Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CIVIL0003
PROJECT 1 Date: 22-03-2018
Sir. Sachin kuckian
PROPOSAL FORM
Module PROJECT1
Abstract/Summary:
Nowadays, Interlock Concrete Block Pavement (ICBP) has gained much popularity as it
has been used in many countries. Moreover, some countries are using ICBP as an alternative to
the asphalt pavement or even concrete. But, mostly it’s used for footpaths, parking areas, and
gardens, etc. as it’s easy to lay with a good appearance and finish. ICBP is nowadays used in
many construction works scarcity of raw materials is one of the main problems encountered by
these companies.
The companies which produce interlock blocks noticed that there’s a sharp rise in its production
within the last few years. The problems faced by these companies are not being supplied with the
raw materials. But, the main issue is the rise of the material’s cost which results in the increase of
the production cost. Overall, there are four existing cement production companies in Oman, such
as Oman cement company, Al Tasnim Ent., Al Rajhi and Al Assarain.
This project aims to reduce the cost of (ICBP) by replacing the cement with cement kiln dust
(CKD) partially. All in all, CKD is simply a large quantity of solid waste produced in Oman
cement factories during the industrialization of Portland cement (OPC). Furthermore, the
replacement of OPC with CKD are beneficial from the environmental and economical aspects. In
addition, different percentages of CKD are going to be mixed with (OPC) (10%, 20%, 30% and
40%) in order to represent the compressive strength of the ICBP with cost efficiency.
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As said, Interlock paver tiles or blocks are defined as the mixture of cement, coarse and fine
aggregate and water. They are being used for different purposes such as the road side footpath as
well as the roads in different countries and additionally for decorative purposes in construction
bases.
Cement kiln dust (CKD), is a waste or the by-product obtained from the manufacturing process
of cement. It has similar properties of cement. As per research, the Oman cement companies
release the waste CKD approximately 20,000 tons per annum. This waste is sometimes recycled
by certain processes or dumped in landfills and also in research stage for using it economically in
beneficial or sustainable manner for the environment.
By following the safety aspects and sustainable properties for the project, we have planned to
make cost efficient interlock tiles by reducing the cement percentage normally used in
preparation of this tiles by mixing CKD in a certain ratio to maintain the standards of the tile
with similar strength by performing experiments in the laboratory.
Nahla and Aseel (2010) showed the effect of the replacement of the CKD on the properties of
concrete. It was reported that by increasing the amount of CKD, the compressive and the tensile
strength slightly decreases.
Hassan (2003) shows the results of partial replacement of cement with CKD in mortar &
concrete. The partial replacement of CKD, ranged from 5%-30% by weight. He claims that
initial setting time of concrete or mortar is decreased with increasing CKD rate due to high
amount of lime & alkalis. Therefore, at the end the study concludes that 15% of CKD has better
behavior in maintaining the tensile strength of mortars at 7, 28 days.
Rahman et al (2011), claim that CKD is potentially useful in stabilization of different types of
soils. Therefore, CKD with high free lime and low alkalis in compact soil increased the
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compressive strength up to 80% was observed when 50% of CKD is mixed with normal weight
aggregate, light weight pozzollanic aggregate and cement to make a concrete block.
Salah Farhan (2011) examined the influence of Cement kiln dust partially replaced with ordinary
and white Portland cement for making mortar, for environmental and economical benefits. It
claims that increase of CKD up to 10% decreases initial and final setting time and also its
strength.
Kumar et al (2016) researched about high quality road pavement tiles, by using crushed steel as
coarse material and fly ash as cement material. Results were obtained as increase in strength by
partial replacement of cement by fly ash and coarse material.
Vennila et al (2017) prepared low cost concrete, by using waste broken tiles and acacia nilotica
ash from karuvelammaram a town, which reduces use of cement. Even the emission of
greenhouse gas is reduced. The study indicates that using waste tiles reduces environmental
pollution.
Al-Harthy (2003), investigated that the replacement of cement with (CKD) partially, wouldn’t
affect negatively on the strength properties of concrete of the mortar samples if it’s used within
low proportions.
Taffur (n.d), the importance of interlock pavement in Ghana is explained with the industrial
conditions of producing Interlocks. Also mentioned the areas where it's used most and also the
least in Ghana. The importance of interlock blocks strength to be maintained for long life span
and manufacturing of blocks is also determined. Product quality specifications are also drowned
down.
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Objectives
To compare the compressive strength of ordinary interlock tile with the new one.
To study the aspects of interlock tiles after partial replacement of cement with CKD by
experimental procedures.
To find the cost analysis of the normal and CKD based interlock tiles.
Project Outcomes
Reduce the cost-efficient of interlock tiles by partially replacing cement with cement kiln dust
(CKD).
Stabilize the quality of interlock tile after adding the cement kiln dust (CKD) by partially
replacing cement.
Promote sustainability by using the cement kiln dust (CKD) in the manufacture of interlock tiles.
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Interlock tiles are one of the most prominent modern building techniques, characterized by a
wide variety of geometrical shapes and colors, giving a greater chance of creative design. The
qualities of interlock tiles are very resistant to corrosion (less than0.5mm) and low water
absorption (less than 4%). To the above mentioned benefits, make Interlock tiles very suitable
for large projects such as; Airports, fuel stations, resorts and tourist villages. Moreover, Ordinary
people are the primary beneficiaries of this project. People always paint their dream home in
their imaginations and now it has become possible to achieve part of their ambitions by using the
Interlock tiles, people can combine different shapes and colors according to their wishes. In
addition, it is very easy to remove the Interlock tiles when it is necessary to drill down and then
re-install them without any damage or break. But because of its high cost, Interlock tiles cannot
be used by many people. So, reducing the price of Interlock tiles will benefit many people and it
is for this reason that we chose this project. In addition, cement kiln dust (CKD) is the waste
generate from the manufacture of cement. So, by using it the environment would be protected
from air pollution and the recycling process of cement waste would be improved by using this
dust in a useful way in interlocks tiles. The contribute of this study would be to reduce the
pollution and volume of landfills in Oman by demonstrating the feasibility of using CKD.
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Why are Interlock tiles classified as one of the most important modern construction
techniques?
What are the effects of the cement kiln dust produced as a by-product during the
manufacture of cement in the environment?
What is the ratio of cement kiln dust that can be used to maintain the strength of interlock
tiles?
Will it be suitable to use the new CKD mix interlock tiles/blocks in Oman?
Primary Secondary
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TITLE PAGE:
INTRODUCTION:
BACKGROUND OF PROJECT:
STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS:
LITERATURE REVIEW:
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Gantt chart
ACTIVITIES WEEKS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Searching for information
sources such as: (Journals,
Interviews, case studies)
Finding materials that is
required (CKD, lab)
Writing &submitting proposal
Writing the abstract
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Preparing interlocks
Testing interlocks
Writing results &discussion
Preparing conclusion
Checking grammar and format
Submitting first draft
Submitting final report project
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References
Al Harthy, Ramzi T., Faisal A. M. (2003), ‘Effect of cement kiln dust (CKD) on mortar
and concrete mixtures’. Construction and building materials [online] 17(5), 353-360
available from < https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061802001204>
[23 March 2018]
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Kumar A. M., Varun K., Swabhav S. T., Yogesh K., Tapesh J. (2016) ‘A research paper
on use of waste material in interlock tiles to improve its quality’. SSRG International
journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) [online] 3(5), 60-63 available from
<http://www.sphinxsai.com/2017/ch_vol10_no8/2/(355-358)V10N8CT.pdf> [24 March
2018]
Y. A. Tuffour (n. d) ‘The manufacture and use of interlocking concrete paving blocks in
Ghana’, 65-72 available from <http://www.sept.org/techpapers/685.pdf> [23 March
2018]
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