 10-C:
Observe the movement of the stepper motor as you follow the truth table.
26. Make sure LED D1 is facing towards the face of the phototransistor.
28. Remove the cover from the phototransistor and expose it to the light of
LED D1.
29. Repeat procedure 28 until the seven segment display reaches the
number nine (9).
QUESTIONS
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CONCLUSION
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