AGENDA ITEM 650-554

TITLE: Bottom Underside Corrosion Mitigation (prevention)

Date: July, 2007

Handled By: Alan Watson

A.R. Watson USA
4016 E Maryland St.
Bellingham, WA 98226
Cell phone: 251-751-7732
Fax: 360-752-1779
E-Mail: arwatson@msn.com

Purpose: To revisit Appendix “B” Recommendations for Design and Construction of

Foundations for Aboveground Oil Storage Tanks with bottom underside corrosion
mitigation (prevention) in mind

Source: EEMUA Publication No 183: 1999 “Guide for the Prevention of Bottom Leakage
from Vertical, Cylindrical, Steel Storage Tanks”
Alan Watson 25 years experience with lifting aboveground storage tanks and has
seen what has caused bottom underside corrosion from faulty foundations
Input from aboveground storage tanks terminal operators.

Industry Impact: Clarifications to existing text with an end result of extending the tank
bottom life from underside corrosion.

Acknowledgements: I wish to thank the Engineering Equipment and Materials Users

Association and the British Standards Institution for allowing various
diagrams from their respective publications to be reproduced in this
document

Edit Legend: Red is additions

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 APPENDIX B—RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
FOUNDATIONS FOR ABOVEGROUND OIL STORAGE TANKS
B.1 Scope
B.1.1 This appendix provides important considerations for the design and construction of foundations for
aboveground steel oil storage tanks. Recommendations are offered to outline good practice and to point out
some pre-cautions that should be considered in the design and construction of storage tank foundations and
to assist in minimizing soilside corrosion to tank bottoms
B.1.2 Since there are a wide variety of surface, subsurface and climatic conditions, it is not practical to establish
design data to cover all situations. However it is common practice to build tanks on the following
foundation types:

a. Earth foundation (Fig. B-1)

b. Earth foundation with a concrete ringwall (Fig. B-2)
c. Earth foundation with crushed stone ringwall (Fig. B-3)
d. Concrete slab foundation, plain (Fig. B-4)
e. Concrete slab foundation, piled (Fig. B-4)

The allowable soil loading and the exact type of subsurface construction to be used must be decided for
each individual case after careful consideration. The same rules and precautions shall be used in selecting
foundation sites as would be applicable in designing and constructing foundations for other structures of
comparable magnitude.
B.2 Subsurface Investigation and Construction
B.2.1 At any tank site, the subsurface conditions must be known to estimate the soil bearing capacity and
settlement that will be experienced. This information is generally obtained from soil borings, load tests,
sampling, laboratory testing and analysis by an experienced geotechnical engineer familiar with the history
of similar structures in the vicinity. The subgrade must be capable of supporting the load of the tank and its
contents. The total settlement must not strain connecting piping or produce gauging inaccuracies, and the
settlement should not continue to a point at which the tank bottom is below the surrounding ground surface.
The estimated settlement shall be within the acceptable tolerances for the tank shell and bottom.

Common methods of site investigation include Cone Penetration Tests (CPTs), boreholes, and in-situ and
laboratory testing. The purpose of the investigation is to determine the physical, mechanical and chemical
properties of the underlying strata. The required number of CPTs or borings depends on the diameter of the
proposed tank and the variation of the subsoil layers.
The recommended minimum number of CPTs or borings is;

a. 5, for tanks up to 12m (40ft) diameter

b. 9, for tanks larger than 12m (40ft) and up to 40m (130ft) diameter
c. 13, for tanks larger than 40m (130ft) diameter

The CPTs or borings shall be carried out on the tank foundation circumference at approximately 10m (32ft)
center to center and one close to the center of the tank foundation, together with one or more borings.

B.2.2 When actual experience with similar tanks and foundations at a particular site is not available, the
following ranges for factors of safety should be considered for use in the foundation design criteria for
determining the allowable soil bearing pressures. (The owner or geotechnical engineer responsible for the
project may use factors of safety outside these ranges.)
a. From 2.0 to 3.0 against ultimate bearing failure for normal operating conditions.
b. From 1.5 to 2.25 against ultimate bearing failure during hydrostatic testing.
c. From 1.5 to 2.25 against ultimate bearing failure for operating conditions plus the
maximum effect of wind or seismic loads.
B.2.3 Some of the many conditions that require special engineering consideration are as follows:
a. Sites on hillsides, where part of a tank may be on undisturbed ground or muck and part
may be on till or another construction or where the depth of required fill is variable.

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 b. Sites on swampy or filled ground, where layers of muck or compressible vegetation are at
or below the surface or where unstable or corrosive materials may have been deposited as
fill.
c. Sites underlain by soils, such as layers of plastic clay or organic clays that may support
heavy loads temporarily but settle excessively over long periods of time.
d. Sites adjacent to water courses or deep excavations, where the lateral stability of the
ground is questionable.
e. Sites immediately adjacent to heavy structures that distribute some of their load to the
subsoil under the tank sites. There by reducing the subsoil’s capacity to carry additional
loads without excessive settlement.
f. Sites where tanks may be exposed to flood waters, possibly resulting in uplift,
displacement, or scour.
g. Sites in regions of high seismicity that may be susceptible to liquefaction.
h. Sites with thin layers of soft clay soils that are directly beneath the tank bottom and that
can cause lateral ground stability problems.
i. Sites where tanks, buildings or existing piles have been removed causing the ground
under the new tank having differential compaction.
J Rerouting existing drainage ditches, water courses and underground water courses
B.2.4 If the subgrade is inadequate to carry the load of the filled tank without excessive settlement, shallow or
superficial construction under the tank bottom will not improve the support conditions. One or more of the
following general methods should be considered to improve the support conditions:
a. Removing the objectionable material and replacing it with suitable, compacted material.
b. Compacting the soft material with short piles.
c. Compacting the soft material by preloading the area with an overburden of soil. Strip or
sand drains may be used in conjunction with this method.
d. Stabilizing the soft material by chemical methods or injection of cement grout.
e. Transferring the load to a more stable material underneath the subgrade by driving piles
or constructing foundation piers. This involves constructing a reinforced concrete slab on
the piles to distribute the load of the tank bottom.
f. Constructing a slab foundation that will distribute the load over a sufficiently large area
of the soft material so that the load intensity will be within allowable limits and excessive
settlement will not occur.
g. Improving soil properties by vibrocompaction, vibro-replacement, or deep dynamic
compaction.
h. Slow and controlled filling of the tank during hydrostatic testing. When this method is
used, the integrity of the tank may be compromised by excessive settlements of the shell
or bottom. For this reason, the settlements of the tank shall be closely monitored. In the
event of settlements beyond established ranges, the test may have to be stopped and the
tank releveled.
B.2.5 The fill material used to replace muck or other objectionable material or to build up the grade to a suitable
height above the existing ground level shall be adequate for the support of the tank and product after the
material has been compacted. It is very important that the fill material shall be fine and uniform and free of
vegetation, organic matter, cinders, lumps of clay, rocks, paper, plastic, wood, welding electrodes etc. and
any material that will cause corrosion of the tank bottom. If large particle sizes are used, differential
aeration corrosion may result at points where the large particles or debris contact the steel tank bottom. In
this case, cathodic protection will not be effective in eliminating the pitting.

B.2.6 The chemistry of native soil and fill material shall consider in the foundation design. Osmosis and/or
periodic flooding can cause corrosive material such as chloride salts and sulfates to migrate up to the tank
bottom and increase the risk of corrosion.

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B.2.7 Soil resistivity provides valuable information about the corrosivity of the material used under and around a
tank. A general resistivity classification is given in Table 1. There are several techniques for measuring soil
resistivity. A common method is described in ASTM G 57.

Table 1—General Classification of Resistivity

Resistivity Range (ohm-cm) Potential Corrosion Activity

<500 Very Corrosive
500-1,000 Corrosive
1,000-2,000 Moderately corrosive
2,000-10,000 Mildly corrosive
>10,000 Progressively less corrosive

B.2.8 The resistivity of the pad material may be higher than the existing surrounding soil. Corrosive soil beneath
the higher resistivity pad material may contaminate the pad fill by capillary action. Thus, resistivity of
surrounding soil may be used to determine the probability of corrosion on the tank bottom. The results of
soil resistivity surveys can be used to determine the need for cathodic protection. However, other properties
of the soil (see B.3.2c) f, g, h, I, j and k) should also be considered.

B.2.9 In coastal areas, salt spray on tank surfaces will be washed down the sides of the tank by rain and may flow
beneath the tank to contaminate the tank pad. This also can occur in areas where fertilizers or chemicals
may be in the atmosphere either from spraying or industrial operations. The tank pad also can become
contaminated by wicking action that can draw contaminates such as chlorides up from the water table.
Cathodic protection is usually necessary for corrosion prevention in these situations.

B.2.10 If a leak occurs in a tank bottom, the leaking material can also influence corrosion on the external side. If
water leaks from the tank, the environment under the tank may become more corrosive, if product leaks
from the tank, it could create corrosion cells that did not previously exist or adversely affect the
effectiveness of cathodic protection. A leak may wash away part of the pad material and eliminate the
contact of the tank bottom with the ground in some areas. Cathodic protection will not be effective in such
areas. Additionally, the drainage properties of the pad material may be deteriorated by a leak and allow
water and contaminates to remain in contact with the tank bottom.

B.2.11 The grade and type of fill material shall be capable of being compacted with standard industry compaction
techniques to a density sufficient to provide appropriate bearing capacity and acceptable settlements. The
placement of the fill material shall be in accordance with the project specifications prepared by a qualified
geotechnical engineer.
B.3 Tank Pads
B.3.1 In wet climates the grade or surface on which the lowest point of a tank bottom will rest should be
constructed preferably 450 mm (18 in) or more above the surrounding ground surface. This will provide
suitable drainage, help keep the tank bottom dry and compensate for some small settlement that is likely to
occur. If a large settlement is expected, the tank bottom elevation shall be raised so that the final elevation
above grade will be a minimum of 450 mm (18 in.) after settlement.
In dry climates the grade or surface on which the lowest point of a tank bottom will rest can be reduced to
150 mm (6 in) above the surrounding ground surface.
In lieu of elevating the tank foundation, consideration can be given to have adequate sump volume in the
dike for the worst case storm or snowmelt to keep moisture away from the tank bottom
Consideration shall be given in the design of a new tank foundation in the event that the difference between
the expected settlement at the center of the tank and the shell is greater than 30% of the maximum expected
settlement See B.2.4.h
B.3.2 There are several different materials that can be used for the grade or surface on which the tank bottom will
rest. To minimize future corrosion problems and maximize the effect of corrosion prevention systems such
as cathodic protection, the material in contact with the tank bottom should be fine and uniform. Precautions
shall be taken during installation of the grade material and erection of the tank to prevent contamination of
the grade material.

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 The following material including but not limited to can be readily shaped to the bottom contour of the tank
to provide maximum contact area and will protect the tank bottom from coming into contact with large
particles and debris.
a. Bitumen-sand (cold patch asphalt) mix 50 mm (2 in) thick laid on top of the foundation under the tank
steel bottom
Note; Bitumen-sand layers under steel tank bottoms inhibit cathodic protection current.
Bitumen-sand layers can be affected by welding resulting in porosity or cracks in welds and
producing smoke discomfort to welders

b. Oil sand mixture consists of approximately 90 liter (18 gal) of heavy base petroleum oil per cu meter
(per cu yd). The sand has the correct amount of oil when it can be formed into a ball without dripping
oil. Sand should be coated but not running with excess oil.
c. Clean washed sand (see API Recommended Practice 651 section 5.3.2.1)

f. Electrical resistivity of the sand material is a commonly used method for determining its
corrosivity because it is relatively easy to measure. The resistivity of a soil depends on its
chemical properties, moisture content, and temperature. The resistivity of the sand
material may be determined in accordance with ASTM (157, or equivalent. The results of
the testing shall be forwarded to the cathodic protection designer.

g. Measuring pH indicates the hydrogen ion content of a soil. Corrosion of steel is fairly
independent of pH when it is in the range of 5.0 to 8.0. The rate of corrosion increases
appreciably when pH is < 5.0 and decreases when pH is> 8.0. pH may be determined in
accordance with ASTM G 51 or equivalent.

h. Chlorides will affect the resistivity of soil, and act as a depolarizing agent which will
increase the current requirement for cathodic protection of steel. Pitting corrosion on steel
can begin at chloride levels of 10 ppm. Chloride content may be determined in
accordance with ASTM D 512 or equivalent. There is currently no industry consensus on
an acceptable range for chloride levels; therefore the tank owner/operator should specify
the acceptable chloride level. There are practical and possible economic limitations in
achieving minimum levels of chloride content.

i. Sulfate levels >200 ppm frequently indicate high concentrations of organic matter.
Sulfate content may be determined in accordance with ASTM D 516 or equivalent. There
is currently no industry consensus on an acceptable range for sulfate levels, therefore the
tank owner/operator should specify the acceptable sulfate level. There are practical and
possible economic limitations in achieving minimum levels of sulfate content.

j. Sulfide levels> 0.10 ppm, may indicate that sulfates have been reduced by bacteria.
Sulfide content may be determined in accordance with EPA 0376.1 or equivalent. There
is currently no industry consensus on an acceptable range for sulfide levels, therefore the
tank owner/operator should specify the acceptable sulfide level. There are practical and
possible economic limitations in achieving minimum levels of sulfide content.

k. Random testing of the sand material should be conducted at the supply source to
determine if the electrical resistivity and chemical properties are at acceptable levels.
Sand samples used to determine the properties of the material should be taken from the
actual material that is to be used during construction. If test results do not meet
owner/operator specified levels then additional steps such as rewashing and/or adding
Portland cement or lime, or secure another source of sand, may need to be taken.

If cathodic protection is to be utilized the clean washed sand layer should be increased to a minimum
of 150 mm (6 in).

B.3.3 During construction, the movement of equipment and materials across the grade will damage the graded
surface and possibly bring in native soil (e.g. mud or lumps of clay) into the grade material. These
irregularities should be corrected before bottom plates are placed for welding.

5
B.3.4 The bottom side of each steel plate to be used for tank bottom construction should be inspected
immediately before placement onto the pad to ensure that any contaminating debris that is adhered to it
(e.g., mud) is removed and that the plate surface is clean.

B.3.5 Mechanical vibratory compaction and rolling is suggested to be done for each layer to achieve compaction
to 95% of the maximum dry density per ASTM D 1557 or equivalent

B.3.6 Adequate provisions, such as making size gradients in sub- layers progressively smaller from bottom to top,
or the use of synthetic membrane or geotextile fabric liners should be made to prevent the fine material
from leaching down into the larger material, thus negating the effect of using the fine material as a final
layer. This is particularly important for the top of a crushed rock ringwall.
CAUTION: Compaction by water flooding is not recommended because the water used to flood the sand
pad may cause contamination and deterioration of the original chemical properties of the sand material.
Additionally, flooding can cause bulking of the pad and subsequent adverse settlement when loaded,
possibly causing damage to the tank bottom, attached piping or other appurtenances.

B.3.7. Unless otherwise specified by the owner, the finished tank grade shall be crowned from its outer periphery
to its center at a slope of one inch in ten feet. The crown will partly compensate for settlement which is
likely to be 30% greater at the center than the tank shell. It will also facilitate cleaning and the removal of
water and sludge through openings in the shell or from sumps situated near the shell. Because crowning
will affect the lengths of roof-supporting columns, it is essential that the tank manufacturer be fully
informed of this feature sufficiently in advance. (For an alternative to this paragraph. see B.3.4.)

Note: There are specific advantages and disadvantages of each type of foundation and fill material
regarding the risk of corrosion and the effectiveness of corrosion prevention techniques, such as cathodic
protection. Tank bottom corrosion and corrosion prevention practice that relates to the foundation of a tank
are addressed in API Recommended Practice 651. These practices shall be considered in the design and
installation of the tank foundation and grade materials and in the erection of the tank.
B.3.8. As an alternative to B.3.7 the tank bottom may be sloped toward a sump. The tank manufacturer must be
advised as required in B.3.7
B.4 Typical Foundation Types
Many satisfactory foundation designs are possible when sound engineering judgment is used in there
development. Seven design examples are given to illustrate various options and advantages or
disadvantages of each type and are not meant to exclude other designs from being used. Some examples
show sand bitumen mix and flexible membrane liners. The sand bitumen materials will preclude the use of
cathodic protection in the future since it is highly resistant to CP currents. The membrane liner will restrict
the options for cathodic protection to only the installation of anodes between the liner and the tank bottom
by directional drilling. Precautions addressed in API 651 shall be considered in the selection of tank bottom
design.
B.4.1 Earth Foundation (Fig. B-1)
B. 4.1.1 When an engineering evaluation of subsurface conditions that is based on experience and/or exploratory
work has shown that the subgrade has adequate bearing capacity and that tank settlements will be
acceptable, satisfactory foundations may be constructed from earth materials. The performance
requirements for earth foundations are identical to those for more extensive foundations. Specifically, an
earth foundation should accomplish the following:
a. Provide a stable plane for the support of the tank.
b. Limit overall settlement of the tank grade to values compatible with the allowances used in the
design of the connecting piping.
c. Provide adequate drainage.
d. Not settle excessively at the perimeter due to the weight of the shell wall.
B.4.1.2 Earth foundations can consist of compacted crushed stone, screenings, fine gravel, clean sand, or similar
material placed directly on virgin soil. Any unstable material must be removed, and any replacement
material must be thoroughly compacted.

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 Tank Shell
Sand or Sand Bitumen Mix

Seal the edge around tank Tank Bottom

Tank shoulder

Slope 1:10
Slope 1: 1.5

Suitable Backfill Material

Optional Leak Detection / Drainage Pipes

Flexible Membrane Liner.
Ground Level

Notes:
1. Tank shoulder 1 m (3 ft) wide for tanks dia under 15 m (50 ft) and 1.5 m (5 ft) wide for tanks over 15 m (50 ft)
2. Tank with a cone up bottom, recommended foundation height at tank shell is 450 mm (18 in) above the surrounding ground
elevation.
3. For tank with a cone down bottom, recommended foundation height is equal to the greater of 450 mm (18 in), or the
dimension from the bottom of the tank shell to the bottom of the tank sump, plus the slope of the leak detection / drainage
pipe from the center of the tank to terminate outside the foundation, plus 100 mm (4 in). The drainage pipe shall finish 100
mm (4 in) above the surrounding grade
4. Recommend laying sand or sand bitumen mix over backfill and under tank bottom as a corrosion mitigation barrier API 650
Appendix B.3.2. a and b
5. After the foundation shoulder has weathered, lay 25 mm (1in) hot sand bitumen mix or chip seal over the tank shoulder
from grade to tank bottom edge, to protect the tank shoulder from erosion. Seal the bitumen to the tank bottom as a moisture
barrier. If there is a liner, seal bitumen to the liner as well for proper leak containment and detection and as a moisture
barrier. Do not lay material over the tank chime
6. A flexible, impermeable membrane liner will block groundwater from migrating upward into the foundation and serve to
contain and channel leaks for detection. The liner material should be compatible with and impermeable to the stored
substance, and be protected from the backfill and below by a geotextile fabric. The liner should slope from the center of the
tank towards the tank edge, extending outside of the footprint of the tank. Flexible membrane liner will preclude the future
use of CP from anodes outside of the liner
7. The flexible membrane liner can be used to increase the inspection interval of the tank bottom API 653 6.4.3
8. The outside edge of the tank bottom should be sealed to prevent moisture from going under the tank. Assure that sealing
material at the bottom junction does not extend above top of tank bottom chime to form a water trap outside of the tank
shell. After tank testing inspect this area and remove any sealing material or bitumen mix which extrudes out from beneath
tank to form such a water trap. The tank bottom chime must be visible for inspection at all times.
9. Where a concrete ringwall is not provided, the foundation under the shell shall be level within ±3 mm (1/8 in.) in any 3 m
(10 ft) of the circumference and within ±13 mm (1/2 in.) in the total circumference measured from the average elevation.
API 650 5.5.5.2 b
10. Leak detection / drainage pipes API 650 Appendix B Fig B-5
11. Suitable backfill material API 650 Appendix B 2.5

Figure B-1 Earth Foundation.

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 Tank Shell
Sand Bitumen

Tank Bottom
Seal the edge around tank

Tank shoulder

Slope 1:10
Slope 1: 1.5
Sand and Cathodic Protection
Suitable backfill material

Ground Level Flexible Membrane Liner. Leak Detection / Drainage Pipes

Notes:
1. Tank shoulder 1 m (3 ft) wide for tanks dia under 15 m (50 ft) and 1.5 m (5 ft) wide for tanks over 15 m (50 ft)
2. Tank with a cone up bottom, recommended foundation height at tank shell is 450 mm (18 in) above the surrounding ground
elevation.
3. For tank with a cone down bottom, recommended foundation height is equal to the greater of 450 mm (18 in), or the
dimension from the bottom of the tank shell to the bottom of the tank sump, plus the slope of the leak detection / drainage
pipe from the center of the tank to terminate outside the foundation, plus 100 mm (4 in). The drainage pipe shall finish 100
mm (4 in) above the surrounding grade
4. Recommend laying sand under tank bottom API 650 Appendix B.3.2. b
5. After the foundation shoulder has weathered, lay 25 mm (1in) hot sand bitumen mix or chip seal over the tank shoulder from
grade to tank bottom edge, to protect the tank shoulder from erosion. Seal the bitumen to the tank bottom as a moisture
barrier. If there is a liner, seal bitumen to the liner as well for proper leak containment and detection and as a moisture barrier.
Do not lay material over the tank chime
6. A flexible, impermeable membrane liner will block groundwater from migrating upward into the foundation and serve to
contain and channel leaks for detection. The liner material should be compatible with and impermeable to the stored
substance, and be protected from the backfill and below by a geotextile fabric. The liner should slope from the center of the
tank towards the tank edge, extending outside of the footprint of the tank. Flexible membrane liner will preclude the future
use of CP from anodes outside of the liner
7. The flexible membrane liner can be used to increase the inspection interval of the tank bottom under API 653 6.4.3
8. The outside edge of the tank bottom should be sealed to prevent moisture from going under the tank. Assure that sealing
material at the bottom junction does not extend above top of tank bottom chime to form a water trap outside of the tank shell.
After tank testing inspect this area and remove any sealing material or bitumen mix which extrudes out from beneath tank to
form such a water trap. The tank bottom plate must be visible for inspection at all times.
9. Where a concrete ringwall is not provided, the foundation under the shell shall be level within ±3 mm (1/8 in.) in any 3 m (10
ft) of the circumference and within ±13 mm (1/2 in.) in the total circumference measured from the average elevation. API
650 5.5.5.2 b
10. Leak detection / drainage pipes API 650 Appendix B Fig B-5
11. Suitable backfill material API 650 Appendix B 2.5
12. 50 mm (2 in) Sand Bitumen Mix laid under the shell will stop sand from eroding out from under the tank bottom
13. When installing Cathodic Protection sand minimum 150 mm (6 in) deep and tie anode down to stop the anode from shorting
out against the tank bottom. If Cathodic Protection is not installed sand depth can be reduced to 75mm (3 in)

Figure B-1A Earth Foundation, with Cathodic Protection

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B.4.2. Earth Foundation with a Concrete Ring Wall (Fig. B-2)
B.4.2.1 Large tanks, tanks with heavy or tall shells and/ or self-supported roofs impose a substantial load on the
foundation under the shell. This is particularly important with regard to shell distortion in floating-roof
tanks. When there is some doubt whether a foundation will be able to carry the shell load directly, a
concrete ringwall foundation should be used. As an alternative to the concrete ringwall noted in this
section, a crushed stone ringwall (see B.4.3) may be used. A foundation with a concrete ringwall has the
following advantages:
a. It provides better distribution of the concentrated load of the shell to produce a more nearly
uniform soil loading under the tank.
b. It provides a level, solid starting plane for construction of the shell.
c. It provides a better means of leveling the tank grade, and it is capable of preserving its contour
during construction.
d. It retains the fill under the tank bottom and prevents loss of material as a result of erosion.
e. It contributes to limiting moisture under the tank if adequately sealed
A disadvantage of concrete ringwalls is that they may not smoothly conform to differential settlements.
This disadvantage may lead to high bending stresses in the bottom plates adjacent to the ringwall.
B.4.2.2 When a concrete ringwall is designed. it shall be proportioned so that the allowable soil bearing is not
exceeded. The ringwall shall not be less than 300mm (12 in.) thick. The centerline diameter of the ringwall
should equal the nominal diameter of the tank: however, the ringwall centerline may vary if required to
facilitate the placement of anchor bolts or to satisfy soil bearing limits for seismic loads or excessive uplift
forces. The depth of the wall will depend on local conditions, but the depth must be sufficient to place the
bottom of the ringwall below the anticipated frost penetration and within the specified bearing strata. As a
minimum, the bottom of the ringwall, if founded on soil, shall be located 0.6 m (2 ft) below the lowest
adjacent finish grade. Tank foundations must be constructed within the tolerances specified in 5.5.5.
Recesses shall be provided in the wall for flush- type cleanouts, drawoff sumps and any other
appurtenances that require recesses.
B.4.2.3 A ringwall should be reinforced against temperature changes and shrinkage and reinforced to resist the
lateral pressure of the confined fill with its surcharge from product loads. ACI 318 is recommended for
design stress values, material specifications, and rebar development and cover. It is recommended that
concrete be measured, mixed, transported and placed in accordance with ACI 304R. The following items
concerning a ringwall shall be considered:
a. The ringwall shall be reinforced to resist the direct hoop tension resulting from the lateral earth
pressure on the ringwalls inside face. Unless substantiated by proper geotechnical analysis, the
lateral earth pressure shall be assumed to be at least 50% of the vertical pressure due to fluid and
soil weight. If a granular backfill is used, a lateral earth pressure coefficient of 30% may be used.
b. The ringwall shall be reinforced to resist the bending moment resulting from the uniform moment
load. The uniform moment load shall account for the eccentricities of the applied shell and
pressure loads relative to the centroid of the resulting soil pressure. The pressure load is due to the
fluid pressure on the horizontal projection of the ringwall inside the shell.
c. The ringwall shall be reinforced to resist the bending and torsion moments resulting from lateral,
wind, or seismic loads applied eccentrically to it. A rational analysis, which includes the effect of
the foundation stiffness, shall be used to determine these moments and soil pressure distributions.
d. The total hoop steel area required to resist the loads noted above shall not be less than the area
required for temperature changes and shrinkage. The hoop steel area required for temperature
changes and shrinkage is 0.0025 times the vertical cross-sectional area of the ringwall or the
minimum reinforcement for walls called for in ACI 318, Chapter 14.
e. For ringwalls, the vertical steel area required for temperature changes and shrinkage is 0.0015
times the horizontal cross-sectional area of the ringwall or the minimum reinforcement for walls
called for in ACI 318, Chapter 14. Additional vertical steel may be required for uplift or tensional
resistance. If the ring foundation is wider than its depth, the design shall consider its behavior as
an annular slab with flexure in the radial direction. Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement shall
meet the ACI 318 provisions for slabs. (See ACI 318, Chapter 7.)
9
f. When the ringwall width exceeds 460 mm (18 in.), using a spread footing beneath the wall should
be considered. Footings may also be useful for resistance to uplift forces.
g. Structural backfill within and adjacent to concrete ring- walls and around items such as vaults,
undertank piping, and sumps requires close field control to maintain settlement tolerances.
Backfill should be granular material compacted to the density and compacting as specified in the
foundation construction specifications. For other backfill materials, sufficient tests shall he
conducted to verify that the material has adequate strength and will undergo minimal settlement.

10
 Tank shell to be center
of concrete ringwall
Tank Shell
Sand or Sand Bitumen Mix
Seal the edge around tank
Tank Bottom

Beveled 25 mm (1 in)

Leak Detection / Drainage Pipes

Beveled 50 mm (2 in)
Concrete Ringwall
Suitable Backfill Material

Compacted Crushed Stone sloping away

from Concrete Ringwall 2 m (6ft 6in)

Optional
Flexible Membrane Liner.

Concrete Spread Footing

Notes:
1. Concrete ringwall is to be designed by a person experienced in tank foundation design
2. See B.4.2.3 for requirements for reinforcement.
3. The top of the concrete ringwall shall be smooth and level. The concrete strength shall be at least 20 MPa (3000 lbs/sqin)
after 28 days. Reinforcement splices must be staggered and shall be lapped to develop full strength in the bond. If staggering
of laps is not possible, refer to ACI 318 for additional development requirements.
4. Where a concrete ringwall is provided under the shell, the top of the ringwall shall be level within ±3 mm (1/8 in.) in any 9 m
(30 ft) of the circumference and within ±6 mm (1/4 in.) in the total circumference measured from the average elevation. API
650 5.5.5.2 a
5. Concrete ringwalls shall not be built less than 300 mm (12 in) in width
6. Concrete ringwalls that exceed 300 mm (12 in.) in width shall have rebar distributed on both faces.
7. After concrete ringwall has been built, remove any unsuitable material from inside of the ringwall and replace with suitable
thoroughly compacted fill material. Do not allow any water to run under the concrete ringwall.
8. The need for a spread footing should be evaluated when building concrete ring wall on soft ground.
9. When the ringwall width exceeds 460 mm (18 in) using a spread footing beneath the wall should be considered.
10. Tank anchorage bolts maybe required see Section 3.11.1, Appendix E, Appendix F
11. 50 mm (2 in) Sand Bitumen Mix laid on top of concrete ring wall will stop sand from eroding out from under the tank
bottom, and will allow the annular plate backing strips from touching the concrete ring wall. This will prevent moisture from
going under the tank bottom.
12. The flexible membrane liner slopes from the center of the tank and is bolted to the inside of the concrete ring wall. A flexible,
impermeable membrane liner will block groundwater from migrating upward into the foundation and serve to contain and
channel leaks for detection. The liner material should be compatible with and impermeable to the stored substance, and be
protected from the backfill and below by a geotextile fabric. Flexible membrane liner will preclude the future use of CP from
anodes outside of the liner.
13. The flexible membrane liner can be used to increase the inspection interval of the tank bottom under API 653 6.4.3
14. The outside edge of the tank bottom should be sealed to prevent moisture from going under the tank. Assure that sealing
material at the bottom junction does not extend above top of tank bottom chime to form a water trap outside of the tank shell.
After tank testing inspect this area and remove any sealing material or bitumen mix which extrudes out from beneath tank to
form such a water trap. The tank bottom chime must be visible for inspection at all times.
15. Recommend laying sand or sand bitumen mix over backfill and under tank bottom as a corrosion mitigation barrier API 650
Appendix B.3.2. a and b
16. Leak detection / drainage pipes API 650 Appendix B Fig B-5
17. Suitable backfill material API 650 Appendix B 2.5

Figure B-2 Earth Foundation, with a Concrete Ringwall without Cathodic Protection

11
 Tank shell to be center
of concrete ringwall Sand Bitumen Mix
Tank Shell
Seal the edge around tank

Tank Bottom
Beveled 25 mm (1 in)

Beveled 50 mm (2 in)
Leak Detection / Drainage Pipes

Concrete Ringwall Sand and Cathodic Protection

Compacted Crushed stone sloping away

from Concrete Ring Wall 2m (6 ft 6in)
Suitable Backfill Material

Optional
Flexible Membrane Liner.

Concrete Spread Footing

Notes:
1. Concrete ringwall is to be designed by a person experienced in tank foundation design
2. See B.4.2.3 for requirements for reinforcement.
3. The top of the concrete ringwall shall be smooth and level. The concrete strength shall be at least 20 MPa (3000 lbs/sqin)
after 28 days. Reinforcement splices must be staggered and shall be lapped to develop full strength in the bond. If staggering
of laps is not possible, refer to ACI 318 for additional development requirements.
4. Where a concrete ringwall is provided under the shell, the top of the ringwall shall be level within ±3 mm (1/8 in.) in any 9 m
(30 ft) of the circumference and within ±6 mm (1/4 in.) in the total circumference measured from the average elevation. API
650 5.5.5.2 a
5. Concrete ringwalls shall not be built less than 300 mm (12 in) in width
6. Concrete ringwalls that exceed 300 mm (12 in.) in width shall have steel rebar distributed on both faces.
7. After concrete ringwall has been built, remove any unsuitable material from each side of the ringwall and replace with
suitable thoroughly compacted fill material. Do not allow any water to run under the concrete ringwall.
8. The need for a spread footing should be evaluated when building concrete ring wall on soft ground.
9. When the ringwall width exceeds 460 mm (18 in) using a footing beneath the wall should be considered.
10. Tank anchorage bolts maybe required see Section 3.11.1, Appendix E, Appendix F
11. 50 mm (2 in) Sand Bitumen Mix laid on top of concrete ring wall will stop sand from eroding out from under the tank
bottom, and will allow the annular plate backing strips from touching the concrete ring wall. This mix will prevent moisture
from going under the tank bottom.
12. Install cathode protection sand minimum 150 mm (6 in) deep and tie anode down to stop the anode from shorting out against
the tank bottom. If Cathodic Protection is not installed sand depth can be reduced to 75mm (3 in)
13. The flexible membrane liner slopes from the center of the tank and is bolted to the inside of the concrete ring wall. A flexible,
impermeable membrane liner will block groundwater from migrating upward into the foundation and serve to contain and
channel leaks for detection. The liner material should be compatible with and impermeable to the stored substance, and be
protected from the backfill and below by a geotextile fabric. Flexible membrane liner will preclude the future use of CP from
anodes outside of the liner.
14. The flexible membrane liner can be used to increase the inspection interval of the tank bottom under API 653 6.4.3
15. The outside edge of the tank bottom should be sealed to prevent moisture from going under the tank. Assure that sealing
material at the bottom junction does not extend above top of tank bottom chime to form a water trap outside of the tank shell.
After tank testing inspect this area and remove any sealing material or bitumen mix which extrudes out from beneath tank to
form such a water trap. The tank bottom chime must be visible for inspection at all times.
16. Recommend laying sand over backfill and under tank bottom API 650 Appendix B.3.2. b
17. Leak detection / drainage pipes API 650 Appendix B Fig B-5
18. Suitable backfill material API 650 Appendix B 2.5

Figure B-2A Earth Foundation, with a Concrete Ringwall and Cathodic Protection

12
B.4.3. Earth Foundation with a Crushed Stone and Gravel Ringwall (Fig. B-3)
B.4.3.1 A crushed stone or gravel ringwall will provide adequate support for high loads imposed by a shell. A
foundation with a crushed stone or gravel ringwall has the following advantages:
a. It provides better distribution of the concentrated load of the shell to produce a more nearly
uniform soil loading under the tank.
b. It provides a means of leveling the tank grade, and it is capable of preserving its contour during
construction.
c. It retains the fill under the tank bottom and prevents loss of material as a result of erosion.
d. It can more smoothly accommodate differential settlement because of its flexibility.
A disadvantage of the crushed stone or gravel ringwall is that it is more difficult to construct it to close
tolerances and achieve a flat, level plane for construction of the tank shell.
B.4.3.2. For crushed stone or gravel ringwalls, careful selection of design details is necessary to ensure satisfactory
performance.
The type of foundation suggested is shown in Figure B-3, Significant details include the following:
a. The 0.9 m (3 ft) shoulder and berm shall be protected from erosion by being constructed of
crushed stone or covered with a permanent paving material.
b. Care shall be taken during construction to prepare and maintain a smooth, level surface for the
tank bottom plates.
c. The tank grade shall be constructed to provide adequate drainage away from the tank foundation.
d. The tank foundation must be true to the specified plane within the tolerances specified in API 650
5.5.5.

13
Leak Detection / Drainage Pipes. Tank Shell
Sand or Sand Bitumen

Seal the edge around tank Tank Bottom

Tank shoulder

Slope 1:10
Slope 1: 1.5
600 mm (24 in)

Crushed Stone Suitable Backfill Material

Optional
Ground Level Geotextile Fabric. Flexible Membrane Liner.

45o 45o

Notes:
1. Geotextile fabric to be laid around crushed rock ringwall
2. Top of crushed rock ring wall under tank shell to be minimum of 600 mm (24 in) wide
3. Tank shoulder 1 m (3 ft) wide for tanks dia under 15 m (50 ft) and 1.5 m (5 ft) wide for tanks over 15 m (50 ft)
4. For tank with a cone down bottom, recommended foundation height is equal to the greater of 450 mm (18 in), or the
dimension from the bottom of the tank shell to the bottom of the tank sump, plus the slope of the leak detection / drainage
pipe from the center of the tank to terminate outside the foundation, plus 100 mm (4 in). The drainage pipe shall finish 100
mm (4 in) above the surrounding grade
5. Recommend laying sand or sand bitumen mix over backfill and under tank bottom as a corrosion mitigation barrier API 650
Appendix B.3.2. a and b
6. After the foundation shoulder has weathered, lay 25 mm (1in) hot sand bitumen mix or chip seal over the tank shoulder from
grade to tank bottom edge, to protect the tank shoulder from erosion. Seal the bitumen to the tank bottom as a moisture
barrier. If there is a liner, seal bitumen to the liner as well for proper leak containment and detection, and as a moisture
barrier. Do not lay material over the tank chime
7. A flexible, impermeable membrane liner will block groundwater from migrating upward into the foundation and serve to
contain and channel leaks for detection. The liner material should be compatible with and impermeable to the stored
substance, and be protected from the backfill and below by a geotextile fabric. The liner should slope from the center of the
tank towards the tank edge, extending outside of the footprint of the tank. Flexible membrane liner will preclude the future
use of CP from anodes outside of the liner.
8. Recommended foundation height above surrounding ground is a minimum of 450 mm (18 in)
9. The flexible membrane liner can be used to increase the inspection interval of the tank bottom under API 653 6.4.3
10. The outside edge of the tank bottom should be sealed to prevent moisture from going under the tank Assure that sealing
material at the bottom junction does not extend above top of tank bottom chime to form a water trap outside of the tank
shell. After tank testing inspect this area and remove any sealing material or bitumen mix which extrudes out from beneath
tank to form such a water trap. The tank bottom chime must be visible for inspection at all times.
11. Where a concrete ringwall is not provided, the foundation under the shell shall be level within ±3 mm (1/8 in.) in any 3 m
(10 ft) of the circumference and within ±13 mm (1/2 in.) in the total circumference measured from the average elevation.
API 650 5.5.5.2 b
12. Leak detection / drainage pipes API 650 Appendix B Fig B-5
13. Suitable backfill material API 650 Appendix B 2.5

Figure B-3 Foundation, with Crushed Stone Ringwall

14
 Tank Shell
Leak Detection / Drainage Pipes.

Tank Bottom

Tank Shoulder
Slope 1:10
Slope 1: 1.5
600 mm (24 in) Sand and Cathodic Protection

Crushed Stone Suitable backfill material

Geotextile Fabric.

Ground Level Optional

45o 45o Flexible Membrane Liner.

Notes:
1. Geotextile fabric to be laid around crushed rock ringwall
2. Top of crushed rock ring wall under tank shell to be minimum of 600 mm (24 in) wide
3. Tank shoulder 1 m (3 ft) wide for tanks dia under 15 m (50 ft) and 1.5 m (5 ft) wide for tanks over 15 m (50 ft)
4. Each end of leak detection / drainage pipes to have screens installed
5. After the foundation shoulder has weathered, lay 25 mm (1in) hot sand bitumen mix or chip seal over the tank shoulder from
grade to tank bottom edge, to protect the tank shoulder from erosion. Seal the bitumen to the tank bottom as a moisture
barrier. If there is a liner, seal bitumen to the liner as well for proper leak containment and detection and as a moisture
barrier. Do not lay material over the tank chime
6. Recommended foundation height above ground 450 mm (18 in)
7. 50 mm (2 in) Sand Bitumen Mix laid on top of crushed rock ringwall will stop sand from eroding out from under the tank
bottom, This will allow the annular plate backing strips from touching the crushed rock ring wall and will stop the moisture
from going under the tank.
8. Install cathode protection sand a minimum of 150 mm (6 in) deep and tie anode down to stop the anode from shorting out
against the tank bottom. If Cathodic Protection is not installed sand depth can be reduced to 75mm (3 in)
9. The flexible membrane liner slopes from the center of the tank and extends outside of the footprint of the tank. A flexible,
impermeable membrane liner will block groundwater from migrating upward into the foundation and serve to contain and
channel leaks for detection. The liner material should be compatible with and impermeable to the stored substance, and be
protected from the backfill and below by a geotextile fabric. Flexible membrane liner will preclude the future use of CP
from anodes outside of the liner.
10. The flexible membrane liner can be used to increase the inspection interval of the tank bottom under API 653 6.4.3
11. The outside edge of the tank bottom should be sealed to prevent moisture from going under the tank. Assure that sealing
material at the bottom junction does not extend above top of tank bottom chime to form a water trap outside of the tank
shell. After tank testing inspect this area and remove any sealing material or bitumen mix which extrudes out from beneath
tank to form such a water trap. The tank bottom chime must be visible for inspection at all times.
12. Where a concrete ringwall is not provided, the foundation under the shell shall be level within ±3 mm (1/8 in.) in any 3 m
(10 ft) of the circumference and within ±13 mm (1/2 in.) in the total circumference measured from the average elevation.
API 650 5.5.5.2 b
13. Leak detection / drainage pipes API 650 Appendix B Fig B-5
14. Suitable backfill material API 650 Appendix B 2.5

Figure B-3A Foundation, with Crushed Stone Ringwall and Cathodic Protection

15
B.4.4 Concrete Slab Foundation (Fig. B.4)
B.4.4.1 When the soil bearing loads must be distributed over an area larger than the tank area or when it is
specified by the owner, a reinforced concrete slab shall be used. Piles beneath the slab may be required for
proper tank support.
B.4.4.2 The structural design of the slab, whether on grade or on piles, shall properly account for all loads imposed
upon the slab by the tank. The reinforcement requirements and the design details of construction shall be in
accordance with ACI 318.

Tank Shell

Sand or Sand Bitumen Mix

Tank Bottom
Beveled 25 mm (1 in)

Concrete Slab

Piles

Compacted Crushed Stone

sloping away from concrete
slab 2 m (6ft 6in)

Notes:
1. Concrete slab is to be designed by a person experienced in tank foundation design
2. The top of the concrete slab shall be smooth and level. The concrete strength shall be at least 20 MPa (3000 lbs/sqin) after 28
days. Reinforcement splices must be staggered and shall be lapped to develop full strength in the bond. If staggering of laps
is not possible, refer to ACI 318 for additional development requirements.
3. Tank anchorage bolts maybe required see Section 3.11.1, Appendix E, Appendix F
4. Where a concrete slab foundation is provided, the first 0.3 m (1 ft) of the foundation (or width of the annular ring), measured
from the outside of the tank radially towards the center, shall comply with the concrete ringwall requirement. The remainder
of the foundation shall be within ±13 mm (1/2 in.) of the design shape. API 650 5.5.5.2.c
5. 50 mm (2 in) Sand Bitumen Mix laid on top of concrete slab will allow the annular plate backing strips from touching the
concrete slab. This will prevent moisture from going under the tank bottom.
6. The outside edge of the tank bottom should be sealed to prevent moisture from going under the tank. Assure that sealing
material at the bottom junction does not extend above top of tank bottom chime to form a water trap outside of the tank shell.
After tank testing inspect this area and remove any sealing material or bitumen mix which extrudes out from beneath tank to
form such a water trap. The tank bottom chime must be visible for inspection at all times.

Figure B-4 Concrete Slab Foundation, Plain or Piled

16
 Tank

Tank Bottom
Slope 1:1
Tank Shoulder

Slope 1:10

Slope 1:1.5

Suitable Backfill Material

Ground Level Optional Leak Detection / Drainage Pipes

Flexible membrane Liner

Notes:
1. Tank shoulder 1 m (3 ft) wide for tanks dia under 15 m (50 ft) and 1.5 m (5ft ) wide for tanks over 15 m (50 ft)
2. Tank with a cone up bottom, recommended foundation height at tank shell is 450 mm (18 in) above the surrounding
ground elevation.
3. For tank with a cone down bottom, recommended foundation height is equal to the greater of 450 mm (18 in), or the
dimension from the bottom of the tank shell to the bottom of the tank sump, plus the slope of the leak detection /
drainage pipe from the center of the tank to terminate outside the foundation, plus 100 mm (4 in). The drainage pipe
shall finish 100 mm (4 in) above the surrounding grade.
4. Recommend laying sand or sand bitumen mix over backfill and under tank bottom as a corrosion mitigation barrier
(see B.3.2. a and b)
5. After the foundation shoulder has weathered, lay 25 mm (1in) hot sand bitumen mix or chip seal over the tank
shoulder from grade to tank bottom edge, to protect the tank shoulder from erosion.
6. Seal the bitumen to the tank bottom as a moisture barrier. If there is a liner, seal bitumen to the liner as well for
proper leak containment and detection and as a moisture barrier. Do not lay material over the tank chime
7. A flexible, impermeable membrane liner will block groundwater from migrating upward into the foundation and
serve to contain and channel leaks for detection. The liner material should be compatible with and impermeable to the
stored substance, and be protected from the backfill and below by a geotextile fabric. The liner should slope from the
center of the tank towards the tank edge, extending outside of the footprint of the tank. Flexible membrane liner will
preclude the future use of CP from anodes outside of the liner
8. The flexible membrane liner can be used to increase the inspection interval of the tank bottom under API 653 6.4.3
9. The outside edge of the tank bottom should be sealed to prevent moisture from going under the tank. Assure that
sealing material at the bottom junction does not extend above top of tank bottom plate to form a water trap outside of
the tank shell. After tank testing inspect this area and remove any sealing material or bitumen mix which extrudes out
from beneath tank to form such a water trap. The tank bottom plate must be visible for inspection at all times.
10. Leak detection / drainage pipes API 650 Appendix B Fig B-5
11. Suitable backfill material API 650 Appendix B 2.5

Figure B-5 Tank Foundation Shoulder

17
B.5 Tank Foundations for Leak Detection
API 650 Appendix “I” provides additional designs and recommendations on the construction of tank and
foundation systems for the detection of leaks through the bottoms of storage tanks.
A foundation which incorporates a Release Prevention Barrier (RPB) such as a flexible, impermeable
membrane liner with leak detection piping, or a concrete slab, may be used under some conditions to
increase the internal inspection interval for the tank. See API 653.6.4.3
A flexible, impermeable membrane liner will block groundwater from migrating upward into the foundation and serve
to contain and channel leaks for detection. The liner material should be compatible with and impermeable to the stored
substance, and be protected from the backfill and below by a geotextile fabric. The liner should slope from the center of
the tank towards the tank edge, extending outside of the footprint of the tank.

Tank

Tank Foundation

At least 8 pipes with a max spacing of

10 m (32 ft) around the tank foundation

1 pipe to center of tank

Pipes 3 m (10 ft) inside tank foundation

Notes:

1. The leak detection / drainage pipes should be made of non-corrosive material (e.g. PVC or fiberglass) and
have slots in the pipe to maximize the opportunity to detect tank leaks
2. Recommend 50 mm (2 in) pipes
3. Each end of leak detection / drainage pipes to have screens installed
4. Underside of telltale pipes to be a minimum of 100 mm (4 in) above the surrounding bottom elevation.

Fig B-5 Leak Detection / Drainage Pipes

B.6 Tank Anchorage

When a tank is required to be anchored due to wind loading or seismic stress, see API 650 Section 3.11,
and 3.12. API 650 Appendix E, API 650 Appendix F and Figure 1-11.

18