Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
U
Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Division of Woman and Child
Health
September 2018
Maternal predictors of
intrauterine growth
retardation
Nadia Mohammad
Aga Khan University, nadia.mohammad@aku.edu
Arjumand Sohaila
Aga Khan University, arjumand.sohaila@aku.edu
Unaib Rabbani
Aga Khan University, unaib.rabbani@aku.edu
Sufian Ahmed
Shakeel Ahmed
Aga Khan University, shakeel.ahmed@aku.edu
See next page for additional authors
Recommended Citation
Mohammad, N., Sohaila, A., Rabbani, U., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, S., Ali, S. R. (2018). Maternal predictors
of intrauterine growth retardation. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 28(9),
681-685.
Available at: https://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_fhs_mc_women_childhealth_paediatr/702
Authors
Nadia Mohammad, Arjumand Sohaila, Unaib Rabbani, Sufian Ahmed, Shakeel Ahmed, and Syed
Rehan Ali
Objective: To identify maternal factors associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).
Study Design: A case-control study.
Place and Duration of Study: Neonatal Unit of The Aga Khan Hospital for Women (AKHW), Karimabad,
from January 2014 to December 2015.
Methodology: Cases were IUGR live born babies (n=90), while control were appropriate-for-gestational
age (AGA) babies (n=180). Information recorded in pre-designed proforma included gestational age
and birth weight of baby, demographics of mothers, pregnancy related medical and obstetric
complications. Data were analysed through SPSS-19. Multivariable logistic regression was used to
determine the maternal factors associated with the intrauterine growth restriction.
Results: Maternal factors associated with IUGR after adjusting for confounders in the multivariable model
included younger age (OR=0.9, CI=0.8-0.9), poor gestational weight gain (OR=3.0, CI=1.6-6.1) and history of
previous abortion (OR=3.06, CI=1.1-8.0). Significant interaction was found between pregnancy-induced
hypertension (PIH) and parity of mother, primary-para mother with PIH having an increased risk for IUGR babies
(OR=10.1, CI=1.0-23.2).
Conclusion: Young age, primigravida status, low gestational weight gain, previous history of abortion,
PIH and GDM have strong association with IUGR; hence, special consideration is essential to
overcome these issues in order to improve maternal and neonatal health.
Key Words: Intrauterine growth retardation. Gestational diabetes. Low gestational weight gain.
3 Department of Pediatrics, Bahria University
INTRODUCTION Medical & Dental College, Karachi.
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) Correspondence: Dr. Shakeel Ahmed, Consultant
Pediatrician, Department of Pediatrics and Child
represents the second leading cause of
Health, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium
perinatal morbidity and mortality in non -
Road, Karachi.
anomalous fetuses, after prematurity.1,2 IUGR
E-mail: shakeel.ahmed@aku.edu
refers to the fetus whose birth weight less than
10th centile for gestational age and displays Received: September 21, 2017; Accepted: June
29, 2018.
signs of chronic hypoxia or malnutrition.3
IUGR is observed in 23.8% of newborns around the
world; and significant global burden approximate
75% of IUGR neonates are contributed by the Asian
continent.4 In Pakistan, the incidence of IUGR is
around 25%,5 more than the WHO criteria for
triggering a public health action. It is mainly due to a
pathologic slow -down in the fetal growth pace,
resulting in a fetus that is unable to reach its growth
potential.
There are multiple factors associated with high
incidence of IUGR and there is a strong positive
correlation exists between fetal, placental and
maternal factors, but maternal factors per se
significant cause of IUGR.4 Poor
1 Department of Pediatrics, The Aga Khan
University Hospital, Karachi.
2 Student, University of Karachi, Karachi.
December 2015. Babies born after 32 weeks
maternal nutrition, poor maternal weight gain, maternal gestation, without lethal congenital anomalies were
anemia, inadequate prenatal care, short interpregnancy included. Cases were IUGR neonates (defined as
interval, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), babies with abnormal Doppler ultrasound and
gestational diabetes (GDM), maternal infection, and weight less than 10 percentile for gestational age);
maternal chronic illness are major maternal risk factors. 6 and controls were appropriate for gestational age
Healthy dietary habit, avoidance of unhealthy lifestyles, (AGA) neonates with normal Doppler ultrasound as
receiving proper prenatal care, and close antenatal per American College of Obstetricians and
surveillance of high risk pregnancy may help in declining Gynecologists (ACOG) definition. The case-control
the risk for IUGR. The objective of this study was to ratio was kept at 1:2. Cases and controls were
identify maternal factors associated with IUGR. A selected retrospectively from hospital records
comprehensive understanding of these factors will help in during the study period. Data was retrieved using
providing early interventions to improve the perinatal
ICD discharge codes, and medical records were
reviewed in detail.
outcome due to IUGR.
A pre-designed proforma was filled by reviewing the
METHODOLOGY
This study was carried as a case-control study in the clinical notes which entailed information about basic
Neonatal Unit of The Aga Khan Hospital for Women
(AKHW), Karimabad, Karachi, from January 2014 to
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 2018, Vol. 28 (9): 681-685 681
Nadia Mohammad, Arjumand Sohaila, Unaib Rabbani, Sufian Ahmed, Shakeel Ahmed and Syed Rehan Ali
stastically significant or with p -value <0.20 in
demographic information like, gestational age, univariate analysis.
birth weight, gender, mode of delivery, Apgar RESULTS
score, maternal age, maternal weight, maternal In this study, 90 cases and 180 controls were
illness during pregnancy, antenatal care (ANC)
visit, inter-pregnancy interval, previous IUGR recruited for analysis. Table I shows the distribution
births, amniotic fluid index, and umbilical artery of various characteristics between cases and
blood flow. The study was carried out after controls. Mothers of cases were younger 26.7 ±4.4
obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethical years compared to
Review Committee.
Gestational age (recorded as completed weeks)
was calculated from maternal last menstrual
period (LMP) and was categorised as preterm
less than 37 weeks and term as 37 weeks or
above.
As per routine practice, birth anthropometries were
measured by staff nurse in labour room or operation
theatre by using standardised equipment. Weight
was measured without clothes using standard
weighing balance in kilogram (kg) and length by a
non-stretchable measuring tape in centimeter (cm).
The calibration of the weighing scale was checked
regularly before each measurement in order to avoid
error. All measurements were recorded in a
structured proforma during file review and plotted on
specific WHO growth charts (Fenton growth chart),
and percentiles was noted. Maternal age at the time
of delivery was recorded. Maternal weight and height
at the time of initial visit was used to calculate body
mass index (BMI) for mother. Gestational weight gain
was calculated by difference in the maternal weight
at the time of 1st visit during 1st trimester and at the
time of delivery and categorised into poor weight
gain <10 kg and good weight gain >10 kg.
Pregnancy-induced medical disorders and
obstetrical complications like placenta previa,
abruptio placentae, anemia, PIH; and GDM was also
obtained. Inter-pregnancy interval was estimated by
the number of months between the conception of
current pregnancy and the previous delivery,
abortion or stillbirth.
The statistical analysis was computed by using the
SPSS version 19. Mean ±SD was calculated for
continuous variables; while for qualitative variables
frequencies and percentages were analysed. Cross-
tabulation was done to see the independent
variables across the categories of outcome (IUGR
and AGA). Chi-square test was applied for
categorical variables and independent sample t-test
was applied for measureable variables, and p <0.05
considered as significant. Multivariable logistic
regression was performed to analyse the
association between maternal factors and
intrauterine growth restriction. Multivariable
analysis was calculated for the variables found to be
Weight gain during
pregnancy
mothers of controls 28.0 ±4.4 years (p=0.025). There Poor 72 (80) 108 (60)
was low weight gain during pregnancy among cases Good 18 (20) 72 (40) 0.001
as 80% (n=72) had poor weight gain compared to Parity
60% (n=108) among controls. Among cases, 58% Primi 52 (57.8) 119 (66.1)
(n=52) were primi compared to 66% (n=119) among Multi 38 (42.2) 61 (33.9) 0.180
controls; and this was not found to be significantly Previous abortion
Yes 19 (21.1) 15 (8.3)
different. Significantly, higher proportion of cases
No 71 (78.9) 165 (91.7) 0.003
had history of previous abortion 21% (n=19)
Anemia during pregnancy
compared to controls 8% (n=15). A higher proportion Yes 25 (27.8) 48 (26.7)
of cases had history of GDM 16.7% (n=15) compared No 65 (72.2) 132 (73.3) 0.846
to about 4% (n=7) in controls. Similarly, history of p-
Variable Case Control value
PIH was positive more in cases 13.3% (n=12) than
GDM
controls 4% (n=7). Yes 15 (16.7) 7 (3.9)
Logistic regression analysis showed that increasing No 75 (83.3) 173 (96.1) <0.001
age of mother was protective against IUGR adjusted PIH
Yes 12 (13.3) 7 (3.9)
OR 0. 93 (95% CI: 0.88-0.99, p= 0.006) . On the other No 78 (86.7) 173 (96.1) 0.004
hand, women who had poor weight gain during Multiple gestation
Yes 4 (4.4) 17 (9.4)
pregnancy
No 86 (95.6) 163 (90.6) 0.0148
Table I: Comparison of characteristics of cases and Antenatal visit
controls. p- <2 2 (2.2) 4 (2.2)
Variable Case 90 Control 180 value 2-4 16 (17.8) 19 (10.6)
Gender >4 72 (80) 157 (87.2) 0.249
Male 49 (54.4) 93 (51.7) Weight of mothera 57.9 (±12.4) 57.8 (±12.5) 0.923
Female 41 (45.6) 87 (48.3) 0.667 Height of mothera 155 (±5.3) 154. 3 (±5.6) 0.811
Age of mothera 26.7 (±4.4) 28.0 (±4.4) 0.025 Interpregnancy intervala 0.95 (±1.86) 0.59 (±1.12) 0.099
BMI of mother a Continuous variable: Means and standard
Normal 43 (47.8) 82 (45.6) 0.926 deviations are reported BMI = Body Mass Index;
Underweight 12 (13.3) 23 (12.8) GDM: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; PIH = Pregnancy
Overweight 22 (24.4) 51 (28.3)
Induced Hypertension.
Obese 13 (14.4) 24 (13.3)
682 Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 2018, Vol. 28
(9): 681-685
Maternal predictors of intrauterine growth retardation
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 2018, Vol. 28 (9): 681-685 683
Nadia Mohammad, Arjumand Sohaila, Unaib Rabbani, Sufian Ahmed, Shakeel Ahmed and Syed Rehan Ali
incidence of IUGR among preeclamptic women was
parity (up to 4-5 births) but declines afterward.10 22.2%, found in study by Viller.25
Proportion of primigravida was high in this The present results also suggest negative effect of
study; similar findings were also reported by previous history of abortion on fetal growth. Similar
different studies from Pakistan and India. 8,11,12
Inadequate nutrition is not uncommon factor of finding was observed in study by Motghare.
impaired fetal growth. Here, maternal weight and However, no
height on first visit was used to calculate BMI.
Studies from neighbouring countries have shown
that BMI, pre-pregnancy body weight, and weight
gain during pregnancy had significant effect on birth
weight.13,14 There was no significant association
between maternal nutritional status (BMI) and the
IUGR births, in contrast with results observed in
study by Taj et al. and Acharya.8,12 Weight gain
during pregnancy has strong, positive impact on
fetal growth suggesting that energy balance is an
important determinant of birth outcomes. 15 Low
weight gain reflects deficiency of calorie and micro-
nutrients, which are essential for fetal growth. 16 In
this study, poor gestational weight gain was also a
significant factor of IUGR, mothers with poor weight
gain during pregnancy had three times risk of
delivering babies with IUGR as compared to mothers
with good gestational weight gain. These findings
were consistent with different Indian studies which
showed poor gestational weight gain, for even short-
term, places the fetus at risk for IUGR.17 -20 Improving
maternal weight prior to conception and pregnancy
weight gain are possible strategies to improve birth
weight.
Anemia is a common problem in pregnant women
in developing countries. In this study, anemia in
pregnancy Hb <10 gm%) was not significantly
associated with IUGR. It was found 27.8% of
mothers with anemia (p=0.8). This is in contrast
with studies at Goa and Karnataka, which have
shown 49% (p<0.001) and 76% (p=0.01) of mothers
had anemia, respectively. 11,12 Maternal diabetes
causes long term changes in placenta and may
cause fetal growth restriction16, GDM is found in
10% of women with IUGR.21 This study has shown
strong association between IUGR and GDM, there
was more than three times higher risk of IUGR
among mothers with GDM; this finding is not
consistent with study by Taj.8
Hypertensive conditions are responsible for one-
third of all fetal growth retardation.22 PIH is a
frequent cause of placental insufficiency. In this
study, PIH was associated with higher risk of IUGR
with adjusted odds ratio 3.1 (p=0.036). This is
consistent with study by Taj, Thompson et al. and
Burke.8,23,24 Burke reported pre-eclampsia with a
combined odds ratio of 5.4 (p<0.001), 24 while the
5. Zafar H. Frequency of IUGR in pregnancy induced
such relation was seen in study by Aghamolaei et hyper-tension. JUMDC 2012; 3:8.
al.26 Although sample size calculation was not done 6. Murki S, Sharma D. Intrauterine growth restriction -
A review article. J Neonatal Biol 2014; 3:135.
prior to the study; however, post-hoc power
7. Jamal M, Khan N. Maternal factors associated with
calculations showed that the sample had enough low birth weight. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2003;
power for observed ORs. 13:25-8.
8. Muhammad T, Khattak AA, Rehman S, Khan MA, Khan A,
CONCLUSION
Khan M. Maternal factors associated with intrauterine
Several maternal risk factors of IUGR were identified. growth restriction. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2010;
Awareness of these predictors, not only helps in 22:64-9.
proper preventive care but also helps in prompt 9. Odibo AO, Nelson D, Stamilio DM, Sehdev HM, Macones
diagnosis of IUGR. Nutritional intervention could GA. Advanced maternal age is an independent risk factor
help increase maternal weight during pregnancy. for intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Perinatol 2006;
Screening and proper management of GDM and PIH 23:325-8.
would help in reduction of incidence of IUGR in the 10. Anjum F, Javed T, Afzal M, Sheikh G. Maternal risk
community which would eventually help in factors associated with low birth weight: A case
succeeding the goal of reduced neonatal mortality control study. ANNALS 2011; 17:223-8.
and morbidity. 11. Motghare DD, Vaz FS, Pawaskar AM, Kulkarni MS. Maternal
determinants of intrauterine growth restriction in Goa,
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19. Muthayya S. Maternal vitamin B12 status is a 25. Villar J. Preeclampsia, gestational hypertension and
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South Indians. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:791-801. independent conditions? Am J Obstetr Gynecol
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Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 2018, Vol. 28 (9): 681-685 685
ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL
UNA Objetivo BSTRACT: Identificar los factores maternos asociados con la restricción del crecimiento intrauterino
(RCIU).
Metodología: Los casos fueron bebés nacidos vivos IUGR (n = 90), mientras que los controles fueron bebés
apropiados para la edad gestacional (AGA) (n = 180). La información registrada en el formulario prediseñado
incluyó la edad gestacional y el peso al nacer del bebé, la demografía de las madres, las complicaciones
médicas y obstétricas relacionadas con el embarazo. Los datos fueron analizados a través de SPSS-19. Se
utilizó la regresión logística multivariable para determinar los factores maternos asociados con la restricción
del crecimiento intrauterino.
Resultados: Los factores maternos asociados con la RCIU después del ajuste por factores de confusión en el
modelo multivariable incluyeron edad más joven (OR = 0.9, IC = 0.8-0.9), aumento de peso gestacional pobre (OR
= 3.0, CI = 1.6-6.1) y antecedentes de aborto previo (OR = 3.06, CI = 1.1-8.0). Se encontró una interacción
significativa entre la hipertensión inducida por el embarazo (PIH) y la paridad de la madre, la madre para-primaria
con PIH tiene un mayor riesgo de bebés con RCIU (OR = 10.1, IC = 1.0-23.2).
Conclusión: La edad temprana, el estado de primigravida, el bajo aumento de peso gestacional, la historia previa
de abortos, PIH y GDM tienen una fuerte asociación con IUGR; por lo tanto, una consideración especial es esencial
para superar estos problemas a fin de mejorar la salud materna y neonatal.
Palabras clave: Retraso del crecimiento intrauterino. Diabetes gestacional. Bajo aumento de peso gestacional.
INTRODUCCIÓN
El Retrasdo del Crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU) La nutrición materna, el escaso aumento de peso
representa La Segunda causa principal de materno, la anemia materna, la atención prenatal
morbilidad y Mortalidad perinatal en fetos no inadecuada, el intervalo corto de embarazo, la
anómalos, Despues de la prematuridad. 1,2
hipertensión inducida por el embarazo (HIP), la diabetes
RCI se refiere al feto Cuyo peso al nacer es inferior gestacional (DMG), la infección materna y la enfermedad
al percentil 10 para La Edad gestacional y la
Muestra signos de hipoxia crónica o Desnutrición. crónica materna son los principales factores de riesgo
3 materno. 6 6 Un hábito dietético saludable, evitar estilos
de vida poco saludables, recibir atención prenatal
adecuada y una estrecha vigilancia prenatal del embarazo
La RCIU se observa en el 23.8% de los recién nacidos en
de alto riesgo pueden ayudar a disminuir el riesgo de
todo el mundo; y una carga global significativa,
aproximadamente el 75% de los neonatos de la RCIU son RCIU. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los
aportados por el continente asiático. 4 4 factores maternos asociados con la RCIU. Una
comprensión integral de estos factores ayudará a
En Pakistán, la incidencia de RCIU es de alrededor del 25%,
5 5 más que los criterios de la OMS para desencadenar una
proporcionar intervenciones tempranas para mejorar el
acción de salud pública. Se debe principalmente a una resultado perinatal debido a la RCIU.
desaceleración patológica en el ritmo de crecimiento fetal,
lo que resulta en un feto que no puede alcanzar su
potencial de crecimiento.
METODOLOGÍA
Existen múltiples factores asociados con la alta
Este estudio se realizó como un estudio de casos y
incidencia de RCIU y existe una fuerte correlación controles en la Unidad Neonatal del Hospital de
positiva entre los factores fetales, placentarios y Mujeres Aga Khan (AKHW), Karimabad, Karachi,
maternos, pero los factores maternos son Causa desde enero de 2014 hasta diciembre de 2015. Se
significativa de la RCIU. incluyeron bebés nacidos después de 32 semanas
de gestación, sin anomalías congénitas letales. Los
casos fueron neonatos IUGR (definidos como bebés
con ecografía Doppler anormal y peso inferior al
percentil 10 para la edad gestacional); y los controles
fueron apropiados para los recién nacidos en edad
gestacional (AGA) con ecografía Doppler normal
según la definición del American College of
Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). La
relación caso-control se mantuvo en 1: 2. Los casos
y controles se seleccionaron retrospectivamente de
los registros hospitalarios durante el período de
estudio. Los datos se recuperaron utilizando los
códigos de alta del ICD, y los registros médicos se
revisaron en detalle.
Revista del Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos Pakistán 2018, vol. 28 (9): 681-685 681
Nadia Mohammad, Arjumand Sohaila, Unaib Rabbani, Sufian
Ahmed, Shakeel Ahmed y Syed Rehan Ali intrauterino. El análisis multivariable se calculó para
las variables que fueron estadísticamente
significativas o con un valor p <0,20 en el análisis
información demográfica, como edad gestacional, univariado.
peso al nacer, sexo, modo de parto, puntaje de
Apgar, edad materna, peso materno, enfermedad
materna durante el embarazo, visita de atención
prenatal (ANC), intervalo entre embarazos,
nacimientos previos de RCIU, índice de líquido
amniótico, y flujo sanguíneo de la arteria umbilical.
El estudio se realizó después de obtener la
aprobación del Comité de Revisión Ética RESULTADOS
Institucional. En este estudio, 90 casos y 180 controles fueron
reclutados para su análisis. La Tabla I muestra la
distribución de varias características entre casos y
La edad gestacional (registrada como semanas controles. Las madres de los casos eran más
completas) se calculó a partir del último período jóvenes 26.7 ± 4.4 años en comparación con
menstrual materno (LMP) y se clasificó como
prematuro en menos de 37 semanas y a término en
37 semanas o más.
682 Revista del Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos Pakistán 2018, vol. 28 (9): 681-685
Predictores maternos del retraso del crecimiento intrauterino
Tabla II: Análisis de regresión de factores asociados al retraso del crecimiento intrauterino.
Variables Sin ajustar OR (95% CI) p-valor OR ajustada (95% CI) p-valor
Género
Masculino 1 0,667 --
Hembra 0,89 (0,58 a 1,49) 0,026 0,93 (0,85-0,97) 0,006
Años una 0,93 (0,88 hasta 0,99)
Peso una 1,0 (0,98-1,02) 0,922 --
Altura una 1,03 (0,98-1,08) 0,259 --
IMC
Normal 1
Debajo 1,0 (0,45-2,19) 0,990 --
Terminado 0,82 (0,44 a 1,53) 0,538
Obeso 1,03 (0,48 a 2,23) 0,934
Aumento de peso
Bueno 1 1
Pobre 2,67 (1,47 a 4,84) 0,001 3,09 (1,65 a 6,15) 0,001
Paridad
Primary` 1 1
Multi 1,43 (0,85 a 2,40) 0,181 1,33 (0,66 a 2,72) 0,427
anterior aborto
No 1 1
Sí 2,94 (1,41 a 6,12) 0,004 3,06 (1,17-8,0) 0,023
Variables Sin ajustar OR (95% CI) p-valor OR ajustada (95% CI) p-valor
Anemia
No 1
Sí 1,06 (0,60 a 1,87) 0,846 --
GDM
No 1 1
Sí 4,94 (1,93-12,62) 0,001 3.34 (1.22 a 9.17) 0,019
PIH
No 1 1 0,036
Sí 3,80 (1,448 a 10,02) 0,007 3,10 (1,08 a 8,94)
gestación múltiple
No 1 1
Sí 0,45 (0,14 a 1,37) 0,158 0,44 (0,13 a 1,49) 0,188
Las visitas prenatales
>4 1
2-4 1,84 (0,89 a 3,78) 0,099
1 1,09 (0,20 a 6,09) 0,922 --
intervalo de embarazo
(años)
2 o más 1
Menos de 2 0,82 (0,43 a 1,60) 0.56 --
una Variable continua; Índice de Masa Corporal IMC =; GDM = diabetes mellitus gestacional; PIH = inducida por el embarazo hipertensión.
1.08-8.94, p = 0.036). El análisis de regresión múltiple
tenían un riesgo casi tres veces mayor de IUGR se muestra en la Tabla II.
ajustado OR 3.09 (IC 95%: 1.65-6.15, p = 0.001). El
antecedente de aborto previo se asoció con un
riesgo tres veces mayor de RCIU en comparación
con aquellos sin antecedente de aborto previo DISCUSIÓN
ajustado OR 3.06 (IC 95%: 1.17-8.0, p = 0.023). Hubo Los factores de riesgo obstétrico y materno para
más de tres veces mayor riesgo ajustado OR 3.34 (IC RCIU están bien descritos en muchos estudios.
95%: 1.22-9.17, p Encontramos diferencias significativas para los
= 0.019) de IUGR entre las mujeres con antecedentes predictores maternos como edad, paridad, peso
de DMG. La historia de PIH también se asoció con un
riesgo significativo de IUGR ajustado OR 3.1 (IC 95%:
estudios realizados por Jamal et al. y Taj 7,8 mientras
ganancia, historial previo de aborto, GDM y que en comparación con Odibo et al. estudio, que
PIH entre el IUGR y AGA después de ajustar observó una fuerte asociación entre el aumento de la
por probable confusión. edad materna y el riesgo de RCIU. 9 9
diabetes materna provoca cambios a largo plazo en causa frecuente de insuficiencia placentaria. En este
placenta y puede causar la restricción del estudio, PIH se asoció con un mayor riesgo de RCIU
crecimiento fetal dieciséis, GDM se encuentra en el 10% con probabilidades ajustadas de 3,1 (p = 0,036). Esto
de las mujeres con restricción del crecimiento es consistente con estudio de Taj, Thompson et al. y
intrauterino. 21 Este estudio ha demostrado fuerte Burke. 8,23,24 Burke informó preeclampsia con un
asociación entre RCIU y GDM, no fue más de tres odds ratio combinado de 5,4 (p <0,001), 24
veces más riesgo de RCIU entre las madres con
GDM; este hallazgo no es consistente con el estudio mientras que la incidencia de RCIU entre las mujeres con
de Taj. 8 preeclampsia fue del 22,2%, que se encuentra en estudio
por Viller. 25
estados hipertensivos son responsables de un tercio Los presentes resultados también sugieren efecto
de todas retraso del crecimiento fetal. 22 PIH es una negativo de antecedentes de aborto en el
crecimiento fetal. Se observó hallazgo similar en 8. Muhammad T, Khattak AA, Rehman S, Khan MA,
estudio de Motghare. Sin embargo, hay Khan A, Khan M. Factores maternos asociados
con la restricción del crecimiento intrauterino. J
Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2010; 22: 64-9.
9. Odibo AO, Nelson D, Stamilio DM, Sehdev HM,
Macones GA. La edad materna avanzada es un
factor de riesgo independiente para la restricción
del crecimiento intrauterino. Am J Perinatol 2006;
23: 325-8.
10. Anjum F, Javed T, Afzal M, Sheikh G. maternas factores de
riesgo asociados con bajo peso al nacer: Un estudio de
casos y controles. ANALES
2011; 17: 223-8.
11. Motghare DD, Vaz FS, Pawaskar AM, Kulkarni MS.
determinantes maternos de
restricción del crecimiento intrauterino en Goa, India: Un
estudio de casos y controles. Glob
J Med Salud Pública 2014; 3: 1-6.
12. Acharya D, Nagraj K, Nair NS, Bhat HV. determinantes
maternos de retraso del
crecimiento intrauterino: Un estudio de casos y controles en
Udupi Distrito, Karnataka. Med
J India Comunidad 2004; 29: 4.
13. DAS TR, Jahan S, Begum SR, bajo peso al
nacer y los factores maternos asociados. J
Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2003; 21: 52-6.
14. Husely TC, Neal D, Bondo SC, Husely T, R. Newman
materna índice de masa corporal antes del embarazo y el
aumento de peso relacionado con bajo peso al nacer en
Carolina del Sur. Sur Med J 2005; 98: 411-5.
684 Revista del Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Pakistán 2018, vol. 28 (9): 681-
685
SUMMARY
Intrauterine Growth Retardation (UIR) represents the second leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality in
nonabnormal foetuses, after prematurity. RCI refers to the fetus whose birth weight is less than the 10th percentile
for gestational age and the fetus shows signs of chronic hypoxia or malnutrition. The RCIU is observed in 23.8% of
newborns worldwide.
There are multiple factors associated with high incidence of RCIU and there is a strong positive correlation between
fetal, placental and maternal factors, but maternal factors are a significant cause of the RCIU; for example: Maternal
nutrition, low maternal weight gain, maternal anaemia, inadequate prenatal care, short pregnancy interval,
pregnancy induced hypertension (HIP), gestational diabetes (DMG), maternal infection and chronic maternal
disease are the main risk factors for mothers.
The objective of this study was to identify the maternal factors associated with the RCIU. A comprehensive
understanding of these factors will help to provide early interventions to improve the perinatal outcome due to the
RCIU. This study was conducted as a case study and controls at the Neonatal Unit of Aga Khan Women’s Hospital
(AKHW), Karimabad, Karachi, from January 2014 to December 2015. Babies born after 32 weeks of gestation, with
no lethal congenital abnormalities, were included.
Cases and controls were selected retrospectively from hospital records during the study period. Taking into
account: demographic information such as gestational age, birth weight, sex, birth mode, Apgar score, maternal
age, maternal weight, maternal illness during pregnancy, antenatal care visit (ANC)interval between pregnancies,
previous births of RCIU, amniotic fluid index, and blood flow from the umbilical artery. Gestational age (recorded
as full weeks) was calculated from the last maternal menstrual period (LMP) and classified as premature in less than
37 weeks and at term in 37 weeks or more.
The obstetric and maternal risk factors for RCIU are well described in many studies. We found significant differences
for maternal predictors such as age, parity, weight gain, previous history of abortion, GDM and PIH between IUGR
and AGA after adjusting for probable confusion. Maternal age is one of the important risk factors associated with
birth weight.
RESUMEN
El Retraso del Crecimiento Intrauterino (RCIU) representa La Segunda causa principal de morbilidad y Mortalidad
perinatal en fetos no anómalos, después de la prematuridad.
RCI se refiere al feto cuyo peso al nacer es inferior al percentil 10 para la edad gestacional y la muestra signos de
hipoxia crónica o desnutrición. La RCIU se observa en el 23.8% de los recién nacidos en todo el mundo.
Existen múltiples factores asociados con la alta incidencia de RCIU y existe una fuerte correlación positiva entre los
factores fetales, placentarios y maternos, pero los factores maternos son Causa significativa de la RCIU; por
ejemplo: La nutrición materna, el escaso aumento de peso materno, la anemia materna, la atención prenatal
inadecuada, el intervalo corto de embarazo, la hipertensión inducida por el embarazo (HIP), la diabetes gestacional
(DMG), la infección materna y la enfermedad crónica materna son los principales factores de riesgo materno.
El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores maternos asociados con la RCIU. Una comprensión integral
de estos factores ayudará a proporcionar intervenciones tempranas para mejorar el resultado perinatal debido a la
RCIU.
Este estudio se realizó como un estudio de casos y controles en la Unidad Neonatal del Hospital de Mujeres Aga
Khan (AKHW), Karimabad, Karachi, desde enero de 2014 hasta diciembre de 2015. Se incluyeron bebés nacidos
después de 32 semanas de gestación, sin anomalías congénitas letales.
Los casos y controles se seleccionaron retrospectivamente de los registros hospitalarios durante el período de
estudio. Se tuvo en cuenta : información demográfica, como edad gestacional, peso al nacer, sexo, modo de parto,
puntaje de Apgar, edad materna, peso materno, enfermedad materna durante el embarazo, visita de atención
prenatal (ANC), intervalo entre embarazos, nacimientos previos de RCIU, índice de líquido amniótico, y flujo
sanguíneo de la arteria umbilical.
La edad gestacional (registrada como semanas completas) se calculó a partir del último período menstrual materno
(LMP) y se clasificó como prematuro en menos de 37 semanas y a término en 37 semanas o más.
Los factores de riesgo obstétrico y materno para RCIU están bien descritos en muchos estudios. Encontramos
diferencias significativas para los predictores maternos como edad, paridad, peso ganancia, historial previo de
aborto, GDM y PIH entre el IUGR y AGA después de ajustar por probable confusión.
La edad materna es uno de los factores de riesgo importantes asociados con el peso al nacer del recién nacido.
QUESTIONS
1. What are the multiple factors associated with the high incidence of RCIU and what correlation exists between
fetal, placental and maternal factors?
RTA: Maternal factors are the significant cause of the RCIU due to poor maternal nutrition, low maternal weight
gain, maternal anaemia, inadequate prenatal care, short pregnancy interval, Pregnancy induced hypertension (HIP),
gestational diabetes (DMG), maternal infection and chronic maternal illness are the main risk factors for mothers.
RTA : It is very important because mothers with vulnerable populations, who do not have easy sex and reproductive
education, nor a nearby health center that can provide them with health services as serious as in this case prenatal
controls.
RTA: One of the main reasons for regular prenatal tests is to make sure the baby is growing well. During pregnancy,
an approximate calculation of your baby’s size is made in different ways, including: Your weight gain. Constant
weight gain is one of the ways to check fetal growth.
Height of uterine background. To check the height of the uterus background, measure from the top of your pubic
bone to the top of your uterus (background). The height of the uterine background, measured in centimetres (cm),
is approximately the same as the number of weeks of pregnancy after the twentieth week. For example, at 24
weeks gestation, your uterine background height should be about 24 cm. If it is less than expected, it may mean
that there is a restriction of fetal growth.
Uh, fetal ultrasound. Roughly calculating the weight of the fetus with an ultrasound (ultrasound) is the best way to
diagnose fetal growth restriction. The ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of the baby in the womb.
Those sound waves won’t hurt your baby or you. Doppler ultrasound. You may also have this special type of
ultrasound to diagnose fetal growth restriction. A Doppler ultrasound checks blood circulation to the placenta and
through the umbilical cord to the baby. A decrease in blood circulation may mean that your baby has limited growth.
PREGUNTAS
1 . Cuáles son los múltiples factores asociados con la alta incidencia de RCIU y que correlación existe entre los
factores fetales, placentarios y maternos?
RTA: Los factores maternos son la causa significativa de la RCIU debido a la mala nutrición materna, el escaso
aumento de peso materno, la anemia materna, la atención prenatal inadecuada, el intervalo corto de embarazo, la
hipertensión inducida por el embarazo (HIP), la diabetes gestacional (DMG), la infección materna y la enfermedad
crónica materna son los principales factores de riesgo materno.
RTA : Es muy importante ya que las maternas de población vulnerable , que no tienen fácil aacseso a educación
sexual y reproductiva, ni un centro de salud cercano que les pueda brindar servicios salud como seria en este caso
los controles prenatales.
RTA:
Una de las principales razones para realizar exámenes prenatales con regularidad es asegurarse de que el bebé esté
creciendo bien. Durante el embarazo, se hace un cálculo aproximado del tamaño de su bebé de distintas maneras,
entre las que se incluyen:
Su suba de peso. Su suba de peso constante es una de las maneras de comprobar el crecimiento fetal.
Altura del fondo uterino. Para comprobar la altura del fondo del útero, medición desde la parte superior de su
hueso púbico hasta la parte superior de su útero (fondo). La altura del fondo uterino, medida en centímetros (cm),
es aproximadamente la misma que la cantidad de semanas de embarazo después de la semana número veinte. Por
ejemplo, a las 24 semanas de gestación, su altura del fondo uterino debe estar cerca de los 24 cm. Si es menor de
lo esperado, puede significar que hay una restricción del crecimiento fetal.
Ecografía fetal. Hacer un cálculo aproximado del peso del feto con una ecografía (ultrasonido) es la mejor manera
de diagnosticar la restricción del crecimiento fetal. La ecografía utiliza ondas sonoras para crear imágenes del bebé
en la matriz. Esas ondas sonoras no le harán daño a su bebé ni a usted.
Ecografía Doppler. También es posible que le hagan este tipo especial de ultrasonido para diagnosticar la restricción
del crecimiento fetal. Una ecografía Doppler comprueba la circulación de sangre hacia la placenta y por el cordón
umbilical hasta el bebé. Una disminución de la circulación de la sangre puede significar que su bebé tiene el
crecimiento limitado.