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 MATHEMATICS
Notes Differential Equation 1
Differential Equations
DE is an equation containing Review Questions
at least one derivative.
Q-1. Determine the order and degree
Examples: of the DE

A. fourth order, first degree

B. Third order, first degree
C. First order, fourth degree
D. First order, third degree

Types of Differential Equations Q-2. Which of the following is an ex-

(DE): act DE?
A. Ordinary DE
An equation containing only
one independent variable, thus having
only ordinary derivatives in the equa-
tion.

B. Partial DE
An equation containing two Q-3. Which of the following is a varia-
or more independent variables, thus ble separable DE?
having partial derivatives in the equa-
tion.

Order of a DE
The order of a DE is the order
of the highest ordered derivative
which appears in the equation.

Degree of a DE
The degree of a DE is the
degree (exponent) of the highest or-
dered derivative which appears in the
equation.
 MATHEMATICS
2 Differential Equation Notes
Types of solutions of a DE: Test for exactness:
1. General solution əM = əN
The solution has at least one əy əx
arbitrary constant.
Review Questions
Example:
x^3 - 3y = c Q-4. The equation y^2 = cx is the
Where: c = arbitrary constant genetal solution of:
A. y’ = 2y/x C. y’ = y/2x
2. Particular solution B. y’ = 2x/y D. y’ = x/2y
The solution has no arbitrary
constant. Q-5. Find the general solution of y’ =
y sec x.
Example: A. y = C(sec x + tan x)
2xy + y^2 = 0 B. y = C(sec x - tan x)
C. y = C(sec x * tan x)
Solutions to first order of DE: D. y = C(sec ^2 x *tan x)
A. Variable separable type
Standard form: Q-6. What is the differential equations
P(x)dx + Q(y)dy = 0 of the family of lines passing through
General Solution: the origin.
ʃP(x)dx + ʃQ(y)dy = C A. ydx - xdy = 0
B. xdy - ydx = 0
B. Homogeneous type C. xdx + ydy = 0
Standard form: D. ydx + xdy = 0
M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0
General Solution: Q-7. Radium decomposes at a rate
Substitute y=vx or x=vy and proportional to the amount at any in-
the resulting DE becomes variable stant. In 100 years, 100 mg of radium
separable type decomposes to 96 mg. How many mg
will be left after 100 years?
C. Exact type A. 88.60 C. 92.16
Standard form B. 95.32 D. 90.72
M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0
General solution:
F(x,y) = C
Where: F(x,y) = ʃM(x,y)əx + k1
F(x,y) = ʃN(x,y)əy + k2
 MATHEMATICS
Notes Differential Equation 3
D. Linear type
Standard form: Review Questions
dy/dx + yP(x) = Q(x)
General solution: Q-8. The population of a country dou-
y(i.f) = ʃQ(x)(i.f.)dx + C bles in 50 years. How many years will
it be five times as much? Assume that
Where: i.f. = integrating factor the rate of increase is proportional to
= e^(ʃP(x)dx the number of inhabitants.
A. 100 years C. 120 years
E. Bernoulli’s equation type B. 116 years D. 98 years
Standard form:
dy/dx + yP(x) = y^n * Q(x) Q-9. Find the equation of the family of
General solution: orthogonal trajectories of the system
of parabolas y^2 = 2x + C.
A. y = Ce^-x
B. y = Ce^2x
C. y = Ce^x
Applications of first order DE D. y = Ce^-2x
A. Population growth problems
Q-10. According to Newton’s law of
dP/dt = kP cooling, the rate at which a substance
Where: cools in air is directly proportional to
dP/dt = rate of change of the popula- the difference between the temperature
tion of the substance and that of air. If the
P = number of inhabitants at any time t temperature of the air is 30◦ and the
k = constant of proportionality substance cools from 100◦ to 70◦ in 15
minutes, how long will it take to cool
B. Decay Problems 100◦ to 50◦?
A. 33.59 min
dQ/dt = kQ B. 43.60 min
Where: C. 35.39 min
dQ/dt = rate of change of the sub- D. 45.30 min
stance
Q= amount of the substance present at
any time t
k=constant of proportionality
 MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS
4 Differential Equation Differential Equation 5
C. Continuous compound interest G. Geometrical problems
problems Review Questions (Orthogonal trajectory) Review Questions
A curve which intersects all
dP/dt = rP Q-11. In a tank are 100 liters of brine curves of a given family at the same Q-14. Determine the differential equa-
where: containing 50 kg total dissolved salt. angles is referred to as a trajectory; if tion of the family of circles with cen-
dP/dt = rate of change of the account Pure water is allowed to run into the the intersection is at right angle, the ter on the y-axis.
P = money present in the account at tank at the rate of 3 liters a minute. curve is called orthogonal trajectory. A. (y”)^3 - xy” + y’ = 0
any time t Brine runs out of the tank at the rate of B. y” - xyy’ = 0
r = nominal rate of interest per year 2 liters a minute. The instantaneous C. xy” - (y’)^3 - y’ = 0
concentration in the tank is kept uni- D. (y’)^3 + (y”)^2 + xy = 0
D. Flow problems form by stirring. How much salt is in
the tank at the end of one hour? where: Q-15. What is the differential equation
dQ/dt = rate of gain - rate of loss A. 15.45 kg C. 12.62 kg (dy/dx)t = slope of the orthogonal of the family of parabolas having their
where: B. 19.53 kg D. 20.62 kg trajectory vertices at the origin and their foci in
Q = concentration of the mixture at the x-axis.
any time t Q-12. If the nominal interest rate is (dy/dx)g = slope of the given family of A. 2xdy - ydx = 0
dQ/dt = rate of change of the concen- 3%, how much is P 5 000 worth in 10 curves B. xdy + ydx = 0
tration of the mixture years in a continuously compounded C. 2ydx - xdy = 0
account? (dx/dy)g = 1 / (dy/dx)g D. dy/dx - x = 0
E. Cooling and Heating problems A. P 5750 C. P 7500
Cooling process B. P 6750 D. P 6350
dT/dt = k(T-ts)
Heating process Q-13. An object falls from rest in a
dT/dt = k(ts - T) medium offering a resistance. The
where: velocity of the object before the object
dT/dt = rate of change of the body reaches the ground is given by the
temperature differential equation dV/dt + V/10 =
T = temperature of the body at any 32 ft/sec. What is the velocity of the
time t object one second after it falls?
ts = surrounding temperature A. 40.54 C. 30.45
B. 38.65 D. 34.12
F. Newton’s second law of motion

F = mdV/dt
where:
F = force
m = mass of the body
dV/dt = rate of change of velocity