Op Amp

Op amp is basically a multistage amplifier in which a number of amplifier stages are interconnected to
each other in a very complicated manner. Its internal circuit consists of many transistors, FETs and
resistors. All this occupies a very little space.

The term Op Amp is used to denote an amplifier which can be configured to perform various operations
like amplification, subtraction, differentiation, addition, integration etc. An example is the very popular IC
741.

An op-amp has two input terminals and one output terminal. The op-amp also has two voltage supply
terminals as seen above. Two input terminals form the differential input. We call the terminal, marked
with negative (-) sign as the inverting terminal and the terminal marked with positive (+) sign as the non-
inverting terminal of the operational amplifier. If we apply an input signal at the inverting terminal (-)
than the amplified output signal is 180o out of phase concerning the applied input signal. If we apply an
input signal to the non-inverting terminal (+) then the output signal obtained will be in phase, i.e. it will
have no phase shift concerning the input signal.

Diag.

The equation below shows the output of a closed loop op-amp.

Vout= Acl(V1-V2)

Where VOUT is the voltage at the output terminal of the op-amp. ACL is the closed loop gain. The
feedback circuit connected to the op-amp determines the closed loop gain ACL. VD = (V1 – V2) is the
differential input voltage.

The amplifier's differential inputs consist of a non-inverting input (+) with voltage V+ and an inverting
input (–) with voltage V−; ideally the op-amp amplifies only the difference in voltage between the two,
which is called the differential input voltage. The output voltage of the op-amp Vout is given by the
equation

Vout=Aol(V1{+}-V2{-})

where AOL is the open-loop gain of the amplifier (the term "open-loop" refers to the absence of a
feedback loop from the output to the input).
The integrated op-amps offer all the advantages of ICs such as high reliability, small size, cheap, less
power consumption. They are used in variety of applications such as inverting amplifier and non
inverting amplifiers, unity gain buffer, summing amplifier, differentiator, integrator, adder,
instrumentation amplifier, Wien bridge oscillator, Filters etc.

Open loop OPAMP Configuration:

In the case of amplifiers the term open loop indicates that no connection, exists between input and
output terminals of any type. That is, the output signal is not fedback in any form as part of the input
signal.

In open loop configuration, The OPAMP functions as a high gain amplifier. There are three open loop
OPAMP configurations.

1. The Differential Amplifier

2. The Inverting Amplifier

3. The Non-Inverting Amplifier

Ideal Op-Amp Characteristics

An ideal op-amp should have the following characteristics:

Infinite voltage gain (So that maximum output is obtained)

Infinite input resistance (Due to this almost any source can drive it)

Zero output resistance (So that there is no change in output due to change in load current)

Infinite bandwidth

Zero noise
Zero power supply rejection ratio (PSSR = 0)

Infinite common mode rejection ratio (CMMR = ∞)