TENSE CONTINUOUS ASPECTSIMPLE You probably read a lot of rules about when to which republic they are talking
which republic they are talking about: the
ASPECT
- Action is happening progressively
- Action may be temporary - Action is
general, habitual
Present Anna is working as a secretary while
Diane is on maternity leave.
(temporary job) Jane works as a secretary.
(permanent action, this is her job)
Present Perfect She has been working on
this project for five days.
(progressive action) She has finished her
breakfast.
(the focus is on the result)
Future John will be reading tonight.
(continuous action) I will help you with those
bags!
(spontaneous, simple action)
Future Perfect When he calls, she will
have been reading the article for two hours.
(continuous action, focus on the process) By
tomorrow morning, she will have finished
writing the essay.
(simple action, the focus is on the result)
Past He was waiting for me when I
arrived.
(continuous action, focus on the process) He
waited for two hours, after which he left.
(the focus is on the result)
Past Perfect He had been talking on
the phone for two hours when she arrived.
(continuous action, focus on the process) He
had finished his dinner when she arrived.
(the focus is on the result)
What does this mean for you in the TOEFL
exam? Whenever you use a verb in speaking or
in writing, you must decide what kind of action
you want to express. For example, in the first
part of the speaking exam, you will have to
speak about a familiar topic like your favorite
hobby. In this case, you’ll probably use the
simple aspect because you’ll be talking about a
habitual action that you like doing in general.
To practice, try filling in the gaps with the right
form of each verb given in parentheses.
(Answers are at the end of the post.)
My cat ___ (drink) all the milk by the time we
got home.
She ___ (think) about buying a new car because
the one she has is old.
I ___ (write) an email, so I can’t help you do the
dishes.
He ___ (write) a lot of emails as part of his job.
It’s almost 10 p.m. and we still ___ (decided)
what to eat yet.
You can do more exercises to practice aspect
online.
2. Use “the” for Defined Things, People or
Places
The definite article is used for things, people or
places that are “defined” for the speakers. This
means that the speakers know precisely what
thing, person or place they are talking about.
use “the,” but all of them can be reduced to
one idea: We use the definite article when the
things, people or places we are referring to are
defined. Have a look at the following list of
situations when we use “the”:
With people/things mentioned before, so it’s
clear who/what you are referring to from the
context.
We are staying in a nice hotel. The hotel is in
the center of the city.
In the second sentence above, we already know
what hotel we are talking about: the hotel
mentioned in the first sentence.
With things that are unique, even if not
mentioned before.
We went to the lake today.
You can find any information you need on the
Internet.
Since “the lake” and “the Internet” are seen as
unique, the speaker knows what they are. So
these things are, again, defined.
With nouns followed by a defining relative
clause (a clause that describes a person or thing
we are talking about).
The book you gave me is nice.
“Book” is defined, because it’s the book that
“you gave me,” not just any book.
With superlatives and ordinal numbers.
I think I just tasted the best ice cream ever.
In this first example, “ice cream” is defined
because it’s not just any ice cream. It’s a special
one, it’s the best one ever. “Best” is a
superlative, just like “most expensive,” “most
colorful,” “nicest” and “quickest.”
This is the second question he’s asked today.
In our second example, the question is again
clearly defined for the speaker, who has
counted the questions and knows that this
particular question is the second one.
With names of countries that have plurals in
them or that include the words “republic” or
“kingdom.”
the United States of America
the Czech Republic
the Netherlands
This situation may not be as clear as the other
ones. To simplify it, just think of the words
“states” and “republic” as being defined for the
speaker. The speaker specifies which states and
United States (as opposed to any random state)
and the Czech Republic (as opposed to any
other republic).
With names of geographical areas, rivers,
mountain ranges, groups of islands, canals and
oceans.
the Arctic
the Alps
the Nile
In this case, you can generalize that plurals are
used with “the.” As for the other geographical
locations, there is no logical generalization you
can make. You simply need to learn them the
right way from the start.
If you are still new to this rule, it may be easier
for you to make best use of it in writing. In the
TOEFL writing section, try to leave a few
minutes at the end of the test to proofread
your work. Since you can only make small
changes in such a short time, you can rethink
whether you used “the” correctly.
If you realize the thing, person or place is in fact
undefined, new or not specified, you can simply
erase “the.” The more you practice, the faster
you’ll be able to use “the” correctly in speaking
too!
Have a look at these sentences. Decide if you
have to use “the” or nothing in the gaps:
___ price of gas has doubled in the past three
days.
We can’t predict which way ___ global
economy is going.
I don’t like ___ chocolate, but I love ___ candy
that you brought.
Please pass me ___ sugar. It’s in ___ white
bowl.
___ people don’t like it when you talk back to
them.
To feel more confident about “the,” practice
more online. Whenever you are not sure
whether to use it, refer back to the rule.
3. Use Adjectives Only When Describing People,
Places or Things
Some learners confuse adjectives with adverbs,
so let’s look at both parts of speech one at a
time, beginning with adjectives.
Adjectives
Adjectives describe nouns (people, places or
things).
I like romantic movies.
Here, “romantic” describes the noun “movies.”
To be sure you have an adjective, you can ask
“What kind of movies?” and the answer is the
adjective “romantic.”
Adjectives usually go before nouns.
Adjectives can also be part of the following
structure:
[Noun] + to be + [adjective]
This same structure is used with verbs that can
be replaced by “be” (feel, look, taste, smell,
sound, appear, seem), as seen in the following
examples:
The soup tastes/smells/looks/seems good.
The soup is good.
Cashmere feels nice.
Cashmere is nice.
The music sounds perfect.
The music is perfect.
In all these examples, “good,” “nice” and
“perfect” describe the noun, not the verb, so
they are adjectives (not adverbs). That’s why it
would be incorrect to say “Cashmere feels
nicely.” “Nice” describes “cashmere,” not
“feels,” so it’s an adjective, not an adverb.
Adverbs
Adverbs are usually formed from adjectives by
adding -ly at the end of the adjective. Adverbs
describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
Example of an adverb describing a verb:
The bird sang beautifully.
“Beautifully” describes the verb “sang.” You can
ask, “How did the bird sing?” and you get the
answer, “beautifully.”
Example of an adverb describing an adjective:
She is a really nice girl.
“Really” refers to the adjective “nice.” To be
sure, you can ask “How nice?” and get the
answer “really nice.”
Example of an adverb describing another
adverb:
She talked very loudly.
“Very” describes the adverb “loudly.” If you ask
“How loudly?,” you get the answer “very
loudly.”
Spelling adverbs
When using adverbs in writing, many students
don’t get the spelling right. How many l’s? Why
two l’s and not just one?
Let’s make this simple for you once and for all.
Whenever you have to use such adverbs in the
TOEFL written exam, look at the adjective it
comes from. If the adjective ends in an “l,”
when you add -ly you get two l’s. As simple as
that!
beautiful + ly = beautifully
interesting + ly = interestingly
Practice correct spelling and use of adjectives
and adverbs online and by filling in the gaps
below with the right form of the word given in
brackets:
She ___ (careful) took the baby out of the car.
The puzzle was ___ (extreme) difficult.
She remained ___ (calm) despite the
turbulences.
The ___ (recent) launched product was much
better than the ___ (old) version.
She made an ___ (unfortunate) mistake.
4. “Who,” “Whom” and “Which” Are Not
Interchangeable
“Who” refers to people, “which” refers to
things and “that” can refer to both people and
things. Here are some examples:
I know the man who you talked to earlier.
I know the man that you talked to earlier.
The contract which you signed is on the table.
The contract that you signed is on the table.
The only exception is that “which” can be used
when you have a group of people and you want
to select one.
Which of you knows the answer?
Who vs. Whom
“Whom” refers to people. Many people
overuse “whom” to sound more academic. The
rule is to use “who” when you refer to the
subject of a clause, and to use “whom” when
referring to the object of a clause.
You can use this simple shortcut to decide if
you should use “who” or “whom”:
Use “whom” if you can replace “whom” with
“him” or “her.”
Use “who” if you can replace “who” with “he”
or “she.”
For example:
Whom are you going to invite?
(You are going to invite him.)
Who wrote the email?
(She wrote the email.)
When proofreading your writing in the TOEFL
exam, double check if you used “who,” “which”
and “whom” correctly. Remember that “which”
is generally used to refer to things. Since these
are short words, you can easily make
corrections fast, without changing too much of
the sentence structure you originally used.
Practice these rules online and by filling in the
gaps below with the right word: “who,” “which”
or “whom.”
The person to ___ you are referring no longer
works here.
I liked the book ___ you gave me.
___ invited you here?
I’m not sure ___ kid was here first.
Give my regards to your brother, ___ was my
classmate in high school.
5. The Future Is Not Used in Time and
Conditional Clauses
You cannot use “will” to refer to the future in
time and conditional clauses. Time clauses
usually begin with a time expression, such as
“when,” “as soon as,” “while,” “until,” “after,”
“before,” “as.” Conditional clauses usually start
with “if.”
You simply need to omit “will” (to refer to the
future) so that instead of the future simple, you
will use the present simple.
Wrong: After she will return, we can talk.
Right: After she returns, we can talk.
Similarly, instead of the future continuous, you
should use the present continuous in time and
conditional clauses.
Wrong: While she will be reading, I’ll be
watching a movie.
Right: While she is reading, I’ll be watching a
movie.
The future perfect changes into the present
perfect and the future perfect continuous
changes into the present perfect continuous.
Wrong: If she will have finished the book, she
can give us the main ideas.
Right: If she has finished the book, she can give
us the main ideas.
In the TOEFL speaking exam, you may be asked
to talk about the future. You have to pay extra
attention to the words and expressions given
above so that you don’t use “will” after them.
In the written test you have the advantage of
more thinking time. When proofreading, make
sure you cross out any “will”s used after time
expressions and “if.”
To become faster at deciding if “will” can be
used or not, practice online and by deciding if
the sentences below are correct or not:
Whatever I do, my daughter will not listen to
me.
If she will play the piano at night, we can ask
her to take a break.
When I have talked to him, I’ll know what he
thinks.
Before the doctor will see you, you have to do
some tests.
If you will write her an email, she may change
her mind.
6. The Present Perfect Is Used When There Is a
Connection with the Present
You have probably read a lot of rules about
when to use the present perfect and when to
use the past. You can reduce them all to one
simple rule: If the speaker feels there is a
connection with the present, then the present
perfect should be used.
If the action is in the past and is seen as
separate from the present, then you should use
the past. Have a look at the following situations
in which we use the present perfect and the
past and check out how this simple rule applies:
I haven’t seen that movie yet.
(Present perfect — Possible connection with
the present: I may want to see the movie, don’t
spoil it for me!)
I saw that movie yesterday.
(Past tense — No connection with the present:
The action happened in the past.)
I have lived here since 2004.
(Present perfect — Possible connection with
the present: You can count the years since I
started living here from 2004 to the present.)
I last saw him in 2004.
(Past tense — No connection with the present:
The action happened in the past.)
So in the speaking exam, whenever you have to
decide really quickly between the two tenses,
try to think about how important the action still
is in the present. If it affects the present in any
way, then you should use the present perfect.
In writing, you have more time to decide, but
don’t overthink it. Just remember that when
the action happened at a specified time in the
past, with no connection with the present, you
should use the past.
If you are still not sure, remember to practice as
much as you can online. You can start by filling
in the gaps below with the right form of the
verb in parentheses:
I ___ (never tasted) such a good pie before!
I ___ (see) him in the park two hours ago, so he
can’t be at home.
How long ___ (you, wait) here?
She ___ (just, talk) to her father on the phone
so we know he is safe.
They ___ (buy) a new car so they are selling the
old one.
7. Do Not Use Inversions in Embedded
Questions
Embedded questions are used when you want
to make a question more polite and less direct.
You form embedded questions by using a short
introductory phrase, such as
Can/Could you tell me…?
I wonder…
I would like to know…
After the introductory phrase you should not
use an inversion like in normal questions.
Examples:
(Normal Question) Are you going to the party?
(Embedded Question) I would like to know if
you are going to the party.
(Normal Question) Do you have any siblings?
(Embedded Questions) I wonder if you have any
siblings.
(Normal Question) How long have you been
waiting?
(Embedded Question) I wonder how long you
have been waiting.
Only use a question mark at the end if the
introductory phrase is a question.
Can you tell me how long you have been living
here?
(The introductory phrase “Can you tell me?” is a
question.)
I want to know how long you have been waiting
here.
(The introductory phrase “I want to know” is
not a question.)
In the TOEFL integrated speaking test, you may
have to sum up points made by speakers in
dialogues. It’s important to get embedded
questions right when doing this. For instance, if
you hear:
John: How many courses do you have to take
this semester?
Mary: I’m not sure. How many do you have to
take?
You can sum this up as:
John wanted to know how many courses Mary
had to take, but Mary didn’t know the answer.
It would be wrong, however, to use an
inversion and say:
John wanted to know how many courses did
Mary have to take. (Incorrect)
Practice embedded questions online, after you
rewrite the following questions:
When will they move to the new location?
I wonder ___
How often do you come here?
Can you tell me___
What time did you finish writing the email?
Tell me___
Did you get any free samples?
I want to ask you ___
Did they tell you where to wait?
I’d like to know ___
8. To Express Contrast, the Correct Structure
Depends on the Phrase Used
There are several phrases you can use to
express contrast in English, but they don’t all
follow the same structure. Look at these
examples and the structures used with each of
them:
In spite of/Despite + [noun]/[verb ending in -
ing]
In spite of the weather, he decided to go
surfing.
(In spite of + [noun])
Despite writing the letter in the morning, he
didn’t manage to post it today.
(Despite + [verb ending in -ing])
However/No matter how + [adjective]/[adverb]
No matter how fit you are, you still shouldn’t
take such risks.
(No matter how + [adjective])
However hard I try, I can’t learn Chinese.
(However + [adverb])
Although/Even though/Even if + [subject] +
[verb]
He was not ready for the finals, although/even
though he studied a lot.
Although/Even though he studied a lot, he was
not ready for the finals.
Even if he studied a lot, he wouldn’t be ready
for the finals.
Whatever + [noun]
Whatever the risks, I am sure I will follow his
advice.
Whatever/No matter what + [subject] + [verb]
Whatever you say, I won’t believe you now that
you’ve lied to me.
No matter what he does, she won’t trust him
again.
“However,” “nonetheless” and “though”
“However,” “nevertheless” and “though” can
be used independently to express contrast with
the sentence before. They are separated by a
comma from the rest of the sentence in which
they appear.
“However” can be used both at the beginning
and at the end of the sentence, “nevertheless”
is used only at the beginning and “though” is
used only at the end of the sentence.
Her attitude is not positive at all. However, she
has very good technical skills.
Her linguistic skills are far from excellent. She
excels in her determination to learn, however.
This has been a tough year for the company.
Nevertheless, there is hope for growth this
year.
The rooms were very spacious and the food
delicious. The location wasn’t ideal, though.
Such phrases are used a lot in the TOEFL exam
because they help connect complex ideas.
You’ll probably hear many of them in the
academic lectures you’ll listen to. In the reading
passages they will help you establish
connections between main ideas. They will also
be of great use in speaking when you have to
express contrast between the reading and the
listening passages or between the ideas of two
different speakers. If you use them correctly in
writing, they will help organize ideas more
effectively and you are sure to gain extra
points.
That’s why it’s really important to get the
structures right and to use them
interchangeably so you can avoid repetition.
You know how! By practicing them a lot. Join
the sentences below using the words given in
parentheses to obtain complex sentences that
express contrast:
The weather was nice. The hotel facilities were
terrible. (although)
Her presentation was very good. The audience
was not impressed. (however good)
She is making progress with writing. She is still
struggling with speaking. (despite)
The car is very fast. It’s too unsafe for me.
(though)
The marketing campaign went really well. We
didn’t sell much. (even though)
Learning grammar may seem like a lot of hard
work. The good part about it is that it gives you
the structure and confidence you need to learn
a language correctly. In exam situations, you
need that confidence. It can help you gain time
and points!
Whenever you proofread your writing or try to
express an idea in speaking, you can rely on the
rules you learned, they stay the same. The
whole trick is to keep practicing them!
Answer Key
had drunk
is thinking / has been thinking
am writing
writes
haven’t decided
The (price of gas)
the (global economy)
— (chocolate), the (candy)
the (sugar), the (white bowl)
— (People)
carefully
extremely
calm
recently, old
unfortunate
whom
which/that
Who
which
who
Correct
Incorrect. Correct version: If she plays the piano
at night, we can ask her to take a break.
Correct
Incorrect. Correct version: Before the doctor
sees you, you have to do some tests.
Incorrect. Correct version: If you write her an
email, she may change her mind.
have never tasted
saw
have you been waiting
has just talked
have bought
(I wonder) when they will move to the new
location.
(Can you tell me) how often you come here?
(Tell me) what time you finished writing the
email.
(I want to ask you) if you got any free samples.
(I’d like to know) if they told you where to wait.
Although the weather was nice, the hotel
facilities were terrible.
However good her presentation was, the
audience was not impressed.
Despite making progress with writing, she is still
struggling with speaking.
The car is very fast. It’s too unsafe for me,
though.
Even though the marketing campaign went
really well, we didn’t sell much.
Oh, but it's okay to be different
'Cause baby, so am I (So am I, so am I, so am I-I-
I-I-I)
Oh so, dressed so fancy like Sid and Nancy
(Yeah)
Walkin' Killer Queen, gotta keep 'em guessin'
So baby come pass me a lighter
We're gonna leave 'em on fire
We're the sinners and the blessings
I can see it, I know what you're feelin'
So let me tell you 'bout my little secret
I'm a little crazy underneath this
Underneath this, ooh
Do you ever feel like a misfit?
Everything inside you is dark and twisted
Oh, but it's okay to be different
'Cause baby, so am I (So am I, so am I, so am I)
Do you ever feel like an outcast?
You don't have to fit into the format
Oh, but it's okay to be different
'Cause baby, so am I (So am I, so am I, so am I-I-
I-I-I)
You're king and you're queen
You're strong and you're weak
You're bound but so free
(Ah-ah-ah)
So come and join me
And call me Harley
And we'll make a scene
Do you ever feel like a misfit?
Everything inside you is dark and twisted
Oh, but it's okay to be different
'Cause baby, so am I (So am I, so am I, so am I)
Do you ever feel like an outcast?
You don't have to fit into the format
Oh, but it's okay to be different
'Cause baby, so am I (So am I, so am I, so am I-I-
I-I-I)
Everything at Once
As sly as a fox, as strong as an ox
As fast as a hare, as brave as a bear
As free as a bird, as neat as a word
As quiet as a mouse, as big as a house
All I wanna be, all I wanna be, oh
All I wanna be is everything
As mean as a wolf, as sharp as a tooth
As deep as a bite, as dark as the night
As sweet as a song, as right as a wrong
As long as a road, as ugly as a toad
As pretty as a picture hanging from a fixture
Strong like a family, strong as I wanna be
Bright as day, as light as play
As hard as nails, as grand as a whale
All I wanna be, all I wanna be, oh
All I wanna be is everything
As warm as the, the sun, as silly as fun
As cool as a tree, as scary as the sea
As hot as fire, cold as ice
Sweet as sugar and everything nice
As old as time, as straight as a line
As royal as a queen, as buzzed as a bee
Stealth as a tiger, smooth as a glider
Pure as a melody, pure as I wanna be
All I wanna be, all I wanna be, oh
All I wanna be is everything at once
1. Mendel telah menemukan bahwa sifat-sifat
makhluk hidup dapat diturunkan melalui
faktor-faktor keturunan. Penemuan ini
selanjutnya dikembangkan melalui penelitian-
penelitian yang akhirnya menghasilkan fakta
bahwa DNA membawa materi genetik. Melalui
perkembangan bioteknologi muncullah teknik
rekayasa genetika Dalam bidang kedokteran
teknik rekayasa genetika dapat dimanfaatkan
untuk menghasilkan ....
A. vaksin hepatitis B dan interferon alfa
B. insulin manusia dan antibodi monoklonal
C. antibiotika dan hormon pertumbuhan
D. enzim restriksi dan protein sel tunggal
E. asam amino dan vitamin
2. Sekelompok siswa sedang mengamati cumi-
cumi, kerang, dan bekicot. Hewan-hewan
tersebut mempunyai persamaan, yaitu
bertubuh lunak sehingga hewan tersebut
dimasukkan dalam kelompok ....
A. Molusca
B. Chephalopoda
C. Gastropoda
D. Bivalvia
E. Pelecypoda

3. Hasil tes urin seseorang ternyata
mengandung protein. Hal ini menunjukkan
adanya gangguan pada proses ...
A. penyaringan darah di glomerulus
B. penyerapan kembali pada tubula kontorti
distal
C. pengurnpulan urin primer di tubula kontorti
proksimal
D. penampungan urin di pelvis renalis
E. penyaluran urin di saluran ureter
4. Hormon LH (luteinizing hormon) dalam
sistem reproduksi berperan dalam proses ....
A. Ovulasi
B. kontraksi uterus
C. sekresi estrogen
D. sekresi kelenjar susu
E. pertumbuhan folikel primer
5. Respirasi merupakan proses pembebasan
energi yang tersimpan dalam zat-zat
makanan. Pada proses katabolisme
karbohid"rat terjadi tiga tahapan reaksi, yaitu
glikolisis, siklus Krebs dan transpor elektron.
Melalui siklus Krebs akan dihasilkan ....
A. 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, dan 2 ATP
B. 2 NADH dan 2 ATP
C. 4 NADH, 1 FADH2 dan 1 ATP
D. 2 NADH dan 34 ATP
E. 8 NADH dan 2 FADH2
6. Pada reaksi terang terjadi 2 macam aliran
elektron, yaitu elektron siklik dan non siklik.
Pada aliran elektron siklik akan terbentuk .'..
A. ATP
B. NADP
C. Glukosa
D. Ferodoksin
E. PGAL
7. Ridwan seorang penderita hemofilia
menikah'dengan Siti wanita normal.
Kemungkinan Anak laki-laki yang menderita
hemofilia adalah ...
A. 0%
B. 12,5%
C. 25%
D. 50%
E. 75%
8. Mutasi merupakan perubahan gen yang
menyebabkan perubahan sifat individu dan
dapat diturunkan. Mutasi ini dapat terjadi
secara alami dan buatan. Zat kimia yang dapat
menyebabkan mutasi karenamempengaruhi
adalah ....
A. monosodium glutamat dan insektisida (DDT)
B. kafein dan monosodium glutamat
C. formaldehida dan insektisida (DDT)
D. asam nitrat dan benzopiren
E. benzoat dan asam sulfat
9. Suatu perkebunan membutuhkan tanaman
yang memiliki kemampuan atau daya tahan
terhadap serangan hama dan penyakit. Teknik
bioteknologi yang dapat dilakukan untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut adalah
dengan membuat ....
A. kloning transfer inti
B. tanaman transgenik
C. kultur jaringan
D. kloning embrio
E. hibridoma
10. Bakteri Acetobacter xylinum banyak
digunakan dalam proses bioteknologi.
Manakah pernyataan yang tepat tentang
bakteri tersebut?
A. Menghasilkan asam susu seperti yoghurt.
B. Menghasilkan tauco yang digunakan sebagai
bahan penyedap
C. Digunakan untuk pembuatan minuman
anggur dan bir
D. Membantu proses pembuatan nato de coco
E. Digunakan untuk menghasilkan protein sel
tunggal
11. Topik: Keanekaragaman Hayati dan Ekologi
Berikut ini adalah ciri yang dimiliki fauna khas
Australis yaitu....
A. banyak Mammalia berukuran besar
B. terdapat berbagai macam spesies kera
C. terdapat berbagai macam burung berbulu
indah
D. sedikit hewan berkantung
E. banyak hewan primata
Jawaban : C
Pembahasan : Fauna daerah Indonesia Timur
disebut juga sebagai fauna Australis karena
memiliki ciri hewan yang mirip dengan hewan
di kawasan Australia. Ciri hewan yang dimiliki
fauna Australis di antaranya :
Memiliki Mammalia yang berukuran kecil,
seperti Kuskus dan Oposum.
Memiliki banyak hewan berkantung, seperti
Kanguru.
Tidak terdapat spesies kera. Spesies kera
banyak terdapat di daerah Oriental (Sumatra,
Jawa, Kalimantan) dan Peralihan (Sulawesi).
Terdapat banyak jenis burung yang berwarna
indah dan beragam.
indo-1.png
12. Topik: Klasifikasi Makhluk Hidup
Penggolongan organisme dengan menggunakan
klasifikasi alami menggunakan dasar persamaan
dan perbedaan....
habitat
habitat dan morfologi
ciri bentuk luar tubuh
kekerabatan secara evolusi
habitus (perawakan)
Jawaban : C
Pembahasan : Klasifikasi sistem alami
menghendaki terbentuknya kelompok-
kelompok takson yang alami. Klasifikasi sistem
alami menggunakan dasar persamaan dan
perbedaan morfologi (ciri bentuk luar tubuh)
secara alami atau wajar. Contoh pada hewan
yaitu hewan berkaki dua, hewan bersayap,
hewan bersirip, bersisik, atau berambut.
Sedangkan pada tumbuhan seperti tumbuhan
berkeping biji satu atau dua.
indo-1.png
13. Topik: Sistem Organ Ekskresi
Perhatikan gambar berikut ini
ekskresi.png
Salah satu proses pembentukan urin, terjadi
proses penambahan zat-zat sisa yang tidak
dibutuhkan oleh tubuh, misalnya urea. Proses
itu berlangsung di dalam organ....
1
2
3
4
5
Jawaban : D
Pembahasan : Proses pembentukan urin yang
terjadi di nefron ginjal melalui tahap-tahap
filtrasi, rearbsorpsi dan augmentasi. Filtrasi
atau penyaringan terjadi di bagian glomerulus
(1) dan kapsul Bowman (2) dan menghasilkan
urin primer. Rearbsoprsi atau penyerapan
kembali terjadi di tubulus proksimal, lengkung
Henle (3), tubulus distal (4) dan sebagian
tubulus pengumpul (5), dan menghasilkan urin
sekunder. Augmentasi atau proses
penambahan zat-zat sisa yang tidak dibutuhkan
tubuh terjadi di tubulus distal, sehingga
menghasilkan urin sesungguhnya. Urin
sesungguhnya akan disalurkan menuju tubulus
pengumpul, medula, pelvis, dan kemudian
ureter.
indo-1.png
14. Topik : Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan
Dua kecambah kacang hijau diletakkan di suatu
tempat. Kecambah ke-1 diletakkan di tempat
yang terkena cahaya, sedangkan kecambah ke-
2 diletakkan di tempat yang tidak terkena
cahaya. Berikut data hasil pengamatan
kecambah selama 7 hari:
kecambah.png
Berdasarkan data di atas, kesimpulan yang
dapat diambil yaitu....
cahaya merupakan faktor yang tidak
dibutuhkan dalam pertumbuhan.
pertumbuhan kecambah tidak memerlukan
cahaya.
cahaya sangat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan
kecambah.
cahaya diperlukan dalam jumlah sedikit untuk
pertumbuhan kecambah.
cahaya dapat menghambat pertumbuhan
kecambah.
Jawaban : E
Pembahasan : Cahaya merupakan salah satu
faktor eksternal yang mempengaruhi
pertumbuhan tanaman. Cahaya berhubungan
dengan kerja hormon auksin. Aktivitas hormon
auksin dihambat oleh cahaya. Pada kondisi
tidak ada cahaya, kerja auksin menjadi sangat
optimal sehingga memacu pembelahan dan
pemanjangan sel. Akibatnya, tumbuhan
tumbuh sangat cepat, tetapi berdaun pucat
karena tidak dapat membentuk klorofil.
indo-1.png
15. Topik : Materi Genetik
Molekul tRNA merupakan jenis RNA yang
terdapat dalam sitoplasma yang memiliki basa
nitrogen berpasangan dan yang tidak
berpasangan. Salah satu lengan tRNA yang tidak
berpasangan, saat sintesis protein digunakan
untuk....
membentuk pita tunggal RNA yang akan
ditranskripsi.
mengirimkan informasi genetik ke dalam
ribosom.
membawa asam amino hasil translasi.
menerjemahkan asam amino yang akan
dibentuk.
membantu DNA untuk mensintesis kodon.
Jawaban : C
Pembahasan : Ada tiga jenis RNA, yaitu mRNA,
tRNA, dan rRNA. Ketiga jenis RNA ini terlibat
dalam proses sintesis protein di dalam sel.
Messenger RNA atau mRNA merupakan untaian
hasil transkripsi dari DNA yang menyampaikan
informasi genetik yang selanjutnya akan
diterjemahkan menjadi asam amino. Transfer
RNA terdapat di dalam sitoplasma. Pada
molekul tRNA terdapat bagian yang basa-basa
nitrogennya saling berpasangan dan ada bagian
yang basa nitrogennya tidak berpasangan. Salah
satu lengan tRNA yang tidak berpasangan
merupakan tempat membawa asam amino saat
terjadi sintesis protein. Ribosomal RNA
merupakan penyusun ribosom yang banyak
digunakan sebagai dasar klasifikasi organisme
secara molekuler.
indo-1.png
16. Topik : Materi Genetik
Susunan kromosom yang dimiliki oleh sel tubuh
manusia adalah....
sel tubuh laki-laki : 22AAXX
sel sperma 22AY atau 22AX
sel tubuh perempuan : 22AAXY
sel telur : 22AXX
sel sperma 22AY dan 22 AX
Jawaban : B
Pembahasan : Setiap sel yang berada di dalam
tubuh organisme pasti memiliki satu set
kromosom dengan jumlah tertentu. Satu set
kromosom tersebut terdiri dari dua jenis, yaitu
kromosom tubuh atau autosom (A) dan
kromosom kelamin atau gonosom (X/Y).
Manusia memiliki jumlah autosom 44 atau 22
pasang, dan 2 gonosom. Orang berkelamin laki-
laki memiliki kromosom X dan kromosom Y
(XY), sedangkan perempuan memiliki sepasang
kromosom X (XX). Jadi, susunan kromosom
yang dimiliki oleh sel tubuh manusia yaitu sel
tubuh laki-laki adalah 22AAXY, dan perempuan
22AAXX. Kromosom sel telur yaitu 22AX, sel
sperma 22AY atau 22AX.
indo-1.png
17. Topik : Metabolisme Sel Enzim
Katabolisme/Anabolisme
Berikut ini adalah pernyataan mengenai
fotosintesis.
Menggunakan pigmen klorofil a dan b untuk
fotosistem.
Terjadi di dalam bagian stroma.
Sumber energi berupa ATP dan NADPH.
Terjadi reaksi fotolisis.
Salah satu akseptor elektron berupa NADP+.
Pernyataan yang terkait dengan proses reaksi
gelap fotosintesis adalah....
1 dan 2
1 dan 3
2 dan 3 suatu organisme ke dalam gen organisme lain,
3 dan 4 sehingga organisme tersebut membawa sifat-
2 dan 5 sifat tertentu dari gen yang disisipkan. Contoh
Jawaban : C penggunaan teknik ini adalah produksi insulin
Pembahasan : Reaksi gelap dalam fotosintesis manusia dengan menggunakan sel bakteri.
dapat berlangsung baik ada cahaya maupun Tahap-tahap kloning gen insulin tersebut
tanpa cahaya. Reaksi ini terjadi di bagian dalam meliputi:
stroma. Pada reaksi gelap, ATP dan NADPH Donor DNA insulin (manusia) dipotong oleh
yang dihasilkan pada reaksi terang digunakan enzim restriksi endonuklease.
sebagai sumber energi untuk mereduksi karbon Plasmid dari sel bakteri diekstraksi dan
dioksida menjadi glukosa. Pembentukan dipotong oleh enzim restriksi endonuklease.
glukosa dari karbon dioksida akan melalui siklus DNA insulin dari manusia dengan DNA plasmid
Calvin. digabungkan.
indo-1.png DNA yang telah bergabung dengan plasmid
18. Topik : Bioteknologi dikembalikkan ke dalam sel bakteri
Salah satu dampak bioteknologi dalam bidang (transformasi).
kesehatan yaitu.... Mendeteksi gen insulin yang telah dikloning,
timbul ketergantungan pada hasil pangan apakah mampu diekspresikan oleh bakteri atau
bioteknologi tidak; tahap selanjutnya adalah peningkatan
muncul masalah pada sebagian orang seperti ekspresi gen terkloning dan produksi insulin
alergi akibat adanya penyisipan gen pada dalam jumlah yang banyak.
makanan indo-1.png
tersingkirnya tanaman varietas lokal yang tidak 20. Topik : Hukum Mendel
unggul Suatu tanaman jambu berbatang tinggi berdaun
adanya kontroversi pada masyarakat akibat lebar (TTLL) disilangkan dengan tanaman jambu
adanya penyisipan gen terutama dari hewan berbatang pendek berdaun sempit (ttll). Jika F1
yang diharamkan yang dihasilkan disilangkan dengan sesamanya,
munculnya patogen super yang kebal terhadap akan dihasilkan F2dengan perbandingan
antibiotik akibat adanya pertukaran genetik fenotip....
Jawaban : B batang tinggi berdaun sempit : batang tinggi
Pembahasan : Bioteknologi, selain banyak berdaun lebar = 3:1
manfaat yang dihasilkan, juga terdapat dampak batang tinggi berdaun lebar : batang tinggi
yang merugikan. Misalnya di bidang kesehatan berdaun sempit : batang pendek berdaun lebar
dan pangan. Contoh dampak bioteknologi di = 9:6:1
bidang kesehatan yaitu : batang tinggi berdaun sempit : batang tinggi
adanya penyisipan gen asing pada tanaman berdaun lebar = 1:1
komoditas, seperti kedelai atau jagung, bisa batang tinggi berdaun lebar : batang tinggi
memunculkan protein yang bersifat alergen berdaun sempit : batang pendek berdaun lebar
atau penyebab alergi pada sebagian orang. : batang pendek berdaun sempit = 9:3:3:1
hewan ternak yang mengkonsumsi tanaman batang tinggi berdaun lebar : batang tinggi
yang tersentuh bioteknologi dapat menjadi berdaun sempit : batang pendek berdaun
mandul. sempit = 12:3:1
bioteknologi dapat mencemari lingkungan Jawaban : D
berupa radikal bebas dimana jika dikonsumsi Pembahasan :
manusia akan menyebabkan melemahnya P1 : Tinggi Lebar >< Pendek
sistem imunitas dan menyebabkan alergi. Sempit
indo-1.png Genotip : TTLL ttll
19. Topik : Bioteknologi Gamet : TL tl
Tahap-tahap kloning gen insulin dari manusia F1 : TtLl (Tinggi Lebar)
adalah sebagai berikut: P2 : Tinggi Lebar >< Tinggi
Isolasi gen insulin dari manusia. Lebar
Penyisipan DNA donor ke dalan vektor plasmid. Genotip : TtLl TtLl
Pemotongan DNA menggunakan enzim restriksi Gamet : TL, Tl, tL, tl TL, Tl, tL,
endonuklease. tl
Transformasi DNA ke dalam sel bakteri. F2 :
Deteksi gen insulin apakah mampu di Dengan menyilangkan langsung :
ekspresikan oleh bakteri. fenotip.png
Urutan pekerjaan yang harus dilakukan Rasio Fenotip yang terbentuk yaitu :
adalah.... Tinggi Lebar : Tinggi Sempit : Pendek Lebar :
1) – 2) – 3) – 4) – 5) Pendek Sempit
1) – 3) – 2) – 4) – 5) TTLL : TTLl : TTll: TtLL : TtLl : Ttll : ttLL : ttLl : ttll
1) – 5) – 3) – 4) – 2) 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 4 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1
5) – 4) – 3) – 2) – 1) atau
4) – 5) – 1) – 2) – 3)
Jawaban : B 9 Tinggi Lebar : 3 Tinggi Sempit: 3 Pendek Lebar
Pembahasan : Kloning gen atau teknik DNA : 1 Pendek Sempit
rekombinan merupakan teknik rekayasa genetik
yang digunakan untuk menyisipkan gen dari
21. Budi mengalami sakit kepala selama 4 hari, Pembahasan: gonadotrop, mempengaruhi kerja Pembahasan:
kemudian periksa ke dokter dan diukur tekanan kelenjar kelamin
darahnya. Hasilnya tekanan darah Sisi Prolaktin mempengaruhi kelenjar air susu Tulang rawan hialin memiliki matrik yang
160/90mmHg. Berdasarkan data tersebut Tiroksin, mempengaruhi metabolisme banyak mengandung serabut elastin daripada
menunjukkan bahwa Sisi mengalami… karbohidrat serabut kolagen, tulang rawan hialin menyusun
A. Anemia Parathormon mengatur keseimbangan kalsium hidung, bagian persendian, pada ujung tulang
B. Leukemia darah rusuk.
C. Hipotensi 25. Ditemukan suatu organisme dengan ciri-ciri:
D. Hipertensi (1) tubuh memiliki sisik 28. Pengelompokan organisme dapat
E. Sklerosis (2) rangka tersusun atas endoskeleton didasarkan pada Keaneka ragaman tingkat Gen
Jawaban: D (3) bertulang belakang dan tingkat spesies. Tanaman berikut yang
Pembahasan: (4)bernapas dengan paru-paru menunjukkan keanekaragaman tingkat gen
Hipertensi adalah kondisi tekanan darah tinggi (5) tipe reproduksi ovipar adalah…
dan dapat mengakibatkan kondisi lain seperti Didalam klasifikasi makhluk hidup, organisme
penyakit jantung. Tekanan darah adalah Yang memiliki ciri-ciri tersebut termasuk dalam A. melon, mentimun, semangka
kekuatan darah yang mendorong melawan kelas…. B. jahe, srikaya, mangga
dinding arteri, dari jantung yang memompa A. Chondroictyes C. jahe, temuireng, temulawak
darah melalui arteri. Normalnya tekanan darah B. Amphibia D. bunga mawar, bunga melati,bunga kenanga
pada laki-laki 120/80mmHg, pada wanita C. Reptilia E. kelapa gading, kelapa hybrid, kelapa hijau
110/70mmHg jika melebihi maka termasuk D. Aves
hipertensi. E. Mamalia Jawaban : E
22. Tikus hitam (MM) dibastarkan dengan tikus Jawaban: C
putih (mm) mempunyai keturunan F1 Pembahasan: Pembahasan: keanekaraganan tingkat gen
semuanya hitam. Jika F1 X F1 mempunyai Kata kunci pada soal diatas adalah “sisik” dan adalah keanekaragaman yang masih di dalam
keturunan F2 hitam : putih = 3 : 1 maka di “bernafas dengan paru-paru” maka dapat lingkup satu jenis (spesies), kelapa gading,
antara tikus-tikus hitam dalam generasi F2… disimpulkan kalau hewab tersebut adalah kelapa hybrid, kelapa hijau masih dalam lingkup
A. ada yang homozigot reptilia. satu jenis.
B. semuanya heterozigot 26. Bagian yang merupakan badan golgi dan
C. kira-kira 1/3 nya adalah homozigot mitokondria ditunjukkan pada nomor… 29. Berikut ini adalah beberapa pernyataan:
D. kira-kira 1/3 nya heterozigot Sel hewan 1) Populasi besar
E. kira-kira 3/4 nya adalah homozigot Sel hewan 2) Terjadinya migrasi
Jawaban: C 3) perkawinan terjadi secara acak
Pembahasan : 4) terjadi mutasi gen
1MM : 2 Mm:1 mm A. (1) dan (2) 5) memiliki viabilitas dan fertilits tinggi
Hitam homozigot : 2 hitam heterozigot : 1 putih B. (2) dan (3) Hukum Hady Weinberg hanya berlaku dalam
Maka kemungkinannya tikus hitam yang C. (3) dan (5) keadaan ….
homozigot adalah 1/3nya. D. (4) dan (6) A. 1–2–3
23. Pengelompokan organisme dapat E. (6) dan (7) B. 1–3–4
didasarkan pada keaneka ragaman tingkat Gen C. 1–3–5
dan tingkat spesies. Tanaman berikut yang Jawaban: C D. 2–3–4
menunjukkan keanekaragaman tingkat gen E. 3–4–5
adalah… Pembahasan:
A. melon, mentimun, semangka Jawaban: C
B. jahe, srikaya, mangga Organel-organel sel yang ditunjukkan pada
C. jahe, temuireng, temulawak nomor: Pembahasan:
D. bunga mawar, bunga melati,bunga kenanga 1. Inti sel
E. kelapa gading, kelapa hybrid, kelapa hijau 2. Retikulum endoplasma kasar Hukum Hady Weinberg hanya berlaku dalam
Jawaban: E 3. Badan golgi keadaan
Pembahasan: keanekaraganan tingkat gen 4. Lisosom 1) populasi berukuran besar;
adalah keanekaragaman yang masih di dalam 5. Mitokondria 2) tidak terjadi mutasi;
lingkup satu jenis (spesies), kelapa gading, 6. Sentrosom 3) semua genotipe memiliki peluang yang sama;
kelapa hybrid, kelapa hijau masih dalam lingkup 7. Retikulum endoplasma halus 4) tidak terjadi migrasi pada lungkang gen (gene
satu jenis. pool);
24. Hubungan yang tepat antara hormon dan 27. Pernyataan yang tepat tentang struktur 5) semua perkawinan dalam populasi terjadi
fungsinya adalah… tulang rawan hialin adalah… secara acak.
Nama Hormon Fungsi A. banyak ditemukan pada persendian tulang
A Parathormon Memengaruhi belakang dan simfisi pubis 30. Dibidang pertanian, tanaman petai cina
prosesmetabolisme B. matrik banyak mengandung serabut elastin sangat bermanfaat pada daerah tandus karena
B Tiroksin mengatur keseimbangan daripada serabut kolagen dapat berperan sebagai…
kalsium C. banyak ditemukan pada daun telinga, A. sumber karbohidrat
C Gonadotrop Memengaruhi epiglotis, saluran eustachio, dan laring B. sumber protein
kerja kelenjar kelamin D. matriknya banyak mengandung serabut C. bahan antibiotic
D Prolaktin Memengaruhi kerja anak kolagen D. pemasok bahan pengurai
ginjal E. matriknya banyak mengandung serabut E. pemasok nitrat
E Adenotrop Memengaruhi kerja anak elastin
gondok Jawaban : E
Jawaban: C Jawaban: B
Pembahasan: daun “petai cina” banyak
mengandung nitrat sehingga dapat membantu
menyuburkan tanah.
31. Pada manusia, pemasukan udara
pernafasam terjadi apabila….
A. otot antartulang rusuk dalam dan otot
Diafragma berkontraksi
B. otot perut dan otot antartulang rusuk luar
berkontraksi
C. otot antar tulang rusuk luar dan otot
diafragma berkontraksi
D. otot diafragma berkontraksi dan otot
Antartualang rusuk luar berelaksasi.
E. otot dinding perut dan otot diafragma
berkontraksi
Jawaban: C
Pembahasan: udara masuk berarti inspirasi
yang didahului oleh kontraksi baik oleh otot
antar tulang rusuk luar maupun oleh otot
diafragma. Saat ekspirasi otot antar tulang
rusuk dalam berkontraksi dan diafragma
relaksasi.
32. Biji kacang hijau direndam dalam air selama
2 jam, lalu dipindahkan kedalam wadah
tertutup. Beberapa hari kemudian biji
mengalami perkecambahan. Peran air pada
perkecambahan biji tersebut adalah….
A. merangsang kerja auksin
B. menyerap zat makanan dalam biji
C. merangsang metabolisme embrio dalam biji
Untuk tumbuh
D. mengandung zat makanan untuk
pertumbuhan embrio
E. menguraikan zat amilum dalam biji
Jawaban: C
Pembahasan: pada proses perkecambahan, air
berfungsi mengaktifakan embrio, embrio
melepaskan giberelin, aleuron mensintesis dan
mngeluarkan enzim, metabolisme aktif,
berkecambah.
33.Warna bulu hitam pada kucing dikendalikan
oleh Gen H yang dominant terhadap gen bulu
putih(h). Perkawinan dua ekorkucin
gmenghasilkan Keturunan dengan ratio
fenotipe hitam:putih =1:1. Genotipe kedua
induk masing-masing adalah….
A. HH dan HH
B. HH dan hh
C. Hh dan Hh
D. Hh dan hh
E. hh dan hh
Jawaban: D
Pembahasan: perkawinan yang menghasilkan
fenotif dengan perbandingan 1:1 adalah test
cross monohibrid, diantara jawaban yang ada
tes cross ditunjukan oleh jawaban D.
34. Organel yang memiliki peran dalam
respirasi sel adalah…
A. Mitokondria
B. Lisosom
C. Sitoplasma
D. Retikulum Endoplasma
E. Nukleus
Jawaban: A. Mitokondria.
Pembahasan: mitokondria, kondriosom (bahasa
Inggris: chondriosome, mitochondrion,
plural:mitochondria) yaitu organel tempat
berlangsungnya fungsi respirasi sel makhluk
hidup, selain fungsi seluler lain, seperti
metabolisme asam lemak, biosintesis
pirimidina, homeostasis kalsium, transduksi
sinyal seluler dan penghasil energi berupa
adenosina trifosfat pada lintasan katabolisme.
Mitokondria mempunyai dua lapisan membran,
yaitu lapisan membran luar dan lapisan
membran dalam. Lapisan membran dalam ada
dalam bentuk lipatan-lipatan yang sering
disebut dengan cristae. Di dalam mitokondria
terdapat ‘ruangan’ yang disebut matriks, di
mana beberapa mineral dapat ditemukan. Sel
yang mempunyai banyak mitokondria dapat
dijumpai di jantung, hati dan otot.
35. Gagasan awal mengenai sel terjadi pada
abad ke XVII saat seorang ahli memeriksa gabus
di bawah kaca pembesar. Ahli tersebut yaitu…
A. Felix Dujrain
B. Henri Dutrochet
C. Robert Hooke
D. Rudlof Virchow
E. Johannes Purkinje
Jawaban: C. Robert Hooke
Pembahasan: Penelitian awal tentang sel
dilakukan oleh Robert Hooke (1635-1703), pada
tahun 1665. Robert Hooke adalah ilmuwan
fisika & kimia asal inggris yang menemukan
ruangan kosong bersekat pada jaringan gabus
yang disebut sel.
36. Lihat pernyataan berikut!
(1) Sel merupakan unit pertumbuhan
(2) Setiap sel berasal dari sel sebelumnya
(3) Sel merupakan unit kesatuan fungsional
(4) Sel merupakan bagian fundamental
(5) Protoplasma merupakan cairan hidup yang
terdapat pada sel hidup
Pernyataan yang merupakan pendapat Rudolf
Virchow yaitu nomor…
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
Jawaban: B. 2. Yang menyatakan setiap sel
berasal dari sel sebelumnya.
Pembahasan: Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow (lahir
di Schivelbein, Pomerania, 13 Oktober 1821 –
meninggal di Berlin, 5 September 1902 pada
umur 80 tahun) adalah seorang dokter,
patologis, sejarahwan, ahli biologi dan politikus
Jerman.
Virchow dikenal dengan berbagai
penemuannya. Ia adalah orang pertama yang
mengenal leukemia dan amat dikenal dengan
hukumnya: Omnis cellula e cellula (“setiap sel
berasal dari sel lainnya”) yang ia kemukakan
pada 1855. Hukum ini berdasarkan
penemuannya bahwa bukan seluruh organisme,
melainkan kelompok sel tertentu yang dalam
keadaan tak sehat.
Virchow menguraikan mekanisme dari
tromboembolis pada paru-paru. Menurutnya,
bekuan darah dalam arteri pulmonaris berasal
dari trombi pada pembuluh vena. Virchow
jugalah yang membangun berbagai disiplin ilmu
dalam kedokteran yaitu patologi seluler,
patologi perbandingan dan antropologi.
37. Ikan mas meimiliki kromosom sejumlah 94.
Apabila simbol kromosom seksnya dianggap
sama dengan manusia. Maka pada ovum akan
diperoleh kromosom sebanyak….
A. 92 +XY
B. 46 + X
C. 92 + XX
D. 93 + X
E. 44 + XX
Jawaban: B. 46 + X
38. Gula dan Asam amino tidak bisa melalui
membran plasma secara difusi. Jadi, keduanya
memasuki sel dengan cara…
A. Eksositosis dan endositosis
B. Osmosis
C. Imbibisi
D. Difusi dipermudah/difasilitasi
E. Transport aktif
Jawaban: A. Eksositosis dan endositosis.
39. Jika dalam proses pembuatan roti
menggunakan Saccharomyces sp, maka akan
mengembang dengan baik, karena…
A. Akan terjadi pemecahan etanol
B. Akan dihasilkan gas O2
C. Akan dihasilkan etanol
D. Akan dihasilkan gas CO2
E. Akan terjadi pemecahan CO2
Jawaban: D. Akan dihasilkan gas CO2.
Pembahasan: Saccharomyces merupakan genus
khamir/ragi/en:yeast yang memiliki
kemampuan mengubah glukosa menjadi
alkohol dan CO2. Saccharomyces merupakan
mikroorganisme bersel satu tidak berklorofil,
termasuk termasuk kelompok Eumycetes.
Tumbuh baik pada suhu 30oCdan pH 4,8.
Beberapa kelebihan saccharomyces dalam
proses fermentasi yaitu mikroorganisme ini
cepat berkembang biak, tahan terhadap kadar
alkohol yang tinggi, tahan terhadap suhu yang
tinggi, mempunyai sifat stabil dan cepat
mengadakan adaptasi.
40. Organ dalam tubuh yang banyak
mengandung peroksisom yaitu…
A. Ginjal
B. Hati
C. Otak
D. Paru-paru
E. Jantung

Jawaban: B. Hati.

Pembahasan: Peroksisom (bahasa Inggris:

peroxysome) adalah organel yang terbungkus
oleh membran tunggal dari lipid dwilapis yang
mengandung protein pencerap (reseptor).
Peroksisom tidak memiliki genom dan
mengandung sekitar 50 enzim, seperti katalase
dan ureat oksidase yang mengkristal di
pusatnya.