REVIEWER FOR STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Statistical Hypothesis is an assertion or conjecture concerning one or more population.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1) is a statement that shows that there is a significant difference between population
parameter and the value that is being claimed.
Null Hypothesis (H0) is a statement that shows that there is significant difference between population parameter
and the value that is being claimed.
If H1 state that the parameter is less than the value claimed is H 0 is called Left-tailed.
If H1 state that the parameter is greater than the value claimed is H 0 is called Right-tailed.
If H1 state that the parameter is different from (or not equal to) the value claimed is H 0 is called Two-tailed.
T-test is appropriate when the sample size is small (n<30), and the population standard deviation is not known.
Z-test is appropriate when the sample size is large (n>30), and the population standard deviation is known.
Pearson Product Regression Coefficient measures the strength of linear relationship.
The measure of correlation is called the Correlation Coefficient.
The Correlation Analysis enables us to have an idea about the degree and the direction of relationship between
two (2) variables under study.
The degree of relationship between the variables under consideration is measure through the Correlation
Analysis.
The Degree of Relationship is expressed by coefficient which range from correlation (-1 ≤ r ≥ 1).
The direction of change is indicated by a Sign.

TEST OF HYPOTHESIS AND PEARSON PRODUCT REGRESSION COEFFICIENT

1. Shennen owns a cat named Token. She brings Token to a local veterinarian for a regular check-up. Let x be a
random variable that represents Token’s heart rate (beats per minute). Based on past records, x has a normal
distribution with σ = 12. The vet checked the manual for this kind of cat and found that for cats of this breed, µ
= 140 beats per minute. Over the past 5 weeks, Token’s heart rate (beats/minute) measured as follows: 147 126
138 119 108. The sample mean xx = 127.6. The vet is concerned that Token’s heart rate may be slowing. Does
the data indicate that this is the case? Use 5% level of significance.

a. State the Null Hypothesis, Alternative Hypothesis and Level of Significance

H0: µ = 140 beats per minute

H1: µ < 140 beats per minute
α = 0.05

b. Compute the Test Statistic

xx = 127.6
x́−µ 127.6−140 µ = 140
Z= = =−2.31
σ 12 σ = 12
n=5
√n √5
c. Determine the P-Value (Using Z – Table)

P – Value = .0104

d. Decision Rule

0.0104 < 0.05 – Reject Null Hypothesis

e. Interpretation
Therefore, Token’s heart rate (beats/minute) is less than 140.

2. An engineer measured the Brinell hardness of 25 pieces of ductile iron that were sub critically annealed. The
engineer hypothesized that the mean Brinell hardness of all such ductile iron pieces is greater than µ > 170. The
sample mean Brinell hardness of the n = 25 pieces of ductile iron was xx = 172.52 with a sample standard
deviation of s = 10.31. The engineer set his level of significance at 0.01.

a. State the Null Hypothesis, Alternative Hypothesis and Level of Significance

 H0: µ = 170 brinell hardness
H1: µ > 170 brinell hardness
α = 0.01

b. Compute the Test Statistic

xx = 172.52 df = n - 1
x́ −µ 172.52−170 µ = 170 df = 25 - 1
T= = =1.22
s 10.31 s = 10.31 df = 24
n = 25
√n √25
c. Determine the P-Value (Using T – Table)

P – Value = 0.10 – 0.15

d. Decision Rule

0.10 – 0.15 > 0.01 – Accept Null Hypothesis

e. Interpretation
Therefore, the mean brinell hardness of all such ductile iron pieces is equal to 170.

3. The table shows the number of selfies (x) posted on the facebook and the scores (y) obtained from the science test.
Solve for the Pearson Product Regression Coefficient.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 25 5 20 40 25 9

x y xy x2 y2
1 25 25 1 625
2 5 10 4 25
3 20 60 9 400
4 40 160 16 1600
5 25 125 25 625
6 9 54 36 81

∑ x=21 ∑ y =124 ∑ xy=434 ∑ x 2=91 ∑ y 2=3356

 xy
x
y
∑¿
¿
¿
¿
2
x
x ¿2
y2
y ¿2
∑¿
¿
¿
∑ ¿−¿
¿
n¿
∑¿¿
∑ ¿−¿
n¿
¿
¿
∑¿¿
∑ ¿−¿
n¿
r=¿

21
¿
124
¿
6 ( 3356 )−( ¿¿ 2 )
6 ( 91 )− ( ¿¿ 2 ) ¿
¿
¿
¿
√¿
6 ( 434 )−( 21 ) (124 )
¿ ¿
2604−2604
¿
√(546−441)(20136−15376)
0
¿
√ 499800
¿0

Interpretation: No Correlation