UPLINK NMAT REVIEW : PHYSICS

System of Units:
SI System : MKS (m, kg, s) and CGS (cm, g, s)
English: (ft, slugs, s)
International System (SI) – also known as the metric system;
system of units used by scientists and engineers around the world.

Fundamental Quantities and their Units

Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity Candela cd
Used to denote very large or very small
numbers by powers of 10

b
a x 10
where
a can be any real number, and
b is an integer
10-9 nano- n
10-6 micro- 
10-3 milli- m
10-2 centi- c
103 kilo- k
106 mega- M
109 giga- G
 A = 5.0 m, 30° Ax = 5.0 cos30°
Ax = 4.3m
• Quantity having a magnitude
only y Ay = 5 sin30°
• Distance, time, temperature
Ay = 2.5m
Ay

• a quantity having both
x
magnitude and direction
• Displacement, velocity, Ax
acceleration
 - at rest
pos’n pos’n

constant velocity (+)

t t

pos’n pos’n

t t
increasing velocity (+) constant velocity (-)
 20

18

16

14

12
Position (m)

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
time (s)

• at 2s the particle moved 4m from its original position

• from 4s to 5s the particle is stationary
• the particle is faster in the 9-10s interval than 0-4s interval
 constant velocity : zero acceleration constant (+) acceleration

v v

t t

constant (-) acceleration increasing acceleration

v v

t t
 18

16

14

12

Velocity (m/s) 10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
time (s)

the object accelerated at 0-4s interval with a magnitude of

𝒎 𝒎
𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊 𝟒 𝒔 − 𝟐 𝒔 𝒎
𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = = = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟐
∆𝒕 𝟒𝒔 𝒔

the object decelerates at 10s

 Graph Slope Area under the curve
Position vs. time velocity -----
Velocity vs. time acceleration displacement
Acceleration vs. time ----- change in velocity
Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion (UARM)
motion with non-zero acceleration!

The 4 kinematical equations (UARM)

Equation 1 v = v0+at
Equation 2 Δx = ½ (v+v0) * t
Equation 3 v2 = v02 + 2aΔx
Equation 4 Δx = v0t + ½ at2
is the motion of a falling body under the influence
of the earth’s gravity

acceleration due to gravity – the constant acceleration of a

freely falling body

g = 9.81 m/s2

• Equation 1 v=v0-gt

• Equation 2 Δy = ½ (v+v0) * t

• Equation 3 v2=v02 -2gΔy

• Equation 4 Δy = v0t - ½ gt2

motion of an object following a circular path while moving at a constant speed

𝑣2
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶ 𝑎𝑐 =
𝑟

• velocity is constant in magnitude but changes direction

• acceleration is constant in magnitude but changes direction


■ Elementary Definition:
– A force is simply a push or a
pull.
• Fundamental Definition
#1 (1st Law):
– A force is any external
influence that causes a
change in the state of
motion of a particle or
systems of particles
• Fundamental Definition #2
Force is a vector.
• The magnitude of the force is the
product of the mass of the object
and the magnitude of its
acceleration
• The direction of the force is the
direction of the acceleration it
causes if it is the only force acting
on the body.
Fundamental Definition #3
Force, is used to describe the
interaction between two objects.
That is, when two objects
interact, they exert forces on one
another.
■ These are forces that are ■ This is the force due to
applied to systems by gravity exerted by a
force loads, and can't be heavenly object on a small
classified as other types object in its field.
of forces ■ It is always directed
■ Classification can not be downwards (or towards
carried out since the center of the heavenly
simplicity is maintained object
■ Can be a push or pull ■ Symbol and Formula:
■ Symbol: Fapp ■ w = mg
 ■ always directed
■ arises from pulling using
perpendicular to the surface
strings. of contact.
■ It is always directed away ■ Symbol: η (Greek Letter ETA)
from the object being
pulled.
■ Symbol: T

■ always directed parallel to

the surface of contact.
■ Opposes the motion
■ Mechanical work is the amount of ENERGY transferred by a FORCE.

The work W done by a constant force F whose point of application moves

through a distance x is defined to be

𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤 = 𝐅 ∙ ∆𝐱 ∙ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
Where θ is the angle between F and the x axis, and Δx is the
displacement caused by the force.

True or False?
1. Only the net force acting on an object can do work
2. No work is done on a particle that remains at rest
3. A force that is always perpendicular to the velocity of a particle
never does work on the particle
4. An object moves in a circle at constant speed. The force that
accounts for its acceleration does work in it!
is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object
that is used to do work. In other words, it is energy in an
object due to its motion or position, or both.

MEi = MEf
■ Is the energy associated to
particles and systems that
are moving.
■ Symbol and Formula:
■ KE = ½ mv2
■ Unit : Joules
work done by a force (such as
gravitational force or spring force)
when the relative positions of particles
are changed within a physical system.
Symbol and Formula:
EPE = ½ kx2
GPE = mgh
Unit : Joules
■ The Power supplied by a force is the rate at
which the force does work.

Work
Power =
time
■ PHYSICAL PROPETIES:
■ SI unit: Watt (abbr, W)
■ 1 W = 1 J/s
is a collection of molecules that are randomly arranged and held together by weak
cohesive forces and by forces exerted by the walls of a container.

any substance that does not have definite shape and

exhibits the phenomenon of flow.

expand to fill their containers regardless of the container’s

shape

flow under the influence of gravity until they occupy the

lowest possible regions of their containers

liquid which becomes strongly polarized in the presence of magnetic

field
Intrinsic property of a substance

Ratio of a material’s mass to its

volume

SI Unit: kg/m3
1 g/cm3 = 1,000 kg/m3

Density of Water
ρw at 4oC = 1 kg/L = 1000 kg/m3 = 1 g/cc
 The ratio of the density of the object to that of standard
substance is called specific gravity. It is unit-less!

Standards:
Liquid: ρwater =1 g/cc Gas: ρair=1.29kg/m3
Floatation Criteria:
object’s density is >density of water, it sinks
DENSITY: object’s density is<density of water, it floats

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: If 0 < sg < 1.00 then it FLOATS

If sg > 1.00 then it SINKS
Rank the four materials in increasing densities as they are submerged in water.
Find the mass and weight of the air in a living room at 20°C with a
4.0 m X 5.0 m floor and a ceiling 3.0 m high.

Solution;

1. Calculate the volume of the living room.

- volume of a rectangular region

2. Use the equation:

ρ = m/V m = ρV

Answer:
Force per unit area is called pressure P:

• 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa (Pascal)

1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 14.70 lb/in

 Pressure is dependent on
• As any scuba diver knows, • As any sky diver knows, the
Density and depth of the fluid. the pressure in a lake or pressure of the atmosphere
 P – P0 = ρgh ocean increases with decreases with altitude.
depth.
ρ – density
g – gravitational acceleration
h – depth
P = P0 + ρgh
 Figure below shows water in a container with different shapes.
 In what CONTAINER does the pressure seem the greatest?

A B C D F
 “Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted
undiminished to every point in the fluid and to the
walls of the container.” - Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2
Describes the flow of a fluid
through a tube with varying
cross-sectional area.

A1 v1 = A2 v2
A is the cross-sectional area of the
tube, v is the velocity of the fluid
that is flowing

The quantity Av is called

IV (volume flow rate)

IV = Av = constant
↑ 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 ⋮ ↓ 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲
the speed, v, of a liquid flowing under the force of gravity out of an opening
in a tank is proportional jointly to the square root of the vertical distance, h,
between the liquid surface and the centre of the opening and to the square
root of twice the acceleration caused by gravity

𝑣 = 2𝑔ℎ
the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a
constricted section of pipe
an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a
decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy
•Measure of how HOT or COLD a body is
•Determines the direction of heat flow
•Measure of random average translational KE of molecules of the body
■ Conversions
tF = (tC*1.8) +32 (Celsius to Fahrenheit)
tC = (tF - 32)/1.8 (Fahrenheit to Celsius)
tK = tC + 273.15 (Celsius to Kelvin)
tC = tK – 273.15 (Kelvin to Celsius)
■ Heat is energy transferred from one system to another
because of a difference in temperature.
■ 1 cal = 4.186 J
1. The amount of heat energy Q needed to raise the temperature of the substance is proportional
to the temperature change and to the mass of the substance:

Q = mcΔT ; C = mc

Where C is heat capacity, c is specific heat

2. The heat involved in the change of phase is known as LATENT HEAT . Latent means hidden.
In general,
Q = mL
Where Q is heat added or removed, m is the mass of the substance, L is the latent heat
A) fusion/liquefaction (solid <-> liquid)
B) vaporization/condensation (liquid <-> gas)
C) sublimation (solid -> gas)
■ CALORIMETRY combines method of mixtures and the law of
heat exchange.
■ Law of Heat Exchange:
Qlost = Qgained

 Open vs Closed vs Isolated

 Intensive variable vs extensive

variable
■ Zeroth Law
■ First Law of Thermodynamics
■ Second Law of Thermodynamics
■ Third Law of Thermodynamics
 A B
If
TB = TC ;
TA = TC then
C

TA = TB

“If body A is in thermal equilibrium with body B, and B is in thermal equilibrium with C,
then A is in Thermal equilibrium with C.”
“After the knowledge of, and obedience to,
the will of God, the next aim must be to know
something of His attributes of wisdom, power
and goodness as evidenced by His
handiwork.”
 Process ∆𝑻 ∆𝑸 ∆𝑽 ∆𝐔

Isochoric 0

Isobaric

Isothermal 0 0

Adiabatic 0
 REFRIGERATOR HEAT ENGINE
hot reservoir cold
hotreservoir
reservoir

𝐖 𝐖
𝐂𝐎𝐏 = 𝐄𝐅𝐅 =
𝐐 𝐐

𝐖 𝐓𝐇 − 𝐓𝐂
=
𝐐 𝐓𝐂

𝐖 𝐓𝐇 − 𝐓𝐂
=
𝐐 𝐓𝐇
cold reservoir cold reservoir
 𝑄
∆𝑆 =
𝑇

∆𝑆𝑈 = ∆𝑆𝑆 + ∆𝑆𝐸

 Power Voltage

Current Voltage Current Resistance

𝐏 = 𝐈𝐕 𝐕 = 𝐈𝐑

PIVIR
each resistor has the same current

battery
𝐑𝐓 = 𝐑𝟏 + 𝐑𝟐+ 𝐑𝟑 + 𝐑𝟒
 1 1 1 −1
RT = + +
R1 R2 R3

𝐑 𝟏 = 𝟐𝛀
𝐑 𝟐 = 𝟒𝛀
𝐑 𝟑 = 𝟔𝛀

𝐑 𝐓 = ____
battery

each resistor has the same voltage

 𝐂𝐕 = 𝐪
C : capacitance ( farad ; F )
V : voltage ( volts ; V )
q : charge ( Coulomb ; C )
DIELECTRIC
CT scanner sends X-ray beams through the body MRI scans use powerful magnetic fields and radio
as it moves through an arc taking many pictures. frequency pulses to produce detailed pictures of organs,
soft tissues, bone and other internal body structures.
 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝
𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 =
𝐰𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡

Light passes from a material with index of refraction 1.3 into one with index of
refraction 1.2. Compared to the incident ray, the refracted ray (a) bends toward the
normal (b) bends away from the normal.
Polarized sunglasses cut through that reflective glare to increase clarity and
decrease discomfort.
 The speed of sound waves in a medium depends on
the compressibility and density of the medium.

𝐵
𝑣=
𝜌

v – speed
B – Bulk Modulus
ρ − density
Increase in frequency as wave source approaches the observer
•located behind the convex mirror
•a virtual image
•an upright image
•reduced in size (i.e., smaller than the object)
 image

F F
object

Converging
Lens
image

F object F

Converging
Lens
•located on the object' side of the lens
•a virtual image
•an upright image
•reduced in size)
 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝐑
= + 𝐟=
𝐟 𝐢 𝐨 𝟐
f : focal length of the mirror or lens
i : distance of the image from the mirror or lens
o : distance of the object from the mirror or lens
R : radius of curvature (concave mirror)

𝐡𝐢 𝐢
𝐌= =−
𝐡𝐨 𝐨
𝐌 ∶ 𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐡𝐢 : 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐡𝐨 ∶ 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭

How can a plane mirror, concave mirror, convex mirror, converging lens and/or diverging lens be used to
produce a real image?
The image of an object is found to be upright and reduced in size. What type of mirror and/or lens is used to
produce such an image?
 𝑬 ∶ 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
𝒎 ∶ 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝟖
𝒎
𝒄 ∶ 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 = 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝒔

anything having mass has an equivalent amount of energy and vice

versa
- all microscopic material particles such as electrons, protons, atoms, molecules etc. have also dual character

de Broglie equation :
ℎ ℎ
𝜆= = n=3
+
𝑚𝑣 𝑝
red photon
λ − wavelength +
h - Planck’s constant n=2
m - mass
v - velocity
p - momentum

13.6𝑒𝑉 +
𝐸𝑛 = −
𝑛2
 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑
𝑻𝟏 = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝝉
𝟐 𝝀
𝐓 ∶ 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞

𝛌 ∶ 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭

𝛕 ∶ 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞

The half-life is independent of the physical state (solid, liquid, gas), temperature,
pressure, the chemical compound in which the nucleus finds itself, and essentially
any other outside influence. It is independent of the chemistry of the atomic surface,
and independent of the ordinary physical factors of the outside world. The only thing
which can alter the half-life is direct nuclear interaction with a particle from outside
if an alpha emitting substance is ingested in food or air main threat is still primarily from internal emission
it can cause serious cell damage. from ingested material

can be stopped by a thick or dense enough layer material, the only type of radiation that is able to turn other
with high atomic number materials materials radioactive
 Can be Can be
Penetrating Ionizing
Mass deflected by deflected by Examples
power power
electric field magnetic field

radium, radon,
alpha 𝛼24 least highest Most massive YES YES uranium,
thorium

strontium-90,
carbon-14,
beta 𝒆− YES YES
tritium, and
sulfur-35

iodine-131,
gamma 𝜸 highest least No mass NO NO cesium-137,
cobalt-60