DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Chapter 3:
Quantization Process with Over-Sampling
and Noise Shaping
Reference:
S J.Orfanidis, ”Introduction to Signal Processing”, Prentice –Hall , 1996,ISBN 0-13-209172-0
M. D. Lutovac, D. V. Tošić, B. L. Evans, “Filter Design for Signal Processing Using MATLAB
and Mathematica”, Prentice Hall, 2001

Lectured by Prof. Dr. Thuong Le-Tien

National Distinguished Lecturer
Tel: 08-38654184; 0903 787 989
Email: ThuongLe@hcmut.edu.vn,
ThuongLe@yahoo.com

Dated on Feb, 2019

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Quantization process and noise shaping

1. Quantization process.
2. Over sampling and Noise Shaping.
3. Digital to Analog conversion DAC.
4. Analog to Digital Conversion ADC.

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1. Quantization Process

Analog to digital converter - ADC.

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Quantized sample xQ(nT) represented by B bits take
only one of 2B possible value.
Quantization width or quantizer resolution Q
R R
Q B  2B R is the full-scale range
2 Q

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R is in the symmetrical range:
R R
  xQ (nT ) 
2 2
Quantization error:

e(nT) = xQ(nT) – x(nT)

In general case: e = xQ – x
where, xQ is the quantized value
Q Q
 e
2 2

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 Q/2
Mean: 1
e  ede  0
Q Q / 2
Q/2 2
2 1 2 Q
e   e de 
Q Q / 2 12
Root Mean Square error: 2 Q
erms  e 
12
Quantization error e can be assumed as a random
variable which is distributed uniformly over the
range [-Q/2, Q/2] then having probability density:

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 1 Q Q
 ,  e
p ( e)   Q 2 2
0, other p(e)

Normalization 1/Q needed to guarantee
Q/2

 p(e)de  1
Q / 2
-Q/2 0 Q/2 e

The statistical expectation

Q/2 Q/2

E[e]  E[e 2 ]  2
 p(e)de
e
 ep(e)de
Q / 2 Q / 2

SNR (Normalized Signal-to-noise ratio):

20log10(R/Q) = 20log10(2B) = 20Blog10(2)
R
SNR  20 log10    6 B
Q 7
 Non-Normalized SNR
Define step size Q for the signal x(t)
With the max value to be Xmax

Where   Q; B  B'  1
2
X max Q
Q  B 1 and  e2 
2 12
then the SQNR
 x2 X max
SQNR  10 log 2  6 B  4.81  20 log
e x
Thus, the practical Signal –to-Quantization-Noise increases
approximately 6dB for each bit
(can be compared to the Normalized SNR)
 The average power or variance of e(n)
2
Q
 
 e2  E e 2 (n) 
12

Assumed e(n) is white noise then the

autocorrelation function is the delta function

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 Example: in digital audio application, signal sampled at
44kHz and each sample quantized using a ADC having
full scale of 10volts. Determine number of bits B if the
rms quantization error must be kept below 50 microvolts.
Then determine the actual rms error and bit rate

Sol:

Which is rounded to B=16

Then bit rate:

The Nomalized-SNR of the quantizer is 6B = 96 dB

 2. Oversampling and noise shaping

Power spectrum of white quantization noise

Power spectrum density of e(n)

The noise power within at Nyquist sub-interval [fa, fb]

with f = fb – fa :

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The noise power over the entire interval f = fs
2
 e 2
fs   e
fs
Noise shaping quantizers reshape the spectrum of the
quantization noise into more convenient shape. This
accomplished by filtering the white noise sequence e(n)
by a noise shaping filter HNS(f).
xQ(n) = x(n) + (n)

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 Power spectral density
2  e2 2
S ( f )  H NS ( f ) S ee ( f )  H NS ( f )
fs
Noise power within a given interval
fb 2 fb
e 2
 S ( f )df  f  H
fa s fa
NS ( f ) df

fs '
Over Sampling ratio L
fs 2
2 Q
Quantization noise powers e 
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To maintain the same quality 2 2
required the power spectral  e ' e

density remain the same fs fs '
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  'e2
L  2  2 2 ( B  B ')  2 2 B
e
B = B-B’, or B = 0.5 log2 L

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The total noise power in the Nyquist interval:

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 fs / 2 2p 2 p 1
2 2p
2 ' e
 2pf  2 p  fs 
 
e    df   'e  
f s '  fs / 2  f s '  2 p 1  fs ' 
2 p 1
2p
2 p  fs  p 2p  1 
  'e     'e2  2 p 1 
2 p 1  fs '  2 p 1 L 
e2 /'e2 = 2 -2(B-B’) = 2 -2B
 p 2p 
B  ( p  0.5) log 2 L  0.5 log 2  
 2 p 1

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Oversampling and noise shaping system

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3. Digital to Analog Converter DAC
B bit 0 and 1 at input, b = [b1, b2,…, bB],
(a) unipolar natural binary,
(b) bipolar offset binary,
(c) bipolar 2’s complement.

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Unipolar natural binary
xQ = R(b12-1 + b22-2 + … + bB2-B)
xQ = R2-B(b12B-1 + b22B-2 + … + bB-121 + bB)
Bipolar offset binary
xQ = R(b12-1 + b22-2 + … + bB2-B – 0.5)
Two’s complement
xQ = R(b12-1 + b22-2 + … + bB2-B – 0.5)

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Converter code for B=4bits, R=10volts

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4. Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)

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Example: A sampled sinusoid x(n)=Acos(2pfn), A=3volts
and f=0.04 cycles/sample. The sinusoid is evaluated at the ten
Sampling times n=0,1,2…9 and x(n) is quantized using a 4-bit
ADC with R=10volts. The following table shows the sampled
and quantized values and its codes
5. Analog and Digital Dither
Dither is a low-level white noise signal added to the
input before quantization for eliminating granulation
or quantization distortion and making the total
quantization error behave like white noise

Analog dither

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Digital dither can be added to a digital prior to a
requantization operation that reduces the number
of bits representing the signal.

v(n) is dither noise

Nonsubtractive dither process and quantization

(Analog and digital dithers)

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 y(n) = x(n) + v(n)
Quantization error: e(n) = yQ(n) – y(n)
Total error resulting from dithering and quantization:
(n) = yQ(n) – x(n)
(n) = (y(n) + e(n)) – x(n) = x(n) + v(n) + e(n) – x(n)
or
(n) = yQ(n) – x(n) = e(n) + v(n)
Total error noise power
1 2
       Q   v2
2 2
e
2
v
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The two common Rectangular and triangular dither probability densities

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Total error variance (the noise penalty in using dither)
10log2 = 3 dB
10log3 = 4.8 dB
10log4 = 6 dB

Subtractive dither

Total error
(n) = yout(n) – x(n) = (yQ(n) – v(n)) – x(n) = yQ(n) – (x(n) + v(n))
(n) = yQ(n) – y(n) = e(n)
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 Undilhered Quantization Undilhered Spectrum
1,5 240

1,0
180
0.5
(Units of Q)

Magnitude
0 120

-0.5
60
-1,0

-1,5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

Quantized
Original

Dithered Quantization Dithered Spectrum

1,5 240

1,0
180
0.5
(Units of Q)

Magnitude
0 120

-0.5
60
-1,0

-1,5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

Quantized
Dithered original 27