Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Example 1
In a given year, a 16000 km 2 watershed received 508 mm of precipitation (P). The average rate of flow
(Q) measured in the river draining the area was found to be 169.91 m 3/s.
(a) Convert the average rate of flow to surface runoff (R) in ‘mm’ per year.
(b) Draw a sketch in answer book showing the hydrologic components for the watershed
described in Q (a) and write down the basic hydrologic equation for the watershed, with the
change in storage (S) being the subject of the formula.
(c) With reference to the equation developed in Part (b), state two assumptions that you would
make in order to calculate the combined amount of water evaporated and transpired (ET)
from the region during the year of record and calculate ET.
Example 2
A lake with a surface area of 2km2 receives an inflow of 1.42 m3/s during a particular month. The outflow
is 1.15 m3/s and seepage losses are 32 mm during this month. Given that the amount of precipitation is
43mm and evaporation is 115 mm.
Example 3
(a) If evaporation and transpiration combined (ET) are 153 mm, and the seepage losses (SL) are
13 mm, how much runoff produced in m 3? Give answer to decimal places and assume a
month has 30 days.
(b) If the time period considered is two months, what is the runoff rate in cubic m 3/s? Assume a
month has 30 days.
Example 4
Calculate the evapo-transpiration in mm/day from a Lysimeter given that the following data were collected
over 24 hours.
Complete the “Evaporation and Rainfall Return” DWAF sheet given below and calculate the total
evaporation for the month of May 1990.
I year = 31536000 s
I km2 = 1E+12 mm2
1 m3 1000000000 mm3
SR = 335 mm
(b) Basic Hydrologic Equation (Draw a sketch in answer book and write formula in Answer slot.)
c) ET = P - R = 508 -335
ET = 173 mm
Example 2 answer
Given data
Q in = 1.42 m3/s ==> 1840 mm
P= 43 mm
Seepage (S) = 32 mm
E= 115 mm
Q out = 1.15 m3/s ==> 1490 mm
A= 2 km2
month = 30 days 2592000 s
(a) If evaporation and transpiration combined (ET) are 153 mm, and the seepage losses (SL)
are 13 mm, how much runoff produced in m3?
(b) If the time period considered is two months, what is the runoff rate in cubic m 3/s? Assume a
month has 30 days.
Given data
P= 205 mm
A= 300 km2
ET = 153 mm
SL = 13 mm
Duration = 2 Months
Month = 30 days
Calculations:
Example 4 answer
ET = I (inflows) – O (Outflows) + Change in Storage [+ sign since the weight dropped as a result
of evaporation, hence this weight change contributes to total evaporation]
Inflows:
o Precipitation P = 33 mm
Outflows:
o As a result of Percolation: O = 6.35 liters (x 10-3 m3)/0.25 m2 x 1000 = 25.4 mm
Decrease in Mass 1.3 kg
o Equivalent to: 1.30 x 10-3 m3/0.25 m2 * 1000 = 5.2 mm