Genesis Crash Course JSTSE (2018 19) - Phase 2 - Mathematics.

PHASE-2_MATHEMATICS _GENESIS PACKAGE_1
GENESIS - MATHEMATICS
[CRASH COURSE – JSTSE]
[PHASE – 2]
FIITJEE Ltd., Plot No. 47, Sector – 12B, Opposite Bal Bhawan International School, Dwarka, New Delhi – 110 075,
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Introduction
A quadratic equation is a second-degree polynomial in x usually equated to zero. In other words, for an
equation to be a quadratic, the coefficient of x2 should not be zero and the coefficients of any higher
power of x should be 0.
The general form of a quadratic equation is ax2  bx  c  0, where a  0 (and a, b, c are real).
1. x2  5x  6  0
2. x2  x  6  0
3. 2x2  3x  2  0
Roots of The Equation

Just as a first-degree equation in x has one value of x satisfying the equation, a quadratic equation in x
has two values of x that satisfy the equation. The value of x that satisfy the equation are called the
ROOTS of the equation. These roots may be real or complex.
In general, the roots of a quadratic equation can be found in two ways:

1. By factorizing the expression on the left-hand side.
2. By using the standard formula.
All the expressions may not be easy to factorize, whereas applying the formula is simple and
straightforward.
Finding the Roots by Factorization

If the quadratic equation ax2  bx  c  0 (a  0) is written in the form , (x  (x     then the roots of
the equation are  and .
To find the roots of a quadratic equation, we should first express it in the form of (x  )(x     , i.e., the
left hand side, ax2  bx  c of the quadratic equation ax  by  c  0 should be factorized.
2
Finding the Roots by Using the Formula

For the quadratic equation ax2  bc  c  0, we can use the standard formula given below to find out the
roots of the equation.
b  b2  4ac
x .
2a
Sum and Product of Roots of a Quadratic Equation

For the quadratic equation ax2  bx  c  0, let  and  be the roots,
b
then the sum of the roots, (   
a
c
the product of the roots, (  .
a
Nature of the Roots
Condition Nature of Roots
When b  4ac  0
2 The roots are complex conjugates
When b2  4ac  0 The roots are rational and equal
When b2  4ac  0 and a perfect square The roots are rational and unequal
When b2  4ac  0 and not a perfect square The roots are irrational and unequal
Notes
Whenever the roots of the quadratic equation are irrational (a, b, c being rational), are of the form a  b
and a  b, i.e., whenever a  b is one root of a quadratic equation, a  b is the other root of the
quadratic equation and vice-versa. In other words, if the roots of a quadratic equation are irrational, then
they are conjugate to each other.
Constructing A Quadratic Equation

We can build a quadratic equation in the following cases:
1. When the roots of the quadratic equation are given.
2. When the sum of the roots and the product of the roots of the quadratic equation are given.
Case 1: If the roots of the quadratic equation are  and , then its equation can be written as (x  
(x    0 , i.e., x  x(      
2
Case 2: If p is the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation and q is their product, then the equation can
be written as x  px  q  0 .
2
Condition for common roots
1. Condition for one root common:

a1x 2  b1x  c1  0 and
a2 x 2  b2 x  c 2  0 be two quadratic equation.
Let  be the common root of the given equation.
Then, a1 2  b1  c1  0 and a2  2  b2   c 2  0
Solving these two equations by cross multiplication
2  1
 
b1c 2  b2c1 c1a2  c1a1 a1b2  a2b1
b1c 2  b2c1 c1a2  c 2a1
 
c1a2  c 2a1 a1b2  a2b1
 (c1a2  c 2a1 )2  (b1c 2  b2c1 )(a1b2  a2b1 )
This is the required condition for one common root.
b c  b 2 c1 c a  c 2a1
This common root is given by:   1 2 or   1 2
c1a2  c 2a1 a1b2  a2b1
2. Condition for both roots common:

Let a1x 2  b1x  c1  0 and a2 x 2  b2 x  c 2  0 be two quadratic equations.
Let , be their common roots.
b1 c b c
Then      ,    1 and      2 ,   2
a1 a1 a2 a2
b1 b2 c c
   and 1  2
a1 a2 a1 a2
a1 b1 c a
  and  1  1
a2 b2 c 2 a2
a1 b1 c1
   , which is the required condition.
a2 b 2 c 2
Illustrations (Solved Examples)

Illustrations 1
Find the roots of the equation 26x2  43x  15  0
Solution
We have to write 43 as the sum of two parts whose product should be equal to (26  15).
26  15  13  30 and 13  30  43
 26x2  43x  15  0
 26x 2  13x  30x  15  0
 (13x  15)(2x  1)  0
15 1
x  or x 
13 2
We can also find the roots of the equation by using the formula.
b  b2  4ac 43  (43)2  (1560)
x 
2a 52
43  (1849)  (1560)

52
43  289 43  17
 x 
52 52
43  17 43  17 60 26
x  or  or
52 52 52 52
15 1
x  or .
13 2
Illustrations 2
Form a quadratic equation with rational coefficients, one of whose roots is 3  5.
Solution
If (3  5) is one root, then the other root is (3  5)
Sum of the roots = 6
Product of the roots = 4
Thus, the required equation is x2  6x  4  0.
Illustrations 3
If  and  are the roots of the equation, x2  6x  8  0, then find the value of
(a)  2  2
1 1
(b) 
 
(c)     
Solution
From the given equation, we get      and   8.
(a)     (    2   6)  2(8)  20
2 2 2 2 2
1 1  6 3
(b)    
   8 4
(c) (    (    4
2 2
 (     (  2  4
 62  4(8)
 (    2.
       
Illustrations 4
Solve for x: 3x 1  32x 1  270.
Solution
3 x 1  32x 1  270
 3.3 x  32x  3  270
 3 x  32x  90.
Substituting 3 x  a, , we get,
a  a2  90
 a2  a  90  0
 a2  10a  9a  90  0
 (a  10)(a 9)  0
 a  9 or a  10.
If 3  9, then x = 2.
x
If 3x  10, which is not possible.

 x = 2.
Illustrations 5
2
Solve x  7 x  12  0.
Solution
2
Given equation is x  7 x  12  0
 ( x  3)( x  4)  0
 x  3 or x  4
 x  3 or x  4
PRACTICE QUESTION
p q
1. If the roots of the equation 2x2  7x  4  0 are in the ratio p : q, then find the value of  .
q p
7 7 2 7 2
(A)  (B) 7 2 (C)  (D) 
7 16 4
2. In a forest, a certain number of apes equal to the square of one-eighth of the total number of their
group are playing and having great fun. The rest of them are twelve in number and are on an
adjoining hill. The echo of their shrieks from the hills frightens them. They come and join the apes
in the forest and play with enthusiasm. What is the total number of apes in the forest.
(A) 16 (B) 48 (C) both (A) and (B) (D) 64
3. If the roots of the quadratic equation x2  2kx  2k2  4  0 are real, then the range of the values
of k is
(A) [-2, 2] (B) [,  2]  [2, ] (C) [0, 2] (D) None of these
Find the values of x for which the expression x  (log5 2  log2 5)x  1 is always positive.
2
4.
(A) x  log2 5 or x  log2 5 (B) log5 2  x  log2 5
(C)  log5 2  x  log2 5 (D) x   log5 2 or x  log2 5
2
5. Find the values of x which satisfy the quadratic inequation x  2 x  8  0.
(A) [-4, 4] (B) [0, 4] (C) [-4, 0] (D) [-4, 2]
The roots of the equation x  px  q  0 are consecutive integers. Find the discriminant of the
2
6.
equation
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
7. Rohan and Sohan were attempting to solve the quadratic equation, x2  ax  b  0. Rohan copied
the coefficient of x wrongly and obtained the roots as 4 and 12. Sohan copied the constant term
wrongly and obtained the roots as -19 and 3. Find the correct roots.
(A) -2 and -24 (B) 2 and 24 (C) 4 and 12 (D) -4 and -12
8. If (x  2)(x  4)(x  6)(x  8)  945 and x is an integer, then find x.

(A) -1 or -11 (B) 1 or -11 (C) -1 or 11 (D) 1 or 11
1
The difference of the roots of 2y  ky  16  0 is
2
9. . Find k.
3
32 34 38 40
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
3 3 3 3
Find the condition to be satisfied by the coefficients of the equation px  qx  r  0, so that the
2
10.
roots are in the ratio 3 : 4.
(A) 12q  49pr (B) 12q  49pr (C) 49q  12pr (D) 49q  12pr
2 2 2 2
m n
11. If the roots of the equation 3x2  9x  2  0 are in the ratio m : n, then find  .
n m
3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
If (p  q )x  (q  r )x  r  p  0 and (p  q )y  (r  p )y  q  r  0 have a common root

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
12.
for all real values of p, q and r, then find the common root.
(A) -1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) -2
2
13. Which of the following are the roots of y  y  12  0 ?
(1) 4 (2) -4 (3) 3 (4) -3
(A) Both (1) and (2) (B) Both (3) and (4) (C) Both (1) and (3) (D) (1), (2), (3) and (4)
14. Find the value of 30  30  30  ..... .

(A) 6 (B) -5 (C) Either (a) or (b) (D) Neither (a) nor (b)
If y  6y  3m  0 and y  3y  m  0 have a common root, then find the possible values of m.

2 2
15.
27 81 81 27
(A) 0,  (B) 0,  (C) 0, (D) 0,
16 16 16 16
16. The students of a class contributed for a programme. Each student contributed the same amount.
Had there been 15 more students in the class and each student had contributed Rs. 40 less, the
total amount contributed would have increased from Rs. 3000 to Rs. 3200. Find the strength of
the class.
(A) 25 (B) 15 (C) 10 (D) 20
The graphs of y  2x and y  ax  b intersect at two points (2, 8) and (6, 72). Find the quadratic
2
17.
b
equation in x whose roots are a + 2 and  1.
4
(A) x2  11x  126  0 (B) x2  11x  126  0 (C) x2  11x  126  0 (D) x2  11x  126  0
The equation 9y (m  3)  6(m  3)y  (m  3)  0, where m is real, has real roots. Which of the
2
18.
following is true?
(A) m = 0 (B) m < 0 (C) either (A) or (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B)
 1 1 
19. ,  are the roots of ax2  bx  c  0, then the value is    is
 a  b a  b 
a b c
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
bc ac ab
20. Two students were solving a quadratic equation in x, one copied the constant term incorrectly and
2
got the roots 3 and 2. The other copied the constant term and the coefficient of x correctly as -6
and 1 respectively. The correct roots are
(A) 3, -2 (B) -3, 2 (C) -6, -6 (D) 6, -1
21. If     3,  3  3  7 , then  and  are the roots of

(A) 3x2  9x  7  0 (B) 9x2  27x  20  0 (C) 2x2  6x  15  0 (D) None of these
22. If ,  are the roots of ax2  2bx  c  0 and that of Ax2  2Bx  C  0 be      then the
b2  ac
value of is
B2  AC
2 2
a A
(A)   (B)   (C) 0 (D) 1
A a
23. If the root of the equation ax2  bx  c  0 are in the ratio m : n, then
(A) mna2  (m  n)c 2 (B) mnb2  (m  n)ac (C) mnb2  (m  n)2ac (D) none of these
24. If one root of the x2  x  k  0 be the square of the other, then k is equal to
(A) 2  3 (B) 3  2 (C) 2  5 (D) 5  2
25. If sum of the roots of ax2  bx  c  0 be equal to the sum of the squares, then
(A) ab  b2  2ac (B) bc  c2  2ab (C) ac  c2  2bc (D) None of these
26. If sin  and cos are the roots of the equation lx2  mx  n  0, then
(A) l2  m2  21n  0 (B) l2  m2  21n  0 (C) l2  m2  21n  0 (D) l2  m2  21n  0
27. The number of real roots of the equation (x  1)2  (x  2)2  (x  3)2  0 is
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 3
28. If p and q are non-zero constants, the equation x 2  px  q  0 has roots  and , the equation
qx 2  px  1  0 has roots
1 1 1 1
(A)  and (B) and  (C) and (D) None of these
   
29. If the ratio of the roots of equation x 2  px  q  0 be equal to the ratio of the roots of
x2  lx  m  0, then
(A) p2m  q2l (B) pm2  q2l (c) p2l  q2m (D) p2m  l2 q
30. The roots of the equation (x  a)(x  b)  (x  b) (x  c)  (x  c)(x  a)  0 are

(A) positive (B) negative (C) real (D) imaginary
Answer Key
1. A 9. B 17. D 25. A
2. A 10. A 18. C 26. A
3. A 11. A 19. B 27. C
4. A 12. B 20. D 28. C
5. A 13. A 21. B 29. D
6. A 14. A 22. A 30. C
7. D 15. D 23. C
8. B 16. A 24. C
Hints & Solutions

1. A
(i) Let the roots be pk and qk.
b c
(ii) Use sum of roots  and product of roots  .
a a
2. A
(i) Let the number apes be equal to n.
n2
(ii) The number of apes which are on the adjoining hills is n  , which is equal to 12.
64
3. A
Discriminant  0.
4. A
(i) x  (log5 2  log2 5)x  1  0.
2
(ii) x  (log5 2)(x  log2 5) and proceed.

2
5. A
(i) Put x  y.
(ii) From a quadratic inequation in terms of y.
(iii) If (x  a)(x  b)  0 then x  (a,b).
6. A
Let the roots be  and +1.
  (    p, i.e, 2  1  p.
q
(  1)   q.
1
Discriminant  p  4q  (2  1)  4(  1)
2 2
 42  4  2  4  1.
7. D
Rohan copied only the coefficient of x wrongly.
 He must have copied the constant term correctly.
b
 Correct product of the roots   4(12)
1
 b  48
Sohan copied only the constant term wrongly.
 He must have copied the coefficient of x correctly.
 Correct sum of the roots  a  19  3  16
Correct equation is x  ( 16)x  48  0
2
 x 2  16x  48  0
 (x  4(x  12)  0
 x  4 or  12.
 Correct roots are -4 and -12.
8. B
As x is an integer.
 x  2,x  4,x  6 and x  8 are four consecutive odd/even integers. Their product = 945, which
is odd.
 x  2,x  4,x  6 and x  8 must be odd.
Factorizing 945 as a product of 4 consecutive odd integers.
We have, 945  3(5)(7)(9)  (3)(5)(7)(9)
 The smallest, i.e., x  2  3 or  9.
 x  1 or x  11.
9. B
k
Let the roots of 2y  ky  16  0 be  and , where with        and   
2
2
Difference of its roots > 0.   b   
1
 Difference of its roots     
3
(  2  (  2  4
2 2
 1  k 
 3    2   4(8)
   
2 3
k  289  17 
2  9   3 
   
k 17 34
  k   .
2 3 3
10. A
Let the common factor for the roots by y.
q
The roots are 3y and 4y,3y  4y 
p
q
y 
7p
r r
(3y)(4y)   y2 
p 12p
 q  r
y2     12q2  49pr.
 7p  12p
11. A
Let the common factor for the roots be y.
The roots are my and ny.
my  ny  3  (m  n) y  3
We can take m, n as positive and y as negative
2
(my)(ny)  .
3
m n mn
Now,  
n m mn
Multiplying the numerator denominator by y, we have
mn y(m  n) y(m  n)
 
mn y mn (my)(ny)
3 3 3
  .
2 2
3
12. B
(p2  q2 )x 2  (q2  r 2 )x  (r 2  p2 )  0 ..(1)
The sum of the coefficients (p  q )  (q  r )  (r  p )  0
2 2 2 2 2 2
 x = 1 is a root of Eq. (1)

(p2  q2 )y 2  (r 2  p2 )y  q2  r 2  0 ...(2)
p2  q2  r 2  p2  q2  r 2  0
 y  1 is a root of Eq. (2)
 1 is the common root of Eqs. (1) and (2).
13. A
2
y  y  12  0
( y  4)( y  3)  0
y  4 or  3
But |y| must be non-negative.
 y  4, i.e., y  4.
14. A
x  30  x
Squaring on both sides, we get x2  30  x
x2  x  30  0
(x  6)(x  5)  0
x  6 or  5.
But x must be positive.
 x = 6.
15. D
Let the common root be c.
c2  6c  3m  0 and c2  3c  m  0
That is, 3m  c2  6c and m  3c  c2
 3m  c 2  6c  3(3c  c 2 )
c2  6c  9c  3c2
4c2  3c  0
c  0 or 3
4
3 27
If c  ,m  .
4 16
16. A
Let the strength of the class be x.
Let the amount each student contributed be Rs. y.
xy  3000 ..(1)
(x  15)(y  40)  3200
That is, xy  15y  40x  600  3200
From Eq. (1),
 3000 
15    40x  800  0
 x 
 x 2  20x  1125  0
 (x  45)(x  25)  0
x  45 or 25.
But x > 0  x = 25.
17. D
At (2, 8) and (6, 72), y  2x 2  ax  b
8  2a  b and 72  6a  b.
Solving for a and b, a = 16 and b  24.
The required equation is that whose roots are 18 and -7.
Sum of its roots = 11
Product of its roots = -126
 The Required equation is x2  11x  126  0.
18. C
Discriminant (6(m  3))2  4[9(m  3)(m  3)]
 36[(m 3)2  (m  3)2 ]
 36((m2  6m  9  (m2  6m  9))
 36(12m). This must be non-negative for the roots to be real.
36(12m)  0,i.e.,  2m  0,i.e.,m  0.
19. B
Since a and b are the roots of ax2  bx  c  0
 a2  b  c  0 i.e. a    c  0
c c
 a  b   . Similarly, a  b  
 
1 1
 
a  b a  b
  1 b
    (   
c c c ac
20. D
c 6
S = 5 is correct and p     6
a 1
 equation is x2  5x  6  0 so x = 6, -1
21. B
3  3  (a  b)3  3ab(a  b)
 7  33  3
20
 
9
20
Thus, the equation is x  3x  0
2
9
22. A
          
 (  2  4Gab  [(      2 ] 4(    
23. C
 m
 i.e., km, nk are the roots of ax2  bx  c  0
 n
b c
 k(m  n)   ;k 2 .mn 
a a
(m  n)2  b2  c
  2 
mn a  a
i.e. mnb  (m  n)2 ac
2
24. C
25. A
a  b   2  2
26. A
m n
sin   cos    and sin  cos   ,
1 1
Squaring,
2n m2
1   2 or l2  m2  21n  0
1 l
27. C
The equation is true if (x  1)2  0, (x  2)2  0 and (x  3)2  0
i.e., x  1,2,3 at the same time. Hence no value of x exists, so as to satisfy the given equation.
28. C
1
Changing x to , we get the required equation so the roots of the second equation are reciprocal.
x
29. D
     
    
     
30. C
Given equation is written as
3x 2  2x(a  b  c)  (ab  bc  ca)  0
Discriminant is 4(a  b  c)2  12(ab  bc  ca)
 4(a2  b2  c 2  ab  ca)
 2[(a  b)2  (b  c)2  (c  a)2 ]
 ve
 Roots are real.
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
An arithmetic progression is that list of numbers in which the first term is given and each term, other than
the first term is obtained by adding a fixed number ‘d’ to the preceding term.
The fixed term ‘d’ is known as the common difference of the arithmetic progression. It’s value can be
positive, negative or zero. The first term is denoted by ‘a’ or ‘a1’ and the last term by '' .
Ex. Consider a sequence 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, …

Hence, a1 = 6, a2 = 10, a3 = 14, a4 = 18, a5 = 22
a2 – a1 = 10 – 6 = 4
a3 – a2 = 14 – 10 = 4
a4 – a3 = 18 – 14 = 4
-------------------------
-------------------------
Therefore, the sequence is an arithmetic progression in which the first term a = 6 and the common
difference d = 4.
Symbolical form : Let us denote the first term of an AP by a1, second term by a2,….nth term by an and
the common difference by d. Then the AP becomes a1, a2, a3,…….an.
So, a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 = ... = an – an – 1 = d.
General form : In general form, an arithmetic progression with first term ‘a’ and common difference ‘d’
can be represented as follows :
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d,….
Finite AP : An AP in which there are only a finite number of terms is called a finite AP. It may be
noted that each such AP has a last term.
Ex. (a) The heights (in cm) of some students of school standing in a queue in the morning assembly
are
147, 148, 149,…., 157.
(b) The minimum temperatures (in degree Celsius) recorded for a week in the month of January
in a city arranged in ascending order are – 3.1, - 3.0, - 2.9, - 2.8, - 2.7, - 2.6, - 2.5
Infinite AP : An AP in which the number of terms is not finite is called infinite AP. It is note worthy
that such APs do not have a last term.
Ex. (a) 1, 2, 3, 4,……

(b) 100, 70, 40, 10,….
Least Information Required : To know about an AP, the minimum information we need to know is to
know both – the first term a and the common difference d.
For instance if the first term a is 6 and the common difference d is 3, then AP is 6, 9, 12, 15,…
Similarly, when
a = - 7, d = - 2, the AP is – 7, - 11, -13,….

a = 1.0, d = 0.1, the AP is 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3,…
So if we know what a and d are we can list the AP.
Ex. In which of the following situations, does the list of numbers involved make an arithmetic
progression, and why?
(i) The taxi fare after each km when the fare is Rs. 15 for the first km and Rs 8 for each additional
km.
1
(ii) The amount of air present in a cylinder when a vacuum pump removes of the air remaining in
4
the cylinder at a time.
(iii) The cost of digging a well after every metre of digging, when it costs Rs.150 for the first metre and
rises by Rs. 50 for each subsequent metre.
(iv) The amount of money in the account every year, when Rs. 10000 is deposited at compound
interest 8% per annum.
Sol. (i) Taxi fare for 1 km = Rs. 15 = a1

Taxi fare for 2 kms = Rs. 15 + 8 = Rs. 23 = a2
Taxi fare for 3 kms = Rs. 23 + 8 = Rs. 31 = a3
Taxi fare for 4 kms = Rs. 31 + 8 = Rs. 39 = a4 and so on.
a2 – a1 = Rs. 23 – 15 = Rs. 8
a3 – a2 = Rs. 31 – 23 = Rs. 8
a4 – a3 = Rs. 39 – 31 = Rs. 8
i.e., ak + 1 – ak is the same everytime.
So, this list of numbers form an arithmetic progression with the first term a = Rs 15 and
the common difference d = Rs. 8
(ii) Amount of air present in the cylinder = x units (say) = a 1

Amount of air present in the cylinder after one time removal of air by the vacuum pump
x 3x
x   units a2
4 4
Amount of air present in the cylinder after two time removal of air by the vacuum pump
3x 1  3x  3x 3x 9 x 3
2
      units =   x units = a3
4 4  4  4 16 16 4
Amount of air present in the cylinder after three times removal of air by the vacuum pump
2 2 2 2 3
3 13  1  3   3  3  3
   x    x  1     x      x    x units = a4 and so on.
4 44  4  4   4  4  4
3x x
a2 – a1 = -x= units
4 4
2
3 3 3
a3 – a2 =   x  x   x units
4 4 16
As a2 – a1  a3 – a2, this list of numbers does not form an AP.
(iii) Cost of digging the well after 1 metre of digging = Rs. 150 = a 1
Cost of digging the well after 2 metres of digging = Rs. 150 + 50 = Rs 200 = a 2
and so on.
a2 – a1 = Rs 200 – 150 = 50
a3 – a2 = Rs 250 – 200 = 50
a4 – a3 = Rs 300 – 250 = 50
i.e., ak-1 – ak is the same everytime. So this list of numbers forms an AP with the first term
a = Rs. 150 and the common difference d = Rs.50
 8 
(iv) Amount of money after 1 year = Rs. 10000 1   = a1
 100 
2
 8 
Amount of money after 2 year = Rs. 10000 1   = a2
 100 
3
 8 
Amount of money after 3 year = Rs. 10000 1   = a3
 100 
4
 8 
Amount of money after 4 years = Rs. 10000 1   = a4
 100 
2
 8   8 
a2 – a1 = Rs. 10000 1   - Rs. 10000 1  
 100   100 
 8   8   8  8 
= Rs. 10000 1   1   1  Rs. 10000 1   
 100   100   100   100 
3 2
 8   8 
a3 – a2 = Rs. 10000 1   - Rs. 10000 1   
 100   100 
 
2 2
 8  8  8   8 
Rs. 10000 1   1  1 = Rs. 10000 1    
 100   100   100   100 
As a2 – a1  a3 – a2, this list of numbers does not form an AP.
Ex. Write first four terms of the AP, when the first term a and the common difference d are given as
follows
(i) a = 4, d = 5 (ii) a = - 1.25, d = - 0.25
Sol. (i) a = 4, d = 5
First term, a=4
Second term =4+d=4+5=9
Third term = 9 + d = 9 + 5 = 14
Fourth term = 14 + d = 14 + 15 = 19
Hence, first four terms of the given AP are 4, 9, 14, 19.
(ii) a = – 1.25, d = – 0.25

First term = a = – 1.25
Second term = - 1.25 + d = - 1.25 + (- 0.25) = - 1.50
Third term = - 1.50 + d = - 1.50 + (-0.25) = - 1.75
Fourth term = - 1.75 + d = - 1.75 + (-0.25) = - 2.00
Hence, first four terms of the given AP are – 1.25, - 1.50, - 1.75, - 2.00
3 1 1 3
Ex. For the AP , ,  ,  ,….. write the first term a and the common difference d. Also write the
2 2 2 2
3
next two terms after the given last term - .
2
3 1 1 3
Sol. We have a1 = , a 2  , a 3   , a 4   and so on.
2 2 2 2
3
Thus, a =
2
1 3
a2 = a1 =      = - 1,
2 2
 1 1
a3 – a2 =       = - 1,
 2 2
 3  1
a4 – a3 =        = - 1, and so on.
 2  2
 d=-1
3
Now, we find the successor of - .
2
 3  3 5
a5 =     d      (1)  
 2  2 2
 5 7
Then a6 = a5 + d =     (1)  
 2 2
3 5 7
Hence, the next two terms after the given term – are  , .
2 2 2
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Find the 41st term of the progression 3, 8 13, 18, …..
(A) 102 (B) 203
(C) 304 (D) none of these
2. Find the 25th term of the A.P. 10, 6, 2, -2, -6, -10…..
(A) -86 (B) 106
3. What term of the A.P. 2, 5, 8, …. is 56 ?

(A) 20 (B) 21
(C) 19 (D) 18
4. What is the 10th term of the sequence 2, 4, …..?

(A) 18 (B) 20
(C) 1024 (D) can’t be determined
5. If the 3rd and 7th terms of an A.P. are 17 and 27 respectively. Find the first term of the A.P.:
(A) 9 (B) 12
6. Find the nth term of an A.P. whose 6th and 8th terms are 12 and 22 respectively:
(B) n  24
2
(A) 7n – 30
(C) 5n  18 (D) none of these
7. If 7 times the seventh term of an A.P. is equal to 11 times its eleventh term, the value of
eighteenth term of the A.P. is:
(A) 0 (B) -8
(C) 18 (D) 77
8. If the pth, qth and rth terms of an A.P. are a, b, c respectively, then the value of
a(q  r)  b(r  p)  c(p  q) is :
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) abc (D) pqr
9. If the pth term of an A.P. is q and its qth term is p then its mth term is:
pq
(A) (B) pq  m
m
(C) p  q  m (D) pqm
10. Find the sum of the A.P. 11, 13, 15, …., 99
(A) 2475 (B) 2500
(C) 1122 (D) 1580
11. Find the number of terms in the A.P. 22, 28, 34,.., 616:
(A) 80 (B) 78
(C) 99 (D) 100
12. Find the sum of 222, 224, 225, 226, …, 888:

(A) 185370 (B) 195300
(C) 183000 (D) 899000
13. If the second and seventh terms of an A.P. are 2 and 22 respectively. Find the sum of first 35
terms:
(A) 2110 (B) 3210
(C) 2130 (d) none of these
14. The 12th term of an A.P. is -13 and the sum of the first four terms of it is 24. Find the sum of its
first ten terms:
(A) -48 (B) -26
(C) 0 (D) 52
1 1
15. The third term of an A.P. is and the 5th term is . Find the sum to 15 terms of the A.P.
5 3
(A) 1/15 (B) 3/5
(C) 8 (D) 15
16. How many terms of the A.P. 1, 4, 7, … are needed to given the sum 925?
(A) 20 (B) 22
(C) 24 (D) 25
17. How many terms of the series 20 + 16 + 12 + ….. amounts to 48?

(A) 3 (B) 5
(C) 8 (D) Both (A) and (C)
18. p, q, r, s, t are first five terms of an A.P. such that p  r  t  12 and p.q.r  8. Find the first term
of the above A.P.
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) -4
19. The sum of all the terms of the A.P. 7, 10, 13, ….. / is 1242, where / is the last term of the A.P.
Find the value of /.
(A) 67 (B) 79
(C) 85 (D) 102
20. Find the sum of all the integers between 55 and 5555 which are divisible by 7:
(A) 678 (B) 786
21. How many terms are there in A.P. whose first and fifth terms are – 14 and 2 respectively and the
sum is 40:
(A) 12 (B) 10
(C) 16 (D) 8
22. The first and last terms of an A.P. are -7 and 233 and the sum of the A.P. is 9153. Find the
number of terms in the A.P.
(A) 83 (B) 81
(C) 49 (D) 90
23. The sum of three numbers in A.P. is 12 and sum of their cubes is 408. Find the product of the
numbers:
(A) 17 (B) 35
(C) 28 (D) 36
24. The series of natural numbers is written as follows:

1
234
56789
………
………
Find the sum of the numbers in the nth row:
(A) n  1 (B) (2n)2  1
3
(C) n3  (n  1)3 (D) none of these
25. If you save Rs. 1 today, Rs. 2 the next day, Rs. 3 the succeeding day and so on, what will be your
total savings in 365 days?
(A) 66579 (B) 66795
26. The ratio of the 7th to the 3rd terms of an A.P. is 12 : 5, find the ratio of the 13th to 4th term:
(A) 13 : 7 (B) 4 : 3
(C) 10 : 3 (D) none of these
27. Find the sum of the first hundred even natural numbers divisible by 5:
(A) 50500 (B) 55000
(C) 50050 (D) 50005
28. If m times the mth term of an A.P. is equal to n times its nth term, find (m + n)th term of the A.P.
(A) -1 (B) 0
(C) mn (D) 4
29. The sum of the first fifteen terms of an A.P. is 105 and the sum of the next fifteen terms is 780.
Find the common difference of A.P.
(A) 4 (B) 3
(C) 6 (D) 5
30. If the first term of an A.P. is 2 and the sum of the first five term is equal to one-fourth of the sum of
the next five terms, then find the 20th term?
(A) -114 (B) -82
(C) -112 (D) none of these
Answer Key
1. B 9. C 17. D 25. B
2. A 10. A 18. B 26. C
3. C 11. D 19. C 27. A
4. D 12. A 20. D 28. B
5. B 13. A 21. B 29. B
6. C 14. C 22. B 30. C
7. A 15. C 23. C
8. A 16. D 24. C
Hints & Solutions

1. B
T41  3  40  5  203
2. A
T25  10  24( 4)  86
3. C
Tn   a  (n  1)d
 2  (n  1)3  56
 3(n  1)56  2
 n  19
4. D
Since there are only two consecutive terms so we cannot find the pattern of the sequence that
whether it is a non-progression sequence of A.P. or G.P. or H.P. etc. Hence (D)
5. B
T3  a  2d  17 ..(1)
T7  a  6d  27 ..(2)
 subtracting equation (1) from equation (2), we get
4d  10  d  2.5
 a  2  2.5  17
 a  12
6. C
T6  a  5d  12 ..(1)
T8  a  7d  22
 2d  10 or d  5
 a  25  12 [from eq. (1)]
 a  13
 Tn  13  (n  1)5
 Tn  5n  18
Alternatively:-
Check the options
5n  18  5  6  18  12
And 5  8  18  22
Hence option (c) is correct.
7. A
T7  a  6d
T11  a  10d
7.T7  11.T11
 7(a  6d)  11(a  10d)
 4a  68d
 a  17d
Now T18  a  17d
 T18  17d  17d
 T18  0
8. A
Tp  a1  (p  1)d
Tq  a1  (q  1)d
Tr  a1  (r  1)d
 L.H.S.  a(q  r)  b(r  p)  c(p  q)
 {a1  (p  q)d}(q  r)  {a1  (q  1)d}(r  p)  {a1  (r  1)d}(p  q)
 a1.(q  r  r  p  p  q)  d[(p  1)(q  r)  (q  1)(r  p)  (r  1)(p  q)]
=0
9. C
Tp  a  (p  1)d  q ..(1)
and Tq  a  (q  1)d  p ...(2)
and Tm  a  (m  1) ...(3)
From (1) and (2)
a  q  (p  1)d And a  p  (q  1)d
 q  (p  1)d  p  (q  1)d
 (q  p)  d[(q  1)  (p  1)]
 d  1
Again, a  (p  1)d  q
 a  (p  1)  1  q
a  p  q 1
 Tm  (p  q  1)  (m  1)  1
 Tm  p  q  m
10. A
11  13  15  ...  99
Here number of terms = 50 – 5 = 45
 99  11
Or Number of terms     1  45
 2 
Note: when both the extremes of a sequence are counted then number of terms =
 99  11 
 2   1  45
 
al
Now the sum of the progression   n
 2 
 11  99 
   45  2475
 2 
Alternatively:-
11  13  ....  99
 (1  3  5  ....  99)  (1  3  ....  9)
 (50)2  (5)2  2475
11. D
 616  22 
Number of terms    1
 6 
594
  1  100
6
12. A
 888  222 
Number of terms     1  334
 2 
 222  888 
S334     334
 2 
 555  334  185370
13. A
T2  a  d  2 ..(1)
T7  a  6d  22 ..(2)
 5d  20 [Subtracting (1) from (2)]
 d4
 l  T35  2  34  4  134
 2  134 
 S35     35  2310
 2 
14. C
T12  a  11d  13 ...(1)
 a  T4   al 
S4  24   4  Sn    n
 2    2  
 a  T4  12
 a  a  3d  12
 2a  3d  12
From equations (1) and (2)
2a  22d  26
2a  3d  12
19d  38
 d  2
 a9
 a  T10 
Hence S10    10
 2 
 9  (9) 
   10  0  T10  9
 2 
15. C
1
T3  a  2d  ..(1)
5
1
T5  a  4d  ..(2)
3
1 1 2
 2d   
3 5 15
1 1
 d a 
15 15
 a  T15 
 S15    15
 2 
 1/ 15  1
   15  T15  1
 2 
 16 
 15 
    15  8
2
16. D
n
Sn  925  [2  1  (n  1)3]
2
 1850  2n  3n2  3n
 3n2  n  1850  0
 3n2  75n  74n  1850  0
 3n(n  25)  74(n  25)  0
74
 n  25 or n = -
3
The only admissible value of n = 25
Since number of terms cannot be negative and as a fraction too.
Hence (D)
17. D
Best way is to go through options
20  16  12  48 ,
Hence number of terms = 3
Again 20 + 16 + 12 + 8 + 4 + 0 + (-4) +(-8) = 48
Hence number of terms = 8
Thus choice (D) is most appropriate answer.
18. B
p(r  2d),q(r  d), r  r
s  (r  d),t  (r  2d)
 p  r  t  3r  12
 r  4
Again, p.q.r = 8
 p.q  2
 (r  2d)(r  d)  2
 ( 4  2d)( 4  d)  2
 (2  d)(4  d)  1
 d2  6d  9  0
 (d  3)2  0
 d  3
 p  (r  2d)  4  2  (3)  2
19. C
n
Sn  [2a (n 1)d]
2
n
1242  [14  (n 1)3]
2
 n(3n  11)  2484
 3n2  11n  2484  0
 3n(n  27)  92(n  27)
92
 n  27 or n  
3
Hence n = 27 is the only admissible value
 l  a  (n  1)d  7  26  3  85
20. D
The required numbers are 56, 63, 70, …, 5551
Number of terms = 786
Sequence, Series and Progressions
 S786  56  63  ....  5551
 56  5551
   786  2203551
 2 
21. B
T1  a  14
T5  a  4d  2
 d4
n
Now, Sn  [2a (n 1)d]
2
 n2  8n  20  0
 n  10 or n  2
Since number of terms cannot be negative, hence n = 10
22. B
al
Sn   n
 2 
 7  233 
91   n
 2 
 9153  113  n
 n  81
23. C
p  q  r  12
 q4 ( q is A.M. of p, q, r)
 pr  8
and p3  q3  r 3  408
 p3  r 3  344 ( q3  64)
Now, (p r)  p  r 3  3pr(p  r)
3 3
(8)3  344  3pr(8)

 pr  7
 pqr  q.pr  4  7  28
24. C
Go through options.
Let us consider choice (C)
For n =1 S1  (1)3  (1  1)3  1
For n = 2 S2  (2)3  (2  1)3  9
For n = 3 S3  (3)3  (3  1)3  35
Hence choice (C) is correct.
25. B
365  366  n(n  1) 
S365   Sn 
2  2 
Or S365  66795
26. C
T7 a  6d 12
 
T3 a  2d 5
 5(a  6d)  12(a  2d)

a 6
 
d 7
T a  12d
Now, 13 
T14 a  3d
a 6
 12  12
10
 d  7 
a 6 3
3 3
d 7
27. A
The numbers which are even and divisible by 5 also are 10, 20, 30, …1000.
 S100  10  20  30  ....  1000
 10(1  2  3  ....  100)
100  101
 10   50500
2
28. B
m.Tm  n.Tn
m[a (m 1)d  n[a (n 1)d]
 m[a md d]  n[a nd d]
 ma  m2 d  md  na  n2d  nd
 (m  n)a  (n2  m2 )d  (m  n)d
 (m  n)a  (m  n)(m  n)d  (m  n)d
 (m  n)a  (m  n)d[1  (m  n)]
 a  [1  (m  n)]d
Now T(m n)  a  [(m  n)  1]d
 [1  (m  n)]d [(m n)  1]d  0
29. B
15
S15  [2a 14d]  105
2
 2a  14d  14 ..(1)
30
And S30  [2a 29d]  105  780  885
2
 2a  29d  59
 from equation (1) and (2)
15d  45  d  3
30. C
1
a  2 and S5  (S10  S5 )
4
 5(S5 )  S10
5  10
 5  (4  4d)  [4  9d]
2  2
 d  6
 T20  a  19d
 2  19  (6)  112
PROBABILITY
INTRODUCTION
In nature, there are two kinds of phenomena – deterministic and in-deterministic. Examples of
deterministic phenomena are :
1. If an object is dropped, it falls to the ground.
2. Every organism which takes birth dies.
Examples of in-deterministic phenomena are:
1. The next vehicle that we see on a road going west to east may be headed east or west.
2. If a gas molecule is released in a container, it may head in any direction.
Probability theory is the study of in-deterministic phenomena. While the theory has widespread
applications in all walks of life. It is best to confine ourselves to certain simple kind of in -deterministic
phenomena in the initial stage. Examples are tossing of coins, rolling dice, picking cards from well-
shuffled decks and drawing objects from different containers, containing different objects.
SAMPLE SPACE
The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called its sample space. It is usually denoted
by S.
Examples :
1. When we roll the dice, it can fall with any of its faces facing up. So, the number on each of its
faces is a possible outcome.
Hence, the sample space (S) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
2. When we toss an unbiased coin, the result can be a head(H) or a tail(T). So the sample space(S)
= {H, T}.
EVENT
The outcomes or a combination of the outcomes is called an event. The probability of an event
(E) is a measure of our belief that the event will occur. This may be zero, i.e., we do not expect
the event to occur at all.
Examples :
1. In rolling a dice, getting an even number is an event.
2. In tossing a coin, getting a head (H) is an event.
PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT
Let E be an event of a certain experiment whose outcomes are equally likely. Then, the
probability of the event E, denoted by P(E), is defined as
Number of outcomes favourable to E
P E   .
Total number of possible outcomes
Notes
1. For any event E, 0  P(E)  1.
2. If P(E) = 0, then E is said to be an impossible event.
3. If P(E) = 1, then E is said to be a certain or a sure event.
Probability of Non-occurrence of an Event E
Let a random experiment have n possible outcomes – all equally likely. Say m of these are favourable for
an event E. Then, there are (n – m) outcomes which are not favourable to the event E.
Let E denote the non-occurrence of E.

nm
Then, P E   ,
n
nm
That is, P(non-occurrence of E.)  .
n
Now, P E   P E 
m n  m m  n  m n
     1.
n n n n
That is, P E   P E   1.
CLASSICAL PROBABILITY :
The probability of occurrence of event A, denoted by P(A), is defined as :
number of favourable cases n  A  m

PA   
number of exhaustive cases n  S  n
m nm
Then odds in favour of an event A  and odds against the event A 
nm m

Illustration : 1
Find the probability of getting an even number when an unbiased dice is rolled once.
Solution :
When a dice is rolled, the total number of possible outcomes is 6.
Let E be the event of getting an even number. Then, the outcomes favourable to E are 2, 4 and 6,
i.e., 3 outcomes are favourable.
3 1
Hence, P  E    .
6 2
Illustration : 2
When a fair dice is rolled, what is the probability of getting a number less than 5 ?
Solution :
When a fair dice is rolled, the total number of possible outcomes is 6.
Let E be the required event. Then, the outcomes favourable to E are 1, 2, 3 and 4,
i.e., 4 favourable outcomes.
4 2
 P E    .
6 3
2
Hence, the probability of getting a number less that 5 is .
3
Illustration : 3
A number is chosen randomly from the set of integers from 1 to 20. What is the probability that it
will be divisible by 5 ?
Solution :
There are 20 integers from 1 to 20.
So, an integer can be selected from 1 to 20 in 20 ways.
Let E be the required event. Then, then numbers favourable to E are 5, 10, 15 and 20, i.e., 4
favourable numbers.
4 1
 P E    .
20 5
1
Hence, the probability that the number selected is divisible by 5 is .
5
Illustration : 4
A bag contains 3 blue and 7 red balls. Find the probability that a ball selected at random from the
bag will be a blue ball.
Solution :
Total number of balls in the bag = 3 + 7 = 10.
So, a ball can be selected from the bag in 10 ways.
Now, there are 3 blue balls in the bag.
So, a blue ball can be selected from the bag in 3 ways.
3
Hence, the required probability = .
10
Illustration : 5
Find the probability of a card that is selected at random from a pack of cards will be a red honour.
Solution :
Total number of ways of selecting a card = 52.
There are 8 honours in the 26 red cards.
So, a red honour can be selected in 8 ways.
8 2
 The required probability   .
52 13
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. A box contains 5 apples, 6 oranges and ‘x’ bananas. If the probability of selecting an apple from
the box is 1/3 then the number of bananas in the box is
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 5
2. A number is selected from first 50 natural numbers. What is the probability that it is a multiple of 3
or 5?
13 21 12 23
(A) (B) (C) (D)
25 50 25 50
3. Sunny and Bunny go to an ice-cream parlour where they find 5 different varieties of ice-creams. If
they order one ice-cream each, what is the probability that they both order the same variety of ice-
creams?
1 4 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 2 10
4. If a letter is selected at random from the letters of the word LOGARITHMS, then what is the
probability that it will be a consonant?
3 7 1 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
10 10 10 10
5. A number is selected from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. What is the probability that it will be a root
of the equation x2  6x  8  0 ?
1 2 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 4 4
6. If two dice are thrown, then find the probability that the total score on the two dice is 5.
2 3 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 8 6 9
7. A bag contains 8 balls numbered 1 to 8. If 2 balls are picked at random, then find the probability of
the two balls being 2 and 3.
1 2 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
28 27 14 7
8. If two dice are rolled together, then find the probability that the sum of the numbers on the two
dice is less than or equal to 10.
11 1 7 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12 12 12 9
9. One ticket is drawn from a bag containing 70 tickets numbered 1 to 70. Find the probability that it
is a multiple of 5 or 7.
1 1 6 11
(A) (B) (C) (D)
10 70 70 35
10. If a coin is tossed two times, then what is the probability of getting a head at least once?
1 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
4 4 2
11. A bag contains 4 red chips, 2 blue chips, and 3 white chips. If one chip is drawn at random, what
is the probability that the chip will not be red?
5 7 1 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 9 3 9
12. There are 2 blue marbles, 6 yellow marbles, and 5 green marbles in a bag. One at a time, two
marbles are drawn randomly from the bag, with replacement after each drawing. What is the
probability that all two are green?
5 25 5 10
(A) (B) (C) (D)
13 169 169 169
13. What is the probability that exactly two heads will come up when three coins are flipped?
3 1 1 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 4 8 8
14. Three concentric circles have radii of 1, 4, and 9. If a point is randomly selected from the interior
of the largest circle, what is the probability that it is in the region bounded by the two smaller
circles?
5 4 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
27 9 3 9
15. In the figure shown, four circles are tangent to each other and to the sides of the square as
shown. A dart randomly hits the figure. What is the probability that it lands inside one of the
circular regions?
 
(A) (B)
8 10
 
(C) (D)
16 4
16. A point E is chosen at random from within square ABCD. What is the probability that ABE is
obtuse?
   3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 4 16 16
17. Three coins are flipped. What is the probability, expressed as a common fraction, that all are
heads or all are tails?
3 3 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 8 6 4
2
18. The probability that Chris will win the first set of a tennis match is and that he will win the
5
1
second is . Assuming independence of the two sets, what is the probability that he wins both
2
sets?
1 1 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 6 3 10
19. Fifty cards numbered from 1 to 30 are placed in a box. If a card is selected at random, what is the
probability that the card is a prime number and a multiple of seven?
7 1 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
30 10 25 30
20. In the figure shown, the circle with center O has a radius of 8 and the square has side length of
16. If a point is selected at random from within the region determined by the circle and the
square, what is the probability that it will be within the shaded region?
 
(A) (B)
   3  4
 
(C) (D)
16 3  16
21. Darts thrown at a board are equally likely to hit anywhere within a region on the board. If 75% of
the darts land inside the small square, what is the value of y?
(A) 4 3 8
(B) 3 3 y
(C) 2 3 y 8
(D) 3
22. A box contains wood beads, red glass beads, and blue glass beads. The number of glass beads
is 7 times the number of wood beads. If one bead is to be chosen at random from the box, the
probability that a red glass bead will be chosen is 6 times the probability that a blue glass bead
will be chosen. If there are 24 red glass beads in the box, what is the total number of beads in the
box?
(A) 32 (B) 42 (C) 48 (D) 60
23. There are x (either hardback or paperback) books on a shelf. If one book is to be selected at
5
random, the probability that a paperback will be selected is . In terms of x, how many of the
12
books are hardbacks?
5x 7x 12x 12x
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12 12 5 7
24. A bag contains 50 tickets numbered 1, 2, 3, …..50 of which five are drawn at random and
arranged in ascending order of magnitude  x1  x2  x3  x4  x5 . Find the probability that
x3 = 30.
 551   553   555   541 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 15134   15134   15134   15134 
25. Five marbles are drawn from a bag which contains 7 blue marbles and 4 black marbles. What is
the probability that all will be blue ?
1  1   1   2 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 11   22   33   22 
26. Find the probability that when a hand of 7 cards is dealt from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards, it
contains exactly 3 kings
 8   9   3   1 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 1547   1547   1547   1547 
27. The odds in favour of an event are 3 : 5. Find the probability of occurrence of this event.
5  1 3 3
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
8 8 8 4
28. A, B, C are three mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with a random experiment.
3   1
Find P(A), it being given that P B   P A and P  C   P B .
2 2
 3   2   5   4 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 13   13   13   13 
and P  A   , find P  A  B  .
1 2
29. If A and B are any two events such that P  A  B  
2 3
5 2 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 3 6 3
30. The probability of two events A and B are 0.25 and 0.50 respectively. The probability of their
simultaneous occurrence is 0.14. Find the probability that neither A nor B occurs.
(A) 0.39 (B) 0.38 (C) 0.37 (D) 0.36
Answer key
1. A 9. D 17. D 25. B
2. D 10. B 18. A 26. B
3. A 11. A 19. D 27. C
4. B 12. B 20. D 28. D
5. D 13. A 21. A 29. C
6. D 14. A 22. A 30. A
7. A 15. D 23. B
8. A 16. A 24. A
Hints & Solution
1. A
5 1
P(selection apple) =  ,
56x 3
5  3  5  6  x   1
 15  5  6  x
11  x  15
x  4
2. D
P(either multiple of 3 or of 5) = P(multiple of 3) + P(multiple of 5) – P (multiple 3 and 5).
16 10 3
  
50 50 50
16  10  3 23

50 50
3. A
(i) Let the five different ice-creams be a, b, c, d and e.
(ii) Favourable outcomes are (a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (d, d) and (e, e).
(iii) Total number of outcomes = 25.
So
Probability of order the same variety of
5 1
Ice creams = 
25 5
4. B
The total number of letters is 10.
The number of consonants = 7
7
 Required probability  .
10
5. D
There are 8 numbers.
The roots of the equation x2  6x  8  0 are 2 and 4.
 The number of favourable outcomes is 2.
2 1
 the required probability   .
8 4
6. D
If two dice are rolled together, then the total number of outcomes  62  36.
Favourable outcomes that the sum of the numbers is 5 : (4, 1), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2).
4 1
 The required probability =  .
36 9
7. A
The total number of ways of selecting two balls from 8 balls  8 C2  28 .
Number of favourable cases that one ball is 2 and other is 3, is 1.
1
Required probability  .
28
8. A
If two dice are rolled together, then total number of outcomes  62  36.
Required probability = 1-(the probability of getting the sum of the numbers on the two dice is
greater than 10)
Sum of the number is 11, 12
Now cases for 11 : (6, 5), (5, 6)
Cases for 12 : (6, 6)
Now total 3 case out of 36 so
3 1
The probability of getting the sum of the numbers on the two dice is greater than 10 = 
36 12
1 11
Now required probability = 1  
12 12
9. D
Total number of tickets are 70.
Multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, ......,70.
There are 14 numbers, which are multiples of 5.
Multiples of 7 are 7, 14,...,70, i.e.,
There are 10 numbers, which are multiples of 7.
There are two numbers, which are multiple of both 7 and 5. Total number of numbers which are
multiples of 5 or 6 = 14 + 10 – 2.
22 11
The required probability   .
70 35
10. B
If two coins are tossed, then the total outcomes:
{HH, HT, TH, TT}
The favourable outcomes of getting at least one head: {HH, HT, TH}
3
 The required probability = .
4
11. A
There are total 4 +3 + 2 = 9 chips. There are 4 red chips. The probability to draw a red chip is
then 4/9. By property 4, the probability that the chip will not be red is 1 - 4/9 = 5/9.
12. B
There are total 2 + 6 + 5 = 13 marbles. There are 5 green marbles. The probability to draw a
green marble is then 5/13. By the fundamental counting principle, the probability that all two are
green is
(5 / 13)  (5 / 13)  25 / 169.
13. A
The total number of outcomes is 2  2  2 = 8.
We have three cases that exactly two heads will come up when three coins are flipped:
HHT, THH, and HTH.
The probability is 3/8.
14. A
measure of area of favourable region
P
measure of area of total region
Area of ring r 2  r 2 r 2  r 2 16  1 15 5
P  1 2 2  1 2 2   
Area of largest circle r3 r3 81 81 27
15. D
P
measure of area of whole region
area of four circle 4 r 2 4r 2 
P   
Area of square (4r)2 16r 2 4
D C
16. A
If E is inside the semicircle that has AB as its diameter, then
ABE will be obtuse. E
FIITJEE Ltd., Plot No. 47, Sector – 12B, Opposite Bal Bhawan International School,ADwarka, New Delhi
B – 110 075,
1 2
r
Area of the semicircle 2 
P  2

Area of square (2r) 8
17. D
There are total 2  2  2 = 8 ways to flip three coins.
There is only 1 ways to flip three heads.
There is only 1 way to flip three tails.
The probability of all heads: 1/8
The probability of all tails: 1/8
Since the two events are mutually exclusive (you can’t flip a coin and get both head and tail),
P(A  B)  0
The probability that all are heads or all are tails can be calculated using teh formula:
1 1 2 1
P(A or B)  P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)    
8 8 8 4
18. A
The probability that he wins both sets:
2 1 1
P(A and B) = P(A)  P(B)    .
5 2 5
19. D
There are 30 numbers and 10 of them are prime numbers (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29).
There is one number that is both a prime number and a multiple of seven (7).
20. D
P
measure of area of total region
1
  82
4 16 
P   .
3 3  16   2
3  
  82  162 O
4
21. A
8
y2 75 3 3 2
 y  8 
2
P 2
 y
8 100 4 4
y4 3 y 8
22. A
Let the number of red glass beads be rg, and the number of blue glass beads be b g.
1
The number of wood beads will be (rg  bg ).
7
rg bg
 6  rg  6bg
1 1
rg  bg  (rg  bg ) rg  bg  (rg  bg )
7 7
We know that rg  24.
1 1 1
So b g  4, and (rg  bg )  (rg  bg )  (24  4)  4.
7 7 7
The answer is 24 + 4 + 4 = 32.
23. B
Let number of paperback books be p.
p 5 5
  p  x.
x 12 12
5 7
The number of paperback book is x  p  x  x  x.
12 12
24. A
Five tickets out of 50 can be drawn in 50C5 ways.

 Total number of elementary events = 50 C5
Since x1  x2  x3  x 4  x5 and x3  30. Therefore, x1, x 2  30 i.e., x1 and x2 should come from
tickets numbered 1 to 29 and this may happen in 29C2 ways. Remaining two i.e., x4, x5 > 30,
should come from 20 tickets numbered from 31 to 50 in 20 C2 ways.
 Favourable number of elementary events = 29
C2  20 C2
29
C2  20 C2 551
Hence, required probability = 50

C5 15134
25. B
There are 7 + 4 = 11 marbles in the bag out of which 5 marbles can be drawn in 11C ways.
5
 Total number of elementary events  11C5 .
There are 7 blue marbles out of which 5 blue marbles can be drawn in 7 C5 ways.
 Favourable number of elementary events 7 C5
7
C5 7! 5!6! 1
  
C5 2!5! 11! 22
26. B
Out of 52 cards from a deck of 52 playing cards, 7 cards can be drawn in 52C7 ways.
 Total number of elementary events = 52C7
Three kings out of 4 kings and 4 other cards out of remaining 48 cards can be chosen in
4
C3  48 C 4 ways.
 Favourable number of elementary events = 4 C3  48 C 4
4
C3  48 C4 9

C7 1547
27. C
It is given that the odds in favour of an event are 3 : 5. Therefore,
Favourable number of elementary events = 3x
Unfavourable number of elementary events = 5x.
So, total number of elementary events = 3x + 5x = 8x.
3x 3
Hence, probability of the occurrence of the event  
8x 8
28. D
Let P(A) = p. Then,
3 3 1 3
P B   p  A   P B   p and P C   P B   P C   p
2 2 2 4
Since A, B, C are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with a random
experiment.
 A B C  S
 P  A  B  C  P S
 P  A  B  C  1  P S  1
 P  A   P B  P C  1 [By addition Theorem]
3 3 4 4
 p p p 1  p   PA 
2 4 13 13
29. C
Clearly, A  B and A are mutually exclusive evens such that A  B  A   A  B 
 P  A  B  P  A   P  A  B
 1 P  A   P  A  B
1
 A B
2
 1  P  A  B
1 2
 A B
2 3
P  A  B 
1

6
30. A
We have, P  A   0.25, P B   0.50 and P  A  B   0.14

 Required probability  P  A  B 
 P  A  B   A  B   A  B
 1  P  A  B   1  P  A   P B   P  A  B 
 1   0.25  0.50  0.14   0.39
STATISTICS
One of the most important objectives of statistical analysis is to get one single value that
describes the characteristics of entire mass of unwieldy data such a value is called central value
or the average. It is a single value, which represents a group of values.
Classification of Data:
(i) Discrete series (ii) Continuous series
TYPE OF AVERAGES
(a) Mean
(i) Arithmetic
(ii) Weighted arithmetic mean
(b) Median
(c) Mode
The Arithmetic Mean:

The arithmetic mean of a statistical data is defined as the quotient of the sum of all the values of the
variable by the total number of items. It is denoted by A.M.
For an individual series

x
(a) A.M. =
n
d
(b) A.M. = A + , where d = x – A, A is the assumed mean
n
For a frequency distribution,
fx
(a) A.M = (Mean of grouped data)
f
(b) Short Cut Method
fd
A.M. = A + , where d = x – A, where A is the assumed mean.
f
(c) Step Deviation Method
 fu  xA
A.M. = A +   h, where A is the assumed mean and u = .
 f  h
Weighted Arithmetic Mean:

If w1, w2, w3, …, wn are the weights assigned to the values x1, x2, x3, …, xn respectively, then the weighted
average is defined as:
w 1x1  w 2 x 2    w n x n
Weighted Arithmetic Mean = .
w1  w 2    w n
Median:
Median is defined as the middle most or the central value of the variables in a set of observations, when
the observations are arranged either in ascending or in descending order of their magnitudes. It divides
the arranged series in two equal parts. Median is a position average, whereas, the arithmetic mean is the
calculated average. When a series consists of an even number of terms, median is the arithmetic mean of
the two central items. It is generally denoted by M.
Case I: When n is odd.

n 1 n 1
In this case th value is the median i.e. M  th term.
2 2
Case II: When n is even.
n n 
In this case there are two middle terms th and   1th . The median is the average of those
2 2 
n n 
   1
2 2  th term
two terms, i.e. M 
2
Case III: When the series is continuous.

In this case the data is given in the form of a frequency table with class-interval, etc., and the
following formula is used to calculate the Median.
n
C
M=L+ 2  i , where
f
L = lower limit of the class in which the median lies
n = total number of frequencies, i.e., n = f.
f = frequency of the class in which the median lies
C = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class
i = width of the class-interval of the class in which the median lies.
Mode:
Mode is defined as that value in a series which occurs most frequently. In a frequency distribution mode is
that variate which has the maximum frequency.
Continuous Frequency Distribution:

i) Modal Class: It is that class in grouped frequency distribution in which the mode lies.
fm  f1
Mode = L   i , where
2fm  f1  f2
L = the lower limit of the modal class
i = the width of the modal class
f1 = the frequency of the class preceding modal class
fm = the frequency of the modal class
f2 = the frequency of the class succeeding modal class.
Sometimes it so happened that the above formula fails to give the mode. In this case, the modal value lies
in a class other than the one containing maximum frequency. In such cases we take the help of the
following formula:
f2
Mode = L   i , where L, f1, f2, i have usual meanings.
f1  f2
Asymmetrical Distribution:
A distribution in which mean, median and mode coincide is called symmetrical distribution. If the
distribution is moderately asymmetrical, then mean, median and mode are connected by the
formula.
Mode = 3 Median – 2Mean
Geometric Mean:
If x1, x2, x3, …, xn are n values of a variable x, none of them being zero, then the Geometric mean G is
defined as G = (x1, x2, x3, …, xn )1/n.
Relation between Arithmetic Mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean:

The arithmetic mean (A. M.), Geometric mean (G.M.) and Harmonic Mean (H.M.) for a given set of
observations of a series are related as under:
A. M  G.M  H.M
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Dispersion means scatterness. The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about an average
value is called the dispersion of the data. There are four measures of dispersion.
Range:
Range = L – S, where L = largest value; S = smallest value.
Mean Deviation:
It is the average of the modulus of the deviations of the observations in a series taken form mean or
median.
Methods for Calculation of Mean Deviation:
Case I:For Ungrouped Data.
In this case the mean deviation is given by the formula

| x  A | | d|
Mean Deviation = M.D. =  ,
n n
where ‘d’ stands for the deviation from the mean or median and |d| is always positive whether d
itself is positive or negative and n is the total number of items.
Case II: For Grouped data.
Let x1, x2, x3, …, xn occur with frequencies f1, f2, f3, ,fn respectively and let f = n and M can be either Mean
or Median, then the mean deviation is given by the formula.
f | x  M | f | d |
Mean Deviation = 
f n
Where d = |x – M| and f = n.
Mean Deviation
Coefficient of Mean Deviation =
Median
Mean Deviation
or = (In case the deviations are taken from mean)
Mean
Standard Deviation:
The Positive square root of the average of squared deviations of all observations taken from their mean is
called standard deviation. It is generally denoted by the Greek alphabet  or s.
Variance:
The square of the standard deviation is called variance and is denoted by 2.
Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data:
Direct method:
In case of individual series, the standard deviation can be obtained by the formula.
( x  x)2 d2
  [First Form]
n n
where d = x - x and x = value of the variable or observation, x = arithmetic mean, n = total number of
observations.
Short-cut Method:
This method is applied to calculate Standard deviation, when the mean of the data comes out to be a
fraction. In that case it is very difficult and tedious to find the deviations of all observations from the mean
by the earlier method. The formula used is
2
d 2  d 
  
n  n 
[Second Form] where d = x – A, A = assumed mean, n = total number of observations.
Standard deviation for grouped data:

It is calculated by the following formula.
f ( x  x ) 2
 [Third Form]
n
where x is A.M., x is the size of the item, and f is the corresponding frequency in the case of discrete
series.
But when the mean has a fractional value, then the following formula is applied to calculate S.D.
2
fd 2  fd 
   [Fourth Form]
n  n 
where d = x – A, A = assumed mean, n = f = total frequency.
Standard deviation in continuous series:
Direct Method. The standard deviation in the case of continuous series is obtained by the following
formula.
f ( x  x )2
 [Fifth Form]
n
where x = mid-value, x = A.M., f = frequency, n = total frequency.
Combined Standard Deviation:
Let 1 and 2 be the S.D. of the two groups containing n1 and n2 items respectively. Let x 1 and x 2 be
their respective A.M. Let x and  be the A.M. and S.D. of the combined group respectively. Then
n x  n2 x
x 1 1 .
n1  n 2
n112  n222  n1d12  n2d22
 , where d1  x1  x and d2  x 2  x .
n1  n2
( x  x )2
Variance = , or Variance = 2
n
 = Variance
 fd2  fd  2 
Variance =      i2 (Continuous Series)
 n  n  
Standard Deviation of n Natural Number:
1/ 2
 1 2 
=  (n  1) 
 12 

ax  b
Illustration -1: The S.D of the variate is . Find the S.D of the variable ; a, b, c are constant.
c
ax  b a b
Solution: Let y =  y = x   y = Ax + B
c c c
a b
Where A = and so, y  Ax  B and hence
c c
y – y = Ax + B –(A x + B) = A (x – x )  (y – y )2 = A2(x – x )2
(y – y )2 = A2 (x – x )2  ny2 = A2 (nx2) y = |A|x
a
Hence S.D is multiplied by |A| =
c
Illustration -2: The mean deviation about the median of the series of batsman in ten innings 54,
38, 42, 44, 46, 48, 54, 55, 56, 76 is
(A) 8.6 (B) 7.6
Solution: The data is : 34, 38, 42, 44, 46, 48, 54, 55, 56, 76.
46  48
Median = the mean of 5th and 6th term =  47  M
2
Now x1’s  M are 48, 54, 55, 63, 70
x1’s < M are 34, 38, 42, 44, 46  n1 = 5 and n2 = 5
 s1 = 48 + 54 + 55 + 63 + 78 = 290
s2 = 34 + 38 + 42 + 46 = 204.
s1  s 2  (n1  n 2 )M 290  204
Mean deviation =   8.6.
n1  n 2 10
Illustration -3: For a set of 100 observations, taking assumed mean as 4, the sum of the deviations
is –11 cm, and the sum of the squares of these deviations is 275 cm 2. The
coefficient of variation is
(A) 41.13% (B) 40.13%
(C) 42.13% (D) None of these.
fd 11
Solution: xA  4  3.87
n 100
2 2
d 2  d  257  11 
and  =        1. 6 .
n  n  100  100 
 1.6
Coefficient of Variation =  100   100 = 41.13%.
x 3.89
Illustration-4: S.D of a data is 6. When each observation is increased by 1, then the S.D of new
data is
(A) 5 (B) 7
(C) 6 (D) 8
Solution: S.D (and variance) of a data is not changed when each observation is increased (or
decreased) by the same constant.
Illustration -5: The mean of the set of numbers x 1, x2, x3, ......xn is x , then the mean of the
numbers xi + 2i, 1 i n, is
(A) x + 2n (B) x + n + 1
(C) x + 2 (D) none of these
n
x i n n
  x  2i
1
Solution: x i 1
 x i  nx and hence i
n i 1 n i 1
n
21  2  3  .....  n 2nn  1
x 
1
= i = x  x + (n + 1)
n i1 n 2n
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. The mean of 20 observations is 15. On checking, it was found that two observations were wrongly
copied as 3 and 6. If wrong observations are replaced by correct values 8 and 4, then the correct
mean is
(A) 15 (B) 15.15
(C) 15.35 (D) 16
2. The arithmetic mean of the squares of the first n natural numbers is

n(n  1)(2n  1) n(n  1)(2n  1)
(A) (B)
6 2
(n  1)(2n  1) (n  1)(2n  1)
(C) (D)
6 3
3. What is the variance of the first 11 natural numbers?

(A) 10 (B) 11
(C) 12 (D) 13
4. The marks obtained by 13 students in a test are 10, 3, 10, 12, 9, 7, 9, 6, 7, 10, 8, 6 and 7, then
the median of this data is
(A) 7 (B) 8
(C) 9 (D) 10
5. Consider the following frequency distribution

Class interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Frequency 14 x 27 y 15
If the total of the frequencies is 100 and mode is 25, then which one of the following is correct?
(A) x  2y (B) 2x  y
(C) x  y (D) x  3y
6. The average marks obtained by the students in a class are 43. If the average marks obtained by
25 boys are 40 and the average marks obtained by the girl students are 48, then what is the
number of girl students in the class?
(A) 15 (B) 17
(C) 18 (D) 20
7. Marks obtained by 7 students in a subject are 30, 55, 75, 90, 50, 60, 39. The number of students
securing marks less than the mean marks is
(A) 7 (B) 6
(C) 5 (D) 4
8. The standard deviation of the observations 5, 5, 5, 5 and 5 is

(A) 0 (B) 5
(C) 20 (D) 25
9. The mean of 10 observations is 5. If 2 is added to each observation and then multiplied by 3, then
what will be the new mean?
(A) 5 (B) 7
(C) 15 (D) 21
10. The algebraic sum of the deviations of 20 observations measured from 30 is 2. What would be the
mean of the observation?
(A) 30 (B) 32
(C) 30.2 (D) 30.1
11. The median of 27 observations of a variable is 18. If three more observations are made and the
values of these observations are 16, 18 and 50, then what is the median of these 30
observations?
(A) 18 (B) 19
(C) 25.5 (D) Can’t be determined
12. What is the standard deviation of 7, 9, 11, 13, 15?

(A) 2.4 (B) 2.5
(C) 2.7 (D) 2.8
13. Which one of the following is measure of dispersion?

(A) Mean (D) Median
(C) Mode (d) Standard deviation
14. What is the mode for the data 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 23, 23, 23,
23, 23, 24, 24, 24 and 25?
(A) 7 (B) 21
(C) 22 (d) 25
15. If a variate X takes values 2, 9, 3, 7, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 10, then what is the median?
(A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 7 (d) 9
16. If a variate X takes values 2, 3, 4, 2, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1, then what is the mode?

(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 5
17. Students of three sections of a class, having 30, 30 and 40 students appeared for a test of 100
marks. If the arithmetic means of the marks of the three sections are 72.2, 69 and 64.1 in that
order, then what is the arithmetic mean of the marks of all the students of the three section?
(A) 66.6 (B) 67.3
(C) 68 (D) 70.6
18. If the variance of the data 2, 4, 5, 6 and 17 is v, then what is the variance of the data 4, 8, 10, 12
and 34?
(A) v (B) 4v
2
(C) v (D) 2v
19. What is the median of the distribution 3, 7, 6, 9, 5, 4 and 2?

(A) 5 (B) 6
(C) 7 (D) 8
20. The mean of 7 observations is 10 and that of 3 observations is 5. What is the mean of all the 10
observations?
(A) 15 (B) 10
(C) 8.5 (D) 7.5
21. What is the cumulative frequency curve of statistical data commonly called?
(A) Cartogram (B) Histogram
(C) Ogive (D) Pictogram
22. What is the mean deviation of the data 2, 9, 9, 3, 6, 9 and 4?

(A) 2.23 (B) 2.57
(C) 3.23 (d) 3.57
23. If a set of n values x1,x 2 ,......,xn has standard deviation  then what is the standard deviation of n
values x1  k,x2  k,.....,xn  k ?
(A)  (B)  + k
(C)  - k (D) k
24. If the distributions x and y with total number of observations 36, 64 and mean 4, 3 respectively are
combined, then what is the mean of the resulting distribution x + y?
(A) 3.26 (B) 3.32
(C) 3.36 (D) 3.42
25. A class consists of 3 sections A, B and C with 35, 35 and 30 students respectively. The arithmetic
means of the marks secured by students of sections A and B, who appeared for a test of 100
marks are 74 and 70 respectively. The arithmetic mean of the marks secured by students of
section C, who appeared for a test in the same subject which carried 75 marks is 51. What is the
average percentage of marks secured by all the 100 students of the three sections?
(A) 70 (B) 70.8
(C) 65 (D) 67.5
26. What is the least value of the standard deviation of 5 integers, no two of which are equal?
(A) 5 (B) 2
(C) 2 (D) No such least value can be computed
27. The average sales and standard deviation of sales for four months for a company are as follows
Month Month Month Month
1 2 3 4
Average sales 30 57 82 28
Standard deviation of sales 2 3 4 2
During which month are the sales most consistent?
(A) Month 1 (B) Month 2
(C) Month 3 (D) Month 4
28. In a factory, there are 30 men and 20 women employees. If the average salary of men is Rs. 4050
and the average salary of all of the employees is Rs. 3550, then what is the average salary of
women?
(A) Rs. 3800 (B) Rs. 3300
(C) Rs. 3000 (D) Rs. 2800
29. What is the variance of numbers 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15?

(A) 2.2 (B) 2.4
(C) 8 (D) 2.8
30. If the monthly expenditure pattern of a person who earns a monthly salary of Rs. 15000 is
represented in a pie diagram, then the sector angle of an item on transport expenses measure
15o. What is his monthly expenditure on transport?
(A) Rs. 450 (B) Rs. 625
(C) Rs. 675 (D) Can’t be determined
Answer Key
1. B 9. D 17. C 25. B
2. C 10. D 18. B 26. C
3. A 11. A 19. A 28. D
4. B 12. D 20. C 29. C
5. C 13. D 21. C 30. B
6. A 14. C 22. B
7. D 15. B 23. A
8. A 16. A 24. C
Hints & Solutions

1. B
Given that,
Mean of 20 observations = 15
 Sum of 20 observations = 15
 Sum of actual (correct) observations
 300  (3  6)  (8  4)
 300  9  12  303
303
 Correct mean   15.15
20
2. C
Arithmetic mean of the squares of the first n natural numbers
12  22  32  ...  n2

n
n(n  1)(2n  1)  n(n  1)(2n  1) 

6n 

 n2
6 

(n  1)(2n  1)

6
3. A
We know that, the variance of the first n natural numbers
n2  1

12
 Variance of the first 11 natural numbers
(11)2  1 121  1 120
    10
12 12 12
4. B
First, we arrange the given data in ascending order, we get
3, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 12
Total terms, n = 13 (odd)
 n  1
 Median    th term
 2 
 13  1 
  th term = 7 term
th
 2 
=8
5. C
Given that, sum of frequencies = 100
 14  x  27  y  15  100
 x  y  57  100
 x  y  43 ..(i)
For mode fm  27,f1  x and f2  y,l1  20,h  10
Clearly, 20-30 is the modal class.
Since, mode lies between 20-30
PHASE-1_PHYSICS_GENESIS PACKAGE_48
fm  f1
 Mode  l1  h
2fm  f1  f2
27  x
Given, 25  20   10
54  x  y
270  10x
5   270  10x  5x  5y  270  5x  5y  0
54  x  y
xy ...(ii)
6. A
Given that, average marks obtained by the students in a class (xBG )  43
Total number of boys (nB )  25
Average marks obtained by boys (xB )  40
Average marks obtained by girls (xG )  48
Let the total number of girls  nG
Now, by formula
n .x  nG .xG
xBG  B B
nB  nG
25.40  nG .48
 43 
25  nG
1075  43.nG  1000  48.nG
 75  5nG
 nG  15
 Required number of girls = 15
7. D
Marks obtained by 7 students in a subject are 30, 55, 75, 90, 50, 60 and 39.
30  55  75  90  50  60  39 399
 Mean marks    57
7 7
Hence, the number of students securing marks less than the mean marks is 4 i.e., {30, 39, 50,
55}.
8. A
Given that, observation are 5, 5, 5, 5 and 5.
5  5  5  5  5 25
Mean (x)   5
5 5
5
(x1  x)2
Now, SD = 
i 1 N
(5  5)2  (5  5)2  (5  5)2  (5  5)2  (5  5)2

5
00000
 0
5
Alternative Method
Since all the data are same, there is no deviation. Hence by definition, standard deviation = 0
9. D
Let observations are x1,x 2 ,.....x10
Given,
x1  x 2  x 3  .....  x10
5
10
 x1  x 2  x 3  .....  x10  50
Again, according to the question
New mean
[(x1  2)  (x 2  2)  (x 3  2)  .....  (x10  2)]  3

10
[(x1  x 2  x 3  .....  x10 )  20]  3


10
(50  20)  3 70  3
   21
10 10
10. D
According to the question,
20
  (xi  30)  2 (given)
i 1
20 20
  xi  600  2   xi  602
i 1 i 1
20
x i
602
 Mean  i 1
  30.1
20 20
11. A
Median of 27 observation = 18
 27  1
Then,   th observation = 18
 2 
14th observation = 18
The, observation whose value is 16 come before 18, i.e., 14th observation.
Now, number of observation is even 30 observations.
 30   30 
 2  th   2  1 th
Median     
2
15th observation + 16th observation

2
18  18
  18
2
12. D
7  9  11  13  15 55
Mean (x)    11
5 5
Variable  xi  Deviation about mean di2
di  xi  x
7 7 – 11 = - 4 16
9 9 – 11 = -2 4
11 11 – 11 = 0 0
13 13 – 11 = 2 4
15 15 – 11 = 4 16
 di  40
2
 Variance (2 ) 
40
8
d 2
i

n 5
Standard deviation = 8  2.8
13. D
Standard deviation is a measure of dispersion.
14. C
The given observations are
3 times 5 times 7 times 5 times 2 times 1 time
20,20,20,21,21,21,21,21,22,22,22,22,22,22,22,23,23,23,23,23,24,24, 25
Mode = Higher frequency of observation = 22 (7 times)
15. B
The given observations are arranged in ascending order
2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10
Here, total term = 9
 9  1  10 
 Median    th term =   th term
 2   2 
= 5th term = 4
16. A
The values of variates 2, 3, 4, 2, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1. The higher frequency value, which takes variate
is mode = 2
17. C
Let A, B and C be the sections of a class having 30, 30 and 40 students, respectively.
Also, given that the students of each section securing the arithmetic means of the marks 72.2, 69
and 64.1, respectively.
Now, the total marks secured by the students of section A
 30  72.2  2166
The total marks secured by the students of section B
 30  69  2070
And the total marks secured by the students of section C
 40  64.1  2564
So, the arithmetic means of marks of all the students of three sections
(2166  2070  2564) 6800
   68
100 100
18. B
We know that,
Var(x)   2 Var(x)
Given data,
x  2,4,56,17 and its variance,
Var(x) = v
Now, multiply by 2 in above data numbers,
x  4,8,10,12,34
Its variance, Var(2x)  (2)2 Var(x)  4v
19. A
Firstly, we arrange the given observation in ascending order
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9
Total terms, n = 7
 n  1  7  1
So, median    th term    th term
 2   2 
= 4th term = 5
20. C
Given mean of 7 observations = 10
7
x i 7

7 i 1
 10 
i  70, ..(i)
i 1
x
And the mean of 3 observation = 5
3
x i 3

3
i 1
i 1
5
i  15 x
...(ii)
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii) we get

7 3 10
 xi   xi  70  15   xi  85
i 1 i 1 i 1
10
x i
85
 Mean of 10 observations  i 1
  8.5
10 10
21. C
The cumulative frequency curve of statistical data is called ogive.
22. B
2  9  9  3  6  9  4 42
Mean   6x
7 7
 xx
 Mean deviation 
n
26 3 96  36  66  46

7
4  9  3  0  2 18
   2.57
7 7
23. A
We know that, if a number is added in values, then the standard deviation remains unaltered.
 SD of new values = 
24. C
36  4  64  3 144  192
Required mean  
36  64 100
336  x n  x2n2 
  3.36  x12  1 1 
100  n1  n2 
25. B
Since, section C carried 51 average marks of 75.
51
 Section C carried   100  68 average marks out of 100
75
 Average percentage marks
35  74  35  70  30  68

100
2590  2450  2040
  70.80
100
26. C
Let us consider any five integers be 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.
25
Its mean  5
5
(5  3)2  (5  4)2  (5  5)2  (5  6)2  (6  7)2
 SD =
5
4  1 0  1 4
  2
5
27. C

Month 1, CV   100
x
2
  100  6.67
30
3
Month 2, CV   100  526
57
4
Month 3, CV   100  4.88
82
2
Month 4, CV   100  7.14
28
Hence, month 3, the sales are most consistent.
28. D
Here, n = 50, x = 3550,
n1  30,x1  4050 and n2  20
We know that, nx  n1x1  n2 x2
 50  3550  30  4050  20x 2

 177500  121500  20x 2
 x 2  2800
Hence, average salary of women = Rs. 2800
29. C
7  9  11  13  15 55
x   11
5 5
Now,
(7  11)2  (9  11)2  (11  11)2  (13  11)2  (15  11)2  (x  x)2 
SD   8.  SD  
5  n 
 
So, variance = 8
30. B
Since, monthly salary = Rs. 15000
And sector angle of expenses = 15o
15o
 Required amount   15000  Rs.625
360o

Genesis Crash Course JSTSE (2018 19) - Phase 2 - Mathematics.

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PHASE-2_MATHEMATICS _GENESIS PACKAGE_1

Roots of The Equation

In general, the roots of a quadratic equation can be found in two ways:

Finding the Roots by Factorization

Finding the Roots by Using the Formula

Sum and Product of Roots of a Quadratic Equation

Constructing A Quadratic Equation

Condition for common roots

1. Condition for one root common:

2. Condition for both roots common:

Illustrations (Solved Examples)

If 3x  10, which is not possible.

8. If (x  2)(x  4)(x  6)(x  8)  945 and x is an integer, then find x.

If (p  q )x  (q  r )x  r  p  0 and (p  q )y  (r  p )y  q  r  0 have a common root

14. Find the value of 30  30  30  ..... .

If y  6y  3m  0 and y  3y  m  0 have a common root, then find the possible values of m.

21. If     3,  3  3  7 , then  and  are the roots of

30. The roots of the equation (x  a)(x  b)  (x  b) (x  c)  (x  c)(x  a)  0 are

Hints & Solutions

(ii) x  (log5 2)(x  log2 5) and proceed.

 42  4  2  4  1.

 x = 1 is a root of Eq. (1)

Ex. Consider a sequence 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, …

Ex. (a) 1, 2, 3, 4,……

a = - 7, d = - 2, the AP is – 7, - 11, -13,….

Sol. (i) Taxi fare for 1 km = Rs. 15 = a1

(ii) Amount of air present in the cylinder = x units (say) = a 1

(ii) a = – 1.25, d = – 0.25

3. What term of the A.P. 2, 5, 8, …. is 56 ?

4. What is the 10th term of the sequence 2, 4, …..?

12. Find the sum of 222, 224, 225, 226, …, 888:

17. How many terms of the series 20 + 16 + 12 + ….. amounts to 48?

24. The series of natural numbers is written as follows:

(C) n3  (n  1)3 (D) none of these

Hints & Solutions

(8)3  344  3pr(8)

 5(a  6d)  12(a  2d)

1. If an object is dropped, it falls to the ground.

2. Every organism which takes birth dies.

Examples of in-deterministic phenomena are:

2. If a gas molecule is released in a container, it may head in any direction.

1. In rolling a dice, getting an even number is an event.

2. In tossing a coin, getting a head (H) is an event.

2. If P(E) = 0, then E is said to be an impossible event.

3. If P(E) = 1, then E is said to be a certain or a sure event.

Probability of Non-occurrence of an Event E

Let E denote the non-occurrence of E.

The probability of occurrence of event A, denoted by P(A), is defined as :

number of favourable cases n  A  m

Illustrations (Solved Examples)

Five tickets out of 50 can be drawn in 50C5 ways.

We have, P  A   0.25, P B   0.50 and P  A  B   0.14

The Arithmetic Mean:

For an individual series

Weighted Arithmetic Mean:

Case I: When n is odd.

Case III: When the series is continuous.

Continuous Frequency Distribution:

Relation between Arithmetic Mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean:

Methods for Calculation of Mean Deviation:

Case I:For Ungrouped Data.

In this case the mean deviation is given by the formula