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Unit-I – MODERN LITERATURE (1400-1600)
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N i .iN. eet t
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. eet t - MODERN LITERATURE

Unit-IV
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lalai Macbeth, The Tempest .
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Unit-VI AMERICAN LITERATURE
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N et t INDIAN WRITING INNENGLISH

Unit-VII
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ssaalalaTagore : Muktha Dhara ssaalala ssaalala ssa
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LINGUISTICS
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PPaa d Idiolect, Dialect PP d
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P.Paa d d
P.Paa d
ww. . ww. w .
w
w ww Generative Grammar wwww
Transformational
w wwww
Books for Study
Frank Plalee : Grammar, ELBS
i
lala.i.NNeetLyons
John NNeet t linguistics
t : An introduction to Theoretical
i
lala .i . i
lala .iN. eet t
N
a
PPadd a dd a dd a dd
Unit-X PRINCIPLES
w w.P.Pa OF LITERARY
.P.Pa
CRITICISM
ww w .P.Pa
w
www
1. Aristotle :wPoetics
wwww wwww
2. Dryden : Essay of Dramatic Poesy
e tt
e
3. Coleridge
N : Biographia Literaria Ch.XIV
N e t t and Ch.XVII
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai 4.i. Keats : Letters (from English . N
i i. Tradition-Macmillan)alalai i.
lalaCritical . N
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a aassa a ssa
a
PPaadd d d dd d d
.P.Paakinds of Meaning .P.Paa .P.Paa
5. T.S.Elliot : Metaphysical poets
w w ww w w
www : The Seventh Type of Ambiguity wwww wwww
6. I.A.Richards : Four
7. Williamw Empson
8. Northrop Frye : The Archetypes of Literature
i .iN. eet t
9. L.Trilling
N : Sense of the Past
i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala10. Brooks : Irony as a Principle
s a
s lalaof Structure
a s a
s lala
a ssa
a
aadda 11. Allen Tate : Tension a
aaddinaPoetry a
aadda a ddaa
PP ww.P.P ww.P.P w .P.Pa
w
w
ww w w
ww w wwww
N e tt
e Prologue toethe
N t t Canterbury Tales Neet t
e
.
lalai i. N l a
l a.
i i. N l a
l i.i.N
a
aassaa a
aassa - Chaucer a
aass a a ssa
a
PPaadd w . P
. aadd
P w . P
. aadd
P w
d
.P.Paa d
wwwww wwwww wwww w
 He was born in London in 1340.
i.iN
. eet tHis father was John Chaucer
N i .iN. eet twas a vintner [Wine maker].
who
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala  He was working under
a sa
salala Edward – III. It helped Geofrey
King s a
s lala Chaucer to be
a ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a ddaa a da
d a
PPa w .toP.P
w
acourt. In 1357, he joined as.P
ww . a to lady Elizabeth. , wife.P.Pa
Pservant w
wwwww
introduced the a
wwww wwww
of Duke of Clarence.
N
e
e t tIn 1359, he entered militaryNservice
e t t in France.
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i.  He was arrested andswas . N
ai i. on Ransom of 16 pounds.
lalreleased .
lalai i. N
as
asaa a a a
s a a s
a a
sa a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d
P.Paa a valet (like) in King‟sww d d d d
 In 1367, w .became
hew .P.Paa
chamber. ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
7
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N ett
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i.  He received pensionsofsaal20 .
alai i. N .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a a a aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d
P.Paa the poem, the death of Blanche dd d d
 In 1369, w .wrote
hew w .P.Paaor Book of Duchess. ww.P.Paa
w
wwww wwww wwww
 Blanche was the wife of his patron, John of Gaunt.
t tThe poem was written on the death t t of Blanche.
i.iN
. e
N e i .iN. e
Ne i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala  In 1370, he went 2 Genoassaalalain Italy and met the Italian spoet,
a
s lalPetrarch.
a a ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a d a
da a ddaa
PPa  In 1374, w
w P.Paalease for a house from London
he.got ww
a
.P.PCorporation. w .P.Pa
w
wwww
 He was appointed the officer of customs
wwwinwthe London court. wwww
t tHe got the pension of 10 poundst from t the duke of Lancaster. tt
.N Nee .N Nee . N e
N e
ssalalai i.  In 1377, he went to sFrance
a a
salalai toi. make peace. ssaalalai i. ssa
d a
da ddaa ddaa d a
d a
PPaa  When Richard
ww.P.PaIIabecame the King, he wentww to Paa to arrange the marriageww
.P.France .P.Paa
of
wwwthe French Princess.
kingwand wwww wwww
 In 1373 he began Canterbury Tales.
i .iN. e
N et t i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala  In 1380 , he was elected
a ssalaknight
a la for Kent. s a
s lala
a ssa
ad a
d a a d a
da a dda a a ddaa
PPa  His influence
ww.P.P a
declaimed after John of Gaunt‟s
w w Pa
.P.death. w .P.Pa
w
wwww
 He was dismissed from job. wwww wwww
 But Richard II helped him with the Pension of 20 pounds.
N eett N e tt
e N eett
. N
lalai i.  Henry IV gave him s40samarks. N
lalai i. (pounds). .
lalai i.N
a s
a a
s a a a a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
w w.P.Paa
 He died in Westminister in1400.
ww.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w
wwww wwww wwww
His literary carrier is divided into 3 periods:
i.i. eet t Period:

French
N N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a 1. Book of Duchess ss aalala ssaalala ssa
d a
PPa 2. Roman de
w w PaRose
.P.La ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
wwww
Italian Period: wwww wwww
1. The House of Fame
Neet t2. Parliament of Fowls (Bird) N e tt

e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i. 3. Troilus and Criseyde .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa ssaa
aa women s a
sa ssa
PPaadd 4. The legand a dGood
d a ddaa d a
d a
.P.Paa
ofa a
. PP P P
ww. . by Boccaccio
wwwwof. Helen, Cleopatra‟s stories)ww
(It consists
ww ww inspired w
wwwww
8
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d
Paa d d d d d
English Period: .P
w w . w .P.Paa
w w .P.Paa
w
wwww Tales
1. Canterbury wwww wwww
N e t tThe Canterbury Tales is a collection

e N eet t of 24 stories with run toNemore
t t than 17000
e
a l i.N Chaucer wrote themaala
alai.lines. l a i.N English. In 1386,aChaucer
i.middle l alai.i.N was officer of
ddaass a
ddaass in
d a
dass a
ddaassa
a
PPa a
.P.Pofa Peace. During time, Chaucer a
.P.Pabegan to write the Canterbury a
.P.Pa
w
customs and Justice
w w w w w
wwww wwww wwww
Tales. Except the Tales of Melibeus and Parson, all other Tales was written in Poetry.
N t t are narrated by the Pilgrims who

the tales
ee N t t go to Canterbury inorder to tpay
ee t Homage to
N ee
i. i .N i .i .N i .i . N
aassaalalaThomas Becket, The Archibishop
aasaalala of Canterbury killed byaHenry
s s
a aalalaII. Becket was killed aassa
s
PPaadd in 1170. Chaucer. P
. P
tell addown story in the Melibeauses
ahis . P
. P addTale of Melibee.
aor . P
. aadd
P
wwwwww wwwwww wwwwww
Source:
N e t tThe source of Canterbury Tales

e N e tist the Decameron, written byNBoccaccio.
e eet t
i
lala .i . N i
lalon.i . N
a a narrative (or) structure.ssaalalai .i . N
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
Canterbury Tales is built
s a aa assa
a
ad
PPa d a dd a dd a dd
Frame Tale:
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w
ww wwww wwww
Meter: ww
Canterbury used the same meter – Decasy line, borrowed from „French and
N e t
e t N e tt
e N e tt
e
. i. N
lalai Italian forms. In the middle . N
ai i.the line, he used Caesura
lalof . N
alai i. Caesura is a
l(pause).
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
sa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
w .P.Pamiddle
complete stop in the
w
a of the line.
ww.P.Paa w w.P.Paa
wwwwin his, preface to Fables praises,
Dryden wwww „It is sufficient to God‟swwplenty‟.
ww
Chaucer‟s prologue is a portrait gallery, depicting the people from Vagious social
i.iN
. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lalaclasses of the Century 14 s. saalala
a
th
ssaalala ssa
a ddaa a dda a a ddaa a da
d a
PPa No. of Pilgrims .P
ww . Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
Theyww
ww
are 29 pilgrims, except Chaucer. wwwThere
w are 31 people in the Tabard wwwwInn,
including Chaucer and Harry Bailey, (Host). Tabard Inn is situated in South Wark.
Ne tt
e N eett N eett
. N
i. Wark is refered in the
lalai South . N
ai i. 20. South Wark is a distinct
lalline . N
lalai iof. Central London,
as
asaa a s
a a
s a a s
a a
sa a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d d d d d
w .P.Paa
w ww.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w
wwww wwww wwww
9
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N eett
.i. N
lalai situated .
lai i.
laThomas.N . N
i. April the poem
lalaiwas
a s
a a
s a by the river sidesof
a a a
s a a a a
The pilgrimage month
s s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
w.P.Paa
contains 858 lines.
w w .P.Paa
w ww.P.Paa
wwww w www wwww
Chaucer begins the poem with the sentence, „when the sweet showers of April
N ee t t shoot,
fall and
N eet t N eet t
i
lala.i. N “When that Aprille with i .i
lasoore .
la sooteN i
lala .i . N
a
PPadd a dd
a hath perced to the roote” a dd a dd
.P.ofPMarch
The drought
w w ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
wwww showers of April fall and shoot
The sweet
wwwwdown through the drought ofwMarch
www to
Penetrate
t t the root of every plant and tree.
t t So there is moisture from ….t tfresh flowers
i. N
i .Nee i .N
i .Nee i .iN. ee
N
aassaalalabloom. The West Windaasblows aalalawith sweet breath and puts
s aass alala life in every field. aassa
anew
PPaadd P
Chaucer calls the.West
. aaddwind as Zephirus, the God.Pof
P . P add wind. The young sun ….
awest . P
. aadd
P
w wwwww wwwwww wwwwww
run half its course in the Ram . The small birds (Fowl) Sleep all night with open eyes.
They sing happily. During that time, people love to go on pilgrimage. The pilgrims
i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lalaare called Palmers, as theysscarry
a alalapalm branches. They lovessatoalago
a lato various countries ssa
ad a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa especially everyone
ww
a to go to Canterbury to seek
.P.Ploves ww
a
.P.Pblessings of St. Thomas, who.P
ww is.Pa
wwwmartyr.
holy blissful
w The pilgrims go there wwwtowpay respect to Thomas becket,wwwwwho
helped them in sickness.
N eett N eett N e ett
. N
lalai i. One day, Chaucer stayed . N
lalaiati.Tabard Inn in south wark. . N
. ready to go on
alai iwas
lHe
a s
a a
s a aasa
sa aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
P.Paa heart. At Night, 29 people dd d d
Pilgrimage, with .devoted
ww w w.P.Paarrived
a
w w P.Paa
from different walks .of
wwwwand the stables (Horses) ……wwspacious.
life. he rooms
ww wwww
The pilgrims felt comfortable.
Chaucer spoke to them about the trip and he was admitted in their company. He
i.iN
. eet t to rise early and continue
N i .iN. Neet journey.
t
i .iN. Neet t
s a
s lala
a promised
s a
salala the
ssa lala
a ssa
a ddaa a d a
d a a ddaa a da
d a
PPa But he
w w.P.Pa
narrates their condition and their
ww.P.Pa
full dress or array, according to .P.Pa
their
ww
professionw wwwsocial position.
and wwww wwww
Knight
N eet tKnight was a worthy man.NeHe t t loved chivalry, Truth, Honor,
e N e t tFreedom and
e
.
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
as
asaa He is famous a s
a
in
a
s a
his Lord‟s war. More than a
any s
a a
s
one
a in Christendom and in a ssa
a
d
PPaad Courtesy. d d d d d d
w .P.Paa
w w w.P.Paa ww.P.Paa
wwww he took part in battles. He
Heathen Countries www w honored for his worthiness.wwww
was
10
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N .
lalai 1.i. He was at Alexandriassa(Alisaundre),
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a a a a a a a
when he was captured.
s s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d
Paaat the head of the table above d d
aa men of all nations in Prenssia d d
2. w.P.was
In Feasts,whe ww.P.Pthe ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
(Pruce)
3.
N eet tHe fought in Lithurania (Lettow)
N et tand Russia (Rouce). No Christian
e N e t thad done so.
e
s aalalai.4.i.N He was at the siege sofaAlgezil
l
a alai.i.Nin Granada (Gernade) saalalai.i.N ssa
ddaa s ddaa s da
d a s ddaa
a
PPa 5. on.P
He went w . a
Pa
expedition to Benamarin, (Belmarye) a
.P.PaAfrica. a
.P.Pa
w ww w w
6.
wwww
He was also at Lyas (Lyeys), Amenia w
www wwww
7. t He was also at Attalia (Satalye) t t
t tt
.N e
N e .N Nee . NNe e
ssalalai 8.i. He went on many navy
a s a
sa alai i.
lexpedition s s lalai i. sea)
in Mediterranean seaa(Great
a ssa
d a
da d a
d a ddaa ddaa
PPaa 9. P.Pabattles
He fought .15
ww w w.P.Paa Africa especially times
a for Christianity at Tramyssne,
w .P
w
aa
at.P
ww ww wwww
Tramyssne.ww He always killed his enemies. ww
10. He once he was with the lord of Pallatia (Palatye) Turkey, against the Heathens
N e t
e t N eet t N eet t
i .i . N
lalain Turkey. i
lala .i . N i
lala .i . N
a s
a a
s a aassaa a s
a a
s a assa
a
ad
PPa d a dd a d d a dd
w w.P.Pa About his Modesty
ww.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w
wwww wwww wwww
He was as modest as a Maiden. He was not guilty of Hard talk with anyone. He
N eet t N e tt
e N eett
. N
i. a very perfect, gentle knight.
lalai was .
lalai i. N .
lalai i.N
a s
a a
s a aasa
sa aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
Paawas not splendidly dressed. dd d d
His dress –.P
w w
He
. w .P.PaHea had a fine horse. He w
w .P.Paa
wore
w
wwww
Fustian (Like wwww and Dark with Smudges (He
Military (or) Rough cloth), stained wwww
wears
armour on his dress – so became damaged) due to his armour. He was just come from
i.iN
. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a service.
sa
salala ssaalala ssa
a a aa aa a a
PPaadd w
a
.P.Pa
w
dd Squire
ww
a
.P.Pa
dd
ww
a
.P.Pa
dd
wwww wwww wwww
Young squire was the son of knight. He was a love rand a lusty bachelor with
N e tt
e Ne tt
e N eett
. N .
i. locks. According toaChaucer‟s
lalai curley N
lalai i. guess, he was 20 years . N
ai i. He had moderate
lalold.
as
asaa a s
a s a a s
a a
sa a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d d d d d
w .P.Paa
w w .P.Paa
w ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
11
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
i. and he had agility (Interest)
lalai height . N
lalai i. and great strength he was .
i i.
lala N
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a aassaa
in the carelry (Horsegil)
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d
Paa d dd
aa to wine his Lady‟s favour. d d
and he had been
ww.P.Flanders,
to Artois and Picardy.ww .P.P
He hoped w .P.Paa
w
wwww w www w ww
w
his Dress
N e t tHis garment is embroidered.

e N e tItt looked like a Meadow fullNeofet fresh
e t flowers,
a l i.N and Red. He was singing
alai.white a l .N Fluting all the day. Helalwas
alai.i(or) a i.i.N
a
ddaass a
ddaass a
da
dass a as fresh as is the
ddaassa
a
PPa month of May.wHis a a was short with long sleeves.
.P.Pgown a
.P.Pa He could sit and ride onww a
.P.Pa
the
w w w
wwww He composed songs and recite
horse gracefully.
wwwwthem. He fought in a tournament.
wwww He
danced,
t t painted and wrote very well.t tHe loved his lady so sincerely tthat
t he did not
i. N
i .Nee i .N
i .Nee i .iN. ee
N
aassaalalasleep like a Nightingale.aasHeaalawas
s a s
a aalala
la courteous, humble and serviceable.
s He served his
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d
Paa d d d d d
father at the table..P
ww . ww.P.Paa ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww
Yeoman wwww
The knight had a servant, Yeoman. He wore a Green coat and Hoodin a cone
N e t
e t N eet t N eet t
i .i . N
lalashape (Hat), He carried under i
lahis.i . N i .i . N
lalaarrows. His arrows
la belt a sheef of keen Peacock‟s
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a aassaa assa
a
ad
PPa d a dd a dd a dd
ww.P.Pa In his hand he carried awmighty
did not fly slantingly. .P.Pa Bow. His head was closely
w ww.P.Pa
wwww Head). His face was brown.www
shared (Tonsure
w
He knew the art of woodcraft. w www his
Upon
arms he had a shield and sword. On his otherwise of shoulder, there was a fine Dagger
N e tt
e N e ett N e tt
e
. N
i. a decorated Hilt. It wasaalsharp
lalai with . N
alai i. like the point of a spheresaon . N
i i. breast there was a
lalahis
a s
a a
s a aass a a s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
aa the figure of St. Christopher. d d d d
w .P.P
bright silver medal
w
with
w w.P.PaaHe was patron saint of w .P.Paa
Field
w
wwww and was a guardian of foresters.
sports (Hunting) wwww He carried a hunting horn www w
and his
belt was green. Chaucer guesses that he was a true forester.
i.iN
. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a s a
salala Nun Prioress s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a d a
d a a da
d a
PPa Her smile
w .P.Pa
was
w
very simple and shy. Her .P.Pa
greatest
ww
Oath was by „saint Loy‟
w .P.Pa
Loy
w
wwwBishop.
was a French w Saint Eligius refusedwto wwswear
w before king Dogbert andwww hewshed
tears. The name of prioress was Madam Eglantine. She sings divine song sweetly
N e tt
e N e tt
e N eett
. N
i. a fine Nasal intonation.aalShe
lalai with . . N
alai ispoke . N
lalai i. of Strafford –at-
French neatly, in the manner
as
asaa a s
a s a s
a a
sa a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d d d d d
w w. .Paanot know pairs French. She
Bowe, because shePdid
ww . Paawell trained in Table manners.
was
.P w w.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
12
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N eett N eett
. N .
i. allowed no food morselatoalalfall
lalai She N
ai i. from her lips. She did not . N
i. fingers too deep
lalai her
a s
a a
s a aass a s
a a
s a
dip
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d
Paa a morsel well. So that dd
Paa a drop did not fall uponww d d
in the sauce. w .P.carried
She
w ww.P.
even .P.Paa
her
wwww w www w www
breast. She was happy in curtsey. She wiped her upper lip so cleanly that not a trace
N t t was seen on her napkin, when

of Grease
ee t t she finished he drink. Shet tate her meat
N ee N ee
a i
a. i. N a i
a .i . N a i
a .i . N
aassaal l gracefully. She as pleasant aassa lher
ina l behvaiour. She took painsssatoal imitate
aa
l grace. She was
aassa
a
PPadd a dd
Pawould weep if she saw even a dd
a caught in a trap, thinking a dd
compassionate w and
w.P.she ww .P.aPmouse w w.P.Pa
www wwwwdogs and she fed (feed) withww
it to be deadw(or) bleeding. She had a few small
ww
Roasted
flesh,t milk
t or white bread. She wept (weep)
t t if one of them (dogs) is dead
t t or beaten by
i.N
i .Nee i .N
i .Nee i .iN. ee
N
aassaalalaothers with the stick. Sheaaswas
aala„Indeed
s la conscience and Tender
aass alala
aheart‟. a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd dd d d
ww .P.Pawas
Her head dress a neatly tied (pleated). Her
ww
aa was slender and sharp. Her
.P.P
nose
ww.P.Paa
wwww
eyes was grey www but soft and red. Her forehead
as glass. Her mouth was verywsmall, wwwwwas
tail forehead – as broad as a spam . She was not under grown. Her dress was elegant.
i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lalaShe wore a bracelet with sa sasetalalof
a s lala is hung a Golden
a beads in Green. On thesBracelet
a a ssa
ad a
d a a da
d a a ddaa a ddaa
PPa ww
a
.P.Pshining,
Brooch of brightest P.Pa „A‟ and the latin phease,
on ….. there was a .crowned
ww w .P.Pa
w
Amor vincitwwww
Omnia (Love conquers all). ww
ww wwww
She had another Nun. She was her chaplain (Secretary /PA)
N eet t N e tt
e N eett
. N .
lalai i. She had 3 priests (6,s7,saal8)alai i. N .
lalai i.N
a s
a a
s a a a aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d
aa nun and 3 priests (Total.–P.5)
Paadd d d
w.P.P
Prioress with
w
one
ww w .P.Paa
w
wwww wwww wwww
Monk
i.iN
. eet tHe was leader in passions.i.iN.His
N NeetPassions
t
…. hunting and i .iN. eet t Farms. He
N
inspecting
s a
s lala
a sa
s alala s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa a d daa a ddaa a da
d a
PPa was a manly man
ww.P.Pa
(or) the head of the .P.Pa
monastery.
ww
He had many good horses in
w .P.Pa
his
w
www
stable, when hewrode (ride), his bridle Jingledww wthe wind as loud as the chapelwbell.
in w www He
ignored the old and strict rule of St.Maurus or St. Benedict, because he considered that
N e tt
e N eett N e tt
e
. N
i. Both saints are in France.
lalai old. . N
ai i.considered the old practice
lalHe .i. N
lalaiuseless.
as He followed
as
asaa a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d d d d d
w .P.Padid
the modern way. He
w
a not value the text even at.the
ww P.Pavalue
a of a pluked Hen, because
ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
13
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N eett N e tt
e
. N
i. says that hunters are notaalholy
lalai text . N
alai i.men and that the Monk outside . N
. cloister is like a
lalai ihis
a s
a a
s a a s
a s aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d
Paahe did not value the text.wChaucerdd d d
fish out of water.
w w.PSo,
. w.P.Paa said that he agreed withwwhis .P.Paa
wwww w www w www
opinion. Chaucer says that a monk should need not study books or work as instructed
N t t Augustine. (Austyn). The monk

by St.
ee t t had grey hounds as swift tast birds. His
N ee N ee
a i
a. i. N a i
a .i . N a i
a .i . N
aassaal l pleasure was in riding and a s
a aal l of the Hare. His sleeves
hunting
s aass al l decorated with fine aassa
awere
d
PPaad P P d P d
aToadtie his hood (half under his.P.chin,
aadhe had a golden pin with the P aadd
P
.
greyful (soft cloth).. . .
w wwwww wwwwww wwwwww
lovers knot. His head was bald and shone (shine) like a glass. His face was bright as
anointed
t t (oil face). He was for priest.t tHis eyes rolled and they were tast bright as the
i.N
i .Nee i .N
i .Nee i .iN. ee
N
aassaalalafire of lead Furnace. Hisaasboots
aalalawere of soft leather. His ahorse
s s
a aalawas
s la fine. He was not
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd dd d d
ww.P.Pasoul.
pale like a tormented a He liked roasted whole.swan.
ww P.Paa His horse was as brownwas
.P.aPaa
w
Berry. wwww wwww wwww
i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a ssalala
a Friar
ssaalala ssa
ad a
d a a ddaa a ddaa a ddaa
PPa .P.Paawanton and happy fellow.ww.He
The Friar was
w w
a a limited and an important
P.Pwas w .P.Pa
w
man. He knewwwwwmuch flattery, the 4 orders wwww wwww
1. Franciscans 2. Dominicans
N eet t N e t
e t N eett
. N
lalai i. 3. Carmelites .
lalai i. N 4. Augustinians alala .
i i.N
a s
a a
s a aasa
sa aass a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd dd d d
He conducted
w w.P.Pathe
a marriages of many young.P
ww . Paa at his own cost. He was
women
ww.P.aPaa
noble pillarww
ww
in his order. He was a loved byw www and women. He was qualified
Franklins wwww to
hear confessions. He ……. special license from Pope. He was an easy man in giving
i.iN
. eet t He lived decently, because
N i .iN. eetthet sinners five bribes. Hei.isiN.N
N eet t hearted. So,
s a
s lala
a Penance.
sa
s lala
a s a
s lala
a hard
ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a d a
d a a da
d a
PPa he cannot weep,
w w.P.Pa
though he felt pain. Instead of
w .P.Pa
weeping
w
and praying, people .P.Pa
should
w w
give silverwwwthe
to w Friar. His hand bag was stuffed wwww with knives and pins to beww ww to
given
good women.
Neett N eett N eett
. N
lalai i. He had a merry voice. . N
ai i.could sing and play on sasaharp.
lalHe . N
lalai i. He got praises in
as
asaa aassaa aa a a ssa
a
d
PPaad dd dd d d
w w.P.Paaneck was as white as a Lilly.
songs and Tales. His
w w Paawas a strong as a champagain.
.P.He ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
14
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N ett
e Ne tt
e N eett
. N .
i. was familiar with every aTarvern,
lalai he N
lalai i. inn – keeper and Barsmaid, . N
i. than a lepper
lalai better
a s
a a
s a a s
a s a a a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d dd d d
.P.PaaHe had a company with sick
(or) a beggar women.
w w ww Paa It was not respectable.wwHe
.Plepers.
. .P.Paa
w www w www wwww
was humble in service. He was a best beggar in his monastery. Though a widow had
N t t he would get something fromt her.

no coin,
ee N ee t t his regular
t So, his income was more than N ee
a i
a. i. N a i
a .i . N a i
a .i . N
aassaal l wages (coolie). He behaved aassaal like
l a puppy. He could, help
a assaal inl the days of dispute aassa
d
PPaad d
adPope. His dress was double d
ad He lisped artificially.to aadd
(problem). He w .wP.Palike
acted . P
. aworsted.
P P. P
wwww wwwwww w wwwww
make his English sweet. In his harping, his eyes twinkled right in his head as a stars on
a Frosty
t t night. He was called Hubert. t t tt
.N .Nee .N Nee . N e
N e
ss
i
aalala i
s a
salalai i. s a
s lalai i.
a ssa
aa a a a a a a
PPaadd ww
d
.P.Paa d Merchant .P
ww .
d
Paa d
w
d
.P.Paa
w
d
Thewwww had forked beard. In multicoloured
Merchant wwww www
dress, „Yellow‟ he sat
w
high on
a horse. He had a Flemish Bearer hat. His boots was fairly bucked. he spoke loudly
i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lalaof profit. He wished that the
a ssaa alabetween middle Burgh andsaOrwell
lsea s lala must be protected
a ssa
ad a
d a a da
da a ddaa a ddaa
PPa from the sea pirates.
w w
a dealt with French crowns for
.P.Phe ww
a No one knew that he was
.P.Pprofit. ww.P.Pa
wwwwHe was dignified in his management
in great debt. wwww in Bargain. In truth, Chaucerwwww did
not know his name.
N e tt
e N eett N eett
.
lalai i. N . N
lalai i.Clerk of Oxford .
lalai i.N
a s
a a
s a aasa
s a aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd dd d d
w w.P.Paawas devoted to logic. His
Clerk of Oxford
ww.P. Paa clerk of oxford as leanwasw.P.aPaa
horse
Rake. Theww
ww wwww look and serious. His overcoat
clerk was not fat and he had a hollow wwwwwas
worn out. He preferred to have 20 books of Aristotle and his philosophy. They were
i. N
i. eet tin black and Red. Thoughi.iN
N . N et t a philosopher, he had little
ewas i .iN. Neet tin his money
s a
s lala
a bound
s a
salala he
s a
s lala
a gold
ssa
a ddaa a d a
d a a d a
d a a da
d a
PPa box. He got money
ww.P.Pa
from his friends on books and
ww.P.Pa
on learning. He sincerily prayed
w .P.Pa
for
w
the souls of ww w
hiswhelpers. He was careful in w wwstudies.
his w He never spoke was w wwwand
short
full of deep morning. There was morality in his speech and gladly would he learn and
Ne tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
i. Teach.
lalai Gladly .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
as
asaa a s
a a
s a a s
a a
sa a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d d d d d
w .P.Paa
w w .P.Paa
w ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
15
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
PPaadd w w
d
.P.Paa d
ww
d
.P.Paa d
w
d
.P.Paa
w
d
wwww wwww
Sergeant At Law
wwww
– a room in St. Pauls church,
i.iN
. eet t
N
He was wise. He had been at tParvys
i
t
.iN. ee
N
t t meant for
i .iN. ee
N
s a
s lalaLawyers.
a He was richly gifted
s s
a a
aal l in his wife sayings. He had ss
a
abeen a
al l a judge in the court aassa
a a aa aa
PPaadd sessions. .
BecauseP.P
of
d d knowledge and high name,
aagreat . P
. P d
aahedearned great fees and robes. P
. aadd
P
wwwwww wwwwww w wwwww
(dress). He was a busy man. He could deal in all cases. He knew all the cases since
the time
t t king William, the conquerer. tHe
t knew how to make up a case twithout
t fault in
i.iN.Nee i .N
i .Nee i .iN. ee
N
aassaalaladraft. He knew every law
a s
a abyalalheart.
s a He had party coloured
a s
a s
ala in silk with small
aalcoat a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
stripes.
ww.P.Paa w w.P.Paa ww.P.Paa
wwww Franklin – It means wwwwLand owner wwww
His beard was as white as a Daisy. He was red in complexion. For the
N e t
e t N eet t N eet t
i .i . N
lalabreakfast was a cake dipped i .i . N
lainlawine. He was like Epicurus‟s i .i . N
lalaown son. To him,
a s
a a
s a a assaa aassaa assa
a
ad
PPa d a dd
Paa perfect bliss. He was aww a dd a dd
sensuous pleasure.P
ww was
. .P.Pahouse holder. He was likeww.St.
great P.Pa
wwww
Julian. Julian wwww His bread and ale were always
was the Patron saint of Hospitality. wwww
good.
In his house, there was better wine and baked meat. he had great stock of fish and
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
i. According to the various
lalai flesh. .i. N
lalaiseasons, he altered his food and . N
ai i. He had many
lalsupper.
a s
a a
s a aasa
sa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
Paa was many fish (Breamwwand d d d d
patridges (Birds)..P
ww .There .P.PaLuce).
a .P.Paa
His cook must prepare
w w
wwwwand sharp. His cook must keep
sauce pungent wwwwthe Utensils ready all the day.
wwwIn
w the
law court, he was a lord and acted as a judge. He was a knight of the shire. His knife
N tt
eesilk N eet t ….. was white as morning N et t He was a
emilk.
i
lala.i.
andN purse hung at his i
girdle
lala .i . N
(Hip), i
lala .i . N
as
a a
s a a s
a a
sa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
a
PPadd a d d a dd a dd
sheriff and an
ww.P.Pa
accountant. He was nowhere such
w
a
w.P.Pa
worthy vavasour.
w .P.Pa
w
wwww Guildw www
Men wwww
Chaucer portrayed gallery contains 5 guild men.
Neett N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i. 1. Haberdasher - Tailor .
lalai i. N 2. Carpenter .i. N
la3.laiWeaves 4. Dyer
as
asaa aassaa aasa
sa a ssa
a
d
PPaad dd dd d d
w w.P.Pa-aSofa maker and leather worker
5. Upholsterer
ww.P.Paand
a furniture maker
ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
16
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
Ne tt
e N eett N eett
. N
lalai i. They are dressed sinsaalone . N
alai i.impressive livery (uniform). . N
lalai i.Their dresses are
a s
a a
s a a a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd d d d d
w.P.Panew.
fashioned, freshwand a Their knires are made not
w w
aa brass, but with silver. Their
.P.P
with w .P.Paa
w
w www wwww wwww
pouches are neat. everyone is fit to be an alder man (counsil member in municipality).
Theyt have
t good revenue. Their wivest declare
t t t to be called
that they deserve and good
i.iN
. ee
N i .iN. ee
N i .iN. ee
N
s a a a a
aal l „Madam‟. On the eve ofaasasafestival,
al l a a
aal l They (wives) have aassa
they go in order of priority.
s
d aa s d daa s
PPaad majestic mantle.w.P
.Paad . P
. aad
P . P
. aadd
P
w w
wwwww wwwww wwwww
Cook
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i. These guildsmen have . N
lalai i. a cook with them. Cook
brought . N
lai i. the chickens with
laboils
aassaa aasa
sa aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
Paa and roots of sweet Cyprus. dd
aa(cook) knows the London ale d d
marrow bones and.P
ww
spice
. ww.P.P
He
w .P.Paa
w
by flavor. wwwwcould roast, Boil and Fry. Heww
He
ww good thick soup. It is a w
makes wwwpity
great
that he … an Ulcer – on his chin. He makes the compound of cake (capon) with
i .iN. eet tsugar and flour.
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a
cream,
ssalala
a ssaalala ssa
ad a
d a a d a
da a ddaa a ddaa
PPa ww.P.Pa .P.Pa
Shipman ww w .P.Pa
w
wwww wwww wwww
The shipman comes from far west and he is from Dartmouth. He rides on a
e t t horse. He wears a GownNofee
e
pirmer‟s
N t t stuff, hanging down toNthe
Coarse eet knee.
t He … a
i .i. N i .i . N i .i .N
a s
a aalaladagger hanging from hisaaneck,
s saalalaunder his arm. The hot a
s s
a aalala…. made his colour aassa
s
summer
PPaadd . P
. aadd
P . P
. aadd
P . P
. aadd
P
brown. Heww aw
isww w fellow. From Bordeaux,
good www
wwwhe ………. drawn wine repeatedly. w
wwwwwHe
drank wine from the cask , while the merchant slept. He is not bothered about a
i.iN
. eet t
conscience.
N If he fought won, he
i .iN. e
N et t
drowned all the prisoners. He
i .iN. eet t the skill in
…….
N
s a
s lala
a sa
s lala
a s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa calculating tides, d a
currents,
a d a approaching danger, the
a d a a
harbor
d and the position of the dd
a aa
PPa ww .P.noPaone to equal him from Hull w w
a
.toP.Pcarthage. w w.P.Pa
moon. Therewwwwwas wwww His beard wwww
was Shaken
by many tempests. He knew all the sea ports from Gottland to the cape of Finistere.
HeN eet t every rock (or) creekNeinet tBritain and Spain. His N
knew e
shipt tis called the
e
.
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
as
asaa Maudelayne. a s
a a
s a a s
a a
sa a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d d d d d
w .P.Paa
w w .P.Paa
w w.P.Paa
w
wwww wwww wwww
17
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
PPaadd w w
d
.P.Paa d
w
d
.P.Paa
w
d
w
d
.P.Paa
w
d
wwww wwww wwww
Doctor of Medicine
N e t
e t N eet t N eet t
i
lala.i. N i .i . N
lala….. no equal in the worldssa i .i .
laMedicine
la N
aassaa The Doctor of ssaa
Medicine
aa a a ina and Surgery aassa
a
ww.P.Pa in astronomy. He studies
because he iswspecialized ww.P.
thePapatients well for the hours.wwBy.P.Pa
www wwww wwww
his natural magic, he prescribes medicine according to the ascending stars. He knows
N t t of every sickness, whenNit eoriginates

theecause
e tt
e from the humour (Mood).
N eet t He is a good
. i.N
lalai doctor. . N
lalai i. are ready with drugs.ssaThey . N
lalai i.make money from
aassaa All his sa
s
apothecaries
aa a
(chemist) a a a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd d d d d
ww.P.PaHe
the Guile (cheating).
a knows the old phycians. .P.Paa
ww ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
1. Aescuiapius - Greek God of Medicine
i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a ssa
2. Dioscordies, Rufus,alalHippocrates,
a a lala (Egyptian), Razis,
Hali, Galen, Serapion
ss a ssa
ad a
d a a da
da a ddaa a ddaa
PPa Aricenna, Averrois
ww Pa
.P.Damascene, Constantine, Bernard
w w
a
.P.PChaucer‟s .P.Pa
contemporary doctor.
w w
wwww wwww wwww
John of Gatesden, Guilbertus (or) Gilbertaine. He is moderate in eating. His diet is
e t t and easy to digest. He N
e
nutraious
N e e
littlet studied
t Bible. He is dressedNin eetBlood
t Red and
i .i. N i .i . N i .i .N
a s
a aalaladark blue with silk lining.aasHe
s aalasaved
s la all money that he madesin
aa s
ala
aalthe Pestilence (plague). daa ssa
d
PPaa d dd
Paa so he it is a special loveww Paadd d
ww.P.heart, .P.gold. ww.P.Paa
wwww
As gold is good for
wwww of
wwww
Wife of Bath - Fashionable city in London
i.iN
. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a saa
There was a good woman
s lala from near bath city. It was
ssaa ala that she was deaf.
lpity ssa
d a
PPa Her practice ofw
cloth
w
a
.P.Pmaking .P.Pa of Ypres and Gaunt. Inww
surpassed the clothww
makers .P.Pa
the
wwww wwww wwww
parish, no women would surpass her in making an offering at mass. If anyone did, she
was tangry tt
t that she forgot all her Christian Love (or) charity. Her tKerchiefs
t were
i .iN. ee
N i .iN. ee
N i .iN. ee
N
as
asaalalanicely embroidered that athey
s
a aa
s lala 10 pounds especiallysthat
weighed
aa aalalshe
s a wears on her head
a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d
P.Paais of the finest scarlet colour. dd d d
on Sundays. Her
w w.hose w w.P.PaHer ww.P.Paa
a face is bold and fair and red
wwww wwww wwww
18
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N ett
e Ne tt
e N eett
. N
lalai ini. colour. She is a worthy . N
lai i. all her live. At thessaChurch
lawoman . N
lalai i. door, she had 5
a s
a a
s a aassaa aa a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd dd d d
husbands, apartw .P.Paother
from
w ww Paa At present there is no w
a many companions in her.P.youth. .P.Paa
need
w
wwww wwww wwww
to mention them. She had been thrice to Jerusalem. She had crossed many strange
N t t She had been to Rome, Boulogue,

rivers.
ee t t St. James of Galicia in spain
N ee t t and cologue
N ee
a i
a. i. N a i
a .i . N a i
a .i . N
aassaal l (spain). By travelling shea s
a s al l much. She had Gap toothed
alearnt a s
a aal lwidely. She sat on a aassa
s
d
PPaad PP d
ad hat is as broad as a shield
aHer P a
P dd
aBuckler. P aadd
P
. .
trained horse easily. . . or Her flowing . .
mantle
w wwwww wwwwww ww wwww
covered her large hips. In company she liked to laugh and chat. She knew love
charms
t t (Mediuues) because she playedt the
t Game of love since long. tt
.N .Nee .N Nee . N e
N e
s
i
aalala i
s aa alai i.
lParson s a l
a alai i. ssa
aa s a a s a
(Man of Religion)dd a s a a
PPaadd w w
d
.P.Paa d
ww.P.Paa ww
d
.P.Paa d
www
There w a good man of religion. Heww
was
wwa poor parson of a town. But
was wwwhewwas
rich in holy thought and work. He was a learned man and a clerk (scholar) who
i .iN. eet t christ‟s gospel. He would
N
preached i .iN. N et t
esincerily teach. He was king. i .iN.
He
eetwas
N t
patience in
a l ala al ala l ala
d a
d s
a a s
s adversity (Sorrows). dHedaadislikeds a
ddaas a
s lithes and fees. He ddaassa
a
a
PPa a
.wP.Pa the evil a
.wP.Pa
method of charging
.wP.Paa
w
wwpoor people from his goodsww w
wwEaster offerings. He had little. w
would giveww the and wwww His
parish was wide, but he never neglected the people in Rain or thunder or sickness or
N e tt
e N e tt
e N eett
.
lalai i. N
Grief. He went on Foot with the .
lalai i. N
staff in hand. .
lalai i.N
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
sa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
He said such aww .P.Paaexample to people that hewwas
noble w.P.Pathe ww.P.Paa
a first to act and then to teach.
w ww
w wwww wwww
he got the idea out of the Gospel. He would add the little proverb he „If Gold gets
N t twhat will. The iron do? - If the

rusted
ee N t t priest does evil, the common man
ee Nt t will also be
ee
a i
a.i. N a i
a .i . N a i
a .i . N
as
a aal l infected. It is a shame atoaswith
s aal l the bad shepherd and a clean
s aassaalFlock.
l A priest should
a ssa
a
a
PPadd a dd
Paclean life. a dd a dd
w.P.his
said an examplewby ww.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w
wwww wwww wwww
He did not sell his blessing or run to St. Pauls Cathedral in London to earn easy bread
byN e et t Masses for the souls ofNe
singing t t dead men or to get enrolled
e
wealthy N e t t as a brother.
e
.
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
as
asaa But he stayed at homedand a s
a a
s a
watched his parishners (Church aasa
s a
people). So that no wolf dd aassa
d
PPaad P aa
P d P aa
P dd P aa
P
would carry w ww. . w .
w . w w. .
wwhiswsheep (people) He was a true wwwwshepherd. He scolded the sinful wwwwmen.
19
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N eett N eett
. N
i. was wise in teaching. His
lalai He .
laltask N .
ai i. was to show the path stosaheaven. N
lalai i. If anyman was
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a aa a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
aa him. There was never a.Pbetter dd
Paa priest anywhere. He taught d d
ww.P.P
stubborn, he would scold w w . ww.P.Paa
wwww w www wwww
the doctrine anywhere. He taught the doctrine of Christ and 12 apostles. But he first
N eet t it himself.
followed
N eet t N eet t
a ai.i. N i
lala .i . N i
lala .i . N
aassaal l aassaa a assaa aassa
d
PPaad a dd Plowman (Farmer)
a dd a dd
w
Thewwww brother was a Plowman.www
parson‟s
w
He had carried many carts of cow wwww
dung.
He was a good worker. He loved God in adversity or prosperity. He loved his
N eett N ett
e N e tt
e
.i.N
lalai neighbor as himself. He would . N
ai i. the ditches for every poorssaman
laldig .i. N
lalai without payment for
aassaa a s
a a
sa a a a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
ww.P.Pahis
Christ sake. He paid a Tithes (Tax) fully. He is paid
ww.P.Paa
dressed in Frock. He rode on.P
w w
aP
. aa
wwww
mare (Female Horse) wwww wwww
i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eetMiller
N t
i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a ssalala
a ssaalala ssa
ad a
d a The Miller was
a d
a a
da
bulky fellow. He was stout in
a ddaa
muscles and bones. Wherever, a ddaa
PPa ww .P.Pa w .P.Pa
w ww.P.Pa
he went, heww ww the Ram , the price at a wrestling
carried wwww match. He was shot shoulded wwwwand
broad chested. He broke the doors with his head. His beard was the hair a sow (or) a
N e t t it was broad as a spade.NHe
e e t thad a wart on the tip of his
e N eet t Wart was
.
fox
lalai i. Nand .
lalai i. N .
lalai i.Nnose.
a s
a a
s a covered by red hair likea s
a
the
a
sa
bristles in an old sow‟s ear. a s
a
His
a
s a
nostrils were black and a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
w w.P.Paa ww.P.Paa ww.P.Paa
wide. He w www a sword and small roundwshield.
carried www His mouth was a wide w wawgreat
asw
Furnace (Forneys). He was a fighter and Buffoon. He talked on sin and lust
i. N
i. eet t He stole corn and paid
N
(Harlotry).
i .iN. N et t thrice. He had a thumb iof
efine .iN. eet t He wore a
N
Gold.
s a
s lala
a s a
salala ssaalala ssa
a ddaa white coat and blue d a
hood.
a d aHe could play on a bag Pipe.
a ddaa a da
d a
PPa ww.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w ww.P.Pa
wwww Manciple w –w
ww
Trador wwww
N eet tThere was good natured Manciple N e t t of the Inner temple. His buyers
e N eet t learnt the art
. N
lalai ofi. buying from him. Either .i.
linalaicashN . N
lalaiini. Bargain. He had
as
asaa aassaa or credit, he was sa
sa
watchful
aa a ssa
a
d
PPaad dd dd d d
more than 30w w w.P.Paawill versed in Law, of whom
masters, ww.P
.
a
aa
P
dozen men work in Inner w w
Temple.P.Paa
www wwww wwww
20
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N eett N eett
. N
i. nome). He lived frugiky.
lalai (place . N
lalai i.He was helped by the Lawyers . N
. legal cases. He
lalai iin
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
w.P.Paa
could fool everyone.
w w w.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w
wwww wwww wwww
Reeve (Farm Bailiff)
i.iN
. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala The Reeve was the farm
ssaalalabailiff. He was a slendaeerssa(lean)
lala and irritable man.
a ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a da
d a a ddaa
PPa ww.P.Pashaven. His hair was closely
His beard was closely
ww.P. Pa cropped and cut shot round
closely
ww.P.Pa
his ears. w
ww
Inwfront, he looked like a priest.ww
ww
His legs were long and lean like wwwawstaff
(stick), and he had no calf. No accountant could beat him. He had a good count of
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
.i.N
lalai harvest . N
lalai i.swine, horses and poultry.ssaHe
yield, sheep, cattle, Dairy, .i. N
lalaiworked with his lord
aassaa aas a
sa a a a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
aa could catch him in arrears..P.P dd
aa farm servants were afraid.of d
P.Paa d
since 20 years. No
ww.P.Pone w w
The
w w
www His house stood, on heath
him like awdeath. wwwand
w it was good to shaded with wwww green
trees. He purchased better than his lord. He could please his Lord cleverly. So he
i .iN. eet give
N t
i .iN. eetwork
N t
i .iN. eetHis
N t
a l ala could his goods. He was
al ala
a good man. He was a ala
carpentel.
l good horse
d a
d s
a a
s was could scot. This dfarm a
d s
a a
sbailiff came from Norfolk,dnear a
d s
a a
sa town Baldeswell. His ddaassa
a
a
PPa a
.wP.Pa a
.wP.Pa .wP.Paa
w w w
gown was w www under his belt like a Friae.wwww
tucked wwww
N e tt
e N e tt
Summoner
e N eett
.
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N .
lalai i.N
a s
a a
s a a assaa aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d Summoner had d
a d
firing red face like cherub, as it dd
was covered with red pimples. d d
ww.P.Paa ww .P.Paa ww.P.Paa
wwwwnarrow. He was hot a wanton
His eyes were wwwasw a sparrow. He had black brows wwwwand
thin beard. Children were afraid to look at his face. No medicine, Mercury, Lead,
i.iN
. eet t Tartar, Borex could cure
N
Ointment,
i .iN. e
N et tpimples on his cheeks. i.iN.Neet t
the
s a
s lala
a sa
salala ssaalala ssa
d a
PPa He loved Garlic,.P
w w Pa and Leeks. He lovedwwstrong
Onions
. .P.Pa red wine, red as blood.wwHe
.P.Pa
spoke and wwww like mad man Intoxication,
shouted www w
he spoke only Latin. He kneww www2 or
only
3 Latin terms. No one could test his knowledge. He would say, First Question what it
N e tt
e Ne tt
e N eett
. N
lalai isi. the Law? (Questio Quid . N
lalai i. He was a gentle fellow.
Juris). . N
lai i.a Quarte wine, he
laFor
as
asaa a s
a a
s a aasa
sa a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d d d d d
w .P.Paato a friend for a 12 months.
would lend his mistress
w w .P.IfPahea found a man with woman,
w ww P.Paa
.he
wwww wwww wwww
21
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e ett N eett
. N
i. teach him not to be aafraid
lalai would . N
lalai i.of the curse of the ArchsDeacon. . N
lalai i. He would collect
a s
a a
s a aass a aa a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d a dd dd d d
money as fine from
ww w.P.Paa young people by knowing
hisapurse. He was a liar. Hewthreatened
.P.P w w.P.Paa
w www wwww wwww
their private wishes. He wore a garland on his head as large as bush.
i.iN
. eet t
N i .iN. eetPardoner
N t
i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala s a
s lala
a ssaalala ssa
a ddaa a d a
d a a da
da a ddaa
PPa There was .P
ww
a.P a Pardoner of Rouncivale
gentle
ww
a was his friend. He came
.P.Pwho ww.P.Pa
wwwwthe court of Rome. He sangw
straightly from www hither, love to me! He repeated
„Come wwww the
refrain. His voice was louder than the trumpets. His hair was yellow as wax. It hung
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai ini. small portion. His shoulders . N
. spread with hair. He lrode
lalai iwere . N
alai i.stylishly. He had
aassaa a s
a a
sa aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d
ahare. dd d d
starring eyes like.P
ww
aP
. a On his cap there was the
ww.P.Paimage
a of St. Veronica. In his
w w.P.Paa
wwwwthere were pardons from Rome.
Wallet (purse), wwww wwww
i
Heehad
.iN. N et t the goat like small voice.i.iN
Heee
. N
t t no beard. His cheeks were
had
i .iN. N et t
esmooth. He was
s a
s lalaknown from Berwick to Ware.
a s a
s lalIn
a a his bag he had a pillow case
ssaa ala virgin Mary‟s veil.
lwith ssa
ad a
d a a da
da a ddaa a ddaa
PPa He had a fragment w w Pathe sail of the ship wherewSt.
.P.of w Pa met Jesus Christ. He had
.P.Peter w w.P.aPa
wwww wwww wwww
copper and Zinc cross. He would earn more money than a parson would earn in 2
months
N e t t by showing them. He wasNaeflatterer
e t t but he was a noble priest.
e N e t He
e t could read
. N .
lalai ai. passage or tell a story. sHesaalcould N
alai i. polish his tongue to winsasilver.. N
lalai i.Therefore he sang
a s
a a
s a a a a a s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
w
merrily and loudly.w.P.Paa ww.P.Paa w w.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
i.iN
. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a 9442738784 : sSARAa
salalaCOACHING CENTRE,sMADUARI a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa a d a
d a a ddaa a da
d a
PPa Conclusion:wwww.P.P
a
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww wwww wwww
Chaucer described the pilgrims by the Rank, the dress, the no and the reason.
N eett N e tt
e N eett
l a
l .
The
i i.
a N Tabard inn was situated
lnear
a
l .
i i.
a N
the inn The bell. ……. .
requests
lala N
i i. reader not to
the
a aa
ss criticize him. He described
a a a a
ss the pilgrims very closely.ddaHeassquotes christs and plate. ddaassa
a a a
d
PPaad d d
w .P.Paa
w w .P.Paa
w w w.P.Paa
Plata said,w wwwwords should be as cousin to
„the www wwwwman
w deed‟. His Guost with a broad
the
22
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e Ne tt
e N eett
. N
i. bold speech. He was also
lalai with . N
i. man in hospitality hisaa
lalaai happy . N
lalai i.was Harry Bailey.
a s
a a
s a aassaa a s
a s name
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
Paa to tell 2 tales towardsww d d d d
w .P.pilgrims
He requested each
w .P.Paa and 2 tales on the return
Canterbury w w.P.Paa
w www wwww w ww
w
journey He would be their guide riding with them. His suggestion was accepted
N eett
gladly.
N eet t N eet t
i
lala.i. N i
lala .i . N i
lala .i . N
a
PPadd In the morning
a
P.Pa dthe
d Host awakened them like
a d
ad cock and they rode to the dd
Pa to draw the lot. Knight w a
ww.St. ww.P . .P.Pa
w
wwww
watering place of Thomas. Harry wwww
Bailey asked them wwww
drew
the dots. The lot fell upon the knight. The knight begins the story.
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i.N .
lalai i.N .
lalai i. N
aassaa aasa
sa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
PPaadd ww
dd
.P.Paa Faerie Queen –wBook
dd
.P.Paa I
w w
d
.P.Paa
w
d
wwww wwww
- Spenser wwww
i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala  The Faerie Queene isssathe
a lalfirst
a a modern English epic poem.ssaalala ssa
ad a
d a a da
da a ddaa a ddaa
PPa  The first 3.P
w w . Pa was published in 1590
books
w w . Pathe second three bookswwas
.Pand w.P.Pa
wwww in 1596, with the help ofwww
published
w
his friend Sir. Walter Raleigh wwww
(Queen
Elizabeth‟s relative and El Dorado – searching Gold nines in America).
N eet t N e tt
e N eett
. N
lalai i.  The Faerie Queen issactually . N .
lalai i.planned for 12 books. ssaalalai i.N
a s
a a
s a aa a
sa a a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd d d d d
w w.P.Paincomplete
 But it remains a in the 7 book. .P
th
ww . Paa w .P.Paa
w
 It waswww w
printed by William Ponsonby. ww
ww wwww
 It is the first work written in Spensarian stanza, abab bcbc cdcd ee.
i.iN
. e
N et t i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala  The last line in SS isscalled
a a
s lala Alexandriane (or) Iambic shexameter.
a a
s lala
a ssa
d a
PPa w w P.Pa
 Its foot is 6.feet.
w .P.Pa
w ww.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww
It is an allegory of virtue. Indirect way of narrating the story through someother
way.
N eett N e tt
e N eett
. i. N
lalai Allegory . N
lai i. is used to convey hidden
lawith . N
lai i. through symbolic
laway
as
asaa aas
is a literary device
saa aasa
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaad dd dd d d
w w.P.Paa and Events, they createwMoral,
figures, actions, imagery
w.P.Paaspiritual or political morning.
ww.P.Paa
wwwwQueen Elizabeth in several places.
Spenser praises wwww wwww
23
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N ett
e Ne tt
e N eett
. N
lalai i.He explains in a letter stosaalSir.. N
alai i.Walter Raleigh that hesnot . N
i i. the allegorical
lalagiven
a s
a a
s a a a a a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
w w.P.Paa through Arthurian knights
presentations of virtues
ww.inP.Paamythical Faerie land.
the
w w.P.Paa
www
The letter to wwww
w Raleigh is given in the preface.
Walter wwww
In the letter, he writes about his plan to write 24 books – 12 books on private virtues
and 12
N e t tbooks on public virtues. Neet t
e N eet t
i. i. N i .i . N
lalaSpenser Quotes Aristotlessaasalalaasource for these virtues. sWalter i .i . N
lala Raleigh wrote the
aassaa a a aa a
s a aassa
a
PPadd Book, History of the a d d
world.
Pa of Modern Science. ww.P.Pa a dd a dd
ww.P.father ww.P.Pa
wwww
Bacon is called the
wwww wwww
Bacon is the main cause for introduced Homeopathy.
Alexander Fleming invented the lilin (or) Autibiotics. Samuel Hanemann is the father
N e tt
e N eett N eett
lala .
i i.
of N
Homeopathy. He was born
l a
l a.
i i.
in NGermay. Novanum organum
l a
l a.
i i. N
wrote the book by
aa aa aa a
ddaass Bacon. Modern Corruption,
PPaa ddaassPhilosophy is the father of Bacon.
ddaass Bacon‟s work, Nov. ddaass
ww.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w ww.P.Paa
wwwQueene
Faerie wwww „In Medias Res‟ (Middle
w begins with the epic tradition. wwwwof the
things). Spenser used Archaism (Revival of old words) in spelling, Inflexious and
i .iN. eet t He coined many names
syntax.
N i .iN. eet t Greek. The poem wasi.dedicated
from
N N
i . eet t to Queen
N
s a
s lalaElizabeth. The dedicatonsissaa
a lalathe most nighty and Magnifiuent
„To ssaalala empress Elizabeth, ssa
ad a
d a a da
da a ddaa a ddaa
PPa by the grace of God,
w
a of England, France and.P
.P.PQueen w
a Ireland, defender of Faith).
.PPlot
the .P.Pa
w
wwwww wwwww wwwww
Gloriana is the Queen of Faerie land. In Gloriana country, Euna complained to
N t tsave her land and her parents

hereto
e N eetfrom
t the Dragon. Gloriana N e t t Red cross
appoints
e
. N
i. to accompany Euna atoaladestroy
lalai knight . N
lai i. the dragon. Both Red . N
alai i. Knight and Euna
lCross
a s
a a
s a aas s a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd d d d d
ww. .Paa to the sudden rain (shower)
begin the journey. PDue
ww.P.inPaathe forest, they go near a w w.P.Paa
cave.
Red Crossw www and Euna are fraightenedww
Knight wwthe monster Error. Red Cross
by wwwKnight
w
defeats Error.
i.iN
. eet tIn their journey, they meeti.Archimage,
N N
i . eet t Arch magician who iis.iN.disguised
N eet t as a kind
N
s a
s lala
a s a
salala s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa old man. He invitesaRed d a
d a
Cross Knight and Euna to spend
a d a
d athe night in his house. At addaa
PPa night, Archimago ww.P. Padevils and creates a dream
calls ww.P.
to
a
PRed Cross Knight about ww.P.Pa
Euna‟s
wwww But this effort fails. So, Archimago
sexual advances.
wwww creates the vision of false wwwwEuno
in bed with another man.
Neett N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i. Red Cross Knight isssaupset . . N
lalai iand .
i i. N
lalaKnight
as
asaa aa a leaves home. Red a sa
sa
Cross
a meets the old a ssa
a
d
PPaad dd dd d d
w w.P.Paa as Fidessa, a young beautiful
witch Duessa, disguised ww.P.Paamaiden. Duessa is foundwwith .P.Paa
w
wwww wwww wwww
24
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
Ne ett N e tt
e N eett
. N
i. Foy (without faith). aSans
lalai Sans . N
. is killed by Red Cross lKnight.
lalai iFoy . N
alai i. In Red Cross
a s
a a
s a aass a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
aa rest under pair of Trees. .One d d
P.Paatree speaks. It says that itwwas d d
w .P.P
Knight and Duessa
w
take
w w w.P.Paa
wwwknight,
one a young w Fradubio. Fradubio w wwwtravelling with his beloved w
was www
Fraelissa.
Fradubio says that he met a beautiful Maiden. That woman changed Fraelissa into a
tree. tLater
t Fradubio saw the women bathing. tt Fradubio realized the women t t was an old
N ee
i.N (Duessa). Fradubio isachanged N e e N e e
a lalai.witch l alai.i.N into a tree by the witch. l l a N Knight fails
i.i.Cross
aRed
ddaas a
s to understand the warning ddaas a
s Fradubio. Both Red CrossddaKnight s
a a
s and Duessa continue ddaassa
a
a
PPa .P.P aa of
. P
. a
P a . P
. aa
P
their journey.www w w w
ww wwwww wwwww
Euna is searching for Red Cross Knight. Una wanders int eh forest. She meets a
Lion, with decides to protect her. Due to the night, Una and Lion take shelter in the
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
l a
la .
i i. N
house of Abessa, Dumb girl and
l al a .
i i. N
Corceca, the Blind girl. The Lion
l al a.
i i. N
is not permitted to
aa aa
ss enter. But the Lion forces aa a
sitsa
s entry into the house. Lateddanight, a a
ss Kirkrapine, the church ddaassa
a
PPaadd dd
PaAbessa, Paa
Robber and lover ww.P.
of
a enters the house. w w
But.P.Kirkraphine is killed by the w w.P.Paa
Lion
wwww with Una.
for his misbehaviour wwww wwww
Una and the Lion depart from the house. They meet Archimago, disguised as
i .iN
Red
. eetCross
N t Knight . Una is fool. NThey
i .i . eet tare stopped by Sansloy. i.Sansloy
N iN. eet t looks at the
N
ssaalalaRed cross on Archimago‟ssschest. a lala Sansloy misunderstands sARchimago
a a
s lala
a for Red Cross ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa Knight. So, Sansloy
ww
a
.P.Pchallenges Archimago to a Duel,
w w.P.Ptoa take revenge for the death ww P.Pa
.of
his brother, www w
Sansloy. Sansloy injures Archimago wwww and removes his helmet. wwwwBoth
Sansloy and Euna find that he is not Red Cross Knight. Sansloy attempts to rape Una.
Butee
N tthet Lion attacks Sansloy. But N eetSansloy
t kills it and takes Una,
N e t on
e t his horse.
.i. N .
lalai i. N . . N
aass aalalai Archimago driven away. aa
aass aass aalalai i aass a
a
PPadd a d
a d aadd a d
a d
w ww.P.P
w Red Cross ww
Knight ww.P.P
Journey w ww.P.P
w
ww ww ww
Meanwhile Red Cross Knight travels with Duessa to the House of Pride. Red
Crosst Knight is impressed by the beautiful
t palace and the procession t of the seven
e e t
N.N sins. Queen lucifera islathe ee t ee t
l a
l i
a.Deadly
i l i
a .iN.focus
N of the procession. Sansjoy
l a
l i
a .iN.comes.
N He looks at
s aa
s his dead brother‟s (Sansfoy) sa
s a ssaa ssa
addaa
PPa addaa shield with Red Cross Knight.
a addaa
.P.Pa .P.Pa addaa
w ww.P.P w w ww
ww w www ww
wDuel
So, Sansjoy challenges Red Cross Knight forwthe Duel. Lucifera arranges a w on
the next day. In the duel Red Cross Knight and Sansjoy are severely wounded. When
N e t t Knight is about to kill N
e e t t After the Duel, Red Cross
e N e t t is treated
e
.Red
i.
lalai for N Cross . N
sansjoy.
lai i.
lapride. .
lalai i. NKnight
s
aasaa his wounds in the aas
house a
s
ofa aasa
s a a ssa
a
PPaadd w . P
. aadd
P w . P
. aadd
P w
d
.P.Paa d
wwwww wwwww wwwww
25
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. i. N
lalai Duessa . N
i. Avernus to give treatement.
lalai (or) .i. N
lalaiSansjoy
a s
a a
s a a a a
takes sanjoy downsHades
s a aassaa is treated by
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d
Paa d dd d d
the Greek doctor.P
w w
Aesculapius,
. ww.P.Paa Red Cross Knight‟sww
Greek God of Medicine. .P.Paa
are
treated. Thewww w warns Red Cross Knight
Dwarf wwwthat
w he ……. seen the dungeon wwwof
w the
palace and it is filled with the victims of pride and seven deadly sins. Red Cross
N t t is escaping from the HouseNof

Knight
e e e t Pride.
e t Duessa finds that Red Cross
N eet t Knight not
a l i.N
alai.escaped. a l alai.i.N l alai.i.N
ddaass a
ddaas a
s to rape Una in the woods. d a
das a
s he is fraightened by the ddaassa
a
a
PPa Meanwhile
.P.Pa
Sansloy
a tries
. P
. a
P a But
. P
. aa
P
w w w
wwww (Fl;b Gods) and Satyrs.wwww
loud noise ofwFauns w creatures are attractedwbyww
These
w
w
Una‟s
beauty and they inform their leader Sylvanus to be worshipped as a Goddess.
Satyrane, a knight is a son of a Satyr father o and Human mother. Satyrane meets Una
N e tt
e N e tt
e N eett
.
ai i.
andNhe helps her to escape. ai i.
Both .
UnaN and Satyrane meet Pilgrim.ai i.. N
aassaal la a s
a aal la
s a s
a aal la
s a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
Paa that he saw the death ofww.Red d d
P.PaaCross Knight in the hands d
P.Paa d
ww
The pilgrim tells .P.
them ww.of
wwwwSatyrane sees Sansloy and w
another knight. www with him. Una escapes. But
fights wwwwshe is
followed by the Pilgrim, (Archimago).
i .iN. eet tDuessa searches for Red Cross
N i .iN. N
tt
eeKnight. Finally she discovers
i .iN. eet tnext to magic
him
N
s a
s lalafountain ……… will givesstrength
a a
s lala after drinking. Duessasand
a a
s lalRed
a a Cross Knight are ssa
ad a
d a a dda a a ddaa a ddaa
PPa reconciled.
ww.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w w .P.Pa
w
wwwwmagic H2O, Red Cross Knight
After drinking www w love to Duessa on the Grass.
makes wwwwRed
Cross Knight hears the sound Orgoglio, a terrible Giant. Due to Sexual love, Red
Cross
i.iN.Neet Knight
t not lost his strength. So,
i.iN.N eetthe
t giant easily defeats Red Cross
i.iN.N eet tKnight.
ssal
a a
l a a
ssal a
l a ssaal a
l a ssa
d a
d a ddaa d a
d a d a
d a
PPaa ww.P.PaGiant
But Duessa begs the a to save Red Cross Knight
ww
aa in return she will become the
and
.P.P ww.P.Paa
wwwGiant. Red Cross Knight is w
Mistress ofwthe www into the dungeon of Argoglio.
thrown wwwwThe
dwarf discovers Una in the forest. The dwarf tells her about Red Cross Knight‟s
adventures.
t These two people go towards t orgonlio‟s castle. On the way, t they meet a
N.Ne e t ee t e e t
l a
l i
a.brilliantly
i dressed knight. Hela95
l i
a .iNPrince
.N Arthur. Prince Arthur‟s l a
l i
a N.N not a magic
.armour
i
d assaa diamond shield, with will
a d a a saamen into stone. It is covered
sturn d a ssawith
a a cloth. Una explains aassa
a
PPa d . P. a
P a d . P
. a
P a d .P. aadd
P
her situation w
towww He agrees to help. wwwww
Arthur. wwww
ww w
Una, Arthur, Dwarf and squire go to the orgoglio‟s castle. The squire blows a
ww
Horn. The castle doors open. O comes running. Duessa is riding on 7 headed beast, a
N e t t O. Arthur and his squire N
e eet with
t O and the beast. In theNmiddle e t t of the fight
e
.
fit
i.
lalai the N
form
la . N
fight
lai i. shield. It exposed its brilliant . . N
lalai isurface.
aassaa cloth drops from s s
Arthur‟s
a a aa magic aassa a O and the aassa
PPaadd d
P.Pathed
a light of the shield. So, Arthur aadd aadd
beast are stunnedww.by ww.P.P kills O and the beast. Duessa ww.P.P
wwww wwww wwww
26
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N eett
. N
i. to escape, but she is prevent
lalai tries . N
lalai i. by the squire. After the . N
lalai i. Arthur enters the
a s
a a
s a aassaa aassaa
battle,
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d
P.Paoldd d d
aa his head facing backwards. d d
castle. He finds .an
w w
a servant, Ignaro, who walks
w .P.Pwith
w ww.P.Paa
wwww
Ignaro cannot answer Arthur‟s Question. Arthur wwww takes Ignaro‟s Key and searches wwww the
rooms. One room is richly decorated but contains a bloody Altar.
N et t with the blood of Martinis.

It is stained
e N e t tHe opens one room and fallsNinto
e e t t the dungeon,
e
a lalai.ini.N…….. Red Cross Knight a isala
l .i.N in worst condition. Arthur
ifound l N Red Cross
alai.i.returns
ddaas a
s Knight to Una. Duessadisdaaallowed ss a
d a
das a
sis not allowed to disguise ddaassa
a
a
PPa .P.Pa a to live as a witch.
. P
. a
Duessa
P a . P
. aa
P
ww w w
wwwwform.
herself with any
wwwww wwwww
Both Red Cross Knight and Una ask about Arthur‟s life. Arthur tells them that
Arthurs‟s does not know about his parents. Arthur was raised by Timon, an old knight.
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
.
ai i.
He Nwas educated by the ai i.
magician, . N
Marlin. ai i.. N
aassaal la a s
a aal la
s a s
a aal la
s a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d
Paa his father was a king. w d d d d
w .P.that
w
Marlin told Arthur .P.Paadescribed about his journey
w
Arthur ww P.Paa
.to
ww ww wwFaerie
w
with Faerieww
Queene. He saw her in a dream wwand he is searching to with herwin
land for 9 months. In the leaves. Una and Red Cross Knight continue their journey.
i On
.iN. N et t way they saw a knight iSir
ethe .iN. e
N et t who is running on ithe
Trevisan .iN. N et t with a robe
eroad
lala lala lala
assaa around his neck.
a assaa
a assaa
a assa
a
PPaadd ww
a
.P.Pa
dd
w
a
.P.Pa
w
dd
w w
a
.P.Pa
dd
wwww
Trevisan tells wwwwDespair made Trevisan and his
Red Cross Knight that the Villain wwwfriend,
w
Sir. Terwin to loose interest in life. Sir. Terwin stabbed himself but Trevisan escaped
with
N eeta trobe. N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N . N
. Cross Knight promises latolai destroy
lalai iRed i. . N
lalai i. cave. By his
despair and enters aDespair‟s
a s
a a
s a aasa
s a aass a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd dd d d
w.P.Paa makes Red Cross Knight
powerful words, despair
w ww.P.Patoacommit suicide. Red Cross
ww.P.Paa
Knight takes wwww
the dragger to kill himself w wwwUna saved Red Cross Knight
But wwwwfrom
Despair.
i. N
i. eet tRed Cross Knight is weak.i.iN
N . N et t perfect health. Una takes
eneeds i .iN. N et t to the House
ehim
s a
s lala
a s a
salala He
s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa of Holiness. Red Crossa d a
d a
Knight is attended by many a d a
d a
characters, Fidelia, Speranza, add aa
PPa w
Patience, Penance,w.P.P a
Remorse, Rependence, w w.P.P
charity,
a
Mercy, Contemplation. ww.P.Pa
Charity
wwww
lectures on Love.
wwww wwww
N eet t speaks about charity. contemplation

Ne t t takes Red Cross Knight
e N e t tthe mountain
e
. i.
lalai top.N
Mercy . N
lai i. Knight that he will onessaday
laCross .i. N
lalaienter
to
as
asaa Contemplation a
tells s a
s
Red
a a a a a New Jerusalem a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d d d d d
w .P.Paa
w w .P.Paa
w ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
27
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai asi. St. George, the patron saint . . N
lalofai iEngland. .i. N
lisalairefreshed
a s
a a
s a aassaa Red Cross Knight
a s
a a
s a and rejoins
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd d d d d
with Una.
w .P.Paa
w ww.P.Paa ww.P.Paa
wwww Una‟s land, Una and RedwCross
On entering www Knight with the huge dragon, wwwwhich
w
not kept Una‟s parents in a high tower. Red Cross Knight and Dragon begin the fight.
N t t first day, Red Cross KnightNinjures

On the
e e eet t the Dragon, but it breathsNfire eet ton Red Cross
a l i.N He is burnt, but heaalisalaisaved
alai.Knight. .i.N by his armour. He fallslainto
a l i.i.N
a Holly spring Una
ddaass a
d a
d s
a s ddaass a
ddaassa
a
PPa prays for his a
recovery.a On the second day, both a
Dragon and Red Cross Knight
Pafoot of a holy tree. Its w are a
.P.Pa
injured. Theww ww.P.P Red Cross Knight falls w w.P.the w
ww wounded
wwww at
wwwwbalm
restores Red Cross Knight. On the third day, Dragon is about to eat Red Cross Knight.
But he pierces the throat of the dragon and kills it.
N e tt
e N ett
e N eett
l a
la .
i i. N The people celebrate Red
l a
l a.
i i.N
Cross Knight as their hero.
l a
l . N
i i. the betrothal
During
a
aa aa
ss ceremony of Red CrossddaKnight aa
ss and Una, a messenger comes
a aa a
sswith the letter, about the ddaassa
a
PPaadd dd
states the false wthe .Paa of Red Cross Knightwwith
w.P
betrothal
aa
w.P.Pfidessa. ww.P.P
aa
wwww wwww wwww
The messenger is Archimago in disguise he is captured and thrown into a dungeon.
i .iN
Both
. eetRed
N t Cross Knight and Una N
i .iare
. N
tt
eeBethrothred. Red Cross Knight
i .iN. N
tt
eecontinues to do
a
ll a a
al l a a
ll a
assaa the service to Gloriana for
a as6sayears.
aadda aadda assaa assa
a
PPaadd w . P
. P . P
. P a
.P.Pa
dd
wwwww Prothalamion and www
wwwEpithalamion
w
wwww w
e t t e t t - Spenser e tt
. NN e . NN e .N N e
s a
s lalai i.  He was born in London
a sa
sa i. year 1552.
lainlaithe s a
s lalai i.
a ssa
d a
d a ddaa d a
d a d a
d a
PPaa .P.Paain Merchant Taylors school
 He was educated
ww ww.P.
andPaaCambridge University. ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
 In 1578, he became the secretary to John Young, Bishop of Rochester.
t tIn 1579, publish the Shepherd‟stCalender.
i.iN
. e
N e i .iN. eet
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala  In the same year, hesmarried
a a
salala his first wife, Machabyasschilde.
a
s lala
a ssa
d a
PPa  They hadwtwow
a
.P.Pchildren. In 1580, he wentw .P
tow . Pa to work under Lord Arthur
Ireland ww.P.Pa
wwww wwww
Grey. His fellow worker was Walter Raleigh (Queen Elizabeth relative).
wwww
t tIn 1590, he publish first 3 bookt tof in 1596 he published III – t3t books of the
i .iN. e
Ne i .iN. ee
N i .iN. ee
N
as
asaalala a a aalala Queene.
Faerie Queene. ThesFaerie
s a s
a aalala
s a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d d d d d
w .P.Paa
w w .P.Paa
w ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
28
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N ett
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i.  He was successful stosaalget . N
alai ia. life pension of 50 pounds . N
ai i. year from Queen
lalper
a s
a a
s a a a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
Elizabeth.
w .P.Paa
w ww.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w
wwww w www wwww
 In 1594, his first wife died and the same year he married Elizabeth Boyle, to
N e t twhom he addressed a sonnetNsequence

e eet t Amoretti. N eet t
i.i. N
lala  The marriage was celebrated i .i . N
lala in Epithalamion. i
lala .i . N
aassaa aassaa a s
a a
s a aassa
a
PPadd a dd
a pereGrine. a dd a dd
w P.Pnamed
 They hadwa.son w w.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w
wwwwhe wrote a pamphlet, A viewwofwwthe
 In 1596,
w
present state of Ireland.
wwww
t tThis work is in the form of „dialogue‟.
t t In the 9 years war, he was t t driven from
ee
i.iN.N Ireland in 1599. e
i.iN.N e e
i.iN.N e
a
ss l
aala ssaal al a ssaal a
l a ssa
d a
da d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a
PPaa  He was came
ww.P.PoaLondon
a at the age of 46.
ww .P.Paa w w.P.Paa
wwww to Ben Jonson, he died forw
 According www of bread‟.
Wautack wwww
 He was buried in Westminister Abbey and other poets shed tears by throwing
i .iN. e
N et t i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a ss lala
Pens & Poems into hisaa
grave.
ssaalala ssa
ad a
d a a d a
da a ddaa a ddaa
PPa ww.P.Palived after him.
 Elizabeth Boyle
w .P.Pa
w w .P.Pa
w
ww wwww wwww
Works: ww
1. Shepherd‟s calendar modeled on Virgil‟s Eclogues - is a short pastoral poem in
the
N e t
e t of Dialogue or soliloquy.NNeet t
form N e tt
e
. N
lalai 2.i. Faerie Queen - Epic .
lalai i. Its an allegory .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
sa
poem.
a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d
Paa d d d d d
3. Amorettic .P
w w . ww.P.Paa ww.P.Paa
wwww Prothalamion stanzas wMeter
Epithalamion, www is Iambic pentameter Final wwwline
w is
Iambic Hexameter (or) Alexandraine (6 feet of stress). Rhyme scheme of spensarian
i. i . eet t
sonnet.ababbcbccdcdee
N N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
ass
a aalala He is called poets poetaa
aass lalaCharles Lamb.
by
aass aalala a ss
a a
a
PPadd a
Padd a dd
P.Pa wedding a dd
Pro- Before ww .P.Thalamion- Wedding ww.Before Epi-upon ww.P.Pa
wwww wedding
Thalamion wwwatwthe time of wedding
upon wedding wwww
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa a s
a a
s a a s
a a
sa a ssa
a
PPaadd w w
d
.P.Paa d
w
d
.P.Paa
w
d
ww
d
.P.Paa d
wwww wwww wwww
29
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa aassaa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
PPaadd w w
dd
.P.Paa Prothalamion (or) w w
d
P.Paa d
.spousal w
d
.P.Paa
w
d
wwww wwww wwww
Publish in London.
i.iN. eet t
N i .iN. Neet t i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala It was printed by William
ssaalalaPonsoby in London. ssaalala ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a da
da a ddaa
PPa Its full title is
ww.P.Pa
Prothalamion or A spousal verse
w
in
w. P.Pa
honour of the double marriage
ww . P.Pa
of
Lady Elizabethwwwwand Lady Katherine sommerset, wwwwdaughters to the right honourablewwww the
Earl of Worchester and Espoused to the two worthy gentlemen Master Henry Gilford
and Master
t William peter, Esquires. t tt
N N e e t N e
N e t N e
N e
.
lalai i.
It is also could Nuptial song. .
lalai i. .
lalai i.
a s
a a
s a a s
a saa aassaa aassa
d
PPaa d It was publish in 1596 d d
marriage in London. dd dd
w w.P.Paa
It contains 10wstanzas. w w.P.Paa ww.P.Paa
The Refrainw
wisw sweet Thames run safetly, tillw
ww w
fist end my song.
wwww
Stanza – I
i .iN. Neet tSpenser begins with the idescription
.iN. eet t of river Thames. The
N i .iN eet ist calm. The
N
day
.
s a
s lalasweet breathing Zephyrusssa- alaGod
a la of west wind. Softly blows ssaalalaand soothes a Gentle ssa
ad a
d a a da
d a a ddaa a ddaa
PPa spirit. Due to w the.P
w . Pa nature of wind, the hot w
soft .P.Pa is delayed. Sun is called
sunlight
w ww P.Pa
.as
Titan, Godwof wwwSun. Spenser is walking by w www
the side of Thames River. He isww
ww
worried,
because he is dissatisfied by his long fruitless stay in princess court. He expects to
gain
N e tmonitory
e t help. But his hopes have
N e t tbecome Empty shadows‟. N
e Hiseetbrain
t is pained.
i .i . N i .i . N i .i .N
as
a aalalaTo ease his pains, he walks,
s aass lalathe shore of „Silver streaming
aaby a s
a aalaThames‟.
s la He requests
a ssa
a
PPaadd d
arund
a softly, till he ends his song..PPaa d d d d
the sweet Thames.P
w .
toP
w . w . .PPaa
wwwww wwwww wwwww
Stanza – II
N e t tSpenser happens to …….. Ntheeetnymphs,

e t who collect flowers int Baskets.
N e e t The
a l i.N are amazed to ……..aalthe
alai.nymphs .N swans floating on the river.
alai.itwo l .N amazement is
alai.iTheir
ddas
a a
s high, so that they havednever a
d s
a sseen so lovely Fowls (Bird). d a
d s
a a
s seem to be, „Heavenly ddaassa
They
a
a
PPa . P
. a
P a . P
. a
P a .P. aa
P
Born‟. Theywlook w
ww like the pair of swans, …… w w the chariot of venus Goddess
wwdraw w
wwwof
w w ww
Love and Beauty. They do not seem to be born on earth. They look like angels.
ww
However people say that they are the breed of „Somers Heat‟ (Summer Heat). Summer
N e t tsweetest season. In summer,
e N e tflowers
e t N e t t fresh. The
e
. i. N
lalai Refrain………
is the .
lalai i. N and weeds make .
lalai i.
the Nearth
aassaa a s
a a
s a aassaa aassa
PPaadd d d dd dd
Stanza – III ww .P.Paa ww.P.P
aa
ww.P.P
aa
wwww wwww wwww
30
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
Ne tt
e N eett N e tt
e
. N
lalai i. The nymphs have collected . N
lalai i.the great no of flowers instheir .i. N
lalaibaskets.
a s
a a
s a aassaa aa a
s a They throw
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
P.Paa and all the waves. Thewwaves d d d d
them on „Goodly .Birds‟
ww w.P.Paalook like the H2O‟s of Penens
ww.P.Paa
wwwwis the River God in ThessalywinwwGreece.
(River) Peneus w wwww by
The river peneus is flowing
the pleasant shore of Temple, valley. It is flowing through Thessaly. The river
Thames t t is filled …….. Lilly flowers. t tIt looks like the bride‟s chamber t t floor. Two
N ee
i.N bound two garlandsa…… N e e
.N flowers. All the Meadows N e e
s aalalai.nymphs s al alai.ivarious s a l
a alai.i.Nare adorned …… ssa
ddaa s flowers, …… decoratesdda a
the
sBower. O Refrain…….. ddaas ddaa
a
PPa aa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
Stanza – IV ww ww.P.P w w ww
ww wwww wwww
In the meadow, by the river side , Spenser looks at a group of nymphs, who are
„Lovely daughters of the flood‟. Nymphs, locks are greenish and untied. Each one
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
.……
lalai i. N a little basket, made of Twigs. .
lalai i. NThey have gathered different .
lalai i. N
flowers.
aassaa 1. Blue Violet a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
PPaadd dd
Paa (Evening) d d d d
2. w w.P
Little .
Daisy w w.P.Paa ww.P.Paa
ww wwww wwww
3. ww Virgin Lilly
4. Prim Rose
i .iN. eet t5. Vermillion Rose (Yellow
N i .iN. eetrose)
N t
i .iN. eet t
N
lala lala lala
assaa
a These flowers adorned
aadda assaathe Bridegrooms. Refrain ………
aadda assaa aadda assa
PPaadd . P
. P . P
. P . P
. P
wwww
Stanza – Vww
w
wwwww
w
wwwww
Spenser looks at two swans of „Goodly Hue‟. They come softly along Lee
River,
N e t tBanch of Thames. He ……
e N e tnever
e t seen such beautiful white N e t tbirds. Their
e
. i. N
lalai whiteness .
lalai ion N
. the Pindus Mountain. Pindus . N
lalai iis. in North Greece.
a s
a a
s a is fairer than the a
a s
a ssnow
a aassaa aassa
d
PPaa d d d dd dd
The white swan isPmore
w w. .Paa beautiful than the swanwin w PaaForm Jove (the Greek God
.P.…. w w P.Paa
.of
marriage and wwww Love Jove came to earth toww ww Leda. Leda was a swanwinwww
love greek
mythology. Jove (or) zeus loves Leda in the form of swan. Both swans were white.
But the
t swans of Thames are whiter than t them. These two swans gently t swim on the
e e t
N.N stream. The nymphs lthrow e e t e e t
l a
l i
a.gentle
i al ai .iN.Nflowers on their white (snowy)
l al i
a .iN.Nforeheads. One
ddassaa nymph sings a song. Refrain
a ddaassaa…….. ddaassaa da
d ssa
a
a
PPa aa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
Stanza – VI ww ww.P.P w w w w
Song w
wof Nymph – Benediction song This wwwwstanza is known as Benedictionw
ww w
song.
The song is sung in praise of Bride and Bridegrooms. The nymph address the two
swan
N e t ast „World‟s Fair ornament N
e e
and tHearen‟s
e t Glory‟. She blesses N e t tbrides on the
e
the
.i. N
lalai happy . N
ai i.contentment (Satisfaction).
laland la . N
lai i.nymph wishes that
aassaa hour to go to the a ss
Bower
a aa aassaa The a ssa
a
PPaadd aadd dd d d
the two brides w w.P.P be blessed by Venus, Queen
should ww.P.PaLove
of a ………. Smile. Along .…
wwP.P
aa
wwww wwww wwww
31
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N eett N eett
. i. N
lalai Venus, . N
. them ….. smile. Venuslaand
alai ibless
lmay . N
lai i.cupid‟s smile ..the
a s
a a
s a her son cupid or Eros
aassaa aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
Paa be filled ……. Endless w dd d d
power their hearts.P
w w
must
. w.P.Paand
peace a wealth. Their beds may .be
w w P.Paa
www pleasures. They may be
filled …. wPure wwwblessed
w …… fruitful children. wwwwThe
Refrain…….
Stanza
N e t t– VII
e N eet t N eet t
i
lala. i. N Nymph ……. Complete i .i . N
lalathe benediction song. Other i .i . N
lalaNymphs around her
aassaa a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a aassa
a
PPadd repeated her song. a d
Their
a d voices are Echoed. The to a d d
joyful
a birds passed down the river a dd
ww.P.Pfloating ww.P.PCynthia, ww.P.Pa
wwww
lee. Two birds are on the river
wwww
lee slowly. Goddess of
wwww
Moon and
lesser stars are compared to the two swans in the midst of other birds. Refrain………..
N eett N ett
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i.N .
lalai i.N .
lalai i. N
aassaa Stanza – VIII a s
a a
sa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
ww.P.Paaand his personal worries.ww.All
About London P.Paathe nymphs and others go ww P.Paa
.to
wwww is could Spenser‟s „most w
London. London www Nurse‟ and also „Life‟s first
kindly wwwNative
w
source‟. Though spenser is from, the ancestral family of other place, he loves London
i most.
.iN. eet tLondon ….. greatBricklyi.iN
N . eet t on Thames river side. Ini.iNthese
towers
N . eet ttowers many
N
s a
s lalalawyers recite. There Templar
a s a
s lalaknights, who are the Residential
a s a
s lala place protectors of
a ssa
ad a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa ww.P.Pa
Christian faith. Next
w.P.Paplace, where Spenser received
to these buildings stands a Royal
w ww.P.Pa
wwwwfrom the great Lord, Earl ofwwLeicester.
gifts and Grace ww Spenser suffers from wwww
Poverty
and he receives gifts from his patron by singing songs. Refrain ……….
N eett N e tt
e N eett
. N
i. – IX
lalai Stanza .
lalai i. N .
lalai i.N
a s
a a
s a aasa
sa aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd dd d d
w .P.Papatron
He praises his
w
a as „a noble peer‟, great.P.P
ww
aa
England‟s
.P.Paa
Glory and the world‟s
w w
wonder‟. w www
His name is known even in spainw wwwThunder. His name makes the
like wwwpeople
w
afraid between the two pillars of Hercules. (Gibraltar straight). Leicester is known for
his honour
t and chivalry. Leicester brought
t fame to England by his victory. t His name
e e t
N.N for eternal happiness,laaiprowessee t ee t
l a
l i
a.stands
i l .iN.N (Skill). Leicester saved l a
l i
a .iN.England
N from the
as
a aa
s foreign invasions. Hedbrought a s
a a a s
s glorius fame to QueendElizabeth.
a a a
s a aassa
a
PPadd aa d a d His glory may be add
sung by someww ww.P.P
muse (Poet) in future. Refrain…… w w.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww ww ww wwww
Stanza – X
N eet t continues to sing of his patron.
N e t tHe is compared star Hesperius
e N e ttravels
e t with his
i
lala .i N
Spenser
. i
lala .i . N i
lala .i . N
aassaa Golden stars. …… theatwo assaagentleknights, the bridgegrooms
aassaacome like the twins of a ssa
a
PPaadd w . P
. aadd
P w . P
. aadd
P w
d
.P.Paa d
wwwww wwwww wwwww
32
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e Ne tt
e N eett
. N
i. In Greek Mythology,aathe
lalai Jove. . N
i. twins are Castor and aPollux,
lalai Jove . N
lalai i. who bridegrooms
a s
a a
s a a s
a s a s
a s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd d d d d
ww.P.Paabrides and they go to the Church
receive their beautiful
ww.P.Pato
a be married. Refrain ………
ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
Epithalamion – 1595 (is an ode)
i.iN
. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala Epithalamion is famouss a
s laamong
a la the Greeks praising Bride s a
s laland
a a Bridegroom, sung ssa
a ddaa a d a
d a a da
d a a ddaa
PPa w w P.Pthea door of Nuptial room. This
by boys and girls .at
ww Pa song were sung by w
.P.marriage .P.Pa
boys
w
and girls w wwedding
inw w night according to w www
Theocritus, the Greek poet. Among wwww the
Romans, the song were sung by girls only, after the marriage guests have gone.
N et t celebrates his own wedding

Spenser
e N e t twith his second wife, Elizabeth
e N e t t Boyle. His
e
.i.N
lalai marriage . N
lalai i. This song with his sonnet
date was June 11,a1594. .
ai i. N
lalsequence Amoretti in
aassaa aass a aassaa aassa
d
PPaa d 1595. The song aad
contains
P P d 24 stanzas.
P aa
P dd P aa
P dd
Refrain: w w w. .
11wwoods may answer and Echoerwring w .
w . ww. .
ww w ww ww ww
Stanza – I
i .iN. eet tSpenser begins the song iwith
N .iN. N et t invocation to muses. Hei.iN.calls
ean Neet tthe Muses as
ssaalala ssa lala
a ssa lala
a ssa
ad daa „learned sisters‟. He
a d a
requests
da them to inspire him to
a dda
sing
a the praise of his beloved dd
a aa
PPa bride. The muses w w Pa helped him to write poems
.Phave
. w w Pa other men. So, they should
.P.about w .P.Pa
w
ww wwww , (Greek Musician), Eurydice, wwwwwife
help him toww sing in praise of his bride like Orpheus
of Orpheus . O sang songs for his Bride, Eurydice. Spenser‟s song is sung in
N e t t The answer will be given
e
loneliness. N e et tthe woods thru Echo. Refrain……….
by N eett
. N
i. – II
lalai Stanza .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa a s
a a
s a aassa a aassa
PPaadd d d
Paa the sun [„World‟s w dd dd
In the early.P
w w morning,
. w.P.Pagiving
light a Lamp] spread his golden
w .P.Paa
w
wwww the uncheerful dampness ofwwnight.
rays …. Disperse ww Spenser asks the muses towwawaken ww
the bride. Hymen, God of Marriage is already awake. So, the muses must wake up the
i
bride
.iN. eet and
N t remind her wake this N
i .i
is e
. N et t wedding day. Many Bachelors
her
i .iN. Neet t are waiting,
ssaalaladressed in fresh garments. sRefrain a
s lala ………
a ssa lala
a ssa
a ddaa – a d a
d a a ddaa a da
d a
PPa Stanza III
w w.P.Pa w w.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w
Thew www must bring the nymphs ofwForest,
muses www Sea and River. They should wwww come
….. beautiful garlands of Lillies and Roses. The garlands must be bound …. Blue silk
ribbons.
t They should decorate the bridal t bower …. other flowers. They t should throw
e e t e e t ee t
aal a
l a iN.Nflowers on the ground, so
i.the a l
a al i.iN.Nthe brides soft foot mayanot
throw
a l
aala .iN.N
ibe injured by stones.
a
ddaass Refrain …….. ddaas s s
ddaa s ddaass
PPaa w .P.Paa
w w .P.Paa
w ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
33
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N ett
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
i. – IV
lalai Stanza .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a aassaa aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d aadd dd
Paa should make the water w d d
w .P.P
Spenser then
w
addresses
w .P.who
the nymphs of Mulla,
w .P.Paa
clear
w
wwww by fish. Trout and Pike are
and undisturbed wwww name of the these. The water
the wwwwis so
clear that the nymphs can ……. Their own reflections in it (H 2O). Spenser then calls
N ett
the nymphs
e of Mountains and woods,t twho should keep deer, safe from
N e e N eet t the wolves.
a l i.N should protect the marriage
alai.They a l .N and the Bride from the
alai.iBower a l .i.N The nymphs
alaiwolres.
ddaas a
s of Mulla and woods must ddaass a
decorate the marriage Bower. ddaas s a
Refrain……. ddaassa
a
PPa .P.Paa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa
w w – w w ww
wwww Stanza
wwwwV
wwww
Spenser now addresses his bride directly. He asks her to wake up, because the
sun … just now come out of the bed of Titleonus. The morning sun is addressed as
N e ett N e e tt N eett
l ala .
i i. N
„Rosie Morn‟ .. morning sun is
l al .
old
i i.
a N
Usha and her husband is .
Tithonus.
l al N
i i. Rosie morn is
a
aa aa
ss ready to claim in her silver aa aa
sscoach. In the mid day, the sun aa a
sissknown as Phoebus (God ddaassa
a
PPaadd dd
Paasun is referred as female.ww.PPhoebus dd
Paa is shining …. Hot w
of sun). In mid w w.P.
day . w.P.Paa
rays.
wwww some birds Lark, Thrush,wMavis,
Spenser describes www Ouzel, Ruddock. All thewbirds www fly
in the sky after sunrise. He asks the bride y she is still sleeping. He asks the bride if
. N
she N et t not listen to the joyful song
edoes . N eofet the
N t birds. Refrain. ………. NNeet t
s aal alai i .
s aal i i .
ala Stanza – VI s a l
a alai.i. ssa
ddaa s ddaa s ddaa s ddaa
a
PPa The bride now a
.P.Pawakes up from her dreams. .P.P aa eyes are like dimmed stars.
Her a
.P.Pa
w w w w ww
They are w wwwbright than Hesperus. Spenser
more wwwwrequests the damsels, „Daughters wwww of
delight‟ to come near the bride to decorate her. First comes Hours, who was borve to
dayeand
N et t Night in the sweet paradise N eofet tJove. Next comes 3 hand maidens N eet t of cyperian
. i.
lalai Queen, N . N
lai i. bride. Venus is thesQueen
labeautiful . N
lalai i.of Cyprian. Third
aassaa who should adoru his
aassaa aa a
s a a ssa
a
PPaadd dd dd d d
Graces comes to sing
w w.P.Pathe
a praise of bride. Refrain ………
w w.P.Paa ww.P.Paa
wwww Stanzaw –www
VII wwww
After bath, the bride is ready and she is welcomed by the virgins. The bachelors
decoratet the bridegroom in good dress. t The bridegroom requests the t sun to shine
e e t
N.N but he should not burn e e t ee t
l al i
a .brightly,
i l al i .iN.Nfair skin of bride. He prayslalthe
the
a ai .iN.phoebus,
N Father of
aas aa
s the Muse to give one day aas aa
ofsthe year to him. In return, aas a
s will give his poem as ddaassa
a
a dd a dd a dd
spenser
PPa w
an offering towphoebus..wP.Pa Refrain…….. w .wP.Pa w.wP.Paa
www ww
wVIII wwww
Stanza –w
The wedding guests have come. The minstrels (Musicians) play the instruments
N e et t N e e t twomen paly the Tibrels andNedance. t t The boys
e
.of
lalai runi. N
Pipe, Tabor, croud. They sing. . i. N
The
lalai singing . N
alai i. Hymen. Their
lHymen,
aassaa in the+ streets up andaassaa
down, in one voice, a s
Hymen,
a a
s a a ssa
a
PPaadd aadd d
aa d d
aa d
ww.P.P and others join in the w
voice is heard everywhere w.P.PRefrain …………
song. ww.P.P
wwww wwww wwww
34
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e Ne tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N . N
lalai i. Stanza – IX .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
ww.P.Paata his bride. He compares
Singing looks
w wP.Paato Phoebe, Goodess of moon.
.her ww.P.Paa
Phoebe is w www called as Artemis. Phoebe
otherwise wwww is dressed in white garment. w wwwbride
…..
looks like an angel, with yellow locks (hair) like Golden wire. There are Pearls and
flowers
N eet t on her head. Her dress N e et t Golden Mantle. She is crowned
is like
N e t t with green
e
a l i.N
alai.garlands. She looks like maidena l i.N (Queen Elizabeth). Her
alai.Queen l l i.i.N eyes are shy to
amodest
a
ddaas a
s look above. They look d a
d s
a a
sthe low ground. She is shyddatoahear s a
s her praises. Refrain ddaassa
a
a
PPa .P .Pa a at
. P
. Pa a . P
. aa
P
…………. www w w w
ww wwwww wwwww
Stanza – X
… calls the women, who are the daughter sof Merchants. He asks them if they
N eet t N e ett N e tt
e
l a
la .
i i.
haveN ever seen any beautiful women
l al a .
i i. Nin the town. He lists out her
l al .
i i. N
virtues.
a Her eyes are
aa aa
ss like saphires (one of dthedaasetuj;jpdk;).a
s a Her forehead isdivory aa a
ss white. Her cheeks are ddaassa
a
PPaadd P.Palike
a cherries. Her snowy neck.P.isPalike d
apples. Her clips w w.are w w
a Marbel tower. All her body
w w.P.Paa
is like a w www palace. She is knownww
beautiful
ww
by virtue and chastity. The virgins wwww are
amazed looking at her. Refrain ……….
i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. N et t – XI
eStanza i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala Stanza praises notaonlys a
s laher
a la external beauty, but alsossaher alalain external beauty of ssa
a ddaa a d d a a d daa a ddaa
PPa lively spirit, sweet.P
w w . Pa chastity, Faith, Honour, w
love, .P.Pa The people who look atww
Modesty.
w .P.Pa
her
the stunnedww wwthe onlookers of medusa (Gorgan
like wwww sisters). Refrain. wwww
Stanza – XII
N e t tStanza takes his bride and N

e e
goeset tto the church. He asks the N e t t to open the
men
e
.i. N
lalai temple . N
. enter and approach thelalattar
lalai imany . N
ai i. in respect. The
aassaa gates. So, that his a
a s
a sbride
a aassaa aassa
PPaadd d d d d dd
w w.P.Paa steps and humility. w
bride comes with trembling He P
w . Paathe virgins to learn obedience
. asks w w.P.Paa
from her. w www
He asks virgins to take her to theww ww attar for the ceremony. The
high wwwchurch
w
singers sing joyful Anthem with organs (Musical instrument). He calls his bride as
saint.t Refrain……….
i .iN. eet
N i .iN. N et t –XIII
eStanza i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala s a
s lala
a ssaalala ssa
a ddaa The bride stands a d a
d a
before the altar. The holy priest a d daa
blesses her with 2 hands. Her add a a
PPa cheeks blushwlike w w.P .Paroses. Osha makes thewangels
red w w
a
.P.P(Nymphs) to forget their w w.P.Pa
durites
and they flyw
w
w above w w
her. But her eyes are sadwand they look at the ground in modesty.
wwww
He asks angles to sing Allauya song. She blushes, when she gives her hand to him.
e tt
e
Refrain……..
N N e ett N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N . N
lalai i. Stanza – 14 .
lalai i. N
aassaa aas a
s a s
aa a
s a aassa
PPaadd w . P
. aadd
P w . P
. aadd
P w. P
. aadd
P
wwwww wwwww wwwww
35
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
Ne tt
e N eett N eett
. N
lalai i. After the wedding, sStanza . N
i. the bride to his house,aalfor
lalai takes . N
i. celebration. He
alai the
a s
a a
s a aa a
s a aass a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
Paadrinking with wine, Bellyfull. dd d d
calls for feasting.P
ww
and
. w w.P.PaaMen should drink winewand .P.Paa
w
sprinkle itwwww
on the walls. They would shoutww ww God Bacchus, God of wwine
praising wwwand
Humen, God of marriage. Refrain ………
N e tt
e N e t t – 15
Stanza
e N eet t
lalai. i . N Stanza asks the youngmen i .i . N
lala of the town to celebrate, sringing i .i . N
lala the bells. He says
aassaa a s
a sa a a a sa a aassa
a
PPa dd that his wedding day a d
is d
Holy and it can be remembered, a d d
because it is a St.Barnab(u)s a dd
w w.P.PaThat day is known as summer w w
a
.P.PSolstice. ww .P.Pa
day. The day
wwww is long.
wwww That day is
wwww
long with
shortest night. He regrets Long the day is long. He asks people to dance and sing.
Refrain……..
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e ett
.
lalai i. N lalai i.. N Stanza-16 .
lalai i. N
aassaa Stanza complains a s
that
a sa a
the day is long. He is happy a ss
that
a a a
the evening ……. come. dd aassa
PPaadd d d
Paa star, as with golden w d d
He addresses the w w.P .
evening w.P.Paaand Herperus comes fromww
crown .P.Paa
the
wwww
East. He calls evening as „Fair child of beauty wwwand
w glorius lamp of Love‟. Refrain wwww
Stanza – 17
i .iN. eet t
N S asks singers and dancers
i .iN. Neet tto leave immediately. Heitakes .iN. Neetthe
t bride to the
ssaalalachamber. She lies on the bed s sa la
a inlathe midst of Lillies and Violets. ssa lalaShe looks like Maia,
a ssa
a ddaa a d a
d a a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa P.Pa of Atlas. Who was taken
wife of Zens and .daughter
w w w w PaJove in Temp valley, whenww
.P.by .P.Pa
she
www in Acidalian Brooke in Greece.
was takingwboth wwww Hermes, God of Messengerww –wson
w to
Maia and Zeus. She asks women to leave his wife. Refrain ……
N e tt
e N e t t – 18
Stanza
e N e ett
. N
lalai i. Night ….. atleast come. . N
lalaiSi.asks night to protect them . N
alai i. the worries, Fear,
lfrom
aassaa a s
a sa a a assa a a ssa
a
PPaadd d d d d d d
Danger, Horror, False
w w.P.PaaTreason. He asks Night w w.P.Papeaceful.
to be a He compares himself
ww .P.Paa
and his wife wwwtowJove and Alcmena. Alcmean wwwwas
w the daughter of Pleiades. wHercules www
was the son of Alcemena and Jove. Hercules is otherwise could as Tirynthian Groom.
S requests
t the Gods to give him the powerful t child like Hercules. Refrain t ………
e e t e e t e e t
l a
l i
a .iN.N l a l i
a .iN.NStanza – 19 l al i
a .iN.N
ddaassaa S prays that noaevil d a
d a saa (or) Bad thoughts, Falseddawhispers
sspirits assaa (or) bad dreams, no ddaassa
a
PPa .wP.Pa no witches, no HobwwGobins, a
.P.Pa no owl, No night Raven, .wP.Paa
house fire, no w lightening, w
Ghoasts, Now
ww w
vultures and No sounds of Frogsw
ww
wshould disturb them. Refrain …….
wwww
Stanza – 20
N e t
e t N e t tpeace. He wants sleep to N
e e et tin the proper
.i.
lalai time.N Stanza needs silence and .
sacred
lalai iof . N . N
come
.
lalai iRefrain
aassaa He wants little cupids
a s
a sa a
(sons venus) to fly above s
their
a a sa a
bed. …….. a ssa
a
PPaadd aa d d d d d d
ww.P.P Stanza – 21ww .P.Paa ww.P.P
aa
wwww wwww wwww
36
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
Ne tt
e N e tt
e N eett
. N
lalai i. Stanza notices Cynthia .i. N
lal,ai Goddess . N
lai i. window. He
lathrough
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a of Moon, looking
a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d
Paato look at them. Stanza d d
Paa to the Latmian shepherd, d d
requests Cynthia.P
ww
not
. ww.P.refers w .P.Paa
w
wwwwas a lover of Cynthia. Refrain
Endymion,wwho wwww……… wwww
Stanza – 22
N e t tStanza requests Juno, wife ofNJove

e eet t and Goddess of marriage, N e t t their union
to make
e
a l i.N and holy. He asks Hebe,
alai.strong a l N of youth and Hymen tolalbless
alai.i.God a ai.i.Nthem to behead
ddaas a
s children. Refrain. …….. ddaass a
d a
d s
a s a
ddaassa
a
PPa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww – w w w w
wwww Stanza
wwww
23
wwww
Stanza makes the prayer to all the Gods to bless the couple to give them long life
and large posterity. Refrain ………
N e tt
e N ett
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N Stanza – 24 .
lalai i. N
aassaa Stanza addresses aasa
s
his awife that his song is Goodly a s
a a
s aornament and Endless dd a ssa
a
PPaadd dd
Paavery short that he could wbuy aad d
Monument. Time ww.P.was .P.P
w any ornament for her. He hopes w w.P.Paa
ww ww wwww
tha this odeww
will be an endless Monument. ww
Afonsa – Kerala – Pope changed her „Saint‟ (Recently)
i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a ssalala
a ssaalala ssa
a a aa aa aa
PPaadd ww
a
.P.Pa
dd Wyatt and
w
a
.P.Pa
Surrey
w
dd
w
a
.P.Pa
w
dd
wwww Sir Thomas wwwWyatt
w wwww
e tt  He was born in 1503 ateKent.

t t His father Henry Wyatt was
et tthe adviser to
. N N e .iN.Ne .iN.Ne
ssalalai i.
a Henry VII andss l a
l
aHenryi
a
a VIII. l
ssaa a
l i
a ssa
aa a a a a a a
PPaadd  Thomas Wyatt
ww
d
a d
.P.Pastudied in St. John‟s college.
w w
d
.P.Paa d
w w
d
.P.Paa d
w ww
w w www wwww
 He accompanied with Henry VIII to Rome to give to petition to Pope to cancel
N eet tthe marriage between HenryNVIII e t t and Catherine of Aragon,N(Henry

e eet t I Wife), in
s a l
a alai.i.N order to marry Ann sBoleyn,
aal N Maid).
alai.i.(Court s aal alai.i.N ssa
ddaa s ddaa s ddaa s da
d a
a
PPa  In 1520,wWyatt a
.P.Pamarried Elizabeth Brooke. a
Pawas in secret love with wAnn
.P.He a
.P.Pa
w w w w
wwww
Boleyn.
wwww wwww
t tSo, In 1536 he was imprisoned in t tthe tower of London for his adultery
t t with Ann
ee
i.iN.N Boleyn. e
i.iN.N e e
i.iN.N e
ssal
a a
l a ssaal a
l a ssaalala ssa
ddaa d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a
PPaa ww.P.Paa w w.P.Paa ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
37
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N ett
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i.  He was released that . N
alai i. due to his father. Ins1530‟s,
lyear . N
lalai i. he wrote poetry,
a s
a a
s a aassaa a a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
Paa for a woman. d d d d
w.P.love
declaringwhis w w.P.Paa w w.P.Paa
wwww wwww w www
 His poems was published in Tottel‟s Miscellany in 1557, 15 years after his
N e t tdeath. He died at the age ofN39eein

e t t1542 after illness. N eet t
i.i. N i .i
lala  Tottel‟s Miscellanyssisaalaotherwise
la . N called as songs and i .i .
lasonnets,
la N published by
aassaa a a a s
a a
s a aassa
a
PPadd a dd a d d a dd
w.P.Pina1557 in London.
Richard Tottel
w ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
www
 In thiswbook, Wyatt and surrey wrote many
wwwwpoems. wwww
t tIt contains 271 poems. Wyattt tintroduced the English Sonnet,t influenced
t by
ee e
i.iN.N Italian poetry. Sonnetaislalderivede
i.iN.N from Italian word Sonnetto. e
i.iN.N e
a
ss l
aala ssa a a
ss l
a a
l a ssa
d a
da d a
d a ddaa ddaa
PPaa .P.Paathe English Sonnet form,wmodifying
 Survey created
ww w.P.Paa the Petrarchan sonnet.ww.P aa
It.P
wwww wwww
probably contains Chaucer‟s poems on Ann Boleyn. wwww
 Wyatt‟s wrote 96 poems in the collection of Tottel‟s Miscellany and surrey
i .iN. e
N et t i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a wrote 40 poems.
ssalala
a ssaalala ssa
ad a
d a a da
da a ddaa a ddaa
PPa  John Heywood
w .P.Pa wrote Interludes could
w w w Pa P‟s – Pardoner, Pedlar,
.P.Four w .P.Pa
w
wwww
Pamer&Pothecary wwww wwww
N e tt
e N e t t Not Yet
e
Forget
N eett
.
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N .
lalai i.N
aassaa a s
a a
sa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
PPaadd d d d
d - Wyatt
d d
ww.P.Paa ww.P.Paa w w.P.Paa
Thewwww contains 5 stanzas. Wyattww
poem ww
composed ww
this poem asking hisww
mistress
not to forget his steady faith and his intention.
i. N eet t– I
N
Stanza
i. i .iN. Neet t i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a sa
salala s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a dda a a da
d a
PPa Wyatt tells
w w. P.Pa
his ladylove not to forget his
ww. P.Pa
intention to reach morning and P.Pa
Truth
ww.
and above w wwhwis efforts.
all wwww wwww
Stanza – II
Neett Ne tt
e N eett
. N .
lalai i. He requests her notssatoalaforgetN
lai i. the time when they first . N
lai i. the tired life of
labegan
as
asaa a a a s
a a
sa a ssa
a
d
PPaad service and Love. d d d d d d
w w.P.Paa ww.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w
wwww wwww wwww
38
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
i. – III
lalai Stanza .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d dd d d
Wyatt w w w.P.Paher
requests
a
not to worry about the w w
big Paa injustice cruel treatmentww
.PCSM,
. .P.Paa
and
www
the pain of waiting.
wwww wwww
i.iN
. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalalaStanza – IV ssaalala ssaalala ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a da
da a ddaa
PPa w w .P.Pa w w.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
wwww to her not to forget his mind
He appeals wwww never meant any harm. wwww
with
Stanza – V
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i. Wyatt finally requests .
lalainot
her N .
i. to forget his steady faith aforalalher.
ai i. N
aassaa a s
a a
sa a s
a s a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d
Paa d d d d d
w.P.composed
This songwis w w.P.Paafollowed by 4th line (Refrain),
of 3 line rhyme (Tercet), w .P.Paa
w
the refrainw w
isw w not yet. This poem is written
forget wwwwto Ann Boleyn. wwww
The Appeal
N e t
e t N e et t N eet t
i
lala .i . N i .i . N
ala Boleyn.
lAnn i
lala .i . N
a s
a a
s a a asa
This poem is writtenstoa aassaa assa
a
ad
PPa d a d d
P.Pa is entitled „An earnestww a dd a dd
The poemww.appeal .P.Ptoa his unkind Mistress, not
suit ww P.Pa
.to
wwww
forsake him‟. The poem contains four stanzas.
wwww wwwwfirst
Every stanza contains 6 lines. The
line is „And will you leave me thus‟. Last line is „say nay, say Nay‟.
N eett N e tt
e N eett
. N
i. – I
lalai Stanza .
lalai i. N .
lalai i.N
aassaa a s
a a
sa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
PPaadd w .P.P
In the Stanza
w
d
– I,
d
ww
d
aaWyatt requests the lady love.P.not d
Paato leave him in sorrow. Ifww d
.P.Paa
she
d
leaves, shewwww be responsible for his misery.
would wwwwHe repeats the rhetorical Question.
wwww
N eet t– II
Stanza
N eet t N eet t
i
lala.i. N i .i . N i .
lala He asks her if she will sabandonedi . N
lala him who loved
as
a a
s a asa
sa
Wyatt repeat his complaint.
a aa a
s a a ssa
a
a
PPadd a dd
a her if her heart ……. Strength a dd a dd
her constantly. He
w w.P.Pasks ww.P.Pa and capacity to tolerateww .P.Pa
the
www
pressure ofwleaving. wwww wwww
Stanza – III
Neett N e tt
e N eett
. N
lalai i. Wyatt repeats the same .
alai i. N
lcomplaint. . N
i. heart to her to be
lalai his
as
asaa aas a
s a a s
a a
sa
Wyatt says that he gave
a ssa
a
d
PPaad aadd d d d d
together and not for
w w
separation
.P.P and pain
w w.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w
wwww wwww wwww
39
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N ett
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
i. – IV
lalai Stanza .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a aassaa aassaa aassa
d
PPaa d dd dd
P.Paa he requests her to showwcompassion dd
In the w ww
final .stanza, .P.Paa and not cruelty. ww.P.Paa
w
www wwww wwww
This poem is composed of four sestet (6 lines), with the refrain say Nay, say
i.i. eet t
Nay.
N N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala ssaalala to Ann Boleyn. ssaalala ssa
a ddaa These poems are
a ddaa
addressed
a da
da a ddaa
PPa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w
wwww Henry Howard wwww
Surrey wwww
Henry Howard, Earl of surrey.
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
i. was born in 1517 ThomasaalHoward
lalai He . N
alai i. and Lady Elizabeth Stafford. .
lalai i. N
aassaa a s
a s a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
ww.P.Paacollege. His cousin was ann
He studied in London ww Paa and Catherine Howard,
.P.Boleyn w wP.Paa
.In
wwww
1532, he went www King Henry VIII and stayed
to France with his cousin AnnwBoleyn, wwwwthere
for more than one year.
i .iN.
In N et t Ann Boleyn was head for
e1536, i .iN. Neet t and Treason.
adultery i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a s a
s lala
a s a
s lala
a ssa
ad a
PPa .P.Pa and beheaded by Henryw .P.Pona19 January 1547. .P.Pa
th
Surrey was also arrested VIII
ww w w w
wwww as the Henry VIII died unexpectedly.
His father survived,
wwww wwww
Surrey
N e t tand Wyatt composed sonnets
e N e t tTottel‟s Miscellany.
for
e N eett
. i. N
lalai Surrey . N
lalai toi. publish Blank verse (unrhymed . .N
lalai iIambic
a s
a a
s a was the first a s
a
English a
sa
poet a s
a a
s a Pentametre. a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
w w.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w ww.P.Paa
wwww of second and four book ofwvirgil‟sAeneid.
In his translation www wwww
Wyatt and surrey are could the fathers of English sonnets. Their sonnets was used by
l NNeet t
.Shakespeare.
alai i. l .NNee
tt
alai i. l
tt
.NNee
alai i.
s
aasaa aasaa
s with the worthiness ofdhis a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
aadd dd
The lover comforts
a himself a d love: a dd
PP w w.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
www represents the tradition of w
Thiswpoem www love in the Petrarchan school.
courtly wwww
In this poem, he compares himself to other people who suffered the pain of hopeless
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
l a
l a.
i i. N
love. The Poet is rejected by the
l a
l a.
i i. N
beloved and so he is sorrowful.
lala .
i i.
He N
consoles himself.
aa a a aa ssa
PPaaddaass The poem is a self consolation.
ddaass ddaass d a
d a
ww.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w ww.P.Paa
ww
Stanza – I ww wwww wwww
40
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
Ne tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i. In the first Stanza, ssurrey . . N
lalai iexpresses .i. N
lalai profound
a s
a a
s a a a a
s a aassaa
the pain of rejection, tears, and
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d dd d d
w .P.Papains
deep sign‟s. These
w
a captured his heart and so.P.P
ww
aaweeps. His breath weekends,
he
w w.P.Paa
because ofw wwwsighs.
deep wwww wwww
i.iN
. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalalaStanza – II ssaalala ssaalala ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a da
da a ddaa
PPa w
Surrey used
w Paclassical reference, especially
.P.the w w theaTrojan War. The Trojanwwar
.P.P w.P.Pa
was foughtww
ww
to bring Helen back to Greece.ww
ww
So, the Greece attacked Troy with wwwwgreat
ships. There was a great storm with destroyed many ships. The Greek leader
e tt
e
Agamemnon
N sacrificed his daughter,
N e t tthe wind God. First phigemia
e
to N eet t the daughter
was
. N
lalai ofi. king Agamemon and clytemnestre.. N
lalai i. Surrey refers to thesGreek . N
i. to explain his
lalai Myth
aassaa a s
a a
s a a a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d
aa d d d d d
.P.P
deepest love for his beloved. .P.Paa .P.Paa
w wwww
w
w
wwwww
w
wwwww
Stanza – III
i .iN. eet tThe Trojan war took for 10i.iN.years.

N eet t In it even the Gods participated.
N i .iN. eet t Many great
N
s a
s lalaknights died, before the Greeks
a ssalalawon in the war and took away
a ssaa ala Surrey believes
lHelen. ssa
ad a
d a a d a
d a a ddaa a ddaa
PPa that he would
ww.P.Pa
suffer like Greeks for the sake of his
w w.P.Pa
beloved. He would sacrifice his
w .P.Pa
life
w
wwww
like Iphigenia for her. wwww wwww
Stanza – IV
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N . N
lalai i. In the conclusion, hessaisalaoptimistic
lai i. . . N
lalai iregret
(Positive). He will never for the pains
a s
a a
s a aa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d done for his ladylove. dd
He is confident that he will wind d
her favour in future. He will d d
wwww
not give up hope.
wwww wwww
The Means to attain Happy Life. The poem contains 4 stanzas. Surrey speaks to
i et t friend, Martial and tells him

hisefellow
.iN.N i eetabout
t the ways to get happy life.eet t
.iN.N i .iN.N
l a
l a
ssaa Stanza – I l
ssaa a
l a l
ssaa a
l a ssa
d a
PPa w w.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
wwwlist
Surrey w out the means of happy life.wwww wwww
 The Riches, Got without pain
N e
et tThe fertile ground N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i.  Peaceful mind .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa aassaa a s
a a
sa a ssa
a
PPaadd  The equalwfriendP
.. a
P dwithout
a d any Grudge w
d
.P.Paa d
w
d
.P.Paa d
wwwww wwww w wwwww
41
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N ett
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i.  The Healthy life without .
ai i. N
laldisease .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a aassaa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd d d d d
 Good House
ww.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w w .P.Paa
w
 Thew www Diet
Balanced wwww wwww
 True wisdom with simplicity
t tThe Goodnight sleep without worry
i.iN
. e
N e i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala  Good wine s a
s lala
a ssaalala ssa
a ddaa  Faithful wife a d a
d a
without Debate a da
da a ddaa
PPa  Estate ww ww.P.P
a
ww.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w
ww wwww wwww
Surrey says that he may have no wish for death and no fear of the might of
death.
N eett N ett
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i.N .
lalai i.N .
lalai i. N
aassaa a s
a a
sa A Praise Of His Love dd aassaa a ssa
a
PPaadd ww
d
.P.Paa d
ww.P.Paa ww
d
.P.Paa d
wwwcompares
Surrey
w www of other lovers. The poemww
his ladylove with thewladies
ww
contains
5 stanzas. Surrey addresses the other lovers, praising the beauty of his ladylove. He
i .iN. eet t them of his ladylovei.isiN.N
challengers
N eet tthe sun before the candles,i.iN
like eetstand
with
. N t for other
s a
s lalawomen. She is like the brightest
a ssalaladay and other women are the
a s a
s lala night.
a
darkest ssa
ad a
d a a ddaa a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa Stanza – II
w .P.Pa
w ww.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w
wwww– II, he compares her with the
In Stanza wwwLady wwww
w Penelope (the wife of Odyssey‟s).
His Lady Love ……… more virtues, with he could not describe with Pen.
N eett N e tt
e N eett
. N
i. – III
lalai Stanza .
lalai i. N .
lalai i.N
a s
a a
s a aasa
sa aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d His ladylovePa dd dd d d
ww .P.Paa of nature. She …….. w
. .Pisaendowed with the wholewweffect .P.Paa
been
w
www
presented by w with all beauty. He could
nature www wwww
w understand her inner thoughts.
not
Stanza – IV
t He knows that she … the ragingtmind, with …… gone near her heart. t She …….
e e t
N.N be living with pain. laai.iN.N eet ee t
l a
l i
a.Mainly
i l l a
l i
a .iN.N
ddassaa Stanza – V
a ddaassaa ddaassaa da
d ssa
a
a
PPa a a
.P.Pais chiefly found in her. wFinally
.P.Pahe says that she is aboveww.all
P.Paa
Nature‟s ww
praise w
wwww her, with others is like showing
praise. Comparing
wwww candlelight before the sun.wwww
N eett Ne tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N . N .
lalai i. Peacocks Volumessaalalai i.
Ballads N
aassaa a s
a a
s a a a a ssa
a
PPaadd w w
d
.P.Paa d
w
d
.P.Paa
w
d
ww
d
.P.Paa d
wwww wwww wwww
42
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
Ne tt
e N eett N eett
. N
lalai i. Ballad is a form ofsverse . N
i. a narrative sung with music.
lalai or . N
lalai i. The word Ballad
a s
a a
s a aa a
s a aassaa aassa
d
PPaa d dd dd dd
ww.P.Paa French Term Ballade. Ballade
came from the medieval
ww.P.Paameans Dancing song. ww.P.Paa
Thewwww were usually written in single
Ballads wwwwsheet. They were written for wwww
dances.
Its form is written in Ballad stanza or Quatrain (4 line Stanzas). Ballad metre consists
N et t Tetrameter and Iambicktrimeter

of Iambic
e N e et t (6 syllash). N eet t
lalai. i. N Ballads are of 2 types; i .i .
lalLiterary
a N Ballads and Folk (or) i .i . N
lalaTraditional Ballads.
aassaa aassaa a s
a saa aassa
a
PPa dd Romantic Age is a d
famousd for literary
Pa Ballad - The Ballad Ballads. Literary aadd
Ballads have proper meter but a dd
Folk don‟t. w w w
Oscar
.P.Wilde‟s w w.ofP.PReading w w.P.Pa
www wwww Gaol (Jail).
wwww
Book, De-
profund is wrote by Oscar Wilde.
Compilation
N eett N e ett N eett
lala .
i i. N The Folk Ballads were
lFirst
al a .
i i. N
compiled by Thomas Bishop
l a
lor
a .
i i. N
Thomas Percy. He
aa aa
ss was the first to compileddathem a a a
ss and publish it in the bookd„Relinquish
a ss
a aa of ancient English dd a ssa
a
PPaadd Paaresponsible for the revivalww d
Paa MM.
Poetry‟ in 1765.ww .P.was
It .P.romantic
of w w.P.Paa
wwwC19th,
In the
w the Harvard professor,wwFrancis ww
James child, who collected wwww the
Ballads. From England and Scotland. He publish them in the book the English and
i .iN. eet t popular Ballads (or) Child
Scottish
N i .iN. N et t with contains 305 Ballads.
eBallads i .iN. Neet t They are of
lala lala a
saal la Ballads.
assaa religious, super-natural tragic,
a aadda assaaLove, Historic, Mythical andasHumorous
aadda aadda assa
PPaadd ww. P
. P w. P
. P w . P
. P
www
ImportantwBallads wwwww wwwww
A Sir Patrick Spencs: Child Ballad No.58
N eet tSir Patrick spens Ballad is N ett

ofeScottish origin. This Ballad is based
N eet t on the real
. N
i. with describes Sir. Patrick
lalai event, . N
lalai i. spens‟s Journey on thessea lala . N
i i.bring the Scottish
to
a s
a a
s a a s
a saa aa saa aassa
d
PPaa d d d dd dd
. .Paa The king of Scotlandwwas
Queen Margaret inP1290.
ww w.P.Painaneed of the sailor to bringwwhis.P.Paa
wwww from the North sea. Hiswdaughter
daughter, Margaret www Margaret was 7 years old. wwww Many
sailors died on the way due to winter. Sir. Patrick spens accepts King‟s order and goes.
However
t he is afraid of winter storm.t He crosses North Sea and reaches t Norway. In
N.Nee t ee t ee t
l a
l i
a.Norway,
i there was tension la i .iN.N lords of Norway andlalaithe
between
l a .iN.NScottish people.
ddassaa Meanwhile the 7 yearsdold
a a
d a saa dies. Patrick spens return.
sprincess ddaassaa da
d ssa
a
a
PPa a
.P.Pa- English Ballad a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
Chevyw –www
Chase w w w w
wBallad Lets the store of awhunting
This w www party, lead by Percy,ww ww
Earl of
Northumberland. Percy was hunting in the jungle of Cheviot Hills. So, the term
N eet tChase refers to the chase N eet t Hill. The hunt was prevented N eet t by Earl of
.i. N
Chevy
lalai Douglas, .
ai i.
inNcheviot
lalresponse, . N
lalai i.In this battle, only
aassaa the Scottish a
man.
assaa
In Percy attacked a ssaa
Douglas.
a a ssa
a
PPaadd aadd aa dd d
aa d
ww.P.P
110 people survived. ww.P.P ww.P.P
wwww wwww wwww
43
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N . . N
lalai iWillounghby .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a Bravess
a a aa
Lord
a s
a a
s a
(English Ballad)
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d This ballad.P d
Paa d
describes the bravery of Pere.P d
Paa d
GrineBertic, d
P.Paa
Lord Willoughby .of d
w w . w
ww he took part in the war ofwwZntphen.
ww w . ww
Eresby. Inww 1586 www
In this war, he fought w
against
Spanish people. He was known for his bravery and was recognized by Queen
N eet t He died in 1601.

Elizabeth.
N eet t N eet t
i. i. N
lalaRobin Hood: (English Ballad) lalai .i . N lalai .i . N
aassaa a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a aassa
a
PPa dd Robin Hood a d
myth
a d is very popular in English a d d
Folklore. He was an English a dd
w .P.P
w ww .toP.Pthea poor people. His groupwwas w.P.Pa
wwww
hunter. He robbed from the rich people
wwww
and gave
wwww
could Merry Men. His Myth was found in late medieval period. His story was
explained in the early Ballads;
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N 1. A Guest of Robinhood. .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa 2. Robionhood and a s
a a
sa
Monk a s
a a
s a aassa
PPaadd dd d d dd
w .P.Paaand Potter
w
3. Robionhood ww .P.Paa ww.P.Paa
wwww and Curtil Friar
4. Robinhood wwww wwww
5. Robinhood and the widow‟s 3 sons
i .iN. eet t6. The Jolly pinder of wakefield.
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala Robionhood was a anssaalala Saxon freedom fighter and
anglo s a
s lala [Rogue] and he
a
Outlaw ssa
a ddaa a dd a a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa P.Pa
opposed Norman .conquest.
w w .P.Pa w .P.Pa
wwwww wwwww wwwww
Robinhood and Curtil Friar
N eett N e tt
e N eett
. N
lalai i. Robinhood was dressed . N
lalinai i.Lincoln Green. In this sBallad, . .N
lalai iRobinhood
a s
a a
s a aasa
sa a a a
s a and his
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd d d d d
w w. .Paa Robinhood says that there
fellow men go forPhunt.
w .P.Paisano match for Little Johnwwho
w w.P.Paa
www100
lives within w miles. But one man says wwwthat
w Little John is a match w www
for Friar.
Robinhood wants to ….. the Friar. He goes and sees the Friar. Robinhood sees Friar
by the
t river side. Robinhood forces t him to carry Robinhood. The t Friar carries
N.Nee t e e t ee t
l a
l i
a.Robinhood
i and throws Robinhoodl a
l i
a .iN.wood
N in half way. So, theylafight.l i
a .iN.NRobinhood asks
d assaa Friar a favour. The Friar
a d a a saa Robinhood blows ondUru.
sagrees. a ssaSoon
a a Merry men appear aassa
a
PPa d . P
. a
P a d . P
. a
P a d .P. aadd
P
with Bows. w
ww wwwFriar asks Robinhood a favour
The
wwwwwtowlet him whistle. Robinhood w
ww www
agrees.
Many dogs appear. Little John kills 20 dogs. Finally Robinhood and Friar made
peace.
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N . N .
alai i. Pinder of Wakefield saalalai i.
lJohn N
as
asaa aassaa a a s a ssa
a
d
PPaad dd d d d d
(Ballad No:124w .P.PaBallad)
child
w
a
ww.P.Paa ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
44
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
Ne tt
e Ne tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i. This ballad is childssa . N
lalai i. Ballad [Write in a single .i. N
lalaisheet].
a s
a a
s a a a a
Broadside
a s
a a
s a This Ballad
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d
Paa d d d
Paa of pounding stray animals. d d
opens with pinder.P
ww
(Pounding
. man) Thepinder is in.P
ww
charge
. ww.P.Paa
He boasts wwww
the www
no one will trespass his areaw(wakefield). www
He says that he iswwatchful
(Alert). His boasts are overheared by Robinhood and Merry Men. So, they approach
N et t and fight with him. Robinhood

the Pinder
e N e t t was impressed by the physical
e N et t strength of
e
a l i.N and gave him a placeainalalmerry
alai.pinder i.i.N men group. The Balladalconcludes
a alai.i.N with pinder‟s
s a
s promise that he will join s
asgroup after Michaelmas (29 s
th aas a ssa
PPaaddaa aaddathe aaddsep). aaddaa
w ww.P.P
w w ww.P.P
w w ww.P.P
w
ww ww ww
Robinhood and Widow‟s 3 Sons
This Ballad is No.122 child Ballad. In this Ballad, the old widow in weeping
N ee t t N e tt
e N e ett
lala .that
i i. N her sons would be caught,
l a
l .
because
i i.
a N they stele the king‟s . N
Deer.Robinhood
l a
l i i.
a helps 3
a a aa
ss young men to escape from a a a
sthea
s kingsmen, by blowing Horn aa
andaa
ss Merry Men. aassa
d
PPaa d dd dd dd
Robinhood andw w.P.Pa–aa – Dale
Alan w w.P.Paa w w.P.Paa
(No:138 Child wwwwBallad) wwww wwww
One day, Robinhood sees a cheerful man Alan-a-Dale, who sings and plays. In
i .iN
the
. N et t day, Alan-a-Dale is dejected.
enext i .iN. eet tRobinhood sends two Merry
N i .iN. N et t Little John
eMen,
s a
s lalaand Miller‟s son to bring Alan-a-Dale.
a s a
s lala
a ssa
Robinhood asks Alan-a-Dalealala for money. Alan- ssa
ad a
d a a dda a a ddaa a ddaa
PPa a-Dale says that he
ww
a nothing. Robinhood promises
.P.P…….. w w.P.Pa Alan-a-Dale to help him w w P.Pa
.to
marry his w wwwlove, who is to be marriedwtowwthe
Lady w old knight. Robinhood goes wwwwto the
church and blows the horn. Merry Men including Alan-a-Dale appear. The Bishop
e
refuses
N et t to marry Alan-a-Dale and N theeetGirl,
t because the Consent must N ebe
et tasked 3 times
. N
i. to the Law. Robinhoodadrives
lalai acc . N
lalai i. the Bishop and puts Bishop‟s . N
i. to Little John.
lalai dress
as
a a
s a a s
a sa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
Paa
P dd dd
Paa 7 times. Finally the youngPa
Little John asks Questions d d
a are married.
Couple Paa d d
w ww. .P
w w ww. .P
w w ww. .P
w
ww ww ww
William Amstorm of Kinmont or Kinmont Willy
t Kinmontwilly was an outlaw like t Robinhood in Anglo Scottisht border in the
N e
N e t N e
N e t N eetAmstorm was
N
i
lala. i.
C16th (Elizabeth‟s time). Amstormi
lala .i . was captured by the English i .i .
forces.
lala
as
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45
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
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i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
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i.iN
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a Francis Bacon (1561-1626)a a
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Died: 9 April 1626 (aged 65) Highgate, Middlesex, England
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Authors and Their Works
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.iN. eet tAdvancement of Learningi.iN.Neet t
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Prose -For Detailed Study Bacon - Essays - Of Truth, Francis Bacon 1561-
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 Four Groups
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 4. Abstract subject
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46
i .iN. eet t
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lalai i. EssayTribute to Machiavelli .i. N
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historian and political – almost
a ssa
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Like Machiavelli he thinks that a commonwcode
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lala  Father of English Essay i .i . N i
ala Truth‟Explains the value sofatruth
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aassaa aassaa aa s a aassa
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edition
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lalai i. of daily life. .
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comparative value and importance
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 adversity in
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a l a
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 In “ofw www of death ,of Great place” might
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Of Studies, Famous quotes
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exact man” .P
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47
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
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aadda a
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lalai i. “Histories make man swise . N
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lalai i. subtle,
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(subtle- not obway)natural dd
P.Paamoral grave (gravity), logic
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and rhetoric w. ww. w w.
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argument)
ww ww
 I. Use of studies (3)
 1. Delight (personal enjoyment) (in seclusion or retirement or privacy)
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 ee
N eet t of social charm through N eetcultivation
the t of
a ai.i. N a ai .i . N a i
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 3. ability in
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lalai i. Revenge is a kind of wild .
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lajustice. .
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uncultivated dd
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1. puts the law out of office
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 ➢ kings ought to distinguish between honest ambition and dishonest (selfish)
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N ee N e N ee
s a l
a alai.i.N Of Friendship s a l
a alai.i.N s a l
a alai.i.N ssa
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a s da
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48
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
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lalai i. 1. Those effect the heart .
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2. The mind or understanding ss
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a. Giving shape and form of vague thoughts
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ssaalala a
s lalaa means of prologation of life.
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celebrate his intimacy with Bacon without interruption – which was tested on both
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lalai i.N . N
lalai i. Of Truth .
lalai i. N
aassaa a s
a a
sa a s
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d
PPaa d d d d d d d
w w.P.Paa ww .P.Paa w .P.Paa
w
wwwsaid
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w jesting Pilate, and would not wwwbe,
w for an answer. Certainly there w that
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N i .iN. eofet philosophers
N t N
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finding out of truth, nor again, that when it is found, it imposeth upon men‟s thoughts, that doth
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bring lies in favor; but a natural though corrupt love, of the lie itself. One of the later school of
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i. Grecians, examineth the matter,
lalai the . N
lalai iand .
. is at a stand, to think whatlashould N
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i . N et t come to the price of a ipearl,
eperhaps .iN. N
t t showeth best
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s lalaby day; but it will not rise tosthe
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la of a diamond, or carbuncle, s a
s lalashoweth best in varied
a ssa
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.aP.lie w
any Padoubt, that if there were taken
.P.man w w.P.Pa
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of men‟s minds, vain opinions, flattering hopes, false valuations, imaginations as one would, and
the like, but it would leave the minds, of a number of men, poor shrunken things, full of
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
.i. N
lalai melancholy .
lai i.
and indisposition, andla N
unpleasing to themselves? .
lalai i. N
as
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sa a ssa
a
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PPaad d d d d d d
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49
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
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a
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N e tt
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e
. N
i. of the fathers, in great severity,
lalai One . N
lalai i. called poesy vinum doemonum, . . N
lalai ibecause
a s
a a
s a aassaa a assaa it filleth the
a ssa
a
d
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w w.P.itPaisabut with the shadow of a lie.ww.But
imagination; and yet, P.Paitais not the lie that passeth through
ww.P.Paa
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the lie that sinketh in, and settlethww
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i
t only doth judge itself, teacheth
i .iN. eet that
N t the inquiry of truth, which N
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is.N
the
t or
lala
ssaa wooing of it, the knowledge l a
l
ssatruth,a
a which is the presence of it,aand l
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wwwiswthe sovereign good of humanww
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of the days, was the light of the sense; the last, was the light of reason; and his sabbath work
N ett N tt
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ever since, is the illumination of his Spirit. First he breathed light, upon the face of the matter or
e e e
. N
i. then he breathed light, into
lalai chaos; . N
ai i.face of man; and still he breatheth
lalthe . N
i. inspireth light, into
lalaiand
aassaa aasa
sa aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd d d d d
w .P.PaThe
the face of his chosen.
w w w . Paawas otherwise inferior to thewrest,
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w.P.Paa
wwww well: It is a pleasure, to stand
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i . N eet tbelow: but no pleasure is comparable

N
thereof
i . i .iN. eet t to the standing upon the ivantage
N .iN. eet tground of truth
N
s a
s lala(a hill not to be commanded, sand
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la the air is always clear andsserene),
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pity, and not with swelling, or pride. Certainly, it is heaven upon earth, to have a man‟s mind
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tt tt tt
. N e
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N e .N Nee
s a
s lalai i.
a s a
s alalai i. s a
s lalai i.
a ssa
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d a d
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w w.P.Paand
a
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www that practise it
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i.iN
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N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
make the metal work the better, but it embaseth it. For these winding, and crooked courses, are
N
s a
s lalathe goings of the serpent; which
a s a
sa ala basely upon the belly, and snotaalupon
lgoeth s
ala the feet. There is no ssa
a ddaa a d a
d a a d a
d a a da
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vice, that doth so cover found
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e e t ta lie faces God,
e
.i.
lalai andN
much .
lai i. NGod,
lawickedness . . N
lalofai ifaith,
as
asaa shrinks from man. a
Surely s
a a
s a
the of falsehood, anda s
a a
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breach cannot possibly daa ssa
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PPaad d d d d d
w w.P.Paasa in that it shall be the last peal,
ww.P.toPacall
a
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.the
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be so highly expressed, the judgments of God upon
50
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
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w
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N e ett N e tt
e N e tt
e
.i. N
lalai generations . N
lalai i.that when Christ cometh, hessashall . N
i. find faith upon the
lalainot
a s
a a
s a aa saa
of men; it being foretold,
s a a a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd d d d d
earth.
ww.P.Paa w w.P.Paa w w.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
i.iN
. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a a aa aa aa
PPaadd w
a
.P.Pa
w
dd
w
a
.P.Pa
w
dd
w w
a
.P.Pa
dd
wwww Of
wwww
Revenge
wwww
Revenge is a kind of wild justice; which the more man‟s nature runs to, the more ought law to
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
i. it out. For as for the firstawrong,
lalai weed . N
lalai i.it doth but offend the law; sbutsaalthe . i. N
alai revenge of that wrong,
aassaa a s
a sa a a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d dd d d
putteth the law out of office. Certainly, in taking revenge, a man is but even with his enemy; but
w w w w ww
in passing itw wwwhe is superior; for it is a prince‟sww
over, wwto pardon. And Solomon, I am w
part wwwsaith,
sure,
It is the glory of a man, to pass by an offence. That which is past is gone, and irrevocable; and
i
wise
.iN. eetmen
N t have enough to do, with things
i .iN. eetpresent
N t and to come; therefore they
i .iN. N
t t but trifle with
eedo
s a
s lalathemselves, that labor in pastsmatters.
a a
s lala There is no man doth a wrong,
a ssaalafor
la the wrong‟s sake; but ssa
ad a
d a a d a
d a a d daa a ddaa
PPa w
thereby to purchase
w.P. Pa profit, or pleasure, or honor,
himself ww
a like. Therefore why should I.be
.Por.Pthe ww P.Pa
ww wwwAnd if any man should do wrong, wwwmerely
w
angry with wawman, for loving himself better thanw me?
out of ill-nature, why, yet it is but like the thorn or briar, which prick and scratch, because they
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
l a
l a.
i i.
can Ndo no other. The most tolerable
l a
l .
i i.
sort
a Nof revenge, is for those wrongs
l a
l . N
i i. there is no law to
which
a
a aa
ss remedy; but then let a man
a a a a a
ss heed, the revenge be such asdd a a a
ssis no law to punish; else a ddaassa
a
d
PPaa d d
P.Paa d take
P.Paa
there
P.Paa
ww. w w. ww.
man‟s enemy wwwiswstill before hand, and it is twowfor
wwwone. Some, when they take revenge, wwww are
desirous, the party should know, whence it cometh. This is the more generous. For the delight
i. N
i. eet t to be, not so much in doingi.the
seemeth
N N
i . N et t as in making the party repent.
ehurt, i .iN. eet tbase and crafty
But
N
s a
s lalacowards, are like the arrow that
a s a
sa ala in the dark. Cosmus, dukesofaalFlorence,
lflieth s
ala had a desperate ssa
a ddaa a dda a a d a
d a a da
d a
PPa .P.Paor neglecting friends, as if those
saying against perfidious
w w w w Pa were unpardonable; Youwshall
.P.wrongs w.P.Pa
wwwthat
read (saith he)
w we are commanded to forgivewwour wwenemies; but you never read, that wwwwe
w are
commanded to forgive our friends. But yet the spirit of Job was in a better tune: Shall we (saith
N e t t good at God‟s hands, and not
e N e t t content to take evil also? And
e N e t tof friends in a
e
.
lalai i.
he) Ntake .
lalai i. Nbe .
lalai i. Nso
as
asaa a s
a a
s a aasa
s a aassa
d
PPaad P aa
P d
proportion. This is certain, d
that
P aa
P d
a man that studieth revenge, keepsd his own wounds green, which dd
P aa
P
w w. . w w. . w w. .
wwwwheal, and do well. Public revenges
otherwise would
www wfor the most part fortunate; as w
are thatww
wfor the
51
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N eett Ne tt
e N e tt
e
. N . N
i. of Caesar; for the death aofalaPertinax;
lalai death .
lai i. for the death of Henry sthesaalThird N
alai i.of France; and many
a s
a a
s a aas s aa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd dd
Paa it is not so. Nay rather,wvindictive d d
more. But in private.P
ww .
revenges,
w.P.Paa persons live the life of witches;
ww.P.Paa
wwwmischievous, so end they infortunate.
who, as theyware wwww wwww
i. N
i. eet t
N i .iN. eOfet tAdversity
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala ssaalala s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a dda a a ddaa
PPa It was an high
ww.P.Pa
speech of Seneca (after the manner of
w .P.Pa
the
w
Stoics), that the good things,
.P.Pa
which
ww
wwww are to be wished; but the w
belong to prosperity, wwwthings, that belong to adversity,ww
good wwto be
are
admired. Bona rerum secundarum optabilia; adversarum mirabilia. Certainly if miracles be the
N ee
commandt t over nature, they appear mostN eet tadversity. It is yet a higher speech
in
N e t of
e t his, than the
i. i .N i .i .N i .i . N
aassaalalaother (much too high for a aheathen),
s
a aalalaIt is true greatness, to haveainassone
s aalalthe
a frailty of a man, and
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
the security of a ww.P.PaVere
God.
a magnum habere fragilitatem.P.hominis,
w w Paa securitatem Dei. This would w w.P.Paa
wwww wwww
have done better in poesy, where transcendences are more allowed. And the poets indeed have
wwww
been busy with it; for it is in effect the thing, which figured in that strange fiction of the ancient
i .iN. eet which
N t
i .iN. eet t nay, and to have some approach
N i .iN. eet tto the state of a
N
s a
s lala
a
poets, seemeth not to be
s a
s lala
without
a
mystery;
s a
s lala
a ssa
ad a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa Christian; that
ww .P.Pa
Hercules, when he went to unbind
w .P.Pa
Prometheus
w
(by whom human nature
w w.P.Pa
is
represented), wwww the length of the great ocean,ww
sailed ww
in an earthen pot or pitcher; livelyw www
describing
Christian resolution, that saileth in the frail bark of the flesh, through the waves of the world. But
eet t in a mean. The virtue of prosperity,
to speak
N N e et t is temperance; the virtue of adversity,
N e t t is fortitude;
e
. N
i. in morals is the more heroical
lalai which . . N
lalai ivirtue. . N
lalaiofi.the Old Testament;
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s
Prosperity is the blessinga a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd d d d d
adversity is the w .P.Paaof the New; which carriethww
blessing
w .P.Pa
the a benediction, and the clearer
greater w w.P.Paa
www favor. Yet even in the Old Testament,
revelation ofwGod‟s wwww if you listen to David‟s harp,ww ww
you shall
hear as many hearse-like airs as carols; and the pencil of the Holy Ghost hath labored more in
i. N
i. eet t the afflictions of Job, thani.iNthe
N
describing . N
tt
eefelicities of Solomon. i
Prosperity .iN. N
is et t without many
enot
s a
s lala
a s a
s alala ssaalala ssa
a ddaa d a
d a
fears and distastes; andaadversity dd
is not without comforts andahopes.aa We see in needle-works and add aa
PPa ww .P.Pa ww P.Pa
.upon ww.P. Pa
embroideries, w
ww it w
is
wwww
more pleasing to have a lively work, a sad and solemn
wwww
ground, than to
have a dark and melancholy work, upon a lightsome ground: judge therefore of the pleasure of
the e
N t t by the pleasure of the eye. N
heart,
e e t t virtue is like precious odors,Nmost
Certainly
e eet t fragrant when
. N
i. are incensed, or crushed:afor
lalai they .i. N
lalaiprosperity . N
ai i. adversity doth best
lalbut
as
asaa a s
a s a doth best discover s
aa a
s a
vice,
a ssa
a
d
PPaad dd dd d d
discover virtue.
ww.P.Paa w w.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w
wwww wwww wwww
52
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N eett N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N . N
lalai i. Of Friendship .
lalai i. N
aassaa a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
PPaadd ww
d
.P.Paa d
w
d
.P.Paa
w
d
w
d
.P.Paa
w
d
It had been wwwwfor him that spake it to have putww
hard ww truth and untruth together in few
more wwwwords,
w
than in that speech. Whatsoever is delighted in solitude, is either a wild beast or a god. For it is
i.
most
N
i. eettrue,
N t that a natural and secret N
i .i . eet t and aversation towards society,
hatred,
N i .iN. einet tany man, hath
N
ssaalalasomewhat of the savage beast;sbuta
s laitlais most untrue, that it should have
a s a
s la
a la character at all, of the
any ssa
a ddaa a d a
d a a dda a a ddaa
PPa divine nature; except
w w
a
.P.itPproceed, not out of a pleasure w
w P.Pa but out of a love and desire
in .solitude, w w.P.
to Pa
sequester a wwww self, for a higher conversation:
man‟s wwwsuch
w as is found to have been falsely wwww and
feignedly in some of the heathen; as Epimenides the Candian, Numa the Roman, Empedocles
N eett N ett
e N e tt
e
lala .
i i.
theNSicilian, and Apollonius of
l a
l a.
i i.
Tyana; Nand truly and really, in divers
l of
al a.
i i.
the N
ancient hermits and
aa aa
ss holy fathers of the church.ddaBut a a
sslittle do men perceive what solitude
a a a a
ssis, and how far it extendeth. ddaassa
a
d
PPaa d P.Paa P.Paad d P.Paa
ww. w w. w w.
wwwwnot company; and faces are butww
For a crowd is awgallery
w of pictures; and talk butwawwtinkling w
cymbal, where there is no love. The Latin adage meeteth with it a little: Magna civitas, magna
i .iN. eet t because in a great town friends

solitudo;
N i .iN. eet are
N t scattered; so that there is not
i .iN. N et tfellowship, for
ethat
s a
s lalathe most part, which is in lesssneighborhoods.
a a
s lala
a s a
But we may go further,
s aalaaffirm most truly, that
land ssa
ad a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa .P.Pa solitude to want true friends;
it is a mere and miserable
w w w w
a
.P.Pwithout which the world is but.P
w w aPa
.
wilderness; w wwweven in this sense also of solitude,
and wwwwwhosoever in the frame of his w www and
nature
affections, is unfit for friendship, he taketh it of the beast, and not from humanity.
N e tt
e N e tt
e N eett
. N
lalai Ai. principal fruit of friendship,ssa . N
i. and discharge of the fulnessaaland
alai ease
lthe . .N
alai iswellings
a s
a a
s a a a is a
a ass of the heart,
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d
Paakinds do cause and induce.ww.We d d
P.Paknow d d
which passions w of.P
w .
all a diseases of stoppings, and
ww.P.Paa
ww ww www you
suffocations,ww are the most dangerous in the body;ww and it is not much otherwise in thew mind;
may take sarza to open the liver, steel to open the spleen, flowers of sulphur for the lungs,
i. N
i. eet t for the brain; but no receipt
N
castoreum i .iN. N et t the heart, but a true friend;
eopeneth i .iN. etoet whom
N t you may
s a
s lala
a s a
s alala s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa a
impart griefs, joys, fears, d a
d a
hopes, d a
d a
suspicions, counsels, andawhatsoever a
lieth upon the heart to add a
PPa ww .ofP.P a
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
oppress it, in aw
wwwkind civil shrift or confession.
wwww wwww
It is a strange thing to observe, how high a rate great kings and monarchs do set upon this fruit of
N eett N e ett N e tt
e
. i. N
lalai friendship, . N
alai i.as they purchase it, many times,
whereof we speak: so lgreat, . N
i. hazard of their own
laatlai the
as
asaa a s
a a
s a aasa
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d d d d d
safety and greatness. For princes, in regard of the distance of their fortune from that of their
w w w w w w
www cannot gather this fruit, except
subjects andwservants, wwww(to make themselves capable thereof) wwwwthey
53
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
i. some persons to be, as it awere,
lalai raise . . N
lalai icompanions .
ai i. N
lalthemselves,
a s
a a
s a a s
a s a and almost equalsato
aas s a which many
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d dd d d
w w.P.Paa
times sorteth to inconvenience. The modern languages.P
w w . Paaunto such persons the name
give
ww.P.
of Paa
ww
favorites, orww
privadoes; as if it were matter ofw www or conversation. But the Roman
grace, wwwwname
attaineth the true use and cause thereof, naming them participes curarum; for it is that which tieth
i. N.
the
i N et t And we see plainly that this
eknot. i .iN. eet been
N
hath
t done, not by weak and passionate
i .iN. eet t princes only,
N
ssaalala ssa lala
a s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa but by the wisest and d
most
a daa
politic that ever reigned; who have
a da
d a
oftentimes joined to themselves dd
a aa
PPa w w
a
.P.Pwhom ww Pa and allowed other likewise
.P.friends, w w.P. Pa
wwww
some of their servants; both themselves
wwww
have called
wwww to
call them in the same manner; using the word which is received between private men.
N e t t when he commanded Rome,Nraised

e et t Pompey (after surnamed theNGreat)
e e t t to that height,
e
.
lalai i.
L. NSylla, .
lalai i.N .
lalai i. N
aassaa a s
a a
sa a s
a a
s a aassa
d
PPaa d d
that Pompey vaunted himself
P.Paa d for Sylla‟s overmatch. For when d hed
P.Paa
had carried the consulship for a dd
P.Paa
w .
w w w. w .
w
wwww the pursuit of Sylla, and that
friend of his, against
wwwSylla ww to
w did a little resent thereat, andwwbegan
speak great, Pompey turned upon him again, and in effect bade him be quiet; for that more men
i .iN. eet tthe sun rising, than the sun setting.

adored
N i .iN. eetWith
N t Julius Caesar, Decimus Brutus
i .iN. eethadt obtained that
N
s a
s lalainterest, as he set him down,sinsaa
a lalatestament, for heir in remainder,
his s a
s lala his nephew. And this
a
after ssa
ad a
d a a dda a a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa was the man that had
w w.P.P a with him, to draw him forth.P.toPahis death. For when Caesar would
power
ww w w.P.Pa
wwwwthe senate, in regard of some illww
have discharged
ww
presages, and specially a dream of w www
Calpurnia;
this man lifted him gently by the arm out of his chair, telling him he hoped he would not dismiss
N e t t till his wife had dreamt aNbetter
e e t t dream. And it seemeth his favor
e N eetwas
t so great, as
i .i.
the Nsenate, i .i . N i .i .N
a s
a aalalaAntonius, in a letter which aisasrecited
s saalalaverbatim in one of Cicero‟saPhilippics,
s
a aalala calleth him venefica, aassa
s
PPaadd w . P
. aadd
P . P
. aadd
P
wwAgrippa (though of mean birth)ww .
wthatP
. aadd
P
wwhadwenchanted Caesar. Augustuswraised
witch; as if heww
www wwto w
height, as when he consulted with Maecenas, about the marriage of his daughter Julia, Maecenas
i. N
i. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
took the liberty to tell him, that he must either marry his daughter to Agrippa, or take away his
N
s a
s lalalife; there was no third war,shesaalhad
a ala made him so great. With Tiberius
s a
s lala Caesar, Sejanus had
a ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a d a
d a a da
d a
PPa w .P.Pasathey two were termed, and w
ascended to that height,
w .P.Pa as a pair of friends. Tiberiusww
reckoned,
w .P.aPa
in
letter to himwwwwHaec pro amicitia nostra non occultavi;
saith, wwww and the whole senate dedicatedwwwanwaltar
to Friendship, as to a goddess, in respect of the great dearness of friendship, between them two.
N e t t or more, was between Septimius
e N e tSeverus
e t and Plautianus. For he forced
N e t his
e t eldest son to
i .
The
i . Nlike,
i .i . N i .i . N
a s
asaalalamarry the daughter of Plautianus;
a s
a aalaland
s a s
a aalalain doing affronts to his aassa
a would often maintain Plautianus,
s
PPaadd . P
. aadd
P
walso in a letter to the senate, by these . P
. aadd
P
wwords: I love the man so well, asww Iw . P
. aadd
P
wwwww wwwww ww w
son; and did write wish
54
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N ett
e N eett N eett
. N
lalai hei. may over-live me. Now ifsthese . N . N
i. had been as a Trajan, oraalaalMarcus
lalaiprinces ai i. Aurelius, a man
a s
a a
s a a a a
s a aass a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
P.Pathis
a had proceeded of an abundant d d
aa of nature; but being men.so d
P.Paa d
might have thought .that
ww w .P.P
w goodness
ww
www
wise, of such
w ww
strength and severity of mind, and
ww wwthese
wwall
so extreme lovers of themselves, as
were, it proveth most plainly that they found their own felicity (though as great as ever happened
i. N
to
i. eet t men) but as an half piece, iexcept
N
mortal .iN. eetthey
N t mought have a friend, to make
i .iN. eetit tentire; and yet,
N
ssaalala ssa lala
a s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa which is more, they were
a ddaa
princes that had wives, sons, d a
da
nephews;
a and yet all these could not dd
a aa
PPa w w Pa
.P.friendship. w w.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w
wwww
supply the comfort of
wwww wwww
It is not to be forgotten, what Comineus observeth of his first master, Duke Charles the Hardy,
N eet t that he would communicate his N et t with none; and least of all,Nthose
e e t t secrets which
e
.
lalai i.N
namely, .
lalai i.Nsecrets .
lalai i. N
aassaa a asa
s a a s
a a
s a aassa
d
PPaa d troubled him most. Whereupond
P.Paa d d
P.Paa d
he goeth on, and saith that towards his latter time, that closeness dd
P.Paa
w w . w w. ww.
wwww
did impair, and
wwww Comineus mought have madeww
a little perish his understanding. Surely wwsame
the
judgment also, if it had pleased him, of his second master, Lewis the Eleventh, whose closeness
i .iN. N et t his tormentor. The parable

waseindeed
i .iN.
of
N
tt
eePythagoras is dark, but true; Cor ne
i .iN. eetedito;
N t Eat not the
s a
s lalaheart. Certainly if a man would
a s a
s lalait a hard phrase, those that want
a
give s a
s alala to open themselves
friends, ssa
ad a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa unto are cannibals .of
w w
a own hearts. But one thing.P.isPmost
P.Ptheir ww
a admirable (wherewith I will
w w.P.Pa
www
conclude this
w
first fruit of friendship), which is,w wwwthis communicating of a man‟swself
that wwwto his
friend, works two contrary effects; for it redoubleth joys, and cutteth griefs in halves. For there is
N e t t that imparteth his joys to hisNfriend,
e e t t but he joyeth the more; and no
e N eet t that imparteth
.
lalai i.
no N
man, .
lalai i. N .
lalai i.Nman
a s
a a
s a his griefs to his friend, but a s
a
he
a
s a
grieveth the less. So that it is indda s
a a
s
truth,
a
of operation upon a man‟s dd aassa
d
PPaa d dd
mind, of like w w w.P.asPathe
a
w w.P. Patheir
a
body; w w.P.itPaa
that
wwwvirtue alchemists use to
wwww
attribute to stone, for man‟s
wwww
worketh all contrary effects, but still to the good and benefit of nature. But yet without praying in
i.iN
. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
aid of alchemists, there is a manifest image of this, in the ordinary course of nature. For in bodies,
N
s a
s lalaunion strengtheneth and cherisheth
a s a
salalaany natural action; and on the
ssaalala side, weakeneth and
other
ssa
a ddaa a d a
d a a ddaa a da
d a
PPa w w.P.Pa and even so it is of minds.
dulleth any violent impression:
ww.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w
wwww wwww wwww
The second fruit of friendship, is healthful and sovereign for the understanding, as the first is
for e
N t taffections. For friendship maketh
the
e N e tindeed
e t a fair day in the affections, N e t from
e t storm and
. i. N
lalai tempests; . N
ai i.understanding, out of darkness,
lalthe .i. N
alai confusion
land
as
asaa aas
but it maketh daylight
saa
in
a s
a a
s a of thoughts.
a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d
Paa only of faithful counsel, d d
P.Paa a man receiveth from his friend; d d
Neither is this to be.P
ww .
understood
ww.which w .P.Paa
w
wwww wwww wwww
55
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N ett
e N e ett N e tt
e
. N
i. before you come to that, acertain
lalai but . N
lalai i.it is, that whosoever hathshis . N
lai i. fraught with many
lamind
a s
a a
s a a s
a s a aa a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d
P.Paaunderstanding do clarify and dd
P.Paa up, in the communicatingww d d
thoughts, his wits .and
ww ww.break .P.Paa
and
discoursing wwwwanother; he tosseth his thoughtswmore
with wwweasily; he marshalleth them morewwworderly,
w
he seeth how they look when they are turned into words: finally, he waxeth wiser than himself;
N eett N eetthan
t by a day‟s meditation. N et t well said by
ewas
i
lala.and
i. N that more by an hour‟s discourse,
lalai .i . N i
lala .iIt.N
aassaa a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a aassa
a
PPadd Themistocles, to the king
a d d
of Persia, That speech was like d
cloth
Pa appear in figure; whereas inwthoughts a d
of Arras, opened and put abroad; dd
a
w .P.doth
w .P.Pa they lie but as in packs. Neither
w w w.P.Pa
wwww
whereby the imagery
wwww wwww
is this second fruit of friendship, in opening the understanding, restrained only to such friends as
N ett N tt
e N e tt
are able to give a man counsel; (they indeed are best;) but even without that, a man learneth of
e e e
. i.N
lalai himself, . N
lalai i. to light, and whetteth his swits . N
i. a stone, which
laaslai against
aassaa and bringeth his own a
aass a
thoughts
a a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd d d d d
w w.P.Paaa man were better relate himself
itself cuts not. In a word,
ww.P
toP
. aa astatua, or picture, than to suffer .his
ww P.Paa
thoughts to w www
pass in smother. wwww wwww
i .iN. N et t to make this second fruiti.iof

Addenow,
N. N et t
efriendship complete, that other point,ewhich
i .iN. N et t lieth more
s a
s lalaopen, and falleth within vulgar
a ssalala
a
observation; a
which is faithful counsel
s s lafrom
a la a friend. Heraclitus ssa
ad a
d a a da
da a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa w w
a
P.Penigmas,
saith well in one of .his Dry light is ever the best.
w w
a certain it is, that the light that.P.aPa
.P.PAnd ww
wwww w ww w
man receiveth by counsel from another, is drier and purer, than that which cometh from his ownw w
w w
understanding and judgment; which is ever infused, and drenched, in his affections and customs.
N e tthere
e t is as much difference between N e tthet counsel, that a friend giveth, N
e e tthatt a man giveth
e
.
lalai i.
So N
as .
lalai i. N .
lalai i.N
and
a s
a a
s a a as a
s a aassaa aassa
d
PPaa d d
himself, as there is between
aa d the d d
counsel of a friend, and of a flatterer. For there is no such flatterer dd
w
as is a man‟s self; w.P.Pthere
and is no such remedy w
against w.P.Paaof a man‟s self, as the libertyww
flattery
.P.aPaa
of
wwww wwww wwww
friend. Counsel is of two sorts: the one concerning manners, the other concerning business. For
i. N
i. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
the first, the best preservative to keep the mind in health, is the faithful admonition of a friend.
N
s a
s lalaThe calling of a man‟s self tosa sastrict
a lalaaccount, is a medicine, sometime
a s a
s a alapiercing and corrosive.
ltoo ssa
a ddaa a d a
d a a d a
d a a da
d a
PPa Reading good books
ww
of amorality, is a little flat and dead.
.P.P w w.P.PaObserving our faults in others, ww.Pis
. Pa
wwww for our case. But the best receipt
sometimes improper wwww (best, I say, to work, and best to w wwwis the
take)
admonition of a friend. It is a strange thing to behold, what gross errors and extreme absurdities
N e t(especially
e t N e t t for want of a friend to tellNthem
e e t tof them; to the
e
.many
i. N
lalai great
of the greater sort) .
do
alai i.
land Ncommit, . N
lai i.are as men that look
lathey
as
asaa damage both of their aass
fameaa fortune: for, as St. James aas a
sa
saith, a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d d d d d
sometimes intowaw w.P.Paand
a
w w .P.Paaand favor. As for business, awman w.P.Paa
wwww wwww
glass, presently forget their own shape
www
56
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N eett
. N
i. think, if he will, that two aeyes
lalai may . N .
lalaiseei. no more than one; or that sa sagamester N
lalai i. seeth always more
a s
a a
s a aass a a a a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
P.Paaaman in anger, is as wise as he d
P.Paa d d d
than a looker-on; or.that
w w ww.that hath said over the four and twenty
w .P.Paa
w
www
letters; or that
w wwww
a musket may be shot off as well upon the arm, as upon a rest; and suchw wwwfond
other
and high imaginations, to think himself all in all. But when all is done, the help of good counsel is
i. N.
that
i N et t setteth business straight. iAnd
ewhich .iN. eifetany
N i .iN. eet t but it shall be
t man think that he will take counsel,
N
ssaalala ssaalala s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa by pieces; asking counsel
a d d
ina a
one business, of one man, and in
a da
d a
another business, of another man; it dd
a aa
PPa is well (that isw w w.P.P a
w w.P.Pataall); but he runneth two dangers:
w w.P.Pa
www to say, better, perhaps, than if he
wwww
asked none
wwww
one, that he shall not be faithfully counselled; for it is a rare thing, except it be from a perfect and
N tt
e N tt
e N e tt
entire friend, to have counsel given, but such as shall be bowed and crooked to some ends, which
e e e
. N
lalai hei. hath, that giveth it. The other, . N
lalai hei. shall have counsel given, hurtful . N
i i. unsafe (though with
lalaand
aassaa aasa
s a
that
aassaa aassa
d
PPaa d dd
Paa partly of mischief and partly dd dd
good meaning), and.P
w w
mixed
. ww.ofP.Paremedy;
a even as if you would call.P.aPaa
w
wwwiswthought good for the cure of thewww
physician, that w you complain of, but is unacquainted
disease wwwww
with your body; and therefore may put you in way for a present cure, but overthroweth your
i . N eet int some other kind; and so cure

N
health
i . i .iN N
the
.
t t and kill the patient. But N
eedisease, i .iaN
. eet t that is wholly
friend
s a
s lalaacquainted with a man‟s estate,
a s a
s lalabeware, by furthering any present
a ssa labusiness,
a la ssa
ad a
d a a d a
d a will
a ddaa how he dasheth
a ddaa
PPa ww.P.PaAnd therefore rest not uponwscattered
upon other inconvenience. .P.Pa counsels; they will rather distract
w ww.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww
and mislead, than settle and direct.
N e tthese
e t two noble fruits of friendship N e t(peace
e t in the affections, and support
N e toftthe judgment),
e
.
lalai i. N
After .
lalai i. N .
lalai i.N
a s
a a
s a aasa
s a a s
a a
s a aassa
d
PPaa d dd
followeth the last fruit; which d
is like the pomegranate, full ofd many kernels; I mean aid, and dd
bearing a part,w w w.P .Paa and occasions. Here thewbest
w w P.Patoa represent to life the manifoldwwuse
.way .P.Paa
wwinwall actions
www wwww
of friendship, is to cast and see how many things there are, which a man cannot do himself; and
i.iN
. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
then it will appear, that it was a sparing speech of the ancients, to say, that a friend is another
N
s a
s lalahimself; for that a friend is farssamore
a alalathan himself. Men have theirstime,
a
s lalaand die many times, in
a ssa
a ddaa a d a
d a a ddaa a da
d a
PPa desire of some things
ww Pa they principally take to heart;
.P.which ww Pabestowing of a child, the finishing
.P.the ww.P.Pa
ww
of a work, or wwlike. If a man have a true friend,whewwmay
the www
w rest almost secure that the care ofwthose
things will continue after him. So that a man hath, as it were, two lives in his desires. A man hath
aN eet t and that body is confined to aNplace;
e t t but where friendship is, all offices
e N eet tof life are as it
. i. N
body,
lalai were . . N
lalai iFor . N
lai i. How many things
lafriend.
as
asaa granted to him, and a
hisassaa
deputy. he may exercise them a a
bysa
s a
his a ssa
a
d
PPaad aad d aad d d d
ww.P.Pcannot, w w.P.Psay w w.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
are there which a man with any face or comeliness, or do himself? A man can scarce
57
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N ett
e Ne tt
e N eett
. N
i. his own merits with modesty,
lalai allege . N
. less extol them; a man cannot
lalai imuch . N
lalai i.sometimes brook to
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d
aanumber
d d
P.Paaare graceful, in a friend‟s mouth, d d
w.P.P
supplicate or beg; and
w
a of the like. But all these.things
w w ww.P.Paa
wwww in a man‟s own. So again, a man‟s
which are blushing wwwwperson hath many proper relations,wwwwwhich
he cannot put off. A man cannot speak to his son but as a father; to his wife but as a husband; to
i. N
.
his
i N et t but upon terms: whereas ia.iN
eenemy . eet tmay speak as the case requires,
N
friend i .iN. eet tnot as it sorteth
N
and
ssaalala s a
s lala
a s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa with the person. But to
a ddaa
enumerate these things were endless;
a d
I da a
have given the rule, where a man dd
a aa
PPa w w P.Papart; if he have not a friend, heww
.own a
.P.Pquit w w.P.Pa
wwww
cannot fitly play his
wwww may the stage.
wwww
Of Studies
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
.i.N
lalai Studies . N
lalai i. and for ability. Theirssachief . . N
lalai iuse
aassaa serve for delight,a sa
s
for
a a
ornament, a a a for delight, is in a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd d d d d
w w.P.Pafor
privateers and retiring; w w.P.Pafora ability, is in the judgment,ww
a ornament, is in discourse; and .P.Paa
and
wwww wwww wwww
disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one;
but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are
i .iN. eet t To spend too much time ini.iN.studies
N Neet t is sloth; to use them too much
i .iN. N
tt
eefor
a l ala learned.
a l ala l ala ornament, is
d a
d s
a a
s affectation; to make judgment d a
d s
a a
swholly by their rules, is the dhumor
daas a
sof a scholar. They perfect ddaassa
a
a
PPa a
.wP.Pa a
.wP.Pa .wP.Paa
w w w
nature, andw www
are wwwwabilities are like natural plants,wthat
perfected by experience: for natural wwwneed
proyning, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except
N t tbounded in by experience. Crafty

theyebe
e N eet t contemn studies, simple men
men
N e t t them, and
e
admire
. N
i. men use them; for they a
lalai wise . N
i. their own use; but that is aawisdom
lalai not . N
lalai i. without them, and
a s
a a
s a a s
a s a
teach
a s
a s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d
Paa d dd
aa confute; nor to believe and take d d
above them, wonw by.P
w .observation. w
Read not to contradict
w.P.P
and w w.P.Paa
wwwto find talk and discourse; butwtowwweigh
for granted;wnor
w and consider. Some booksww ww
are to be
tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are
i. N
i
to. Neetread
be
t only in parts; others to be read,
i .iN. et t not curiously; and some fewi.toiN.N
ebut
N eetread
be
t wholly, and
s a
s lala
a s a
s lala
a ssaalala ssa
a ddaa a d
with diligence and attention.daaSome books also may be read by a ddaa
deputy, and extracts made of them addaa
PPa w .P.Pabe only in the less importantwarguments,
w w.P.Pa and the meaner sort of books,w w.P.Pa
by others; but w
wwwthat would
wwww wwww
else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man;
e t t a ready man; and writingNaneetexact

conference
N e t man. And therefore, if a man N e t t little, he had
write
e
. N
i. have a great memory; if heaa
lalai need . N
lalai i. little, he had need have a present . N
i i. and if he read little,
lalawit:
as
asaa a s
a s confer
a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d d d d d
w w.P.Pacunning,
he had need have much a to seem to know, that he
w .P.P
w
aa not. Histories make men wise;
doth
w w.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
58
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e Ne tt
e N eett
. N
i. witty; the mathematicsaalsubtile;
lalai poets . N
alai i. natural philosophy deep; . N
lai i. grave; logic and
lamoral
a s
a a
s a a s
a s a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d dd d d
.P.Paa Abeunt studia in mores. Nay,
rhetoric able to contend.
w w w w.P. Paais no stond or impediment w
there
w P.Paa
in .the
ww
wit, but may
ww
be wrought out by fit studies; likewwwdiseases
as wwww
w of the body, may have appropriate
exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle
i.iN
. eet t for the stomach; riding for the
N
walking i .iN. eet tand the like. So if a man‟s witi.iN
N
head; be
. N et t
ewandering, let him
lala l a
l a
ssaa study the mathematics; dfordaasinsademonstrations, l a
l a
ddaa a
d a
d
if his wit be calleda saa never so little, he must ddaassa
saway
a
PPa .P.Pa a . P
. a
P a . P
. aa
P
w
ww ww w
begin again. Ifw
wwhis wwwwdifferences,
wit be not apt to distinguish or find
wwwww
let him study the Schoolmen;
for they are cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to
prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers‟ cases. So every defect of the mind, may
tt tt tt
.N Ne e
i. a special receipt. .N Nee . N e
N e
ssalalai have
a s a
salalai i. s a
s lalai i.
a ssa
d a
da d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a
PPaa w w.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w w .P.Paa
w
wwww wwww
An Apology for Poetry wwww
- Sir Philip Sidney's
N e t
e t N eet t N eet t
i .i . N
lalaSir Philip Sidney's influence i .i . N
lalabe seen throughout the subsequent i .i . N
lala history of English
a s
a a
s a aassaa
can aassaa assa
a
ad
PPa d a
Padd a dd a dd
literary criticism. .P
ww . ww.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w
wwww wwww wwww
One of the most important examples is in the work of the poet and critic Percy Bysshe
Shelley.
N e tt
e N eett N e tt
e
. i. N
lalai Shelley's . N
ai i. is cast in a Romanticssastrain
lalpoetry . N
lalai iin. his critical work
a s
a a
s a modern argument a
a s
a sa
for
a a a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
titled A Defence
w .P.Paa
of
w
Poetry.
w w.P.Paa ww.P.Paa
wwww impact of Sidney's Apology
The contemporary wwwwis largely derivative of the humanistic
wwww
precepts that inform the work, and its linkage of the rhetorical with the civic virtue of
i eet t
prudence.
.iN.N i eet t
.iN.N i .iN.N eet t
l a
l a
ssaa Prudence offers a middle l a
l a l a
l
ssaa between two extremes.dPrudence, a
ssaa as a virtue, places a ddaassa
a ddaa a ddaa
ground
a daa
PPa .wP.Pathan gnosis.
greater value onwpraxis w.wP.Pa w.wP.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
Action is thus more important than abstract knowledge. It deals with the question of
how tto combine stability with innovation
t t
i .iN. eet
N i .iN. eet
N i .iN. eet
N
a s
asaalalaSidney's influence on future
aass lala and poets relates moresclosely
aacritics aa aalala to his view of the aassa
s
PPaadd P aaddSidney describes poetry as.Pcreating
P
place of poets in society.
w . . w . aadd a separate reality.
P w . P
. aadd
P
wwwww wwwww wwwww
59
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N eett N e tt
e
. N
i. Romantic notion, as seen
lalai The . N
lalaiini. Wordsworth, is that poetry .
ai i. N
lalprivileges
a s
a a
s a aassaa a s
a a
s a perception,
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd d d d d
.P.Paaof understanding.
imagination and modes
w w ww.P.Paa w w.P.Paa
wwwwthat there “is no art delivered
Sidney writes wwwtowmankind that hath not the wworks
www of
nature for his principal object”.
i.iN
. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala The poet then does not depart
ssaalafrom
la external nature. s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a da
d a a ddaa
PPa w .P.Pa or "fiction", made of the
His works are "imitation"
w ww.P
. Pa of nature, and are shaped
materials w .P.Pa
w
wwwvision.
by the artist's w wwww wwww
This tvision is one that demands the reader's
t awareness of the art of imitation
t created
ee t e e t e e t
aalala iN.N the "maker," the poet. i.iN.N
i.through aalala i.iN.N
aalala
d a
dass d a
d s
a s ddaass d a
d ssa
a
PPaa Sidney's notion of.P
w w . Paa
"fore-conceit" .P.Paa of the work must exist inww
means that a conception
ww .P.Paa
the
poet's mindwwww it is written.
before wwww wwww
Free from the limitations of nature, and independent from nature, poetry is capable of
i .iN. eet t things either better thani.iN
"making
N . eet t bringeth forth, or, quiteianew,
Nature
N .iN. eet forms
N t such as
a a
ssaal l never were in Nature". ssaal l a a a
ssaal l a ssa
aaddaa aadaa
d a d
a aa
d a ddaa
PP P.P the poet as creator. ww.P.P
ww.presents
Sidney's doctrine w .P.Pa
w
www w wwww wwww
The poet's mediating role between two worlds – transcendent forms and historical
eet t – corresponds to the Neoplatonic
actuality
i.iN.N eet t doctrine of emanation. eet t
i.iN.N i.iN.N
al
a a
l a
ss A complement to thisddoctrine aal a
l a
ss is the concept of return aal a
l a
sscatharsis, which finds a ddaassa
d a
d a a
d a dda a
or
PPaa ww Paa
.P.contemplation
parallel in Sidney's of virtue, based
w on
w
aa rational desire.
.P.P
man's w .P.Paa
w
wwww wwww wwww
Apology contains only elements of Neoplatonism without adhering to the full doctrine.
i. N eet t Sidney implies a theoryiof

N
Thirdly,
i. . N
i . eet t
N
metaphoric language in his work.i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a sa
salala s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a d a
d a a da
d a
PPa A recurring
ww.P.Paof what is known in modern
motif in Apology is painting or
w Pa theory as semiotics. ww.P.Pa
“portraiture”.
.P.literary
w
Apology applies language
use in a way w
wwwsuggestive
wwww wwww
His central premise, as was that of Socrates in Plato's The Republic, is that poetry is an
N t timitation, that is a “representing,
art eofe
N e t t counterfeiting, or figuringNforth”
e e t t not unlike a
e
.i. N . . N . . N
aass aalalai “speaking picture”.
aass aalalai i aass aalalai i a ssa
a
a dd a dd a d d d d
PP a Sidney pays hisww
a
.P.P to Aristotle also.
homage ww.P.P
a
ww.P.Paa
www w w
ww w wwww
60
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N eett
. N . N
i. develops his own idea ofaalmetaphoric
lalai He alai i. . N
i. on an analogy
lisalaibased
a s
a a
s a a s
a s a a a
ita
language, one thatss
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
w.P.Paa
through universal correspondences.
w ww.P.Paa w w.P.Paa
wwww poetics and his tendencywtowwharmonize
Sidney's humanist
w
disparate extremesw
ww
–wto seek
mediation – find expression in poetic works by John Donne.
i. N
i. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalalaThe life and writings of SirsPhilip
a
s lala Sidney remain a legacy. ssaalala
a ssa
a ddaa a d a
d a a ddaa a ddaa
PPa w
In 1819, Thomas w P.Pa concludes that Sidney's
.Campbell ww lifea was "poetry in action,"ww
.P.P .P.Pa
and
wwww
then in 1858 wwww real poem was his life,www
William Stigant wrote that "Sidney's w his
and
teaching was his example".
N eet t the man, is apparent everywhere

N et t in his works: a study of N
e e t t works is a
e
.i.N
lalai study
Sidney, .
lalai i.N .
lalai i. N
Sidney's
aassaa of the man. a s
a a
sa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
ww .P.Paa ww.P.Paa w w.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
IN SHORT
i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lalaStephen Gossen makes charges
a ssalalaon poetry which Sidney answers.
a s a
s lala
a ssa
ad a
d a a da
da a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa The charges w w
are: .P.Pa
w w .P.Pa
w w .P.Pa
w
www wwww wwww
1. Poetry is the waste of time.
2.N e t t is mother of lies.
e
Poetry N e tt
e N eett
.
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N .
lalai i.N
a s
a a
s a 3. It is nurse of abuse. dd aasa
sa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d P.Paa d
P.Paa d d
P.Paa d
w w. ww. w .
w
wwww banished the poets from w
3. Plato had rightly hiswideal
ww world. wwww
Against these charges, Sidney has answered them in the following ways-
i.iN
. eet tis the source of knowledgei.iN
N
Poetry . eetatcivilizing force, for Sidney.
N
and i .iN. eet t
N
s aal laa s aa
aal l s aal l aa ssa
d aa s d aa s d aa s da a
PPaad Gossoon attacksww a d
Pa saying that it corruptswthe
.P.poetry
on w
a d
Pa and it is the waste of time,
.P.people ww
a
.P.Pa d
but Sidneywwwwthat no learning is so good asww
says
ww which teaches and moves towvirtue
that www
and that nothing can both teach and amuse so much as poetry does. In essay societies,
eet twas the main source of education.
poetry
i.iN.N i.iN.N eet t i.iN.Neet t
al
a a
l a a l
a a
l a aalala ssa
a ddaass He remembers ancientaadGreek
aass society that respected poets.
d a d daass d a
d a
PP a
ww.P.P ww.P.P
a
ww.P.Paa
w
ww w www w wwww
61
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
Ne ett Ne tt
e N e tt
e
. N
i. poets are always to be looked
lalai The . N
lalai iup. .
. So, poetry is not wasted oflaltime.
ai i. N
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d
P.Paa d d
P.Paa d d
P.Paa d
w .
w w w. ww.
wwww
To the second charge, Sidney answers that w
wwwdoes not lie because he neverwaffirms
poet
www
that his fiction is true and can never lie.
N eet t truths are ideal and universal.

N eet t N eet t
i
lala.The
i. N poetic i
lala .i . N i
lala .i . N
a
PPadd a dd
Pa be a mother of lies. ww.P.Pa a dd a dd
Therefore, poetry.P
w w
cannot
. w .P.Pa
w
wwww wwww wwww
THIRD CHARGE Sidney rejects that poetry is the source of abuses.
N eet t it is people who abuses poetry,

N et tnot the vice- versa.
e N e tt
e
To
.
lalai i.Nhim, .
lalai i.N .
lalai i. N
aassaa aasa
sa aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd dd d d
ww.P.Paa by philosophy and history
Abuses are more nursed
w w P.Paaby poetry, by describing ww.P.Paa
.than
wwww violence etc.
battles, bloodshed, wwww wwww
On the contrary, poetry helps to maintain morality and peace by avoiding such
N eet t and bloodsheds. Moreover
N N N
t t light to knowledge. Neet t
eebrings
s a a
l la
a
i .i .
violence
s al la
a a i .i . it
s aal la ai.i.N ssa
d a
d a s d a
da s ddaa s ddaa
a
PPa a a
P.Pain his Republic wanted towbanish
Sidney views that.Plato .P.Pathe abuse of poetry not w
the.P
. a
Pa
w w w w
poets. wwww wwww wwww
eet
He himself
t was not free from poeticality,
e t
e t eet
which we can find in his dialogues. t Plato
al a
l iN.N says that all poets should
i.never
a a l a
l i.iN.banished.
a
be N
a l a
He called for banishing
l i.iN.only
a N those poets
a
ss who are inferior and unable ss a ss a ssa
PPaaddaa aaddaa to instruct the children. aaddaa
.P.P .P.P
d
.P.Paa
a
d a
ww w w ww ww ww ww
ww
For Sidney, art is the imitation of nature butw
itw ww
is not slavish imitation as Plato views.
i. N
i. eet tit is creative imitation. Nature
Rather
N i .iN. eetistdull, incomplete and ugly.
N i .iN. N
t tartists who
Iteise
s a
s lalaturn dull nature in to goldenssacolor.
a lala
a ssaalala ssa
a ddaa a d a
d a a ddaa a da
d a
PPa w .P.Pa faculty, imagination andwstyle
w .P.Pofapresentation to decorate the
w w w.P.Pa
wwww
He employs his creative
wwww
raw materials of nature. For Sidney, art is a speaking picture having spatiotemporal
wwww
dimension. For Aristotle human action is more important but for Sidney nature is
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
i. N
.i important. .
i i. N .
i i. N
as
asaalala aassaalala aasaalala
s a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d d
aa considering the level of readers.d d d
w .P.Parts
Artists are to create
w w w.P.Paa The only purpose of art w
is .toP
w . Paa
wwww like the whole tendency ofwRenaissance.
teach and delight www ww
Sidney favors poetic ww
justice
62
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e Ne tt
e N eett
. N
i. is possible in poet's world
lalai that . N
lai i. good are rewarded andswicked
lawhere . N
lalai i.people are
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
punished.
w w.P.Paa ww.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w
wwww wwww wwww
FOURTH CHARGE Plato's philosophy on 'virtue' is worthless at the battlefield but
poet teaches men how to behave under all circumstances.
i. N
i. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalalaMoral philosophy teaches svirtues
a
s lalathrough abstract examplessand
a a
s lahistory
a la teaches virtues ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a d a
da a ddaa
PPa through concrete
ww.P.Pa but both are defective.ww
examples .P.Pateaches virtue by exampleww
Poetry .P.Pa
as
well as by wwww (blend of abstract and concrete).
percept wwww wwww
N t t creates his own world where

The poet
e e N ethet gives only the inspiring things
e N e tand
e t thus
. N
i. holds its superior position
lalai poetry . N
lalai toi. that of philosophy and history. .
lalai i. N
aassaa aas a
sa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd d d d d
ww.P.Paworld,
In the poet's golden
a heroes are ideally presented
ww.P.Paa and evils are corrupt. ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
Didactic effect of a poem depends up on the poet's power to move.
i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lalaIt depends up on the affective
a ssaaala of poetry. Among the sdifferent
lquality a
s lala forms of poetry
a ssa
ad a
d a like lyric, elegy, satire,
a d a
da
comedy etc. epic is the best form
a ddaa
as it portrays heroic deeds a ddaa
PPa w w Pa and inspires people to become
.P.deeds ww.P.Pacourageous and patriotic. ww.P.Pa
wwww
and inspires heroic
wwww wwww
In this way, Sidney defines all the charges against poetry and stands for the sake of
N e t t and timeless quality of poetry
e
universal N e t tmaking us know why the poets
e N eetare
t universal
i
lala .i. N lalai .i . N i
lala .i .N
assaa genius.
a assaa
dda dda assaa a ssa
a
PPaadd P
w. .
a
P a P a
Pa
w. . - The Bible
d
.P.Paa d
wwwww wwwJob
The Bookww
of
w
wwww w
i.iN
. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a The Book of Job …. sa
s lala structure.
a
sandwitch ssaalala ssa
d a
PPa w
1. Prologue
w
a
.P.-PProse w
2. Main
w Pa - Poetry
.P.Body ww.P.Pa
wwww - Prose
3. Epilogue wwww wwww
eett
Prologue:
N N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N .
lalai i.  Job‟s Happiness ssaalalai i. N .
lalai i. N
as
asaa a a a s
a a
sa a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d d d d d
w.P.Paa
 Job‟s Testing
w w .P.Paa
w ww.P.Paa
wwww
 Satan‟s accusation wwww wwww
63
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N ett
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i.  Job‟s Faith after thesloss . . N
lalofai ifamily .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a a a a
s a and properity
a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
w.P.Paaaccusation
 Satan‟s Second
w ww.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w
 Job‟s
ww ww after personal suffering. wwww
faith wwww
 The coming of 3 friends.
i.iN
. eet t
N i .iN. Net t Story:
eMain i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a a aa aa aa
PPaadd Dialogue:
ww
a
.P.Pa
dd
w
a
.P.Pa
w
dd
w
a
.P.Pa
w
dd
ww
 Job‟s
ww
laments wwww wwww
 First cycle (Eliphaz)
N e
et tJob‟s reply N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i.  Bildad (Second Friend) .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a a s
a saa aassaa aassa
d
PPaa d d
Paa d dd dd
 Job‟s Reply.P
w w . ww.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w
 Zophar www(III
w Friend) wwww wwww
 Job‟s Reply
Second
N e t t Cycle:
e N eet t N eet t
lala i .i . N 1. Eliphaz i
lal2. .i . N
a Job‟s Reply lala
3. Bildad i .i . N
a s
a a
s a a s
a saa aassaa aassa
a
PPad d 4. Job‟s Reply aadd a dd
6. Job‟s Reply a dd
.P.Pa .P.Pa
5. Zophar
Third Cycle:ww ww.P.P ww w w
ww wwww wwww
1. Eliphaz 2. Job‟s Reply 3. Bildad 4. Job‟s Reply
Job‟s Final Talk
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N
Interlude on Wisdom: .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
as
a a
s a aassaa aassaa aassa
PPaadd Monologue: dd dd dd
1. Job‟s w w.P.Paa ww.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w
wwww (for S‟s) (stranger)
2. Elihu speeches wwww wwww
3. Divine Discourse (to D‟s)
i iN. eet t
Epilogue:
. N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala1. Job‟s rependance and Restorationssaalala Moses was the author sofsathe lalaBook of Job. In this
a ssa
d a
PPa book, there was an.P
w w . Pa influence.
Arabic
ww.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w
www
In the w of UZ in Arabia, Job waswliving
land www as a man fearing God andwavoidingwww
evil. He had 7 sons and 3 daughters.
N e
e t t7000 sheep N eett N eett
. N
lalai i.  3000 camels .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa aassaa a asa
s a a ssa
a
PPaadd dd d d d d
 500 oxen PP
w w. . aa ww.P.Paa ww.P.Paa
 500 w www
she-asses wwww wwww
64
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
Ne tt
e Ne tt
e N eett
. N
lalai i. He was the greatestsof . N
. of the East. His sons invited
lai imen
laall . N
lalai i. their 3 sisters to
a s
a a
s a a a a
s a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
have
www
feast in their w
house. wwww wwww
Satan met God in Heaven.
Godttold t Satan about Job as „a perfectt and t an upright (honest man‟. Satan t t asked Lord
N ee
N if Job is afraid of God. lalai.i.N N e e N e e
a lalai./i.God a l alai.i.N
ddaas a
s Lord told Satan to testddaJob‟s s
a a
s honesty. In UZ, a messenger d a
d s
a a
s informed Job that his ddaassa
a
a
PPa .P. Paa . P
. a
P a . P
. aa
P
animals wereww w w by Sabeans (Arabians)wafter w
wwwmurdering the servants. w w w
wwother
ww stolen w The
w
messenger informed Job that the fire of God Lightening fell from heaven and burned
the sheep and the servants.
N eet rdt N e ett N e ett
l a
la .
i i.
The N 3 messenger informed that
l al a .
i i. N
chaldeans (Baby lonians) came
l al in
a .
i i. 3Ngroups and stole
aa aa
ss the camels. aassa a a ss
a a a aassa
PPaadd dd
Paa that the great windwsurrounded d d dd
The 4th messenger w w.P.reported w.P.Paa the house and killedww .P.Paa
the
young menw(7 wwwsons). wwww wwww
Then Job tore his mantle (Gown) and shaved his head. He fell upon the ground and
i . N
i . eet t
worshipped
N that, „Naked came first
i .iN. N et t of my mother‟s womb iand
eout .iN. N et t shall first
enaked
ssaalalareturn thither: ssa lala
a s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa The Lord gave and
w w PaLord has taken away; blessed
.P.the w w.P.Pbeathe name of the Lord?
w w.P.Pa
ww
After ww (The sons of God) were w
death www before the Lord, satan came.
present wwwwGod
said that Job was still a perfect man and Satan says, „Skin for skin, . touch his bone and
N t t he will curse you to yourNface.

his‟eflesh,
e ee tt N e ett
. N
i. Lord said him that he can
lalai The la . N
. and he should save his life.
lai ihim .
lalai i. N
aassaa aassa a test
a s
a a
s a aassa
PPaadd dd d d dd
Job was sitting in his
w w.P.Pahouse.
a
w w.P.Paa w w.P.Paa
Satan caused wwwterrible
w skin disease with painful wwwboils
w from his head to his feet.www w felt
Job
extreme itching on his body.
He picked
t up a broken piece of mud pot t to scratch himself and then he sat t down on the
e e t
N.N Job‟s wife told him to lcurse ee t e e t
l a
l i
a .ashes.
i a l i
a .iN.NGod and die. l al i
a .iN.N
ddaassaa He scolded her as foolish ddaassaa
woman. d a
d ssaa
a ddaassa
a
PPa a
Pa accept the evil, as he received
.P.should a
.P.Pathe benefits from God. ww.P.Pa a
He told her that w w
he w w
wwww God.
He did not curse
wwww wwww
Job‟s 3 friends came to meet him – Eliphaz from the Temanite; Bildad, The
N e t
e t N ee tt N e ett
. N
suhite;
i.
lalai They
Zophar, Naamathite. .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa came to console a
Job.assa a a s
a a
sa aassa
PPaadd dd
aa on the ground for 7 days and aad d aadd
They sat down w
wwww w.P.P
with him
wwww
ww.P.P7 nights.
wwww
ww.P.P
65
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N ett
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
i. one spoke even a word toaahim.
lalai No .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a aass a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
P.Pamouth d
a and cursed his birthday..P.Paa d d d
Job opened.his
ww ww ww.P.Paa
wwwday and night. He asked himself
He cursedwthe wwww why he was born. He cursedwwww his
mother‟s womb and her breasts. Then Eliphaz spoke to Job. Eliphaz blamed Job that
man tistresponsible for his own actions.t Eliphaz t quotes about the Lion. God t t permits the
N e e
i.N cubs to be separted from N e e
i.Nmother for its well being.aalaThen N e e
i.i.NEliphaz said that
a lalai.Lion‟s a l alai.the l a
ddaas a
s Job must have committed d a
d s
a
some
a
s siw. He urged Job to seek d a
d as s favour. Then Bildad ddaassa
God‟s
a
PPa . P.P aa . P. a
P a . P
. aa
P
said that Job‟s w w w w actions. Zophar told job w
wwhe
wwwwchildren were dead due to their
wwwwown wwwthat
deserved punishments. Job replied in irritation that they were the worthless physicians
and their advice were only lies.
N e tt
e N e ett N e ett
l a
la .
i i. N Job referred to God‟s grace
l al .
i i.
a onN earth, the heaven, the sea
l and
a
l . N
i i. stars, Arcturus
a the
aa aa
ss the bear 2. Orion (bell) a a a a
ss 3. Pleiades (Taurus). dJob a a a
s a
sfurther told them that he dd aassa
PPaadd d d
Paa that the made him from w d
Paaand he should not turn him P.Paa
would complainww .P.God
to w.P.clay
the w w.to
dust. He w wwwwas offened by their speeches.
(Job) wwww He wished for some goodwmediator www
between God and himself, otherwise could send him to sheoh, the place of the dead.
i .iN. eet tJob‟s friend were offendedi.iN
N by
. N et t remarks. They felt that iJob
ehis .iN. N et t
ecommitted some
s a a
aal l evil. Job felt that God awas s a a
aaal lwitness who knew about a hisss a
al l a
ainnocence. ssa
ddaa s d d a s d d a Job said that
ddaa
a
PPa God‟s wisdom is hidden a
.P.Pa from the human minds. ww.P.Pa a a
.P.Pa
w w
wwdialogues between 3 friendsww ww Job, the Stranger Elihu entered. w w
ww
After the and wwww He
was an young man. He told Job that he spent his energy uselessly in speaking about
e t t rather than God. According
himself,
N e N eto
et tElihu, God communicates toNmen e et tby two ways;
. N
lalai 1.i. vision .
lai i.
laPain N .
lalai i. N
aassaa 2. Physical
a s
a a
s a a as a
s a aassa
PPaadd d d
Paa physical suffering helpsww.the d d
P.Paaman to realize God‟s Love. dd
Elihu said P
w w . that
. w w.P.Paa
Accordingw wwElihu,
to w Job‟s futile talk is an act wwwofwrebellion against God. Elihu ww the
wwwas
son of Barakel from Buzite. Elihu belonged to the family of Ram.
t God finally called from the whielwind. t He told Job to be brave.t He asked Job
N e
N e t N e
N e t N eofet his reaction,
N
lalai .i
to . answer his rhetorical lala
Questions.i .i . God showed him the lalai
power .i .
aassaa a s
a a
s a a as a
s a aassa
a
PPa dd especially the largeadanimals, d Behemoth the monster
P.Paanimal, which feeds on Grass a d
a d and leviathan (crocodile) add
Behemoth was waw .great w w.P.Plike a cedar. His bones arew w.P.Pa
like
Bronze tubes
wwwand
w
his limbs (Body parts) are w
ww
wlike iron rods. Behamoth is ranked
wwwwfirst
among God‟s creations. Behemoth lies under the Lotus plant, hidden in the Marsh.
N e t t is a big sea monster. N
e e eteither
t a crocodile or a whale.NNeHis et t back is like
.i. N
Leviathan
lalai shield. . It N
is
lai i. light. The fire comessout
ladawn, .
lalofai i.his mouth. smoke
aassaa His eyes are a
like s a
s
the
a a a a a
s a aassa
PPaadd d d d d dd
comes out of his .P.Paa His breathe is like burning
wwNostrils.
aa
ww.P.Pcoals. His chest is hard as w w.P.P
rock. aa
wwww wwww wwww
66
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
Ne tt
e N eett N eett
. N
i. God spoke, Job understood
lalai After . N
lalai i.the unlimited power of God. . N
i. response pleased
lalaiHis
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d
Paa3 friends. He restored Health dd d d
God. He forgave.P
w w
the
. w .P.Paand
w
a wealth. His property were
w .P.Paa
w
doubled. wwww sheep, 6000 camels, 1000woxen
14000 www and 1000 she-asses. God w www the
called
names of 3 daughters, Jemima, Kezia, Caren – Happuch. Job liked for 140 years and
N t t with four generations. Then

he lived
e e N e t t died as old feel of days. Book
he
e N e toft job contains
e
.i.Nchapters with Epilogue. lalai.i.N . .N
aassaalalai 42 aa a
ssa aassa alalai i aassa
a
w
wwwChristopher
w Marlowew-www
Dr. Faustus (1592) wwww
N e
N
tDrama
e t N e tt
e – – N e tt
e
. -For Detailed
lalai i. (1592) (morality play)
Study . N
Dr.Faustus
lalai i. 14 scenes)
1563 1593 (-14 . N
scenes)
lalai i.
aassaa a s
a a
s a
(Tragedy aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d
Paa d dd d d
 -ChristopherP
ww. .Marlowe – (Atheist)
ww.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w
 Growth w
wwofwEnglish drama upto Marlowewwww wwww
 English drama has its origin in religion Early religious play were two types
 Mysteries:- based upon subjects taken from bible
i .iNN
. eetThe
t miracles:- dealing with lives
i .iN. eetoft saints.
N i .iN. Neet t
s a
s lala  The morality marks the
a ssalalastage in the growth of drama
a
next s a
s lalEngland.
a
in a These plays ssa
ad a
d a a da
d a a dda a a ddaa
PPa  were didactic
w P.Pa
and
.the
w
religious in nature but the
.P.Paabstractions All sorts of ww.P.Pa
characters
ww
were not drawn from the
wwww
 scriptures or lives of saints but were wwww
personified
 virtues. and vices were personified and there was generally a place for the Devil
wwww
 also “Everyman” is the 1st ex of this type of play. Masque another popular form
N eetoft dramatic entertainment. It wasN e tpopular
e t in the (17th N eett
. N
lalai i. The Interludes .
lalai i. N .
lalai i.N
a s
a a
s a aasa
sa aassaa aassa
d
PPaa d  In the midst ofP aadd
morality
P plays and aadd
masques.shorthumourous
P P plays or interludes P aa
P dd
 came to w w .
w . w w. . w .
w .
ww winterpolated. The characterswofwwthe
be w interlude were all drawn from w ww
w real
 life.
 First real comedy in English Ralph Roister Doister by Nicholas Udall was acted
i.iN
. Neetabout
t middle of the 16th NNeet t
i .i . i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala  First tragedy
a sa
s lala
a ssaalala ssa
d a
PPa  Gorboduc
w
(or)
w.P. Pareal fashioners of the Elizabethan
Ferrex and Porrex by Nicholas
ww.P.Padrama and of them Marlowe
and Nortan in 1562 The
.P.Pa
university
w w
wwww
 wits were the first
 was immeasurably the greatest.
wwww wwww
 ➢ pioneer of the Elizabethan drama
N t➢t 1st to introduce Blank verse
 ee N e t ta medium for play writing. Neet t
e
as
l a
l a. N
i i. Plays l a
l a.
i i. N lalai.i.N
ass
a aa a ss
a a a a ss
a aa a ssa
a
d
PPaad  Tamburlaine (ina d d
P.P2aparts), Dr. Faustus d
P.Paa d d
P.Paa d
 The Jeww w w. w w. ww.
wwofwMalta, Edward II (Maturestwplay) www wwww
67
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e Ne tt
e N e tt
e
. N .
lalai i. The massacre at Pariss–saweakest N
lalai i. play .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a a a a aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d
P.Paa – finished by Nash. ww.P.Paa
 The tragedy of Dedo dd d
P.Paa d
 All the w ww. w .
w
w w w
powerful
w www round one central personality
tragedies Pach tragedy revolves
wwww
who is consumed by the lust for power, Beauty or knowledge
 Poem
N tHero
 ee t Leander. Translated ovid‟s N tt
eeElegies N eet t
i.i. N
lala  Marlowe – introducedsthe i .i .
laelement
la N i
lala .i . N
aassaa a a a
s a of struggle
a s
a a
s a aassa
a
PPadd –a d d
Pagood and bad angels. ww.P.Pa a d d a dd
 In Dr. Faustus
w w
there
.P.the is a constant struggle within the soul of Faustus himself
w .P.Pa
w
wwww
represented by
 Marlowe = Father of English drama
wwww wwww
N eetMorning
t star of the EnglishN e tt
e
drama N e tt
e
.
lalai i.N .
lalai i.N .
lalai i. N
aassaa a s
a a
sa aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d – d d d d – d d
 Blank verse verse in which the rhymes are blank or vacant has for unit a line
w w ww w w
wwww
of 5 accents
. wwww wwww
 It is an Iambic pentameter line – It consists of 5 feet, each of 2 syllables of
N e twhich
e t e
the second is accented. There
N t t is a pause normally after the
e N e t t(or) 6th
e
4th
. .N . .N . .N
a ss
a aalalai i syllable. a aalalai i
ss
a a aalalai i
ss
a assa
a
ad
PPa d a d
a d a d d
P.Pa of Virgil‟s a dd
 w
Durrey was w.P.Pfirst
the he use blank verse for w
his
w .translation w .P.Pa
w
wwww wwww wwww
Aeneid Sackville and Norton were the first to use it for dramatic purposes in their
i.iN.N eettragedy
t Gorboduc. „Marlowe‟s e et tFaustus is the greatest Englisheetragedy
Dr.
i.iN.N i.iN.N
tt before
ssal
a a
l a aal a
l a a
sson the Faustus legend. Thisdlegendal a
l a
ss captured the ssa
d a
d a  Shakespeare. It is d daa
based a
d a d a
d a
PPaa imagination wwof Paa Marlowe and Goethe was
.P.both ww P.Paa round the disreputable ww.P.Paa
.woven
www
realitywof wwwborn in Germany in 1488 andwwlived
the historical Dr. Faustus whowwas
ww
when the Renaissance was its height.
i.iN
. N e etThe i .iN. N
t t four clear cut acts
t story of the play is divisibleeinto
e i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a s a
salala s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa  1. Faustus‟s early
a daa
life
d and his decision to give
a d a
himself
d a
over the magical studies
a da
d a
PPa w
 2. The signing
w Pathe terrible contract with the
.P.of w w P.Pa
.Devil w .P.Pa
w
wwww enjoyment of his powers and
 3. Faustus‟s wwwhis
w exploits in the various capitalswwww
of
 Europe.
 t4.tHis remorse (feeling sorry for doing
t t wrong) and last agony. Neet t
. N e
Ne
i i. ➢ Play opens with chorus . N
i i. e
N e i.N and his
i.Faustus
ssal
a a
l a aal a
l a
speech-gives
ss introduced. Faustus is a profoundaala
necessary exposition.
la
ss scholar yet he is poor. ddaassa
ddaa  circumstances ared da a
briefly d a
d a
PPaa aa
ww.P.P with his present studies andww
 He is dissatisfied .P.Paa to study magic.
wanted
aa
ww.P.P
wwww wwww wwww
68
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N eett N e tt
e
. N
lalai i. ➢ carried away by hisssaown . N
i. and encouraged by Valdes
lalaivisions . . N
lalai iand
a s
a a
s a aa a a s
a a
s a Cornelius
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
w .P.Paa he decides to give himself
(friends of Faustus)
w ww P.Paato magic.
.over ww.P.Paa
wwwwI‟ll conjure, though I die therefore.
 “This night
wwww wwww
 Then we are shown Faustus in meditation among his books. The figures of God
and Evil Angels are the personifications of Faustus‟s conscience and his
N t t
eeforbidden desires and as they.N eet t to him in his moment ofidoubt N eetthe
t conflict
i. i. N
lala within is vividly externalized. lalai i . N
appear
lala .i . N
aassaa a s
a a
s a aassaa aassa
a
PPa dd a d d a dd a dd
 The opening
w .P.Pa of Mephistophilisand thewsigning
w
and the conjuration (clever trick)
w .P.Pa the bond two comic ww.P.Pa
of Mephistophilis and again
wwww
between the arrival wwww
interludes are inserted. The central incident of the play – the signing of the
wwww
contract with the Devil – Mephishas vigourously portrayed Faustus‟ excitement
N eet t terror and his almost hysterical
his N e t thaste to put his new power toNthe
e e t ttest. Faustus
e
. N
lalai i. has been enjoying forssome . N
i. the pleasures which his anewly
lalaitime . N
lalai i.acquired power
aassaa a a a
sa aass a aassa
PPaadd has given him.Paa
P d d P aa
P dd P aa
P dd
 “The pageant w .
w . ww . . w w. .
w www of the seven Deadly sins which w www the Devil offers as a positive w isw
w
w
another of Mephis‟s additions to the story”
 Faustus‟magic power have been taken from the old story and roughly put into
i .iN. eetdramatic
N t form. Last scene culminates
i .iN. eet t 3 great emotional Moments.
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala 1. Reappearance of thessaold alala
man whose words bring Faustus
s a
s laltoadespairing
a ssa
a
aadda repentence and the a
daman is followed by the watchful
aadold a
aaddamephistophilis. aaddaa
PP ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww of ecstacy as he gazes onw w w w
ww w
w beauty of Helen of Troy for whose
2. Faustuscry the
love he will again willingly forget the danger to his soul.
N e t3.tDeath scene
e N e tt
e N eett
. N
lalai i. The sub-due talk to the . N
lalai i. as they bid farewell and
scholars . N
. for their
laltoai ipray
go
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
sa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
master is a masterly prologue to the overwhelming agony of Faustus last hour.
ww ww w w w w
Moralwwof the drama wwww wwww
Dr. Faustus suffers because he forgot simple truth that “Desire for divinity is a sin,
i.iN
. eetman
N t should not think of risingNabove
i .i . eet t human condition.
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala  Necromancy – the artsofsaacalling
a lala up spirits. ssaalala ssa
a ddaa “Important” d a
lines”-
a d a a d a
d a a da
d a
PPa w .P.Pa is a mighty God”
 “A sound magician
w w .P.Pa
w w w.P.Pa
w www w www w www
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa a s
a a
s a a s
a a
sa a ssa
a
PPaadd w w
d
.P.Paa d
w
d
.P.Paa
w
d
ww
d
.P.Paa d
wwww wwww wwww
69
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N eett
.
lalai i. N . N .
lai i. Faustus - 1592 ssaalalai i.
laDr. N
aassaa a s
a a
s a a a a ssa
a
PPaadd w w
d
.P.Paa d
- w
Marlowe w
d
.P.Paa d
w
d
.P.Paa
w
d
wwww wwww w www
He was born in 1564. He was a protestant. In 1579, he studied in King‟s school
at Canterbury and later in Bennets college, Cambridge university. After BA and MA
i. N
i. Neet t he started writing. Firsti.iN
degrees, he
. N et t
etranslated Orid‟s Blegies, Hei.iN . eet t France. His
visited
N
ssaalalafirst play was Tamburlaine s a
s lalaGreat, the life of Timur. sTimur
a saalala was influenced by ssa
a ddaa a d a
d a the
a ddaa a ddaa
PPa Alexander the Great.
w w .P.PaMarlowe used Blank verseww.first P.Pain English. The next workwwas w.P.Pa
Barabas, the wwww
Jew of Malta, its hero is a machiavellina wwww villain. Dr. Faustus (1592), wwww the
sotyr of the medieval scholar. His next play message at paris. Its hero is the villain,
like
N eett
Bararbas. Dido, the Queen ofNcarthage, e et t last Play Edward II, theNstory e t t of the weak
e
. N
i. Gareston, the king‟s afriend,
lalai king. . N
lalai i. (about Homosexual). Marlow . N
lalai i.was an atheist. In
aassaa a s
a s a aassaa aassa
PPaadd d d
PaaaTavern by Ingram Frisar. ww.P.Paa dd dd
1593, he as killed.P
w w
in
. ww.P.Paa
Dr. w www is probably written in 1592.
Faustus wwww The 2 editions are available, wwwone
w is
1604 Quarto and edition) other is 1616. Its original title is the Tragic history of the life
and tDeath
t of Dr. Faustus. In the t t original title page, bothNDr. t t Faustus and
N
i.N ee N
i.i.N e e e e
s aal alai.Mephistophilis are printed. lala
s a a s aal alai.i.N ssa
ddaa s Source: d a
d a s ddaa s ddaa
a
PPa a
Paold tale of the Faust legend
.P.the aa
.P.ofPGermany. .P.Paa
w w w w ww
wwww
Its source is
wwww Marlowe
wwww
developed
the story from the book „English Faust book (1592)‟.
Structure
N eet t N e et tand prose. N e tt
e
.i. N
lalai Characters:The play is written in Blank .
lalai i. N
verse .
lalai i. N
aassaa a s
a a
s a aassaa aassa
PPaadd d d dd dd
w w .P.Paa
1. Dr. Faustus w .P.Paa
w ww.P.Paa
wwww
2. Chorus wwww wwww
3. Wagner - Servant to Faustus
i .iN. eet t4. Good Angel
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala 5. Bad Angel s a
salala ssaalala ssa
a ddaa a d a
d a a ddaa a da
d a
PPa 6. Valdes .P
w w . Pa w .P.Pa
w ww.P.Pa
wwww
7. Cornelins - wwww
Friends to Faustus wwww
8. 3 scholars
N e t t9. Lucifer - Satan‟s II commander

e N e ett N e tt
e
. N
lalai i. 10. Mephistophilis -ssaalalDevil .
ai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa a a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
PPaadd 11. Robin -P.Paa
Thed d
stable keeper d
P.Paa d d
P.Paa d
w w . w .
w ww.
wwww - the follower of satanwwww
12. Beelzebub wwww
70
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
Ne tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N .
lalai i. 13. 7 deadly sins ssaalalai i. N .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a a a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d
Paa d d d d d
14. Dick .P
ww . w .P.Paa
w w .P.Paa
w
wwwwAdrian VI
15. Pope wwww wwww
16. Raymond - King of Hungery
N eet t17. Bruno - The enemy ofNPope eet t N eet t

lalai. i. N 18. 2 Cardinals lalai .i . N lalai .i . N
aassaa aas saa aassaa aassa
a
PPa dd 19. Archibishop a dd
of Rheims a dd a dd
w
wwww
20. Friars
wwww wwww
21. Martino
22. Frederick
N eet t N e tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N 23. Benvolio .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa 24. Charles the V aas saa aassaa aassa
PPaadd Paadd dd dd
25. Dukew w.P
of .
Saxony ww.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w
wwwwand Dutchess of Wanhold wwww
26. Duke wwww
27. Servant
i .iN. eet t28. Old man
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala s saalala Mute characters ssaalala ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a ddaa a ddaa
PPa 1. Darius .P
ww . Pa ww.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w
wwww the Great
2. Alexander wwww wwww
3. Helen of Troy Souls
N e tt
e ACT
N e t –t I (Prologue)
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i. The play begins withssathe . N
i. by the chorus, describing
lalaispeech . N
i. subject. It is not
lalaithe
aassaa aa a aassaa a ssa
a
PPaadd dd dd d d
ww.P.Paa over the Romans near the
the victory of Hannibal
ww P.PaaThrasymene in central Italy
.lake w wP.Paa
.in
C3th BC. w w
iswnot the story of Love. or politics
Itw wwwwor adventure. It is a story ofww ww
Faustus,
who was born in a family of low rank in Rhodes in Germany. He was brought up by
relatives
t at Wurtenberg. He got his doctorate t in Divinity. (or) Theology.t He began the
N e
N e t N e
N e t N eet
N
lalai .i .
study of Black magic. lalai .i . lalai .i .
aassaa aas saa aassaa a ssa
a
a
PPa dd In Library, Faustus
a dd thinks about the subject for a dd
future. He was attracted by add
Aristotle Logic, ww.P.Pa (Roman medicine, or theww
Galen‟s .P.PaThese subjects are useless.wwHe
Law. .P.Pa
chooses magic
wwwwto became a God. He asks wwwwagner
w wwww
to bring valder and Cornelius.
Before they come, the Good and bad angels appear. The Good angle discourages him
N e t tmagic. But the bad angel N
e e tt
e N e tdisappear.
e t
l a
l i
a .
about
i . N l al i
a .i . N
encourages him about Magic.
l alai .
They
i . N He
aassaa thinks of the power, Gold, saa Tasty food , to be broughtaaby
aaspearl, ssathe
a spirits with magic he aassa
PPaadd w . P
. aadd
P w . P
. aadd
P w. P
. aadd
P
wwwww wwwww wwwww
71
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N eett Ne tt
e N eett
. N
i. build a Brass wall around
lalai can . N
lai i. and would raise a big
laGermany . N
alai i. to send the prince
larmy
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
w.P.Paa
of parma out of Germany.
w w .P.Paa
w w .P.Paa
w
wwwand
Valdes w Cornolius come. He tellswww w and Cornelius he wouldwwbecome
valdes ww
powerful like Agrippa, Roman philosopher. They encourage him to proceed. Valdes
asks thim t tthe books,
i. N
i. Nee t to go to the remote forest with
i .iN. e
N e i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala 1. Hebrew Psalms alala
s s a s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa 2. New a
testament d a
d a a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa w w.P.Painterested in the Theologywand w.P.P a
w w.P.Pa
wwww
3. Roger Bacon
wwww Magic
wwww
4. Albertus Magnus, a great Theilegian
Faustus wants to be taught the magic words.
N eet t N e tt
e N e tt
e
lala .
i i. N Wagner talks with scholars,
l al .
i i.
a N
who are shocked about Faustus‟s
l al .
i i.
a Ninterest in Black
aa aa
ss Magic. a ss
a a a a ss
a a a aassa
PPaadd aad d d d dd
w
Faustus goesw.P.P
to the forest at night. After w w.P.Paa to the devils, he utters magic
sacrifice w w.P.Paa
ww wwwwof God in Anagram. He also wwwwriters
w
words. Heww draws a circle and writers the name
the names of saints, stars, planets and star signs. First he calls Beelzebub and
i .iN. eet t
Demogorgan.
N Mephistophilis comes.
i .iN. eet tHe comes in ugly form. i.Faustus
N iN. eet t asks him to
N
ssaalalaappear as Franciscan Friar.ssaMep lala tells him that he cannot dossawithout
a lala the permission of
a ssa
a ddaa a d a
d a a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa Lucifer. Faustus asks
w w.P.Pahim about Lucifer. Mep tells ww.P. Pathat Lucifer. Faustus askswhim
him
w.P.Pa
about Lucifer. wwwwMep tells him that Lucifer was wwwonce
w a favourite angel to God.wwFaustus ww
is willing to give his soul for 24 years. In this period, mep must serve him. The devil
goes.
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i. Faustus dreams to join . N
alai i. with Spaini. Wagner calls
lAfrica . N
i. who is aclown.
lalaai boy,
aassaa a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
PPaadd d d d d d d
He is poor. Wagner
w w.P.Paaasks him to become his w w.P.Paa He gives him some French
servant.
w w.P.Paa
crowns. w wwwthe boy wants only Englishwcoins.
But www Wagner threatens him coins wwwwthe 2
devils. Baliol and Belcher. But eh boy says that he will kill any devil. Wagner calls
the tot devols and the clown (Boy) is afraid. t He obeys wagner.
i .iN. e
N e t
i .iN. e
N e t
– i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala s a
s lala
a
ACT II
s a
s lala
a ssa
a ddaa Faustus arguesad a
d
witha himself, if he must surrender a d a
d a
his soul to the devil. The add a a
PPa Good and bad w w
angels
a
.P.Pappear and advice. Faustuswwis Pa by the wealth in thewPort
.P.tempted w.P.Pa
ww
wGermany wwww He tells him to sign in a w www
of Emden a w ship. Mep comes at midnight. document
with his blood. He stab‟s his arm and blood flows. Before he completes writing the
N e t tclots. Mep brings bruning coals.
e N eet tHe finds an inscription man, N e t t (Momofug).
e
.
blood
i. N
lalai Faustus la . N
lai i. Faustus says that he cannot . NFlee
lai i. mep brings some
laflee.
aassaa asks where he a s a
s
should
a a flee. a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
PPaadd aad d aad d d
aa d
wwww w.P.P After giving document, w
devils in costlywdress.
wwww w.P.P asks where the hell is? w
Faustus
wwww w.P.P
Mep
72
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e Ne tt
e N e tt
e
. N
i. that hell is everywhere.
lalai replies . N
i. says that hell an old awife‟s
lalaiFaustus . N
lalai i.tale. Faustus asks
a s
a a
s a aassaa a s
a s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd dd d d
ww.P.Paaa devil dressed like a lady.ww.Faustus
for a wife. mep brings P.Paa does not like it. Mep givesw .P.Paa
w
wwww
a magic book to Faustus with …… he can w wwwstorms and armies. Faustuswwants
raise www to
learn Astronomy and Botany. The Good and bad angels appear. Faustus asks about
N ett
astronomical
e system. He explains abut
N e t t sautrn, Mars and Jupiter
e N e t t real planets.
as
e
a l i.N asks who created the
alai.Faustus a l l i.i.N Mep refuses to answser.
aworld.
a l i.N good angel ask
alai.The
ddaas a
s Faustus to think of God.ddaLucifer as a
s and Beelzebub appear.dLucifer da s
a a
s shows 7 deadly sins. ddaassa
a
a
PPa .P .Paa . P
. Paa . P
. aa
P
w w Parents) w w
wwww
1. Pride (No
wwwww wwwww
2. Covetousness (Loves Gold)
3. Wrath (Born from lion‟s Mouth)
N eet t N e tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N 4. Enry (Father – Chimney .
lalai i. N
sweeper) and Oyster wife .
lalai i.
(Mother( N
aassaa 5. Gluttony _ Parents aassaadied, because they have todhave a s
a a
s a
39 meals and 10 barrels dd aassa
PPaadd dd d
of wine to gluttonyw w.P.Paa ww.P.Paa w w.P.Paa
wwww -
6. Sloth Never worries wwww wwww
7. Lechery (Lust)
i . N
i . eet t
N i .iN. eetACT
N t – III
i . N
i . eet t
N
ssaalala The Chorus narrates ssaalalatravel of Faustus in the skyssainalalthe
the a chariot, drawn by ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a dda a a ddaa
PPa dragons. Faustus.comes
w w P.Pa to the last sphere of thewuniverse w.P.Pa – Premium Mobile. Faustus w w.P.Pa
travelled forwww8w days. He would go to …. Pope wwwatwthe time of St. Peter‟s Feast.ww ww
Mep takes Faustus to Rome. Faustus describes his Journey from Tried to Paris,
e
Italy,
N t Naples,
e t venice and Pedua. Rome
N e t t is situated on 7 hills andNIneetthet middle, the
e
l a
l a . N
i. river flows. There area4alabridges.
i Tiber l a . N
i i. One castle ……… 730alconnons. al i.i.N
a
aassaa aass a ss
a a aassa
PPaadd dd dd dd
w w.P.Paa the procession of Bishops,
Pope is watching
ww Paa and Friars. Pope is seated
.P.monks w w.P.Paa
wwww of Hungery. Bruno is wled
with any Reymond wwwin chains. Reymond orderswBruno www to
obey and stoop so pope can ascend the thrown. Bruno protests. Both Faustus and Mep
watcht them invisibly. Faustus and Mep t plan to take Bruno to Germany. t In the feast
e e t
N.N by Pope, Faustus and lMep e e t ee t
l a
l i
a .given
i a l i
a .iN.Ncreate confusion. The Feast l al i
a N.N
.commences
i Faustus
aas aa
s takes the plates and wine aas aa
s the Pope. The Archibishop a s
a a
sRheims says that it is the ddaassa
a
a dd a dd from a dd of
PPa work of Ghost, w from
a
.wP.Ppurgatory. Faustus twists w.wP
the . Paof pope. The Friars comewwith
ear .wP.Paa
wwww
bell, book and candle. Faustus beat them invisibly.
wwww wwww
ACT – IV
N e t
e t
The Chorus describes Faustus‟s N e t
e t
experiences with Emperor ee
Charles
N t t V. Marino
. i.
lalai and N . N
lalai i. V prepare the hall for the . N
lalai i. demonstration of
aassaa Frederick, the men aa
ofssaa
Charles aa s a
samagic aassa
PPaadd w . P
. aadd
P w . P
. aadd
P w. P
. aadd
P
wwwww wwwww wwwww
73
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N eett N e tt
e
. N
i. Faustus Charles, Pope Bruno,
lalai Dr. . N
lalai i.The Duke of saxony andsFaustus . N
lalai i. come. Faustus is
a s
a a
s a aassaa a a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
Paa from Pope Adrian VI. ww.P.Paa d d d d
praised for saving.P
ww
Bruno
. w w.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
i.iN
. eet t
N The Spanish
i .iN. eet t Tragedy – 1588 i.iN.Neet t
N
s a lala
a s a lala Kyd – Forerunner
a s aalala ssa
a a s aThomas
a s aa s aa
PPaadd w .P.Paadd
w . P
. aadd
P w
a
.P.Pa
dd
wwwww
 He was born in 1558.
wwwww wwww w
 His father was Francis Kyd, who was a scrivener/ cruid men.
N e
et tThonas Kyd did not go to any N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i.  Thomas Kyd attended . . Nuniversity.
lalai iMerchant .
lalai i. N
aassaa aasa
s a
only Taylors a
school.assaa aassa
d
PPaa d dd dd dd
 His fellow w w.P.Paa were Edmund Spenserwand
students w Paa Lodge.
.P.Thomas w .P.Paa
w
wwwwhe wrote plays for the Queen‟s
 In 1585, www w
company. wwww
 He stayed with Christopher Marlowe. In 1593, 11th may he was arrested for his
i .iN. eet tsexual writings.

N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala  He exposed Marlowessabefore
a lala the privy council.
a ssaalala ssa
ad a
PPa w w.P.Pa
 Kyd was tortured.
ww.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w
 After ww ww
Marlowe‟s death, he was released. wwww wwww
 He was not accepted anywhere for service.
N ee t tHe died at the age of 35 in 15th August

N ee t t 1594. N ee tt
i .i. N i .i . N i .i .N
a s
a aalala
s a s
a aalala
s a s
a aalala
s a ssa
a
PPaadd Works:
. P
. aadd
P . P
. aadd
P d
.P.Paa d
1. Thewwww Tragedy - 1588 wwwwww
wwSpanish
w
wwww w
2. Cornelia – 1594
The 2 other plays probably were written by him are
i.iN
. eet t1. Hieronimo
N i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a sa
salala ssaalala ssa
a ddaa 2. Soliman and
a ddaa
Perseda
a ddaa a da
d a
PPa w w.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
wwww The Spanish Tragedywwww Play (Title Page) wwww
N e t tThe Spanish Tragedy is otherwise

e Ne t t entitled „Hieronimo IsNMad
e e t t Again‟. Its
e
.i. N
lalai extention . N
lalai i. end of Don Horatiossaand .i. N
lalaiBel-imperia
as
asaa is „containing the
aassa a
lamentable
aa a with the
a ssa
a
d
PPaad dd dd d d
w w.P.Paa It was written between
pitiful death of Hieronimo.
w .P
w . Paaand 1592.
1582
ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
74
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
.i. N
lalai Genre: .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa aassaa aassaa a ssa
a
PPaadd Its .P.the
Genre is
w w
dd
Paasenecan Tragedy (or) Revenge
w w
dd
.P.PaaTragedy. This play inspired
w
d
.P.Paa
w
d
wwwBen
Shakespeare, wwww
w Jonson and Marlow. Shakespeare‟s wwwand
Hamlet imitates thiswplay
his other play Ur-Hamlet. Ben Jonson referred to this play in his play „Bartholomew
Fair‟.t tThis play was staged by Lord stranger‟s tt men in 1592 and 1593.t tThe play was
i. N
i . e
N e i . N
i . e
N e i .iN. ee
N
s aa a
ll a recorded in Stationer‟s
s aa a
Register
ll a in 1592. Thomas Kyd was
s aa a
the
ll a university wit. John
ssa
ddaa s d daa s ddaa s ddaa
a
PPa Lily, George Peele,
.P.Pa
Thomas
a Lodge, Thomas Nash, a
Robert
Pa Greene
.P.wasteland.
and Marlowe were a
.P.Pa
w
the universitywwits.w ww w w
www T.S. Eliot quoted the
wwww
play in the
wwww
Characters:
Induction characters:
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i.
1. N
The Ghost Of Don Andrea .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa 2. Revenge aassaa aassaa aassa
PPaadd d d dd dd
w w.P.Paa Spain Characters: ww.P.Paa w w.P.Paa
1. The Spanishwwwwking wwww wwww
2. Don Cyprian, the duke of castile, king‟s brother.
i 3.
.iN. eet tLorenzo, the Duke‟s son i.iN.Neet t
don
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala4. Bel-Imperia, the Duke‟ssdaughtersaalala ssaalala ssa
a ddaa a d daa a ddaa a ddaa
PPa 5. Pedringauo, Bel‟s
w w
a
.P.Pservant ww.P.Pa w w.P.Pa
wwwwDon Lorenzo‟s servant
6. Christophil, wwww wwww
7. Lorenzo‟s page
e
8. Don
N t t Hieronimo, knight MarshalNofespain
e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai 9.i. Isabella, Don Hieronimoswife .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa aa saa aassaa aassa
PPaadd d d dd dd
10. Don Horatio, son
w w.P.Paofa Hieronimo ww.P.Paa w w.P.Paa
11. Hieronimo wwwwservant wwww wwww
12. Isabella‟s maid
13. Dont Bazulto, an old man
i .iN. e
N e t
i . N
i . eet t
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala 14. Spanish Army General
sa
s lala
a ssaalala ssa
a ddaa 15. 3 watchmen a d daa a ddaa a da
d a
PPa 16. Hang man w w.P.Pa ww.P.Pa w w.P.Pa
17. Messenger
wwww wwww wwww
18. 3 citizens
N e tt
e N e t t characters
e N eett
. N
lalai 1.i. The Portuguese viceroyssaalalai i. . N
Portugal .
lalai i. N
aassaa aa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
PPaadd d d
aa son d
aa d d
aa d
ww.P.P
2. Prince Balthazar, His ww.P.P ww.P.P
wwww wwww wwww
75
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N ett
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai 3.i. Don Pedro, Brother viceroy .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a aassaa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
P.Paa - Portuguise noslemen d d d d
4. Alexandro and .Villuppo
w w w .P.Paa
w w .P.Paa
w
wwwServant
5. Serberine, w 2 balthazar wwww wwww
6. 2 Nobel men of Portugal
e tt In Hieronimo‟s
e tt play eet t
i.iN
. N e i .iN. N e i .iN. N
ssaalala1. Soliman, sultan of Turkey ssa lala by Balthazar)
(played
a ssaalala ssa
a ddaa 2. Erasto, knight of a dd
Rhodesaa (played by Lorenzo) a da
da a ddaa
PPa w .P.byPaHieronimo)
w ww.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w
wwww
3. Bashaw (Played
wwww wwww
4. Preseda (Played by Bel Imperia
Hieronimo‟s servants
N eet t N ett
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i.N Jaques and Pedro .
lalai i.N .
lalai i. N
aassaa aa
Bazrado, the paintersa
s a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd d d d d
The playw .P.Paa 4 acts with additions were
…has…
w ww P.Paa in 1902.
.added w .P.Paa
w
wwww wwww wwww
Introduction Scene
i .iN. eet t
N i .iN. eet–t I, Scene – I
Act
N i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a The first scene in aSTs a lala with Andrea‟s ghost andssahalisalacompanion Revenge.
a
begins
s ssa
ad a
d a a d d a a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa .P.Pofa his death and his journeywin
Andrea tells his story
w w w Pa
.P.Hell. w .P.Pa
w
wwww wwww wwww
Plot Overview
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
i. Spanish Tragedy beginsawith
lalai The . N
. ghost of Don Andrea, a Spanish
lalai ithe . N
lalai i. nobleman killed
a s
a a
s a aassa a as a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
PaaPortugal. Accompanied w d d
Paaspirit of Revenge, he tellsww d d
in a recent battle P
w w. with
. by P
w. the
. .P.Paa
the
www
story of his w he was killed in hand-to-hand
death; wwww combat with the Portuguese wwwprince
w
Balthazar, after falling in love with the beautiful Bel-Imperia and having a secret affair
with ther. When he faces the judges who t are supposed to assign him to this place in the
N e
N e t N e
N e t N Netthe palace of
eto
i
lala. i.
underworld, they are unable i
lala
to .i
reach. a decision and instead i
lala
send .i
him.
as
a a
s a a s
a a
sa aassa a aassa
a
PPadd Pluto and Proserpine, a d d
King and Queen of the Underworld. a dd Proserpine decides that add
Revenge should w w.P.Pa
accompany him back to the ww.P.Pofathe living, and, after passing
world ww.P.Pa
www
through thewgates of horn, this is where he
wwww wwww
finds himself. The spirit of Revenge
promises that by the play's end, Don Andrea will see his revenge.
N eett N eett N e tt
e
.i. N
lalai Andrea . N
ai i.battle where he died, tosfind
lalthe . N
ai i. the Spanish have
lalthat
as
asaa returns to the a s
scene
a a
s a
of a a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d d d d d
won. Balthazarw .P.Pataken
was
w ww.P.Paa death, by the Andrea's w
a prisoner shortly after Andrea's .P.Paa
good
w
wwww wwww wwww
76
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N eett
. N
i. Horatio, son of Hieronimo,
lalai friend . N
lalai i.the Knight Marshal of Spain. . N
i. a dispute ensues
lalaiBut
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a aassaa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d
P.PaaLorenzo, the son of the w d d d d
between Horatio .and
ww w.P.Paof
Duke a Castile and brother of Bel-
w .P.Paa
w
www
Imperia, as towwho actually captured theww ww The King of Spain decides
prince. wwww to
compromise between the two, letting Horatio have the ransom money to be paid for
N t t and Lorenzo keep the N

Balthazar
e e e t t prince at his home. Back
captured
e N eet tPortugal, the
in
a l i.N (ruler) is mad withagrief,
alai.Viceroy l N he believes his son to beladead,
alai.i.for l i.i.Nand is tricked by
a
ddaas a
s Villuppo into arresting ddaas a
s innocent noble, Alexandro, d a
das a
sfor Balthazar's murder. ddaassa
a
a
PPa .P.Paa an
. P
. a
P a . P
. aa
P
w w w
wwwww
Diplomatic negotiations then begin betweenww
ww thew Portuguese ambassadorww www
and the
Spanish King, to ensure Balthazar's return and a lasting peace between Spain and
Portugal.
N eett N ett
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i.N .
lalai i.N .
lalai i. N
aassaa Upon being taken backdto a s
a a
sa
Spain, Balthazar soon falls in d aa
lovessaa
with Bel-Imperia himself. dd aassa
d
PPaa d Paa d d
ww.P.Pedringano
But, as her servant w w.P.Paa is in love with Horatio,wwho
reveals to him, Bel-Imperia w.P.Paa
www
returns herwaffections. The slight against him,wwwwhich
w is somewhat intentionalwwon ww
Bel-
Imperia's part, enrages Balthazar. Horatio also incurs the hatred of Lorenzo, because of
i .iN
the
. N et t over Balthazar's capturei.iand
efight N. eetthet fact that the lower-borniHoratio
N .iN. eet t (the son of a
N
s a
s lalacivil servant) now consorts
a s a
s lala Lorenzo's sister. So thestwo
a
with a
s lalanobles decide to kill
a ssa
ad a
d a a da
d a a ddaa a ddaa
PPa Horatio, which they
ww
a
.P.Psuccessfully do with the aid of.P
w w . Pa
Pedringano and Balthazar's servant
w w.P.Pa
Serberine, w www an evening rende-vous between
during wwww the two lovers. Bel-Imperia wwwiswthen
taken away before Hieronimo stumbles on to the scene to discover his dead son. He is
soon
i.iN.Neetjoined
t in uncontrollable grief byeehis
i.iN.N
t t wife, Isabella.
i.iN.N eet t
ssal
a a
l a a
ss l
a a
l a ssaal a
l a ssa
d a
d a ddaa d a
d a d a
d a
PPaa w w.P.Paa escapes death when thewPortuguese
In Portugal, Alexandro
.P.Paa ambassador returns w
w .P.Paa
from
w
Spain withww ww that Balthazar still lives;ww
news ww
Villuppo is then sentenced to wwww In
death.
Spain, Hieronimo is almost driven insane by his inability to find justice for his son.
Hieronimo
t receives a bloody letter in tBel-Imperia's hand, identifying the t murderers as
ee t e e t
N.N and Balthazar, but laheai.iNis.Nuncertain whether or notlaaito.iN.N ee t
l a
l i
a.Lorenzo
i l l believe it. While
as
a aa
s Hieronimo is racked dwith a s
a aa
s grief, Lorenzo grows worried aas a
s by Hieronimo's erratic ddaassa
a
a dd a d a dd
PPa behavior andw w P.PaaMachiavellian manner to w
.win
acts .wP.Pa all evidence surroundingwwhis
eliminate .P.Paa
wwwPedringano to kill Serberinewfor
crime. He tells www wwww
gold but arranges it so that Pedringano
is immediately arrested after the crime. He then leads Pedringano to believe that a
N eet t for his crime is hidden in aNbox e t brought
e t N eett
l a
l i
a .i . N
pardon
l a
l i
a .i . N to the execution
laby
lai .ia. Nmessenger boy, a
ddaassaa belief that prevents dPedringano a
d ssaa from exposing Lorenzo
a d a
d ssaabefore he is hanged. ddaassa
a
PPaa aa
ww.P.P between Spain and Portugal,
Negotiations continue aa
ww.P.Pnow centering on a diplomatic ww.P.P
aa
wwww wwww wwww
77
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N e tt
e N e ett
.i. N
lalai marriage . N
lai i. Bel-Imperia to unite the
laand . N
lalai i. lines of the two
a s
a a
s a between Balthazar
a s
a a
s a aassaa
royal
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d dd d d
ww.P.Paaaletter is found on Pedringano's
countries. Ironically,
ww.P.Pabody
a that confirms Hieronimo's
ww.P.Paa
wwwwLorenzo and Balthazar, but Lorenzo
suspicion over wwww is able to deny Hieronimowaccess www to
the king, thus making royal justice unavailable to the distressed father. Hieronimo then
vowst tot t t two killers, using deception
revenge himself privately on the t t a false show
and
N
. .N e e N ee
i.Nguard. N e
. .N e
ssa ssa alai.his
alalai ofi friendship to keep Lorenzoaloff ssa alalai i ssa
a ddaa a d a
d a a dda a a ddaa
PPa The marriageww
a
ww.P.P Bel-Imperia and Balthazarw w
a
.P.isPset, ww P.Pa
.to
ww between
wwww and the Viceroy
wwww
travels
Spain to attend the ceremony. Hieronimo is given responsibility over the entertainment
for the marriage ceremony, and he uses it to exact his revenge. He devises a play, a
N eett N ett
e N e tt
e
lala .
i i.N
tragedy, to be performed at the
l a
l a.
i i.N
ceremonies, and convinces Lorenzo
l a
l a.
i i. Nand Balthazar to
aa aa
ss act in it. Bel-Imperia, dbydanow a a
ss a confederate in Hieronimo's
a aa a
s for revenge, also acts ddaassa
a
splot
d
PPaa d aa aadd aa
in the play. Justw
wwwww.P.P the play is acted, Isabella,winsane
before w.P.P with grief, kills herself. ww.P.P
wwww wwww
The plot of the tragedy mirrors the plot of the play as a whole (a sultan is driven to
i .iN. eet t a noble friend through jealousy
murder
N i .iN. eet tover a woman). Hieronimoi.iN
N . eet thimself in the
casts
N
s a
s lalarole of the hired murderer.ssaDuring
a lala the action of the play, Hieronimo's
a s a
s lala character stabs
a ssa
ad a
d a a ddaa a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa Lorenzo's character
ww
a Bel-Imperia's character .stabs
.P.Pand ww P.PaBalthazar's character, before ww.P.Pa
wwwwBut after the play is over, Hieronimo
killing herself. wwww reveals to the horrifiedwwedding www
guests (while standing over the corpse of his own son) that all the stabbings in the play
were
N e tdone
e t with real knives, and that N e tt
Lorenzo,
e e
Balthazar, and Bel-Imperia
N et t are now all
. N
i. He then tries to kill himself,
lalai dead. . N
lalai i.but the King and Viceroyssaand . N
i. of Castile stop
lalaiDuke
as
a a
s a aasa
sa a a a a ssa
a
PPaadd dd d d d d
him. In order to keep
ww.P.Paahimself from talking, he bites ww
aahis own tongue. Tricking the
out
.P.P ww.P.Paa
Duke into w www him a knife, he then stabs the
giving wwwDuke
w and himself and then dies. wwww
Revenge
t and Andrea then have the finalt words of the play. Andrea assigns t each of the
ee t
N.N "good" characters (Hieronimo, ee t ee t
l a
l i
a.play's
i l a
l i
a .iN.N Bel-Imperia, Horatio, land
al i
a .iN.Isabella)
N to happy
as
a aa
s eternities. The rest ofddathe s
a aa
s characters are assigned dtodaathes a
s various tortures and ddaassa
a
a dd a a
PPa punishments w .wP.Pa
wHell.
ofw w .wP.Pa w.wP.Paa
ww ww ww wwww
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa a s
a a
s a a s
a a
sa a ssa
a
PPaadd w w
d
.P.Paa d
w
d
.P.Paa
w
d
ww
d
.P.Paa d
wwww wwww wwww
78
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e Ne tt
e N e tt
e
.
lalai i. N . N
lalai i. Famous for Masque .
lalai i. N
aassaa s
a a
s a
TheaAlchemist aassaa a ssa
a
PPaadd wBen
w
dd
.P.PaaJonson - The Alchemist w
dd
Paa comedy)
.P(Satirical
w . w
d
.P.Paa
w
d
wwww wwww wwww

 e
N t tform of chemistry studied inNmiddle
Ae eet t ages believed trying toi.discover
N eet t how to
i.i. N
lala change ordinary metalsinto i .i
lagold. . N lala
la Ben Jonson (other namessaBenjamin) i . N
aassaa aa a
s a a a a – 1573 – 1637
aassa
a
 He said
 First playw w .P.Pa in his humour (1598)ww.P.Pa
“Shakespeare
w
was not of an age but for all time.‟
ww.P.Pa
www – Everyman wwww
 Every man out of his humour (1599) (less popular comedy)
wwww
Greatest classical comedies volpone 1606
N e t t or the silent woman 1609
e
Epicene N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i. The Alchemist 1610 ssaalalai i. . N .
lalai i. N
aassaa a a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
 Tragedy 1st
w w.P.Paand
Sejanusa 1603 (blood, black bile,
.P.Paa
yellow
ww
bile phlegm 2ndcastiline
.P.Paa
1611
w w
ww
earth, water,
ww fire air) ww ww ww ww
 Four humours
N eetFour
t important humours in theNN eet t of humours of Jonson. i1..iN.Choler,
theory eet t
i .i . N
lala 2. melancholy, 3. phlegm, i
lal4. .i .
a bloodJonson has based this N
lala on the old
a s
a a
s a as
a saa a s
a a
stheory
a assa
a
ad
PPa d a dd a d d a dd
.P.Pa of humour takes placewdue a .P.Pa
physiology. These four humour correspond with 1. moisture, 2. dryness, 3. heat, 4.
w w w.P.P ww
wwww
Cold. The
imbalance.
emergence
wwww to some kind of
wwww
personality
 In alchemist Ben Jonson makes an elaborate stuidy of human gullibility.
N e tAlchemist
e t – supreme masterpiece
N eet of
t in comedy. performed in N e
1610et tand published
. . N . N
. Jonson is indebted to Plautus. . .N
aalalai i in quarto in 1612. Plot of
aass aalalai iplay
the
aass aalalai i
aass a aass
a
PPadd The opening
P aaddialogue
P d of the alchemist seems P Paadtodrecall a scene in “ P aadd
P
. .
ww Benjamin Jonson. He was . .
wborn in Westminister in 1572. .
wHis .
wwwwcalled
He was wwwww wwwww
father died before his birth. His family suffered in poverty. So, he was apparenticed to
a Brick
N e t t Layer. But he studied the
e N e tt
classics.
e He became an actor andt tplaywright in
N ee
a
ll ai. i .
1595.N He murdered his a
ll
fellow ai .i .
actor.N But he escaped hanging a
ll ai .i
after . Nthe prison term.
as
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a aassa
a
PPa dd His first play was a d
„Every
a d man in his Humour‟. a d
King d James appointed him poet a dd
laureate. Hew w .inP.P1637
w w w.P.Pa w w.P.Pa
www
died
Works: (Tragedies)
due to palsy (Joint
wwww
pain)
wwww
1. Sejanus 2. Catiline
N e t
e t N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai 1.i. Every man in his Humour
Comedies: . N
lalai i. 2. Every man out of his .
lalai i. N
aassaa a s
a a
s a a s
a a
sa
Humour aassa
PPaadd d d d d dd
3. Poetaster ww .P.Paa 4. Volponewor PaaFox
w.P.the ww.P.P
aa
wwww wwww wwww
79
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N eett Ne tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai 5.i. The alchemist . N
lalai i. 6. The silent woman (or) .
alai i.
lEpicoeneN
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d d d d d
7. Bartholomew Fair
w .P.Paa
w ww.P.Paa ww.P.Paa
wwww
Jonson wrote many Masque for theww ww
theatre. wwww of
He is famous for comedy
Humours. It is a kind of comedy ….. deals with the weaknesses of characters, who
lack tone of the 4 basic body fluids; t t
i. N
i. e
N e t
i .iN. ee
N i .iN. eet t
N
ssaalala 1. Yellow Bile (or) Choler
ssaalala ssaalala ssa
a ddaa 2. Phlegm a ddaa a ddaa a ddaa
PPa w
3. BluewBilew.P.Pa w w.P.Pa w .P.Pa
w
www wwww wwww
4. Sanguine (Blood)
According to the medieval physiology. Benjonson explained his theory of
N e t
e t N eett N eett
.
lalai i. N
Humours in the induction scene .
lalai i.
in N
Every man out of his Humour. .
lalai i. N
aassaa The Alchemist dwas aasa
s a
staged in 1610. It was published aassaa in Quarto in 1612. dd a ssa
a
PPaadd d
P.Pawork
a as one of the three best .plots dd
P.Paain English Literature ww.P.Paa
Coleridge praises w w.this w w
ww wwww wwww
Source: ww
The source of „the Alchemist‟ is taken from the Roman playwright Plautus
l NNeet t was the work of Plautus..NNeet t

.Poenidus
alai i. l alai i. l alai i. .NNee
tt
s
aasaa s
aas aa s
aas aa assa
a
aadd a d
a d a d
a d a dd
PP Characters:
ww.P.P ww.P.P w .P.Pa
w
ww
ww -
1. Subtle w
The Alchemist ww w wwww
2. Face - The Housekeeper to Love
N eet t3. Dolf common - N e tt

the colleague,
e Tart
N e tt
e
. N
lalai i. 4. Daper - Aa . N
lalai i. clerk
lawyer‟s .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a a ass a aassaa aassa
d
PPaa d d d dd dd
5. Durgger P
w w. .-Paa Tobacco man w w.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w
wwww -
6. Lovewit master of the House wwww wwww
7. Sir. Epicure mammon - A knight
t 8. Petrinax surely - A Gamester
t
i.iN
. e
N e t
i .iN. e
N e t
i .iN. Net t
eHolland
s a
s lala
a
9. Tribulation wholesome
sa
s lala
a
- A pastor of
ssaalala
Austerdam in
ssa
a ddaa a ddaa Hague – International a dda
courtaof Justice a da
d a
PPa w
10. Ananiasw.P.-Pa Deacon, church priest ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
wwww -
11. Kastril the Angry boy
wwww wwww
12. Dame pliant - His sister, a widow
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
.i. N
lalai Locale .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
as
asaa : London a s
a a
s a a s
a a
sa a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d d d d d
w .P.Paa
w .P.Paa
ACT – I ww ww.P.Paa
wwww wwww wwww
80
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
Ne tt
e Ne tt
e N eett
. N
lalai i. Face and Subtle Quarrels . N
i. Dol common interviewsaa
lalaiand . N
i i. peace. these 3
lalamake
a s
a a
s a a s
a a
s a aass to
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d d d dd d d
ww.P.Paaout their plan. Dapper, theww
join together to carry .P.Paa clerk comes in subtle reads
lawyer‟s
w .P.Paa
w
wwww and Promises him great success.
Dapper‟s fortune wwww Daper Consests (aglee) towshare
www his
gambling profit with them. Subtle tells Dapper about the Aunt of Fairy (Dol common).
N e t tSomebody knocks the door.NDapper

e e et t is taken to the next room. N e et t next visitor
The
a lalai.isi.NDrugger, a tabacco man.aDruggerl alai.i.N builds a new shop. Drugger l N him where he
alai.i.asks
ddaas a
s should put the door? So ddaas a
s he may earn money. Finally d a
d s
a a
s tells him to put door ddaassa
a
a
PPa . P.Paa that
. P
. a
P a subtle
. P. aa
P
w
wwinscribe some mystical names w w
in the south w
wwand wwwwonwthe east side of the shop.www ww
Finally
Drugger give some money to Face. They wait for epicure, mammon.
ACT – II
N e t
e t N e et t friend Pertinax – Mammon N e ett
l a
la .
i i. N Epicure Mammon enters
l al a .
i i.
with N his
l al a . N
i i. the rich man.
is
aa aa
ss He speaks high of subtle. aa a a
ssBut Petrinax surely warns dhim. a a a
ss But it is useless. Face ddaassa
a
PPaadd dd d
comes and he speaksww.P.Paof
a the greatness of the philosopher‟s
ww.P.Paa stone. mammon dreams w w P.Paa
.of
unlimited w www Subtle enters. He speaks
wealth. wwwofwthe used of the philosopher‟s wwww
stone.
Face dupes (cheat) Mamion with the false report about the alchemy test. Surely
i .iN. eet t on subtle ironically. iDol
commends
N .iN. N et t
ecommon peeps and subtle scolds
i .iN. N et t away. Face
eher
ssaalalatells mammon her the lady ssa lalaa Lord‟s (subtle) sister. She
a
is s a
s lasuffers
a la from madness, ssa
a ddaa a ddaa a d a
d a a ddaa
PPa according to Face.
ww
a surley commends that is the
.P.PBut ww
a
.P.Pprostitution house. Mammon.P
w w is.Pa
interested w towww about the lady. He tells surley
know wwwwknow he knows about the lady. wwwwFace
tells Mammon that he can meet the lady privately. Mammon gives face some money.
There
N e t tis knocking at the door. Neet t
e N e ett
. N
lalai i. Ananias enters. Hess…… . N
i. to buy the philosopher‟s
lalai come . N
i. for his master,
lalaistone
aassaa aa a a a s
a a
s a aassa
PPaadd dd d d dd
ww.P.Paa Both of them deal withww
Tribulation wholesome.
.P.Paagoods especially widowswand
stolen
w.P.Paa
orphans. By wwwselling
w them, they make medicine. wwww For selling they need philosopher‟s wwww
stone. They pay for the coal philosopher‟s subtle needs for the experiment. Subtle
tells tAnanias to bring his master. Facet re-enters with Drugger. Druggert brings a piece
i .iN. N et Drugger tells Face about
eGold. i .iN. N et
eDamepliant i .iN. N et Drugger
emarry.
ssaalala of
ssa lala
a
whom he
s a
s lala
wants
a
to
ssa
a ddaa promises to bring more a ddaa
tabacco. a d a
d a a da
d a
PPa ww.P.Pa ACT – IIIww.P.Pa w w.P.Pa
wwww comes with Ananias. w
Tribulation www
Tribulation needs philosopher‟s stone
wwww to
establish puritanism in England. For that purpose, he …….. to bribe majestrates.
N e t tpretends be angry with Tribulation.
e N e et t Tribulation apologies for N e ett
l a
l i
a .i . N
Subtle
l al i
a .i . N la lai .i . NAnanias. Subtle
ddaassaa promises to give philosopher‟s ddaassaa stone. The orphans goodddawould assaa be sold to make Gold. ddaassa
PPaa Subtle send them P.Paa
ww.out. ww.P.P
aa
ww.P.P
aa
wwww wwww wwww
81
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
Ne tt
e Ne tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i. Face enters and informs . N
lai i. the arrival the Spanishscount
laabout .i. N
lalai [Surely
a s
a a
s a aassaa aa a
s a in disguise].
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
P.Paathe role with Spanish count. dd d d
Face tells Dol to .play
w w w w.P.Paa comes. Face and subtle
Dapper
w w.P.Paa
want to getwwww of Dapper. Face sends Dapper
rid wwww out. Drugger comes withwww w
Kastril.
Kastril complains to subtle Kastril his sister is forced to marry Drugger. Face tells
Durgger
N e t t Kastril subtle will settle the
e N e et t
dispute.
N eet t
lalai. i. N Dapper comes. Faceaasks i .i . N
lala Dapper if he is ready tossameet i .i . N
lalaAunt of Fairy (Dol
aassaa a s
a s a a a a aassa
a
PPa dd common). He offers a dd
Dapper a cloth to tie
Pa to meet the fairy. Facewwwarns his eyes a d d
after the ceremony with vinegal. a dd
ww .P.away .P.Pa Dapper not to speak. So, w wP.Pa
.he
wwww
Face takes Dapper
wwww wwww
puts Giner bread in his mouth.
ACT – IV
N e t
e t N e et t N e tt
e
lala .
i i. N Mammon and Face meet.
l al a .
i i.
Face N speaks about the mad lady
l a
l .
i i.
and
a Nwarns him about
aa aa
ss her wood. Face bringsddaDol. a a
ss Mammon kisses her dress
a a a
and a
ss praises her beauty. He ddaassa
a
PPaadd PaaGold, got from archemy. d d
Paa takes them to the garden.
promises to give ww .P.her ww.P.Face w .P.Paa
w
Mammon gives wwwwFace some money. Face goes. wwww wwww
Subtle enters with Kastril and Damepliant. Subtle kisses Damepliant. Face also
i .isNN
i . eet t by Damepliant. Face
altracted
i .iN. eet tsubtle attracted he wantsi.Damepliant.
tells
N iN. eet t
N Subtle
s a a
aal l scolds Face. Surely comes s a a
al l Spanish count who speaksaasSpanish.
aas a
aal l a ssa
ddaa s dda a s d d s Both subtle and
ddaa
a
PPa Face discuss the .plan a
P.Pain English. They subtle w a
.P.Pina argument. Surley speaks
wins a
P.Pa
.in
ww
ww thinks it is low French. wwww w w w
Spanish but ww Kastril wwww
Garden Scene
N e t tIn the Garden Scene, Mammon

e N e et tis with Dol. She is shouting N e t t fury (angel).
in
e
. i.
lalai MammonN . . N
lalai imammon . N
lalai i. to the Mad lady.
aassaa is running. Faceatells
a s
a s a a assa
not to speak differently
a aassa
PPaadd dd d d dd
Mammon and FacePrun
ww . .Paato seek the help of subtle.ww .P.Paa Mammon is send out. ww.P.Paa
Finally
wwwiswnow allow with Damepliant.
Surley wwww Surley tells her allow subtle w wwwFace
and
plan to cheat her. He offers his love to her. Subtle comes and tries to pick his pockets.
Surely t attacks him and throws away his t disguise. Face escapes. subtle t is caught by
N.N e e t e e t e e t
l a
l i
a .surley.
i l al i
a .iN.N l a
l i
a .iN.N
ddaassaa dda ssaa
a ACT – V d a
d assaa da
d ssa
a
a
PPa aa
.P.Powner a a
.P.Pneighbours a
.P.Pa
Love wit, wwthe of the house comes. wwHis report to him w w
about
men and ladies
wwwwin the house. They tell him wwwLadies
w
his butler Jeremy (Face)
wwww is not
found for more than 5 or 6 weeks. Love wit knocks at the door, but there is no
N e t t He attempts to break theNdoor.
e e et t Face appears in the Butter‟s N e t t Face tells
e
dress.
. N
response.
i.
lalai Lovewit . N
lalai i.by the death of a cat in sthe . N
lai i. Lovewit asks.
laplague.
aassaa that the house a
is s a
s a
infected
a a a saa a ssa
a
PPaadd dd d d d d
Face about menww .P.Pawomen
and a visiting the house. But
ww.P.P
aa says it is a illusion. Kastril
Face ww.P.P
aa
wwww wwww wwww
82
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N e tt
e N eett N eett
. N
i. and wants the door toaaopen.
lalai comes . N
lalai i. But face says that doorssswere . N
i. open. Dapper
lalai never
a s
a a
s a aass aa aa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
Paa stifled‟. Face secretly speaks dd d d
cries inside, „I am.P
w w
almost
. ww .P.Pathrough
a the key hole.
w .P.Paa
w
wwww
Dapper comes with subtle. Dapper . ……… wwww Ginger bread in his mouth.www w
Dapper
asks subtle if he can meet the aunt of Fairy. Dol is dressed as Fairy. He kneels and
t t her skirt. She offes him aNflyeettot win in gambling in a purse.NHe
touches t will
t get 300 –
N ee
i.Nboxes of treasure and 12000 i.N of land e e
a lalai.400 a l alai.acres l alai.i.N
ddaass a
ddaas a
stells him that he can marryddthe aas a
swidow, Damepliant. But ddaassa
a
a
PPa Drugger comes.
.P.P aa Face
. P
. a
P a . P
. aa
P
w w w w dress. He knocks atwthewwdoor. w w
wwwwmoney.
he should give Love wit comes in theww
ww Spanish w
mammon, surley and Kastril are at the door. They find subtele inside. Lovewit comes
with 40 members to open to door. Lovewit beats Drugger. Kastril drags his sister.
N e ett N eett N e tt
e
l a
la .
i i. N
Lovewit challenges Kastril in
l ala
a.
i i. N
fight. In an end lovewit wins.
l al a.
i i. N
Kastril offers 500
aa aa
ss pounds to his sister. Lovewit aa a a
ss marries Damepliant and they aa a
s a
scelebrate the occasion with dd aassa
PPaadd aadd aadd
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w face he played hiswrole w.P.Paa
wwww
well. Subtle, surley, Mammon, Do, Ananias, wwwwDapper and Drugger have not
ww
wwgot any
profit in the bargain. But he is benefitted and he will use his wealth to celebrate fun
.and et t
NNeentertainment. tt
.NNee to the feast.
He invites everyone .NNee
tt
s aal alai i. s al
a alai i. s aal alai i. ssa
aaddaas aadaas
d aaddaas a ddaa
PP ww.P.P– Previous Year Questions
TRB ww.P.P – Unit - I w .P.Pa
w
w
ww w w
ww w wwww
2001:
1. Who called Chaucer “The Father of English Poetry”?
N e t tA) Sidney
e B) Spenser N e t t C) Arnold
e e
D) Johnson
N tt
e
. N
lalai 2.i. Some are born great;ssome .i. N
lalai achieve .i.N
lalai greatness
a s
a a
s a a a a
sa greatness, and somesa
a a s a
have thrust upon
a ssa
a
d
PPaa d them. d
P.Paa d d
P.Paa d d
P.Paa d
w w. w w. w w.
These
wwww occur in
lines wwww wwww
A) Twelfth Night B) The Merchant of Venice
C) The Tempest D) As You Like it
N e t
e t N e t
e t N eet t
lalai.3.
i. N Which of the following is thei
lala .i . N
work of Chaucer? i
lala .i . N
as
a a
s a A) Pamela aasa
s a B) Clarrisa a ss
Harlowe
a aa aassa
a
PPa dd a add a dd
P.Pa Grandison a dd
w w P.PCanterbury
C) Prologue.to Tales D) Sir .Charles
ww ww.P.Pa
4. Whow www “The Spanish Tragedy”? wwww
wrote wwww
A) Marlowe B) John Lyly C) George Peele D) Thomas Kyd
5. t tMarlowe‟s first play was tt tt
. N e
N e . N Nee . N Ne e
ssalalai i. A) Doctor Faustus ssaalalai i. B) Edward the Second ssaalalai i.
a ssa
ddaa C) Tamburlaine dd aa D) The Jew of Malta ddaa ddaa
PPaa 6. Who wasw the .PaaPoet Laureate in England? ww.P.Paa
w.Pfirst
aa
ww.P.P
wwww wwww wwww
83
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
Ne tt
e Ne tt
e N eett
. N
lalai i. A) Wordsworth B)ssaAlexander . N
lalai i. Pope . N
lalai i. D) Ben Jonson
a s
a a
s a aa a C) Dryden
a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d 7. Who is known dd
aathe Prince of Essayists?
as
P.P d
P.Paa d d
P.Paa d
w .
w w .
w ww .
wwww
A) Bacon B) Hazlitt
wwSteele
wC) w D) Lamb wwww
8. Men fear death, as children fear to go in the Dark
These are the words of
t t t eD)et tBacon
lala
ee
i.iN.N A) Shakespeare lala
B) Neet
i.iN.Addison C) Steele i
lala .iN. N
a s
a a
s a a ssaa a ssaa a ssa
PPaadd d a d a d a
2002 - 2003 ww .P.Paad ww
a
.P.Pa d
w
a
.P.Pa
w
d
9. wwww was an adaptation of
Dr. Faustus wwww wwww
A) Homer B) Virgil C) Goethe D) Plato
10.ee
N t tWhich English King was associatedN e t t with the publication of Authorized
e N e t tversion of the
e
. N
lalai i. Bible? .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
aassaa a assaa a s
a a
s a aassa
d
PPaa d d d
Paa in the play Alchemist? ww.P.Paa d d dd
.P.Paa
A) James I B) Edward C) George D) Henry VIII
w .P.appear
w w w
wwww wwLove www
11. Who does not w
A) Face B) Subtle
wC) D) Mammon w
12. Who wrote the play „The Spanish Tiragedy‟?
N t t
eeA) Marlowe B) GreenNee t t C) Nashe D) Kyd N eet t
i .i . N
lala13. Who wrote An Apologie i .i .
alaPoetry?
lfor N lalai .i . N
a s
a a
s a a assaa a s
a a
s a assa
a
a
PPad d A) Sidney PPaa dd B) Shelley C) PPaa
Coleridged d D) Dryden PPaa dd
w ww. .
w w ww. .
w w ww. .
w
ww ww ww
14. The love poem of Spenser is
A) L‟Allegro B) Epithalamion C) II Penseroso D) Astrophel and Stella
N eet t N e t
e t N e tt
e
.15.N
lalai i. A) Marlowe
Among the following who is .
lalai i.
not Nprimarily a playwright? .i. N
laD)lai Chaucer
a s
a a
s a a s
a
B) a
s a
Webster C) Dekker a assaa aassa
d
PPaa d d d
aa in the play d d dd
16.
w w.P.P
Helen of Troy appears
ww.P.Paa w w.P.Paa
www
A) Dr. w
Faustus B) Edward II wwThe
wC) w Jew of Malta wwww
D) Tamburlaine
17. „Comedy of Humours‟ was developed in the 16th Century by
N e t tA) Marlowe
e B) Dekker t t
N e e C) Webster D) Johnson
N eet t
lalai. i.
18. N Who deals with “Wife of lalai .
Bath”?i . N lala i .i . N
as
a a
s a a s
a a
s a a ssaa
C) Donne dda D) Chaucer a ssa
a
a
PPa dd A) Spenser
a d
a dB) Sidney
a a dd
19. Who wrotew w.P.Pfollowing
the lines? ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa
wwwbooks
“Some
w are to be tasted, others to be www w
swallowed and some few to be chewed wwww and
digested.”
N e t
e tA) Addison B) Goldsmith
N e tt
e C) Bacon
N e t tSteele
e
D)
. N
i. In English Literature theaasonnet
lalai 20. . N
lalai i. was introduced by lalai i.. N
aassaa a s
a s a asa
s a a ssa
a
Paa
P dd Paa
A) Thomas Wyatt d d B) Shakespeare Pa
C) d d
a Sidney D) Spenser Paa
Philip d d
w ww. .P
w w ww. .P
w w ww. .P
w
ww ww ww
84
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
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aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N ett
e N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
i. – 04:
lalai 2003 .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a aassaa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd d d d d
21.
w w.P.Paa appears in
Sir Epicure Mammon
ww.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w
wwww Tragedy B) Alchemist C) Rape
A) Spanish www
ofwthe Lock D) Dr. Faustus wwww
22. Who among the following was found to be a professor of Sham religion?
N eet tA) Apoliyon B) Judge Hategood

N e t t C) Talkative
e N eet t
D) Flatterer
lala i. i.
23. N Wife of Bath is a character
lala i
in .i . N lala i .i . N
aassaa aassa a B) The a
Shepherd‟s s
a a
s a
Calender aassa
a
PPa dd A) The Prologue
a d
to
a dCanterbury Tales
a d d
PaLeander a dd
ww
C) The Spanish.P.PTragedy w w
D) Hero.P.and w w.P.Pa
24. „Thew www of Job‟ deals with
Book wwww wwww
A) Human sufferings B) Social problems
N eet tC) Political problems N e tD)t Ethnic problems

e N e tt
e
. N
i. „Epithalamion‟ is a/an aalalai i.
lalai 25. . N lalai i.. N
aassaa aass a s
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s a aassa
PPaadd d d
Paawas invented by d d dd
.P.Paa .P.Paa
A) Elegy B) Marriage Hymn C) Ballad D) Epic
ww .P. w w w w
26.
w www
The Printing Press
w www wwww
A) William Caxton B) Marvel C) Stephenson D) Jennings
27. Who wrote the play „Alchemist‟?
N t t
eeA) Thomas Kyd N eet t C) Ben Johnson .NN eD)et tRobert Greene
i .i . N
lala28. „Dry light is ever the sbest‟
B)
i .i . N
Marlowe
lal–athese lines occur in lala i i .
aassaa aa sa a a s
a a
s a aassa
a
PPa dd a d d a d d a dd
A) Of Revenge
ww .P.Pa B) Of Friendship w w.C)P.POfaStudies D) Of Adversity
w w.P.Pa
29. www
Faerie w is a/an
Queene wwww wwww
A) allegory B) ode C) sonnet D) elegy
30. “Was this the face that launched a thousand ships…?”
N e t
e t N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
lalai i. A) Rosalind
Here „the face‟ refers to .
lalai iof
the face. N of . i. N
laD)lai Duchess
aassaa aas
B)a
s a
Helen Troy C) a
Venus s
a a
s a of Vanholt aassa
PPaadd Paad d d d dd
31. Job‟s friends
ww .P.
are w w.P.Paa w w.P.Paa
wwwwLabar, Isaac
A) Jacob, wwAbraham,
wB) w Jacob, Lot wwww
C) Zophar, Eliphaz, Bildad D) Bildad, isaac, Jacob
32.et t“To fashion a gentleman or noble e t tperson in virtuous and gentleNdiscipline”e tt was the
N e N e e
s aal alai.i.N poet‟s invention whenshe a l
a alai.i.N
wrote
s a l
a alai.i.N ssa
ddaa s d daa s d a
d a s da
d a
a
PPa
A) The faerie a
Queene
Pa
.P.Sonnets
B) The Canterbury
.P.Pa a Tales a
.P.Pa
ww w w w w
wwww wwww wwww
C) Songs and D) Doctor Faustus
33. Norman conquest occurred in the year
A) 1066 A.D. B) 1066 B.C. C) 1660 A.D. D) 1150 A.D.
N eett N e tt
e N e tt
e
. N
i. – 06:
lalai 2005 .
lalai i. N .
lalai i. N
as
asaa a s
a a
s a a s
a a
sa a ssa
a
d
PPaad d d d d d d
34. .P.Pacharacter,
Job, the Biblical
ww
a lived in the land of .P
w w . Paa ww.P.Paa
wwww
A) Egypt B) Uz wwGalilea
wC) w D) Jordan wwww
85
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
s lala
a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
a
w
ww w wwww w
ww w
N ett
e Ne tt
e N e tt
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i. The scenic backgroundaofalaSpensor‟s
lalai 35. .
lai i. „Faerie Queene‟ is ssaalalai i. N
a s
a a
s a aass a a a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
A) Ireland Paa B) Scotland
P d
P.Paa
C) England d D) France d
P.Paa d
ww. . ww. w w .
36.
www “The virtue of Prosperity wiswwTemperance,
Whowsaid, w wwww is
the virtue of Adversity
Fortitude”?
A) John Bunyan B) Bacon C) Sydney D) Ben Johnson
N eet t N e t
e t N e et t
lalai. .
37.
i N Sydney‟s Apologie for Poetrie‟s
lalai .i . Nis considered to be
lalai .i . N
aassaa A) A Defence of a s
poetry
a a
s a B) An attack a
onassaa
poetry aassa
a
PPa dd a d d
ofapoetry a dd a dd
w w.P.P
C) An account
ww.P.Pa of poetry
D) A description
w .P.Pa
w
38. The w www in „The Canterbury Tales‟ met
pilgrims wwwatw wwww
A) Coffee Houses B) Theatre C) Tabard Inn D) Cathedral
39. t tThe expression “Hieronymo‟s madt again” t is from tt
.N Nee . N Ne e . N e
N e
ssaalalai i. A) The Spanish Tragedy s a
s a ai i.Doctor Faustus C) The Wasteland
lalB) ssaalalai i. D) Hamlet
ssa
ddaa 40. “A sound magician d a
disaa mighty god.” This line is fromdd a a d a
d a
PPaa A) Faeriew w.P.Paa
Queene w
B) Thew.P. Paa
Alchemist w .P.Paa
w
wwww to Canterbury Tales
C) Prologue www
wD) Dr. Faustus wwww
41. The Alchemist in Ben Johnson‟s play is
i .iN. eet tA) Sri Epicure Mammon i.iN.NeetB)t Face

N C) Subtle ee
i .iN. N
t t D)
a ss
a aalalaLovewit aass aalala a ss
a aalala ass
a a
ad
PPa d 2006 – 07: a dd a dd a dd
w w.P.Pa w.P.Pa
w w w.P.Pa
42. ww pilgrims set
Howww
many out on wwwwto the shrine of
pilgrimage St. Thomas wwww at
Becket
Canterbury?
A) 27 B) 28 C) 29 D) 30
N eet t N eet t N eett
.i.
lalai 43.N . N
lalai i. The Faerie Queene – Book . N
lai i. for
lastands
a s
a a
s a The character, Una,a s
in
a a
s a
Spenser‟s a s
a a
sIa a ssa
a
d
PPaa d dd
Paa B) Chastity d d d d
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w w . ww.P.Paa
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w .P.Paa
w
44. wwww“Prothalamion” is called wwww
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A) a spousal verse B) a bridal verse C) a spousal song D) a bridal song
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i. N
i. e
N e i .iN. e
N e t into England?
i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a A) Surrey B)
ssaalala
Wyatt C) Chaucer
s a
s lala
a D) Shakespeare
ssa
a ddaa 46. What, according to
a ddaa
Bacon, has “the shadow of a lie”?dda
a a a da
d a
PPa A) Truth ww .P.Pa B) Poesy ww.P.Pa
C) Fiction D) Imagination w .P.Pa
w
47. wwwwpersons, according to Bacon, w
Vindictive www
live the life of the wwww
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N t
48.eetWho of the following is not one e
N t t friends who argues with Job?
ofethe
N eett
. N
lalai i. A) Isaiah .
lalai i. N . i. N
laD)lai Bildad
aassaa a
B)a
ass a
Zophar C) Eliphaz
a s
a a
sa a ssa
a
PPaadd 49. “Was this theP dd
aathat launch‟d a thousand ships.P.Paa
face
P d d d
P.Paa d
w w. . ww ww.
wwwwthe topless towers of Illium?” ww
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ww wwww
86
i .iN. eet t
N i.iN. eet t
N i .N
i .Neet t
ssaalala sa
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a ssalala
a ssa
a
aadda a
aadda a
aadda aaddaa
PPa ww.P.P
a
. Pa
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w
ww w wwww w
ww w
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. N
lalai i. Whose face is referredssto .
alai i.
lhere? N .
lalai i. N
a s
a a
s a aa aa a s
a a
s a a ssa
a
d
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P dd B) Helen of Troy d
P.Paa d d
P.Paa d
w w. . ww. w .
w
wwww
C) Calpurnia wwww
D) the Paramour of Alexander the Great wwww
50. Thomas Kyd‟s The Spanish Tragedy was modelled on
A) the Senecan tragedy B) the Greek tragedy
N e t
e t N eet t N eet t
i. i. N C) the Shakespearean tragedy
lala51. Which of the following i
lanot.i . N D) the Classical tragedy
la one of the four „humours‟? ssaalala i .i . N
aassaa aassaa
is aa aassa
a
PPadd a dd
Pa B) Melancholic aadd a dd
A) Sanguine.P
w w . w w.C)P.PPhlegmatic D) Chloric
ww.P.Pa
52. Whomwww www philosopher”?
w Philip Sidney call “the rightwpopular
does wwww
A) The tragedian B) The comedian C) The poet D) The
N tt
sonneteer
e e N eett N e tt
e
. N
i. George Herbert‟s use ofa„pulley‟
lalai 53. . N
lalai i. is .
lalai i. N
s aa s a s a a a
ddaa
PPaa
s A) Metonymy dd a s
aB)Simile C) Metaphor s
aaMetaphosical conceit
ddD) ddaass
ww.P.Paa w .P.Paa
w w .P.Paa
w
ww wwww wwww
2011 – 12:ww
54. Two of the stories in The Canterbury Tales are in prose. They are
i .iN. eet tA) Melibeus Tale and The Parson's

N i .iN. eet Tale
N t
i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a a
B) Second Nun's Talesand
s lacanon's
a la Yeoman's Tale ssaalala ssa
ad a
d a a d a
da a ddaa a ddaa
PPa C)
ww.P.Pa
Manciple's Tale and Parson's Tale
w.P.Pa
w w .P.Pa
w
wwwwPriest Tale and Monk's Tale wwww
D) Nun's wwww
55. …………… ninety-six love poems appeared posthumously in a compendium called
"Tottel's Miscellany".
N e t
e t N e tt
e N e t tWyatt's
e
. i.
lalai 56. N A) Spenser's B) .
Chaucer's N
lalaitoi. be a story with ………….
C) Sidney's
laWho . N
lai i. undertake various
D)
a s
a a
s a Faerie Queene is s
set
a a a
s a
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d
PPaa d d d dd dd
w w.P.Paa
enterprises inher honour.
ww.P.Paa ww.P.Paa
wwww Knights of Mary
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wB) w Knights of Elizabeth wwww
C) Twelve Knights of Matilda D) Twelve Knights of Victoria.
57. t tA 'spousal ode' privately printed int 1596
i. N
i. e
N e i .iN. e
N e t is
i .iN. eet t
N
s a
s lala
a A) Astrophel B)
s a
s lala
Epithalamion
a C) Prothalamion
ssaalala
D) Amoretti
ssa
a ddaa 58. Marlowe throughdd
a a a
Doctor Faustus gives an old …………
a ddaa a glowing Renaissance dd
a a a
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wwww legend
A) Mesolithic wwww tale
B) Neolithic wwww
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e
. N
lalai i. A) three daughters andssathree . i.
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i. sons
lalai seven
aassaa a a a B) seven daughters
aasa
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and
a ssa
a
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PPa ww.P.

N t t Hospital, The South Sea House,

. eet t - MODERN LITERATURE

N et t INDIAN WRITING INNENGLISH

i .iN. eet t Characteristics of Oldi.and

N et t – The Nature and Scope

i.i. eet t Period:

Neet t2. Parliament of Fowls (Bird) N e tt

N e t tThe Canterbury Tales is a collection

N t t are narrated by the Pilgrims who

N e t tThe source of Canterbury Tales

N e t tHis garment is embroidered.

N t t was seen on her napkin, when

N t t Augustine. (Austyn). The monk

N t t he would get something fromt her.

N t t of every sickness, whenNit eoriginates

N t t She had been to Rome, Boulogue,

N t twhat will. The iron do? - If the

N t tsave her land and her parents

N t t is escaping from the HouseNof

N et t with the blood of Martinis.

N eet t speaks about charity. contemplation

N t t first day, Red Cross KnightNinjures

N e t twhom he addressed a sonnetNsequence

N e t tSpenser happens to …….. Ntheeetnymphs,

N et t celebrates his own wedding

N e t tStanza takes his bride and N

N e t tStanza requests Juno, wife ofNJove

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N eet tthe marriage between HenryNVIII e t t and Catherine of Aragon,N(Henry

N e t tdeath. He died at the age ofN39eein

i .iN. eet tThe Trojan war took for 10i.iN.years.

i et t friend, Martial and tells him

N et t Tetrameter and Iambicktrimeter

N eet tSir Patrick spens Ballad is N ett

N eet t He died in 1601.

N et t and fight with him. Robinhood

e tOft Ambition, Of studies„areNthe

i . N eet tbelow: but no pleasure is comparable

i .iN. eet t because in a great town friends

N e t t when he commanded Rome,Nraised

i .iN. eet tthe sun rising, than the sun setting.

i .iN. N et t his tormentor. The parable

i .iN. N et t to make this second fruiti.iof

i . N eet int some other kind; and so cure

N t tbounded in by experience. Crafty

e t t a ready man; and writingNaneetexact

i. N eet t Sidney implies a theoryiof

N eet t the man, is apparent everywhere

N eet t truths are ideal and universal.

N eet t it is people who abuses poetry,

N t t creates his own world where

N t t he will curse you to yourNface.

N t t with four generations. Then

N e t t9. Lucifer - Satan‟s II commander

N eet t17. Bruno - The enemy ofNPope eet t N eet t

i .iN. eet tsexual writings.

N ee t tHe died at the age of 35 in 15th August

N e t tThe Spanish Tragedy is otherwise

N t t and Lorenzo keep the N

 In alchemist Ben Jonson makes an elaborate stuidy of human gullibility.

l NNeet t was the work of Plautus..NNeet t

N eet t3. Dolf common - N e tt

N e t tSomebody knocks the door.NDapper