Beton Prategang

Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design Part I: Introduction
Basic Principles
Emphasizing AASHTO LRFD Procedures
Reinforced vs. Prestressed Concrete

Praveen Chompreda, Ph. D. Principle of Prestressing
H
HistoricallPPerspective
EGCE 406 Bridge Design Applications
MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY Classifications and Types
RC vs. PC vs. PPC
2010
Design Codes
Stages of Loading
© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 1 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 2
Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete

Cracking moment of an RC beam is much lower than the service moment
 Recall that in Reinforced Concrete…

 Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension
 Steel is strong in tension (as well as compression)
 Reinforced concrete uses concrete to resist compression and to hold
the steel bars in place, and uses steel to resist all of the tension
 Tensile strength of concrete is neglected (i.e. assumed zero)
 An RC beam always crack under the service load
© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 3 Source: MacGregor and Wight (2005). © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 4
Principle of Prestressing Principle of Prestressing
 Prestressing is a method in which compression force is applied to the  Stress in concrete section when the prestressing force is applied at the c.g.
reinforced concrete section. of the section (simplest case)
 The effect of prestressing is to reduce the tensile stress in the section to
the point that the tensile stress is below the cracking stress. Thus, the
concretet does
d nott crack!
k!
 It is then possible to treat prestressed concrete as an elastic material
 The concrete can be visualized to have 2 force systems
 Internal Prestressing Forces
 External Forces ((from DL,, LL,, etc…))
 These 2 force systems must counteract each other
Principle of Prestressing Historical Perspective
 Stress in concrete section when the prestressing force is applied  The concept of prestressing was invented centuries
eccentrically with respect to the c.g. of the section (typical case) ago when metal bands were wound around wooden
pieces ((staves)) to fform a barrel.
b l
Smaller Compression
c.g.
+ + =
e0 Source: Wikipedia (2006)
 The metal bands were

S ll Compression
Small C i
F/A Fe0y/I MDLy/I MLLy/I tighten under tensile stress,
which creates compression
Cross- Prestressing Stress Stress Stress
SSection
i F
Force ffrom DL ffrom LL Resultant
R l
between the staves –
allowing them to resist
internal liquid pressure
Source: Naaman (2004)

Historical Perspective Historical Perspective
 Eugene Freyssinet (1879-1962)
(1879 1962) was the first to propose
that we should use very high strength steel which
permit high elongation of steel. The high steel
elongation would not be entirely offset by the
Source: Naaman (2004) shortening of concrete (prestress loss) due to creep
and shrinkage.
shrinkage
 The concept of prestressed concrete is also not new. In 1886, a patent was Source: Wikipedia (2006)
granted for tightening steel tie rods in concrete blocks. This is analogous to  First prestressed concrete bridge
modern day segmental constructions. in 1941 in France
 First prestressed concrete bridge
 Early
E l attempts
tt t were nott very successful
f l due
d tot the
th low
l strength
t th off steel
t l att in US: Walnut Lane Bridge in
that time. Since we cannot prestress at high stress level, the prestress Pennsylvania. Built in 1949. 47
losses due to creep and shrinkage of concrete quickly reduce the meter span.
effectiveness of prestressing.
Applications of Prestressed Concrete Classifications and Types
 Bridges  Pretensioning v.s. Posttensioning

 Slabs in buildings
g  External v.s.
v s Internal
 Water Tank
 Linear v.s. Circular
 Concrete Pile
 Thin Shell Structures  End-Anchored v.s. Non End-Anchored
 Offshore Platform  Bonded v.s. Unbonded Tendon
 Nuclear Power Plant  Precast v.s. Cast-In-Place v.s. Composite
 Repair and Rehabilitations  Partial v.s. Full Prestressing
Source: Wikipedia (2006)

Classifications and Types Classifications and Types
 Pretensioning vs.
vs Posttensioning
 In Pretension, the tendons are tensioned against some abutments before
the concrete is pplace. After the concrete hardened,, the tension force is
released. The tendon tries to shrink back to the initial length but the
concrete resists it through the bond between them, thus, compression
f
force iis iinduced
d d iin concrete. P
Pretension
i iis usually
ll done
d with
i h precast
members.
Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete

Casting Factory
Concrete
Mixer
Source: Naaman (2004) © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 13 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 14
 In Posttension, the tendons are tensioned after the concrete has Precast Segmental
hardened. Commonly, metal or plastic ducts are placed inside the Girder to be
Posttensioned In
concrete before casting. After the concrete hardened and had enough
Place
strength, the tendon was placed inside the duct, stressed, and anchored
against concrete.
concrete Grout may be injected into the duct later.
later This can be
done either as precast or cast-in-place.

 E
External
l vs. IInternall Prestressing
P i
 Prestressing may be done inside or outside  End-Anchored vs. Non-End-Anchored tendons
In Pretensioning, tendons transfer the prestress through the bond
 Li
Linear vs. Ci
Circular
l P Prestressing
i 
actions along the tendon; therefore, it is non-end-anchored

 Prestressing can be done in a straight structure such as beams (linear
prestressing) or around a circular structures, such as tank or silo  In Posttensioning, tendons are anchored at their ends using mechanical
(circular prestressing) devices to transfer the prestress to concrete; therefore, it is end-
anchored. (Grouting or not is irrelevant)
 Bonded vs. Unbonded Tendon
 The tendon may be bonded to concrete (pretensioning or posttensioning
with grouting) or unbonded (posttensioning without grouting). Bonding
helps prevent corrosion of tendon.
tendon Unbonding allows readjustment of
prestressing force at later times.
Classifications and Types RC vs. PPC vs. PC
 Partial vs. Full Prestressing

 Prestressing tendon may be used in combination with regular
reinforcing steel. Thus, it is something between full prestressed
concrete (PC) and reinforced concrete (RC). The goal is to allow
some tension and cracking under full service load while ensuring
sufficient ultimate strength.
 We sometimes use partially prestressed concrete (PPC) to control
camber and deflection, increase ductility, and save costs.

RC vs. PPC vs. PC RC vs. PPC vs. PC
Source: Naaman (2004) © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 21 Source: Naaman (2004) © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 22
Advantages of PC over RC Design Codes for PC

 Take full advantages of high strength concrete and high
strength steel  ACI-318 Building Code
 Need less materials ((Chapter
p 18))
 Smaller and lighter structure
 No cracks
 Use the entire section to resist the load
 Better corrosion resistance  AASHTO LRFD
 G d fforr water
Good ater tanks and nuclear
n clear plant
lant (Chapter 5)
 Very effective for deflection control
 B tt shear
Better h resistance
it
 Other related institutions
 PCI – Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
 PTI – Post-Tensioning Institute

Design Principles Stages of Loading
 In RC, we primarily design the member for either service limit  Unlike RC where we primarily consider the capacity of the structure at
states (Working stress design method), or ultimate limit one stage (i.e. during service), we must consider multiple stages of
construction in Prestressed Concrete
states (Ultimate strength design).
 The stresses in the concrete section must remain below the maximum
 In PC,
PC both service limit states and ultimate limit states must li it att allll ti
limit times!!!
!!!
be checked.
 In service limit states,
states section must have stresses below the allowable
stress limits
 In ultimate limit states, the moment and shear capacity
p y must be greater
g
than the ultimate (factored) loads.
Stages of Loading
 Typical stages of loading considered
Part II: Materials and
Initial ((Immediatelyy Transportation/
p Service Hardwares for Prestressingg
after Prestress Erection • Prestress loss has
Transfer) • Partial loss of fully occurred
• Full prestress force prestress force • DL+SDL
DL SDL +LL LL
• May or may not • DL Concrete
include DL • Different support
pp Prestressing Steel
(depending on conditions during
construction type) erection from Prestressing Hardwares
service

Concrete Concrete: Compressive Strength
 Mechanical properties of  AASHTO LRFD

concrete that are relevant
to the prestressed concrete  For prestressed concrete, f’c at
design
g includes: y should be 28-70 MPa
28 days
 Compressive Strength (f’c )  For reinforced concrete, f’c at 28
 Modulus of Elasticityy (E
( c) y should be 16-70 MPa
days
 Modulus of Rupture (fr)  Concrete with f’c > 70 MPa can
be used only when supported by
test data
Concrete: Modulus of Elasticity Concrete: Modulus of Rupture

 Modulus of elasticity can be
 Indicates the tensile capacity of
obtained directly from test or
concrete under bendingg
estimated
ti t d ffrom compressive i
strength (AASHTO secion 5.4.2.4)  Tested simply-supported concrete
p
beam under 4-point bendingg
 Ec = 0.043γ
0 043γc1.5
1 5(f
(f’c)0.5
0 5 MPa
configuration
 γc in kg/m3
 fr = My/I = PL/bd2
 ff’c in MPa
 Modulus of rupture can also be
 For normal weight concrete, we
estimated from compressive
can use a simplified equation
strength (AASHTO section 5.4.2.6)
Ec =4800(f’c )0.5 MPa
 fr = 0.63 (f’c)0.5 MPa

Concrete : Summary of Properties Prestressing Tendons
 Prestressing tendon may be in the form of strands, wires,

round bar, or threaded rods
 Materials
 High Strength Steel
 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites (glass or carbon fibers)
33 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 34
Tendons Prestressing Steel
 Common shapes
of prestressing
tendons
Most Popular 
((7-wire Strand))
Source: Naaman ((2004))
Source: Naaman (2004) © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 35 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 36

Prestressing Strands Prestressing Strands
 Prestressing strands have two grades

 Grade 250 (fpu = 250 ksi or 1725 MPa)
 Grade 270 (fpu = 270 ksi or 1860 MPa)
 Types of strands
 Stressed Relieved Strand
 Low Relaxation Strand (lower prestress loss due to relaxation of
strand)
Source: AASHTO (2000)
Prestressing Strands Prestressing Strands

 Modulus of Elasticity
 197000 MPa for Strands
 207000 MPa for Bars
 The modulus of
elasticity of strand is
lower than that of
steel bar because
strand is made from
twisting of small wires
g
together.

Hardwares & Prestressing Equipments Pretensioned Beams
 Pretensioned Members
 Hold-Down
Hold Down Devices
 Posttensioned Members
 Anchorages
 Stressing Anchorage
 Dead-End Anchorageg
 Ducts
 Posttensioningg Procedures

Pretensioning Hardwares Posttensioned Beams
 Hold-Down Devices for

Pretensioned Beams
Source: VSL (2006)
 Posttension Hardwares
 Stressing
St i A Anchorage
h
 Dead-End Anchorage
 Duct/ Grout Tube
Source: Naaman (2004) Source: Naaman ((2004))

Posttensioning Hardwares - Anchorages Posttensioning Hardwares - Anchorages
Source: VSL (2006)

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda Source: VSL (2006)
Posttensioning Hardwares - Anchorages Posttensioning Hardwares - Ducts
Source: VSL (2006)
Source: VSL (2006)

Posttensioning Procedures Posttensioning Procedures
Grouting is optional
((depends
p on the system
y used))
Source: VSL (2006) Source: VSL (2006)
Prestress Losses
 Prestress force at any time is less than that during jacking
Part III: Prestress Losses  Sources of Prestress Loss
Creep of
Anchorage
Concrete
Set ((AS))
(CR)
Shrinkage
Friction
of Concrete
(FR)
(SH)
Sources of Prestress Losses
L
Lump Sum
S Estimation
E i i off P
Prestress Loss
L
Elastic Prestress Prestress
Shortening Relaxation
(ES) L
Loss (RE)

Prestress Losses Prestress Losses
 Sources of Prestress Loss  Sources of Prestress Loss (cont.)
 Friction : Friction in the duct of posttensioning system causes stress at
the
h far
f end d to be
b less
l than
h that
h at the
h jacking
j ki end. d Thus,
Th theh average
 Elastic Shortening : Caused stress over the entire tendon is less than the jacking stress
byy concrete shorteningg
when the prestressing force
is applied. The tendon
attached
tt h d to
t it also
l shorten,
h t
causing a stress loss
Source: VSL ((2006))
 Anchorage
g Set : The wedge g in the
anchorage may set in slightly to lock
the tendon, causing a loss of stress
Prestress Losses Prestress Losses

 Sources of Prestress Loss (cont.)  Sources of
 Shrinkage g : Concrete shrinks Prestress Loss
over time due to the loss of
water, leading to stress loss (cont.)
on attached
tt h d tendons
t d  Steell R
St Relaxation
l ti :
 Creep : Concrete shortens Steel loss its stress
over time under compressive with time due to
stress, leading to stress loss
constant
on attached tendons
elongation the
elongation,
larger the stress,
the larger the loss.
loss

Time Line of Prestress Loss Prestress Loss – By Types
Posttensioning
SH
FR CR
AS RE
ES Pretensioned Posttensioned
Jacking Initial Effective
Instantaneous Elastic Shortening Friction
fpjj fpii fpe Anchorage Set
Elastic Shortening
Pretensioning SH Time-Dependent
Time Dependent Shrinkage (Concrete) Shrinkage (Concrete)
(AS CR Creep (Concrete) Creep (Concrete)
RE Relaxation ((Steel)) Relaxation ((Steel))
Jacking RE) ES
(against Release Initial Effective
abutment) (cutting
strands)) fpi fpe
fpj
Instantaneous Losses Time-Dependent Losses

Prestress Loss - Pretensioned Prestress Loss - Posttensioned
Source: Naaman (2004) © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 59 Source: Naaman (2004) © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 60
Lump Sum Prestress Loss Lump Sum Prestress Loss
 A E.
A. E Naaman Method – not including FR
FR, AS
 Pretress losses can be very complicate to estimate since it  Start with 240 MPa for Pretensioned Normal Weight Concrete with Low
depends on so many factors Relaxation Strand
 In typical constructions, a lump sum estimation of prestress loss  Add 35 MPa for Stress-Relieved Strand or for Lightweight Concrete
may be accurate enough.
enough This may be expressed in terms of:  Deduct 35 MPa for Posttension
 Total stress loss (in unit of stress)
Prestress Loss (fpi-fpe) (MPa)
 Percentage of initial prestress Types of
Types of Concrete Stress-Relieved Low Relaxation
Prestress
 Some common methods Strand Strand
 Naaman P
Pretensioned
d Normall Weight
N W h Concrete
C 275 240
 ACI-ASCE Lightweight Concrete 310 275
 T Y Lin
T.Y.
Posttensioned Normal Weight Concrete 240 205
Lightweight Concrete 275 240

 ACI-ASCE Committee Method (Zia et al. 1979)  T.Y. Lin & N. H. Burns Method
 This is the Maximum Loss that you may assume S
Sources off Loss
L P
Percentage off Loss
L (%)
Pretensioned Posttensioned
Maximum Prestress Loss Elastic Shortening (ES) 4 1
Types of (fpi-fpe) (MPa) Creep of Concrete (CR) 6 5
Types
yp of Concrete
Prestress
P Stress-Relieved Low Relaxation Shrinkage of Concrete (SR) 7 6
Strand Strand
Steel Relaxation (R2) 8 8
P t i
Pretensioned
d Normall Weight
N W i ht Concrete
C t 345 276
Total 25 20
Lightweight Concrete 380 311
Source: Lin and Burns (1981)
Note: Pretension has larger losses because prestressing is usually done when
concrete is about 1-2 days old; while posttensioning is done at much later time
when concrete is stronger.
 AASHTO LRFD (for CR,
CR SR,
SR R2) (5.9.5.3)
(5 9 5 3)
 AASHTO LRFD (Cont.)
 Partial Prestressing Ratio (PPR) is calculated as:
Aps fpy
PPR 
Aps fpy  As fy
 PPR = 1.0 for Prestressed Concrete
 PPR = 0.0 for Reinforced Concrete
 Elastic Shortening Loss (∆fpES) is calculated as:
E ps E ps  Fi Fi e02 MG e0 
fpES  fcgp,Fi G     
Eci Eci  A c I I 
Stress of concrete at the c.g. of tendon due to prestressing force and dead load

Part IV: Allowable Stress Basics

Design
g
Stress Inequality Equation Sign Convention

Allowable Stress in Concrete Concrete Section Properties
Allowable Stress in Prestressing Steel Overview of Design Procedures
Feasible Domain Method
Envelope and Tendon Profile

Basics: Sign Convention Basics: Section Properties
Concrete Cross- c.g.
g off Prestressingg Tendon
In this class, the following convention is used: Sectiona Area: Ac Area: Aps

 I
 Tensile Stress in concrete is negative (-)
 Compressive
C i Stress
S in
i concrete is
i positive
i i ((+))  Kt
 Positive Moment: yt
((abs)) e ((-))
 Kb
kt (-)
 Zt
Center of Gravity of
 P i i Sh
Positive Shear:
h
(abs)
Concrete Section  Zb
kb (+) (c.g.c)
e (+)
yb
(abs)
 IIn some books,

b k the h sign
i conventioni for
f stress may beb opposite
i so you
need to reverse the signs in some formula!!!!!!!!! c.g. of Prestressing Tendon
Area: Aps
Basics: Section Properties Basics: Section Properties

 Moment of Inertia,, I  Moment of Inertia for typical sections
I   y 2dA

 Rectangular section about c.g. Ixx = 1/12×bh3

 Ix’x’ = Ixx + Ad2
 yt and yb are distance from the c.g. of section to top and
bottom fibers
fibers, respectively
 Sectional modulus, Z (or S)
 Zt = I/yt
 Zb = I/yb

Source: Naaman (2004) Source: Naaman (2004)


 Kern of the section, k, is the distance from c.g.
g where compression
p force
will not cause any tension in the section
Consider Top Fiber Consider Bottom Fiber

(Get Bottom Kern
Kern, kb) (Get Top Kern,
Kern kt)
F Fe0 y t F Fe0 y b
0  0 
Ac I Ac I
I I
e0   kb e0    kt
Ac y t Ac y b
N Top
Note: T kern
k hash negative
i value
l
Source: Nawy (2000)

Basics: Depths General Design Procedures
 Definitions of depths used
Check
Check shear
cracking load
Check Ultimate
moment strength
Check allowable stresses
at various stages
SSelect G
Girder type and
number/ location of strands
General Design Procedures General Design Procedures
Source: Naaman (2004) Source: Naaman (2004)

Stress in Concrete at Various Stages
Allowable Stress
Stress in concrete at various stages

S
Stress iinequality
li equation
i
Allowable stresses
Sections
© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 81 Source: Nawy (2000) © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 82
Stress in Concrete at Various Stages Stress Inequality Equations

 We can write four equations based on the stress at the
top and bottom of section at initial and service stages
No. Case Stress Inequality Equation

I Initial-Top Fi Fi eo Mmin Fi  eo  Mmin
σt     1    σ ti
Ac Zt Zt Ac  kb  Zt
II Initial-Bottom Fi Fi eo Mmin Fi  eo  Mmin
σb     1    σ ci
Ac Zb Zb Ac  kt  Zb
III Service-Top F Feo Mmax Fi  eo  Mmax
σt     1    σ cs
! Ac Zt Zt Ac  k b  Zt
IV Service-Bottom F Feo Mmax F  eo  Mmax
Source: Naaman ((2004)) σb     1   σ ts
Ac Zb Zb Ac  kt  Zb
Allowable Stress in Concrete Allowable Stress in Concrete
 AASHTO LRFD (5.9.4) provides allowable stress in concrete  Allowable compressive stress in concrete is used to control
p
as functions of compressive strength
g at that time creep, which causes prestress loss over time
 Consider the followingg limit states:  Allowable tensile stress in concrete is used to prevent
 Immediately after Prestress Transfer (Before Losses) cracking, which reduces the usable section (remember that
Compression
p

once the concrete cracks,
cracks it can no longer support tensile
 Tension
stress, even at levels smaller than tensile strength)
 Service ((After All Losses))
 Compression
 Tension
Allowable Stress in Concrete Allowable Stress in Concrete

 Immediately after Prestress Transfer (Before Losses)  At service (After All Losses)
 Using compressive strength at transfer, f’ci  Compressive Stress
 Allowable compressive stress = 0.60
0 60 ff’ci
 Allowable tensile stress
Source: AASHTO (2000) © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 87 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 88

Allowable Stress in Concrete Allowable Stress in Concrete - Summary
Stage
g Where Load Limit Note
 At service (After All Losses)
Initial Tension Fi+MGirder -0.58√f ’ci With bonded reinf…
 Tensile Stress at Top -0.25√ff ’ci Without bonded
> -1.38 MPa reinf.
Compression Fi+MGirder 0.60 f ’ci

at Bottom
Service Compression F+MSustained 0.45f ’c *
at Top 0.5(F+MSustained)+MLL+IM 0.40f ’c *
F+MSustained+MLL+IM 0.60Øwf ’c *
Tension F+MSustained+0.8MLL+IM -0.50√f ’c Normal/ Moderate
at Bottom (Service III Limit State) exposure
-0.25√f ’c Corrosive exposure
0 U b d d tendon
Unbonded d
© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 89 * Need to check all of these conditions (cannot select only one) 90
Allowable Stress in Prestressing Steel Allowable Stress in Prestressing Steel
 Both ACI and AASHTO code specify the allowable stress in  AASHTO
the prestressing steel at jacking and after transfer LRFD
 Prevents accidental rupture during jacking (5.9.3)
 Control long
long-term
term relaxation
© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 91 Source: AASHTO (2000) 92

Allowable Stress in Prestressing Steel Allowable Stress in Prestressing Steel
 ACI-318
ACI 318 (2008)

Allowable Stress Design Allowable Stress Design
 There are many factors affecting the stress  For bridges, we generally has a preferred section type for a
in a p
prestressed ggirder given range of span length and we can select a girder spacing
 Prestressing Force (Fi or F) to be within a reasonable range
 Location of prestress tendon (e0)
 Section Property (A, Zt or Zb, kt or kb)
 External moment, which depends on How to Start
 The Section used (dead load) the Design?
 Girder Spacing (larger spacing  larger moment)
 Slab Thickness (larger spacing  thicker slab)
 Stages of construction
 Composite/ Noncomposite behavior

Sections Sections
 AASHTO Type I-VI  AASHTO Type I-VI Sections (continued)

Sections
ft m
50 15
75 23
100 30
150 46
© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda Source: Naaman (2004) 97 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 98
Bridge Girder Sections Bridge Girder Sections

Source: Nawy (2000)
Source: Nawy (2000)

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 99 100
Feasible Domain
Feasible Domain & Envelope

p  For a given section, we need to find the combination of
prestressing force (Fi or F, which depends on the number of
strands), and the location of strands (in terms of e0) to satisfy
these equations
q
 Possible methods:
 Trying to select some number of strands and locations (Trial & Error)
 Using “Feasible Domain” Method
 Graphical Method
Feasible Domain - Equations Feasible Domain – Graphical Interpretation

 We can rewrite the stress inequality equations and add one more
equation to them
No
No. Case Stress Inequality Equation
1
I Initial-Top

e0  k b    Mmin  σ ti Zt
 Fi 

1
II Initial-Bottom

e0  kt    Mmin  σ ci Zb
 Fi 

III Service-Top  1

e0  k b    Mmax  σ cs Zt
F 
 !
IV Service-Bottom  1

e0  kt    Mmax  σ ts Zb
F 

V Practical Limit e0   e0 mp  y b  dc ,,min  y b  7.5 cm Source: Naaman ((2004))

Envelope Envelope - Equations
 We use the same equations as those in the feasible domain, except that we’ve
already known the F or Fi and want to find e0 at different points along the beam
 Feasible domain tells you the possible location and prestressing force at a
given section to satisfy the stress inequality equation No. Case Stress Inequality Equation
 We usually use feasible domain to determine the location and prestressing
I Initial-Top 1
force at the most critical section (e.g. midspan of simply-supported beams) 
e0  k b    Mmin  σ ti Zt
 Fi 

 After we get the prestressing force at the critical section, we need to find
the location for the tendon at other points to satisfy stress inequalities II Initial-Bottom 1
 We use the prestressing envelope to determine the location of tendon along  Fi 

e0  kt    Mmin  σ cci Zb 
the length of the beam (tendon profile)
III Service-Top  1

e0  kb    Mmax  σ cs Zt
F 
 !
IV Service-Bottom  1

e0  kt    Mmax  σ ts Zb
F 

V Practical Limit e0   e0 mp  y b  dc ,min
min  y b  7.5 cm
Envelope - Equations Envelope & Tendon Profile
 We then have 5 main equations

 I & II provide the lower bound of e0 (use minimum of the two)
 III and IV provide the upper bound of e0 (use maximum of the two)
 IIIa uses F+MSustained
 IIIb uses 0.5(F+MSustained)+MLL+IM
 IIIc uses F+MSustained+MLL

LL+IM
IM
 IV uses F+MSustained+0.8MLL+IM
 V is a practicall limit
l off the
h e0 (it
( is also
l the
h absolute
b l llower bbound)
d)

Envelope & Tendon Profile Envelope & Tendon Profile
 Notes
 The tendon profile of pretensioned members are either straight or
consisting of straight segments
 The tendon profile of posttensioned member may be one straight
tendon or smooth curve, but no sharp corners

Envelope & Tendon Profile
 Alternative to
draping the strands
at ends, we can put
plastic sleeves
around some
strands at supports
to prevent the
bond transfer so
the prestress force
will be less at that
section
Source: Nawy (2000)

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 111

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Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design Part I: Introduction

Reinforced vs. Prestressed Concrete

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 1 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 2

Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete

 Recall that in Reinforced Concrete…

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 5 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 6

Principle of Prestressing Historical Perspective

 The metal bands were

Source: Naaman (2004)

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 9 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 10

Applications of Prestressed Concrete Classifications and Types

 Bridges  Pretensioning v.s. Posttensioning

Source: Wikipedia (2006)

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 11 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 12

Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete

Source: Naaman (2004) © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 13 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 14

Classifications and Types Classifications and Types

Source: Wikipedia (2006)

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 15 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 16

actions along the tendon; therefore, it is non-end-anchored

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 17 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 18

Classifications and Types RC vs. PPC vs. PC

 Partial vs. Full Prestressing

Source: Naaman (2004)

Advantages of PC over RC Design Codes for PC

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 23 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 24

Source: Wikipedia (2006)

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 25 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 26

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 27 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 28

 Mechanical properties of  AASHTO LRFD

Source: Wikipedia (2006)

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 29 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 30

Concrete: Modulus of Elasticity Concrete: Modulus of Rupture

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 31 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 32

 Prestressing tendon may be in the form of strands, wires,

33 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 34

Tendons Prestressing Steel

Source: Naaman ((2004))

Source: Naaman (2004) © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 35 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 36

 Prestressing strands have two grades

Source: AASHTO (2000)

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 37 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 38

Prestressing Strands Prestressing Strands

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 39 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 40

Source: Wikipedia (2006)

Source: Naaman (2004)

Pretensioning Hardwares Posttensioned Beams

 Hold-Down Devices for

Source: VSL (2006)

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 43 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 44

Source: VSL (2006)

Posttensioning Hardwares - Anchorages Posttensioning Hardwares - Ducts

Source: VSL (2006)

Source: VSL (2006)

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 51 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 52

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 53 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 54

Prestress Losses Prestress Losses

© 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 55 © 2010 | Praveen Chompreda 56

Instantaneous Losses Time-Dependent Losses

Prestress Loss - Pretensioned Prestress Loss - Posttensioned

Source: Naaman (2004)

Lump Sum Prestress Loss Lump Sum Prestress Loss

Source: AASHTO (2000)