Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
JULY 2016
The air transport industry is the global network of commercial aircraft operators, airports,
air navigation service providers and the manufacturers of aircraft and their components. It is
responsible for connecting the global economy, providing millions of jobs and making the modern
globally-connected quality of life possible. The Air Transport Action Group (ATAG), based in Geneva,
Switzerland, represents the full spectrum of this global business. ATAG brings the industry together
to form a strategic perspective on commercial aviation’s sustainable development and the role that
air transport can play in supporting the sustainability of other sectors of the economy.
ATAG’s Funding Members include: Airports Council International (ACI), Airbus, ATR, Boeing,
Bombardier, Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation (CANSO), CFM International, Embraer, GE
Aviation, Honeywell Aerospace, International Air Transport Association (IATA), Pratt & Whitney,
Rolls-Royce and Safran.
www.atag.org
This publication is for information purposes only. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure
the quality and accuracy of information in this publication, it is made available without any
warranty of any kind. All currency is in United States Dollars at 2014 prices, unless otherwise
stated. Forecasts and forward-looking statements in this publication are attributed to those
organisations referenced, or the Air Transport Action Group.
CONTENTS
Introduction 2
A global industry:
Aviation’s economic, social and
environmental impacts in 2014 11
National analysis:
A country-by-country look at aviation’s benefits 61
A growth industry:
An assessment of the next 20 years of aviation 65
Essay:
Shaping the millennials. How access to democratised
air transport has shaped a generation by Peter Jordan 69
References 72
Methodology 76
INTRODUCTION
Finding our balance
Michael Gill
Executive Director, ATAG
Geneva, July 2016
The year 2015 was momentous for multilateral issue of our time: balance. We must balance
policymaking in the sustainable development the need to grow the service we provide,
field. Two international agreements — one on connecting more people and more places,
sustainable development and the other on more often — particularly in emerging and
climate change — were debated, negotiated developing economies — with the need to
and adopted. Both agreements provide a reduce our environmental impact. It’s a
long-term vision of how the world can unite challenging task, but history has shown that it
to solve some of its greatest challenges: is a task to which our colleagues throughout
poverty, health, education and environmental the industry are committed… and they are
considerations all taking a positive and, in already achieving a great deal.
many cases, interdependent path.
If 2015 was for the Sustainable Development
Sometimes it is hard to see how these lofty Goals and the Paris Agreement, 2016 is ‘our’
and all-encompassing frameworks truly year for multilateral action. Two significant
influence individual citizens’ lives or how decisions at the International Civil Aviation
we can each contribute to their success. In Organization (ICAO) will help drive our
this 2016 edition of Aviation: Benefits Beyond climate plan forward and prove that
Borders, we look at the role that can be collaborative action, done with respect for the
played by a sector such as aviation, which is differences inherent in the global community,
such a vital conduit for bringing the citizens does pay off.
and businesses of the world together. This
report explores the role modern air transport It is noteworthy that the aviation industry
plays in supporting the global economy has played a major role in making the CO2
and connectivity through the prism of the Standard and the global market-based
sustainable development goals. measure at ICAO a reality. We are a sector that
likes to think long-term and work together
It is a role that the women and men across on challenges. We provide a responsible and
the industry play in helping to achieve some balanced outlook and the ten million people
of the objectives that governments have set who work in aviation can be proud of what
out through these United Nations processes. we achieve, daily, annually, and what we will
In doing so, we are always mindful of the key achieve for decades to come.
62.7
11.2 million $761.4 billion Indirect
DIRECT JOBS
450,000
$2.7 TRILLION
Aviation’s global economic impact
3.5%
of global GDP supported
Airport operators3 (including direct, indirect, induced and by aviation9
(work for the airport operator)
tourism catalytic)8
5.5 MILLION
21st
Other on-airport4 These figures represent a snapshot of the
(retail, car rental, government
benefits that aviation activities deliver to the
agencies such as customs and
global economy. They do not include other
immigration, freight forwarders
economic benefits of aviation, such as the
and some catering) If aviation were a country, it would rank jobs or economic activity generated when
2.7 MILLION 21st in size by GDP (similar in size to companies or whole industries exist because
Sweden or Switzerland)11 air travel makes them possible. Neither do
Airlines5 they include the intrinsic value that the speed
(flight and cabin crews, executives, and connectivity of air travel provides, nor
3.8x
ground services, check-in, training, domestic tourism and trade. Including these
maintenance staff ) would increase the employment and global
economic impact numbers several-fold10.
1.1 MILLION
Civil aerospace6 Aviation jobs are, on average, 3.8 times
(engineers and designers of civil
more productive than other jobs12. By
aircraft, engines and components)
opening markets, enabling knowledge
3.3 BILLION
Passengers carried by airlines 14
6.2 TRILLION
Kilometres flown by passengers
69.2 MILLION
Hours flown by all operations in
(in 2015, 3.57 billion passengers (in 2015, it was 6.7 trillion) 17 201418
were carried)
32.8 MILLION
Scheduled commercial flights
Going places
Global passenger split,
international / domestic, millions19
Asia-Pacific in front
Regional passenger traffic split20
worldwide15 5% 3%
(in 2015, there were 34.8 million flights). 8%
Including non-scheduled and business 40% Asia-Pacific
33%
operations, there were 38 million aircraft Europe
International North America
movements in 201416 Latin America
Domestic 25% & Caribbean
60%
Middle East
Africa
26%
This report provides a global view of a Air transport is a major contributor value of goods transported by air, $6.4 trillion,
truly global industry. Oxford Economics to global economic prosperity represents 35% of all international trade.
analysed the economic and social benefits
of aviation at a national level in 60 countries Aviation provides the only rapid worldwide Aviation is indispensable for tourism, a major
and used the results of that assessment transportation network, which makes it engine of economic growth, particularly
to build the most comprehensive global essential for global business and tourism. in developing economies. Globally, 54% of
picture of air transport’s many benefits. It plays a vital role in facilitating economic international tourists travel by air44.
Working with partners across the industry, growth, particularly in developing countries.
the Air Transport Action Group (ATAG) has Connectivity contributes to improved
expanded the analysis to build a unique view Airlines transport around three and a half billion productivity by encouraging investment and
of the air transport system that provides passengers annually with revenue passenger innovation; improving business operations
jobs, trade, connectivity, tourism, vital kilometres totalling over six trillion in 2014. and efficiency; and allowing companies to
lifelines for many remote communities and attract high quality employees.
rapid disaster response. Over 50 million tonnes of freight were carried
by air in 2014, amounting to just under 786 Aviation’s global economic impact (direct,
Every day... billion freight tonne kilometres. indirect, induced and tourism catalytic) is
estimated at $2.7 trillion, equivalent to 3.5% of
• » 9.8 million passengers Air transport facilitates world trade, helping world gross domestic product (GDP)45.
• » 104,000 flights countries contribute to the global economy by
• » $17.5 billion worth of goods carried43 increasing access to international markets and These figures do not include other
allowing globalisation of production. The total economic benefits of aviation, such as the
1,402
Commercial airlines 21
173
Air navigation service providers24
3,883
Airports with scheduled
Jetting-off
Aircraft in commercial
service, by type 201426
commercial flights22
(there are 41,788 airfields in the world,
including military and general aviation23) 17%
Turboprops
Jets
26,065 83%
jobs or economic activity that occur when 1.1 million people. A further 5.5 million work in The benefits to society of research and
companies or industries exist because air other on-airport positions. development spending by the aerospace
travel makes them possible, the intrinsic industry are estimated to be much higher
value that the speed and connectivity of air There are 11.2 million indirect jobs generated than in manufacturing as a whole. Every $100
travel provides, or domestic tourism and through purchases of goods and services from million of spending on research eventually
trade. Including these would increase the companies in its supply chain. generates additional GDP benefits of $70
employment and global economic impact million, year after year.
numbers several-fold. Industry employees support 5.2 million
induced jobs through spending of wages.
Around 1,400 airlines operate a total fleet Aviation-enabled tourism generates around Air transport provides
of over 26,000 aircraft. They serve almost 36.3 million jobs globally. significant social benefits
4,000 airports through a route network of
several million kilometres managed by 173 air Air transport contributes to sustainable
navigation service providers. Air transport invests substantially development. By facilitating tourism and
in vital infrastructure trade, it generates economic growth, provides
jobs, improves living standards, alleviates
Air transport is a major Unlike other transport modes, the air poverty and increases revenues from taxes.
global employer transport industry pays for a vast majority of
its own infrastructure costs (runways, airport The increase in cross-border travel is
The air transport industry supports a total of terminals, air traffic control), rather than a reflection of the closer relationships
62.7 million jobs globally46. being financed through taxation and public developing between countries, both between
investment or subsidy (as is typically the case individuals and at state level. In the same
It provides 9.9 million direct jobs: airlines, for road and railways). way, eased restrictions on the movement of
air navigation service providers and airports goods and people across borders facilitate
directly employ over three million people and In 2014, airports invested $37 billion in the development of social and economic
the civil aerospace sector (the manufacture of construction projects, creating jobs and networks that will have long-lasting effects.
aircraft systems, frames and engines) employs building new infrastructure.
$226 BILLION
Amount the world’s airlines
CLIMATE TARGETS
Improve 1.5%
30%
Percentage of global airspace
Aviation will improve its fleet fuel
paid for fuel covered by automatic dependence
efficiency by an average of 1.5% per
(in 2015, it was $181 billion)28 annum between 2009 and 2020, a figure surveillance – broadcast (ADS-B),
the industry is currently exceeding which is a satellite-based navigation
278
system allowing tracking of aircraft using
Stabilise a network of stations on the ground,
From 2020, net carbon emissions from working in conjunction with orbiting
BILLION aviation will be capped through carbon- satellites. Coverage continues to grow
Litres of jet fuel used by neutral growth and the technology fosters increased
commercial operators efficiency of aircraft operations32
This equates to 73.4 billion gallons, or
Reduce 50%
By 2050, net aviation carbon emissions
around 222.4 million tonnes of Jet A-127
will be half of what they were in 2005
(in 2015, 294 billion litres was used)
This improved flow of people and goods the total human carbon emissions of over 36 By the end of 2016, it is expected that 5,500
benefits both the host and the originating billion tonnes. passenger flights operating partially on
countries, encouraging increased social and sustainable aviation biofuels will have taken
economic integration. The aviation industry agreed in 2008 to the place. It is also expected that shifting to
world’s first set of sector-specific climate alternative aviation fuels could reduce CO2 by
Air transport offers a vital lifeline to change targets. The industry is already as much as 80%, compared with traditional
communities that lack adequate road or rail delivering on the first target to continue to jet fuel.
networks. In many remote communities and improve fleet fuel efficiency by 1.5% per year
small islands, access to the rest of the world until 2020. From 2020, aviation will cap its net
and to essential services such as health care is carbon emissions while continuing to grow to Air transport will continue
often only possible by air. meet the needs of passengers and economies. to provide jobs
Aviation’s speed and reliability are perhaps By 2050, the industry has committed to Forecasts suggest that, in 2034, there will be
most immediately apparent in the delivery of reduce its net carbon footprint to half of what over 5.8 billion passengers47 and aviation will
urgently needed assistance during emergencies it was in 2005. support 99 million jobs and $5.9 trillion in
caused by natural disaster, famine and war. Air economic activity (a 122% increase on 2014
services are particularly important in situations Companies across the sector are collaborating figures)48.
where physical access is problematic. to reduce emissions using a four-pillar
strategy of new technology, efficient However, if growth were to slow by just 1%,
operations, improved infrastructure and the total number of jobs supported by the
Air transport is working to mitigate a global market-based measure to fill the air transport sector (including air transport
its environmental impact remaining emissions gap. supported tourism) would be more than 10.5
million lower than the base forecasts and
Airline operations produced 739 million Modern jet aircraft are 75% quieter than the the contribution of the air transport sector
tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) in 2014 (and models that first entered into service and to world GDP would be $690 billion (2014
781 million tonnes in 2015), just under 2% of each new generation of aircraft continues this prices) lower, with an additional $350 billion
downward trend. lost through lower tourism activity.
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROGRESS 80%
Average aircraft occupancy33,
The air transport industry has made
much higher than other forms of
significant progress in reducing its
transport
environmental impact:
Perceived noise
▼ 75%+ since first jets
High occupancy
• » Currently surpassing the first Airlines utilise more of their seats
goal, with an average annual fuel than other modes34
efficiency of 2.4% achieved across
80%
infrastructural improvements,
including airlines spending $3 20
trillion on over 25,000 new aircraft30
• » The industry has invested in new
0
Train
Coach
Car
infrastructure improvements
• » Civil aerospace spends $15 billion
per year on efficiency-related R&D
• » Sustainable aviation fuels could
reduce the sector’s CO2 footprint by as
much as 80%. It is expected that 5,500
commercial flights will have taken Landing zone
place using a blend of alternative fuel
Top 10 airports by passenger movements, millions, 201441
by the end of 201631
• » Air traffic management RANK AIRPORT PASSENGERS CHANGE
modernisation could save millions
of tonnes of CO2 1 Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport 96.2 1.9%
2 Beijing Capital International Airport 86.1 2.9%
3 Heathrow Airport 73.4 1.4%
4 Haneda Airport 72.8 5.7%
5 Los Angeles International Airport 70.6 6.0%
6 Dubai International Airport 70.4 6.1%
7 O’Hare International Airport 69.9 4.5%
8 Charles de Gaulle Airport 63.8 2.8%
9 Dallas Fort Worth International Airport 63.5 5.1%
10 Hong Kong International Airport 63.1 5.9%
$6.4 TRILLION
Value of cargo handled by air
786 BILLION
Scheduled freight tonne
,
High value time sensitive
Proportion of global trade
transported by air36
in 201438 kilometres39
34.6%
54% 50.4
By value
MILLION
of international tourists Tonnes of freight handled
travel by air40 by air in 2014
(in 2015, it was 51.2 million tonnes)37
0.5%
By volume
Long haulage
Top 10 airports by cargo tonnes, 201442
Aviation is working to achieve gender balance in all All sectors of the aviation industry have agreed on a
sectors. In Europe, aviation is the most gender- four-pillar strategy for reducing CO2 emissions and
balanced of all transport sectors. Work is still are making excellent progress working towards three
needed to encourage balance in technical areas global climate goals.
such as engineering and flight crew.
To find out more about the Sustainable Development Goals, visit: sustainabledevelopment.un.org
The SDGs listed above are those that are pertinent to aviation.
In September 2015, world leaders gathered at Throughout this document you will see a
the United Nations to adopt the 2030 Agenda number of icons which relate to the SDGs
for Sustainable Development. This Agenda shown here. This shows how aviation can help
set a number of goals that the world should achieve the goals.
aim to achieve by 2030. These Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) supersede the
Millennium Development Goals and are
intended to address the root causes of poverty
and the universal need for development. A
number of the 17 SDGs are based on improving
the living conditions and economic prosperity
of people all over the globe. The SDGs are
backed up by around 170 statistical indicators.
ENABLING ECONOMIC
GROWTH
Direct impacts
The industry itself is a source of In 2014, the air transport industry supported • » Air navigation service providers
considerable economic activity, creating an estimated 9.9 million jobs worldwide: employed an additional 220,000
jobs that directly serve passengers people (2%).
at airlines, airports and air navigation service • » 2.7 million of these jobs (27% of the total)
providers (ANSPs). These include check-in, were provided by airlines (for example, Growth in traffic at airports also brings
baggage handling, on-site retail, cargo and flight crew, check-in staff, maintenance growth in the direct jobs generated. It has long
catering facilities. However, aviation also directly crew, reservations and head office staff ). been estimated that each million passenger
enables jobs in the manufacturing sector, those movements at an airport generate around
companies that produce aircraft, engines and • » The airport sector accounted for 5.95 1,000 jobs and recent analysis seems to
other vital technologies. million jobs (60% of the total). Of these, support this theory. In Europe, the direct
450,000 positions were with airport employment generated by increased traffic
The world’s 1,402 airlines collectively operators (such as airport management, was studied in different bands of airport
transported 3.3 billion passengers to maintenance and operations). On-site size and found that, for airports with fewer
destinations all over the globe in 2014 and employment (for example at retail than one million passengers, each increase
carried 50.4 million tonnes worth of freight. outlets, restaurants, hotels, government of 1,000 passenger movements increases
To enable this activity, the industry generated agencies) created an extra 5.5 million direct employment by 1.2 jobs51. This impact
9.9 million direct jobs and added $664.4 jobs or 55% of the total. reduces slightly as airports grow (presumably
trillion to global gross domestic product due to efficiencies of scale). It is important to
(GDP) (3.4% of the total). This is larger than the • » In the manufacturing sector, 1.1 million note that this only relates to direct jobs at an
automotive industry, which accounts for 1.2% jobs (11%) were supported, employing airport and not the wider employment and
of global GDP and chemicals manufacturing people in the building of civil aircraft and economic benefits of connectivity growth
(2.1%). It is more than half the size of the global their associated parts, such as engines, across the economy (or even in indirect and
financial services industry, which accounts for electronic systems or components. induced employment).
6.2% of GDP49.
JOBS GDP
Investing in
R&D in Canada
On the ground
A quick look at the types of jobs at a typical European airport53
Ground Transport
5%
Percent of 5%
global GDP 2%
1.5%
Air
Road
1.4%
39% Rail 54%
Water
1.3%
1.2%
1.1%
1%
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Aviation supports tourism supported by the steady influx of overseas • » Induced: these direct and indirect
visitors, most of whom arrive in the region tourism jobs supported by air transport
Tourism represents a significant contribution by air, and contributed $46 billion to GDP in generate a further seven million jobs
to the worldwide economy, providing African economies in 201460. in other parts of the economy, through
employment and boosting global economic employees spending their earnings on
activity. In 2014, tourism supported 277 million For small island states, the economic other goods and services.
jobs and made up 9.8% of world GDP, a total of input provided by international tourists is
$7.6 trillion55. For example, these employment invaluable. These countries, many of which When these factors are viewed together, air
figures include the people who work for the are in remote parts of the world, enjoy transport supports over 36 million jobs within
world’s 90,000 accredited travel agencies56. tourism-induced economic boosts which the tourism sector, contributing roughly $892
would not be available without air links. billion a year to global GDP 62.
According to the World Travel & Tourism
Council, the sector’s recent strong short-term The contribution of air transport to tourism
growth will continue into the future, with employment and GDP: A driver of global trade
an average annual 3.7% growth expected
up until 202557. If these predictions prove • » Direct: an estimated 15.9 million direct The international trade of goods and
correct, by 2025 tourism should account for jobs in tourism globally are supported services is one of the key drivers
$11.3 trillion in global GDP and provide 355 by the spending of foreign visitors of global economic growth and
million jobs globally. arriving by air. This includes jobs in development. The ability of people and
industries such as hotels, restaurants, businesses to trade with others all over the
Tourism’s growth, which is above the visitor attractions, local transport and world is one of the key features of our modern,
average of wider economic growth, car rental, but it excludes air transport globalised society. Alongside the internet and
is dependent on travel, particularly industry jobs. other transport modes, air transport is a vital
air transport. In 2014, 54% of international enabler of the global economy.
tourists travelled to their destination by • » Indirect: a further 13.4 million indirect
air. For developing countries in particular, jobs in industries supplying the tourism While the last three years has seen an unusual
air links provide a vital economic lifeline industry are supported by visitors slowing in the growth of world merchandise
to communities. In Africa, an estimated arriving by air. trade volume (since 2012, there has been an
5.8 million people are employed in areas average growth in trade volume of 2.4%)63,
1965
2010 2030
2050 $6.4 TRILLION
1971
WORTH OF
GOODS WERE
1981 2011
1991 2021
2031
TRANSPORTED
2001
Economic activity
Air traffic INTERNATIONALLY
BY AIR IN 2014
the longer-term picture of global trade has In December 2015, Qatar Airways
been markedly positive. Forecasts suggest Small volumes, big values opened a new route between Durban
that the volume of global trade will increase and Doha, flying between the cities
with greater, more widespread prosperity, as Air freight, as a proportion of global four times a week. As one of South Africa’s
new markets open in the rapidly-developing trade, by volume and by value, 201472 largest trading partners, Qatar’s move
economies of the world. makes commercial sense for both countries.
According to Qatar Airways, trade between
So-called ‘south-south’ connections South Africa and Qatar stands at around $500
in migration and trade are becoming 34.6% million per year and the airline transports
increasingly important. In 2013, south- more than 5,000 tonnes of air cargo from
south migration made up 37% of the global South Africa each year.
movement of people, higher than south-north By value
migration, which stood at 35%64. The World Trade Organization (WTO) has,
since 2005, been working towards the goals
Air transport facilitates south-south trade. of the SDGs through supporting trade links
China-Africa, for example, is one of the in developing countries via the ‘Aid for
world’s fastest growing markets. China now Trade’ initiative. This programme, which
represents roughly a quarter of Sub-Saharan works along the ‘teach a man to fish’ strategy
Africa’s trade, up from only 2.3% in 198565. of international development, has made
This potential is recognised by Ethiopian good progress over the last decade. A joint
Airlines, which has, in the last few years, been OECD-WTO study indicated that $1 invested
increasing traffic between its Addis Ababa 0.5% in aid for trade is, on average, associated
hub and its four Chinese destinations and with an increase of nearly $8 in exports from
other Asian cities66. The east African airline, By volume developing countries68. To truly realise the
by opening these routes, is well-placed to potential of this initiative, research suggests
facilitate the growing investment partnerships that recipients and donor countries need to
between the two continents, based on the ease often restrictive regulatory arrangements
sharing of Asian agricultural expertise and in air transport69.
Africa’s untapped mineral resources67.
Air transport is, of course, not the only means The pharmaceutical industry is conferences are almost impossible without
of transporting goods over long distances, one sector that relies heavily on air physically gathering in one place.
with shipping and road making up a larger transport to move drugs and vaccines
proportion. The advantage of air freight is across long distances under strictly regulated The personal relationships built up between
that it is fast and reliable, although it can be a storage conditions. In some cases, it is the representatives of companies are often
more costly mode of transport, meaning that perishable nature of the goods that requires considered to be an important part of
the majority of goods transported by air are swift transportation. In other situations, such business ties. A 2014 survey of 609 business
light, compact, perishable and have a high unit as vaccines, it is the necessity of getting the leaders found that 56% of respondents were
value (see the case study on ‘fast fashion’, page products to the people who need them as taking the same number of business trips as
21, for one of the exceptions to this rule). quickly as possible71. they had done five years previously74. Another
survey of 2,000 business people worldwide
For time-sensitive global industries, such as The specialist nature of air freight is in 201375 found that nearly half of those who
those that require components produced in highlighted by comparison to other modes of took part felt that they had lost a contract
multiple parts of the world, air freight is the transport. While air freight accounts for less or client due to not having enough face-to-
best way to ensure that their production lines than 1% of the tonnage, it makes up around face meetings. It also found that 81% said
run smoothly and efficiently. 35% of the value of international trade. face-to-face meetings are better for building
long-term trust and ensuring strong client
In the last few years, driven by advances relationships76.
in internet commerce, a whole new sector Bringing business partners together
of rapid delivery ‘e-commerce’ businesses This overwhelming preference was attributed to
have been established and have thrived, The sharp increase in the level of a number of factors, such as the perception that
entirely based on the ability to move goods to telecommunication technology they built longer, more meaningful relationships
consumers safely and quickly. Cargo carriers, available has made meetings between and the ability to ‘read’ another person.
such as DHL, UPS and FedEx, have benefited business partners easier to undertake without
from the rise of e-commerce and the value travelling long distances in person. However,
of air transport in this sector was once again while these types of virtual meeting are useful
highlighted in 2016, when online retailer, in some situations, in many cases professionals
Amazon, branched out its business by leasing feel that face-to-face meetings are far more
20 Boeing 767 freighters70. productive. And of course, larger-scale
Working connections
Connectivity and labour productivity
(excludes Cyprus, Hong Kong, Malta,
Singapore), 201283
The road sector enjoys a high level of public market; and the freer movement of investment up over cost that firms charge their
investment in its infrastructure, even though capital and workers between countries. customers, especially where domestic
road users in many locations pay fuel duties, firms have hitherto enjoyed some shelter
vehicle excise charges and, in some cases, Improved connectivity: from competition.
congestion charges and tolls. The rail sector,
too, is often a beneficiary of high levels of • » opens up new markets, boosts exports and Improved connectivity can further enhance
public investment by national or regional at the same time increases competition an economy’s performance by making it easier
governments. In Europe, for example, rail is and choice in the home market from for firms to invest outside their home country,
heavily subsidised. According to the European foreign-based producers, encouraging which is known as foreign direct investment.
Commission, rail subsidies in Europe firms to specialise in areas where they This necessarily entails some movement
totalled roughly $30.5 (€25) billion in 201479. possess a comparative advantage; of staff: whether for technical know-how,
Meanwhile, aviation subsidies (primarily for management oversight, or servicing and
public service obligation routes to remote • » can drive down costs and prices meeting customers. Increased connectivity
communities and small islands) were in the for firms that have a comparative also allows firms to exploit the speed and
order of $556.5 (€455) million in the EU80. advantage (such as innovative products reliability of air transport to ship components
and services), benefiting domestic between plants in distant locations, without
consumers in the process; the need to hold expensive stocks of inventory
Stimulus for greater productivity as a buffer.
• » opens domestic markets to foreign
Arguably, the largest economic benefit competitors, which can also be Less tangibly, but just as important, improved
of increased connectivity comes an important driver for reducing connectivity increases passenger traffic
through its impact on the long-term unit production costs, either by and trade. This, in turn, can lead to a more
performance of the wider economy by forcing domestic firms to adopt best favourable environment in which foreign
enhancing the overall level of productivity. international practices in production firms can operate — greater links to the
A rise in productivity in firms outside the and management methods or by outside world often drive a more conducive
aviation sector comes through two main encouraging innovation; global business environment.
channels: the effects on domestic firms of
increased access to foreign markets and • » can benefit domestic customers through
increased foreign competition in the home competition by reducing the mark-
10
Cyprus
New Zealand Singapore
Belize
Hong Kong
Seychelles Bahrain
Spain United Kingdom United States
Barbados Portugal France Canada
China
Brazil
0.1
Estonia In the world of fashion, trends can
move quickly. More quickly than some
Slovenia
India World average
people can keep up with! In such a
competitive industry, having a high
turnover of stock is essential. In the
0.01 last few years, a new business model
has developed in the fashion world,
Niger
known as ‘fast fashion’.
For most non-time-sensitive goods
0.001 like fabric, transporting by air is often
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 not economical. Typically, air freight
is 4-5 times more expensive than road
GDP per capita (US$) transport, and 12-16 times more than
sea transport.
However, high street brands like H&M,
How aviation affects productivity Analysis shows a strong positive relationship
Gap and Topshop are increasingly
between higher connectivity to the global
opting for air freight to ensure that
Quantifying the impact that improved air links network — as a proportion of GDP — and
they have the right items available on
have on a country’s GDP is a difficult task. labour productivity. Developing and
the shelves at the right time. In general,
There are many factors to this calculation transitional economies typically have low fast-fashion brands aim to renew their
and the complexity makes any assertion, at connectivity relative to their GDP and also collections almost every week, making
best, an estimate. However, there are some relatively low labour productivity. At the other forms of freight impossible.
broad indicators that can be used to make an top right of the chart opposite (page 20) are Crucially for the brands in question,
informed determination. the developed Asian, North American and the garments also arrive at stores in
European economies with high levels of better condition than they otherwise
The International Air Transport Association connectivity and labour productivity82. would, and delivery using air cargo is
has developed a connectivity indicator, which far more reliable.
measures the degree of integration a nation
The ability to have a high turnover of
has within the global air transport network. A driver of innovation stock allows retailers to gather data
Using this, IATA has linked connectivity on what particular trend is in mode
to economic performance to make a Since the dawn of air travel, aviation has and use that information to inform
conservative estimate as to the value of the been at the forefront of technological decisions as to what style to buy the
sector to national economies. innovation, researching and developing next time.
disruptive, ground-breaking technology
Some freight forwarders have now
The most recent research suggests with each new generation of aircraft. There
begun to specialise in fashion delivery.
that a 10% improvement in global are many motivations for this drive in
Companies such as Logwin provide
connectivity (relative to GDP) results technological advancement. Not only do more
retailers with services and even
in a 0.5% increase in long-run GDP per capita. efficient aircraft and engines have a positive
packaging solutions tailored for the
Oxford Economics estimates that rapidly environmental impact through reduced fuel fashion industry. This way, big retailers
rising global connectivity over the past two burn and associated emissions, but they also can design, manufacture and get
decades boosted global GDP by $200 billion in lower fuel costs for airlines in the long term, clothing onto store shelves in a month.
2014, a number that continues to grow81. making air travel more affordable. If they decide to go for sea freight, the
whole process would last two or three
weeks more.
A good deal
Evolution of average price of air travel ($ per RTK), in real terms90
7.0
Jet enters service
$ per tonne kilometre (in 2013 dollars)
6.0
4.0 US deregulation
3.0
EU deregulation
2.0
1.0
-
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Aviation’s focus on technological In the United States, total civil aerospace at least once in their lives88, with around half
innovation has other consequential exports amounted to a $111 billion flying at least once per year. Statistics in the
benefits on wider society. This contribution to the national economy86. United Kingdom show similar results89. But
encourages research capacity at universities flying is also becoming increasingly accessible
and also results in a highly skilled section of a For an example of how valuable aerospace in the developing world, with low cost carriers
country’s workforce. The benefits to society manufacturers can be to a national economy, opening up business and leisure travel to
of research and development spending by see page 57 on the contribution of the sector more and more citizens.
the aerospace industry are estimated to be to the ‘Make in India’ campaign.
much higher than in manufacturing as a
whole — every $100 million of investment into
research eventually generates an additional
$70 million in GDP year after year 84.
Affordability of air travel SUPPORTING SOCIAL
A key driver in the growth of DEVELOPMENT
Aerospace also drives the development of passenger traffic has been the steady
technologies that can be used in other sectors. decrease in the real cost of air travel. Sustainable development is not just about
The aviation sector was one of the pioneers in Since 1970, the real cost of air travel has been working towards economic progress in an
the use of additive layer manufacturing (also reduced by over 60%, through deregulation environmentally sustainable way. A significant
known as 3D printing). Many components of of the aviation market in the 1980s, the aspect of this concept is improving the
next generation aircraft will be made using development of more fuel-efficient aerospace lives of people in ways other than financial
this technique. Composite materials, such as technologies and the introduction of low cost prosperity. These socially-based ambitions
carbon fibre and ceramic composites, also carriers. It is now more affordable for more of are an important part of the Sustainable
owe much of their development to aviation the population to travel by air. Development Goals and are in many ways
research and development — and make up supported by civil aviation.
significant proportions of the finished product In the United States, for example, the cost of a
of modern lightweight aircraft such as the return flight from Boston to Los Angeles fell by For many people all over the globe, the
Boeing 787 and Airbus’ A350 XWB. 89% between 1941 and 2012, whilst the flight ability to travel to any other country is an
time is nine hours (and 11 stops) shorter87. invaluable asset, relied on to visit friends
In terms of economic impact, the aerospace and relatives, move abroad for work and
sector plays a substantial role in the regions This decrease in cost has led to an study or, of course, go on holiday. Without
where it is based. According to the Aerospace increase in accessibility of air travel — the air transport, being able to travel and
and Defence Industries Association of Europe, democratisation away from a pursuit of the experience new countries and cultures
civil aeronautics in Europe created a $104.2 wealthy to a part of normal middle-class would be far more difficult — and certainly
(€85.2) billion turnover, with $7.5 (€6.1) billion lives, especially in the developed world. It is impossible in as short a time.
invested directly by the industry in 201485. estimated that 81% of Americans have flown
70 49
64 ($ billion, 2014) (Percent of GDP, 2013)
32
29
28 25 24
25 21 21 20 20 20
21 20
17
15 12
9 Innovation is key to aerospace
manufacturing, so naturally, new ideas
are seen as extremely valuable and
India
China
Philippines
Mexico
Nigeria
Egypt
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Vietnam
Lebanon
Tajikistan
Kyrgyz Republic
Nepal
Moldova
Tonga
Haiti
Armenia
The Gambia
Lesotho
Samoa
don’t always come from established,
experienced engineers.
To try and tap into some of the well of
talent out there, Airbus has, since 2009,
been running a biennial competition
called ‘Fly Your Ideas’. The competition
is open to teams of university students,
who are challenged to come up with
new ideas on the future of aviation.
The competition is supported by the
United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Ensuring well-being: visiting friends European Union, where the free movement and comes with the chance of winning
of people and goods has been enabled by the $34,000 (€30,000) and a week touring
and relatives the facilities at Airbus.
Schengen Agreement of 1985. While recent
The third Sustainable Development political developments have dented some In the last outing of the competition, a
confidence in this arrangement, it remains one total of 518 teams, representing 3,700
Goal, which relates to well-being,
of the cornerstones of European integration. students from 104 countries, submitted
is about more than just physical
Naturally, many of the EU’s citizens are able projects, and these were gradually
health. Families in the 21st Century are a prime whittled down to five finalists. Over the
example of how globalisation has changed to travel across national borders by modes
course of the competition, each team
the modern world. Many families are now of transport other than air travel, such as
selected for round two is appointed
spread all over the world, as people move rail, road, or even by foot. However, in many Airbus mentors, who help develop the
for employment opportunities, university cases, flying is the quickest, most secure team’s idea.
education or simply for lifestyle reasons. This and most cost-efficient means of travelling
The projects submitted to Airbus cover
has resulted in far greater cross-border ties between European nations. Almost every
all sorts of categories. Although only
between individuals, as well as states. intra-European flight can be completed in less
one team can win the competition
than three hours, allowing individuals and each time, the ideas put forward by
According to the UN’s International Labour businesses to connect seamlessly, consolidating the finalists are all worthy of attention.
Organization, there were 150.3 million personal ties and business relationships. In the last competition in 2015, Team
migrant workers globally in 201391. Almost half Multifan, from Delft University of
of these (48.5%) were concentrated in North Technology, were worthy winners with
America and north, south and west Europe. Supporting families back home their concept of dressing an aircraft’s
It is estimated that migrant workers make up wings in a composite skin that harvests
4.4% of all workers globally. One in six workers According to the World Bank, there were an energy from the natural vibrations of
in high-income countries travelled there from estimated 247 million international migrants the wings during flight. They fought off
another country. in 2013 (for 2015, it is estimated that this stiff competition from teams proposing
number will have surpassed 250 million). wireless transfer technology during
taxiing, an innovative cabin trolley
Many of the host countries of migrant These international migrants are estimated to
design and an infrared guidance system
workers, particularly in Europe, have collectively contributed $436 billion in
for the taxi phase.
have ageing populations, making the remittances in 2014 93.
Airbus’s work on ‘Fly Your Ideas’ shows
international labour market essential for their
Remittances, where someone the company’s commitment to fostering
long-term economic well-being, supporting
young talent, with quality education that
those of pensionable age. working abroad sends part of his or
can help drive sustainable development
her earnings to family back home,
forward beyond the aviation sector itself.
A prime example of how cross-border ties are sometimes viewed negatively, signalling
have strengthened is the geopolitics of the weakness in a national economy and leading
18,727
18%
225,474
38%
11%
92,597
67,592
42,651
2% 7%
3,071
2%
26,182
1,732
18,727
1,658
15,406
1,362
13,589
10,793
10,401
1,154
3% 6%
837
729
4% 4%
358
345
5%
United States
United Kingdom
Australia
Germany
France
South Korea
Canada
New Zealand
Brazil
Thailand
China
India
South Korea
Saudi Arabia
Canada
Japan
Vietnam
Mexico
Turkey
Brazil
to a ‘brain drain’ in talent. However, the system simply would not be feasible, particularly for • » air traffic control and airspace design
of remittances can have a positive impact, shorter-term university exchange programmes planning;
and plays a crucial role in some economies. like the European Erasmus system.
They form a much more stable revenue • » logistics for airlines and airports;
source than overseas development aid, and Sub-goals of the SDG include the aim of
the continuity of remittances is supported by expanding global scholarships and, by 2030, • » complex information technology systems
the maintenance of family and cultural ties substantially increasing the number of on board aircraft and in areas such as
aided by air transport links. This source of youth and adults who have relevant skills, baggage handling systems design;
overseas income can play a fairly significant including technical and vocational skills,
role in some nations. For example, remittances for employment and entrepreneurship. • » service industry supported jobs such as
account for roughly 49% of Tajikistan’s GDP Air transport connectivity can make these chefs in catering companies;
and around 24% of Tongan GDP. ambitions far more likely to be realised.
• » creative positions in design and marketing;
By 2017, the World Bank estimates that, after For students from developing countries,
a slowdown in 2015, global remittances will the opportunity to travel to established • » customer services occupations in airline
amount to $479 billion. Not only do these universities for higher education is invaluable. ticketing, check-in, cabin crew and retail;
funds help alleviate poverty in less-developed Not only does this help the individual’s
countries, but they also help achieve the personal improvement, but it also creates • » manual labour on airfields;
SDGs more widely, fulfilling a number of the consequential benefits for their home country
indicators developed by the Global Migration as students return armed with knowledge and • » air traffic controllers and pilots;
Group (a United Nations task force) in 2014 96. skills to contribute to their home economy97.
• » emergency response personnel at
airports;
Quality education Highly skilled workforce
• » leadership, management and executive
Jobs in air transport cover a wide range of roles.
Ensuring inclusive and equitable activities and skills. These include:
quality education and promoting As this list indicates, many roles in
lifelong learning opportunities for • » skilled work by technicians building and the air transport sector require a
all is a stand-alone Sustainable Development maintaining aircraft; highly qualified workforce and a
Goal. To access higher quality education, for significant amount of training. Value-added
many, means travelling to another country, • » a diversity of technical engineering per employee in the air transport sector
sometimes in another region of the globe. jobs from aircraft and engine design to (direct employees, excluding non-airside
Without air transport, these opportunities component production; activity at airports) generates 3.8 times
Integrated transport
at Heathrow
Gender, balanced?
Air transport has more work to do getting women
into the business, EU28, 2014109
Men Women
12% 14% 21%
41% 44%
Civil engineering Land transport Water transport Air transport Creative arts &
An airport is always a major piece of
(and pipelines) entertainment
infrastructure in any city and plays an
instrumental role in connecting people
and businesses to the rest of the world.
However, to really address the issue of 45% 51% 52%
sustainability, as well as connectivity, 72%
76%
major international airports need
to be linked to the cities they serve
with additional, integrated transport Scientific Financial Food & Education Healthcare
infrastructure. research services (all) beverage
One of the largest international hubs
in Europe, London Heathrow is a
prime example of how to approach
integrated transport. The ‘Responsible
Heathrow 2020’ plan is aimed at
ensuring that transport links to
the airport are as sustainable as According to a recent analysis for ACI Europe, Some countries are showing signs of a move in
possible; cutting congestion and the the total direct employment of almost 1.7 the right direction: Iceland, Finland, Thailand,
consequential environmental impact is million people at European airports received Sri Lanka and Slovenia all have greater than
a key driver of sustainability, which is an estimated $76.8 billion (€68.5 billion) in 10% female pilots. But perhaps the most
why Heathrow has been encouraging income (wages, salaries, bonuses and other promising sign is in the next generation.
visitors and workers to travel there by
remuneration), or an average of $45,310 Female student pilots now make up more than
public transport as much as possible.
(€40,400) per job106. This figure is considerably 10% of their classes in the USA, the Netherlands,
Through its updated Sustainable higher than the average income in the overall Japan, Belgium, Switzerland, India, Canada,
Transport Plan, the airport is enhancing economy. In all countries, the average income Norway, the United Arab Emirates, Spain,
surface access, allowing passengers, of direct airport employment was higher than Panama, Indonesia and Sweden. Standing
staff and freight to travel to, from and the national average. This reflects the large out of the crowd is Singapore, where 23.3% of
through the airport with maximum number of highly skilled positions that are student pilots are women.
ease, as well as putting in place frequent supported by airport activity.
rail and bus links for passengers and On the manufacturing side of the industry,
staff alike. More than 40% of passengers And in the United States, the average wage women tend to have a slightly higher
now use public transport and over for an airline employee is roughly $67,000 representation, making up 23.5% of the
40% of employees commute using per year, which is significantly higher than workforce in the United States (this includes
sustainable travel modes.
the average national private-sector wage of defence manufacturing, whereas most of
For people working at Heathrow, the $45,000107. the statistics in this report are limited to
cycle hub has proved particularly civil aviation). Within this group, women
successful in encouraging active travel. Global statistics on gender equality make up 14.6% of engineering jobs, 10.5%
Cycle parking is available at all five within the air transport sector are of engineering executive roles and 19.4% of
terminals and 2,300 members of the scarce; however, anecdotal evidence executive positions110.
cycling scheme can enjoy discounted suggests that aviation still tends to be a male-
cycles and equipment as well as free dominated industry. Statistics for Europe In airport operational roles and ground
maintenance. show that women make up 41% of employees, handling in Europe, women make up 25.8%
By 2020, Heathrow aims to build on although technical positions will likely skew of employees, although in the lower age
the progress already made by further towards men. A global survey of gender bracket (those under 30), over 32% of staff
reducing single occupancy cars to at equality in flight crews shows that, despite the are women111.
most 45% and growing the share of first commercial pilot’s licence being granted
sustainable travel. to a woman in 1934108, in 2014 women still only
made up 5.44% of pilots worldwide.
Biofuel on demand at
Oslo Airport
7
F2 lle
et er ve
om C-7 07 okk ara C-8
C D 7 F C D
1950s
To meet this challenge, industry leaders of new models of aircraft and engines. Aircraft
n
joined together in 2008 to announce a plan, and engine manufacturers spend an estimated 0 eve
80 C1 -El 28
based around three global goals, which the $15 billion each year on research and air 8 nt rs V One rF
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entire sector has committed to. These are: development, representing a major investment Co 72 Tr Vi Ba DC 73 Fo
1960s
in the sustainable future of air travel117.
1.
1. to achieve a 1.5% average annual fuel
efficiency improvement from 2009 For example, thanks to the introduction of e
0 r rd
7 -1 ta 00 co
to 2020 (a goal which is already being new aircraft, absolute emissions from US 74 DC TriS A3 Con
surpassed, with an average improvement airlines dropped by 8% between 2000 and 1970s
of 2.4% per year); 2014, while traffic rose by 20%. On average,
2.
2. stabilise net CO2 emissions at 2020 levels each new generation of aircraft is roughly 20%
80
se
rie
s
0
34 8 2
0
r 5 G 00 2
through carbon-neutral growth; more efficient than the previous generation. D- 7 7 10 aab ash- TR 4 okke 7 N 7-4 TR 7
M 7 7 6 5 A S D A F 7 74 A
3 3
3.
3. reduce net emissions to 50% of what However, technology is only one part of the 1980s
they were in 2005 by 2050. efficiency equation. Taking into account
operational procedures can bring about larger 0 ily
/30 00 00 m
1 0 2 0 2-5 2-5 45 fa
To meet these goals, the industry has efficiency improvements. In fact, a flight taken 0 -
-1 J1 40 30 77 -9 R 4 R 7 J1 7
put in place a collective four-pillar today will produce around half of the CO2 that MD CR A3 A3 B7 MD AT AT ER 71
1990s
strategy, which takes account of all the same flight would have in 1990.
means of reducing emissions. 0
Recent years have seen the development or /60 G
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introduction of entirely new aircraft types, Q4 A3 E-J A3 CR
such as the Airbus A350 XWB, the Boeing 2000s
Technology
787 Dreamliner and the Bombardier C Series, jet
er 00
The first pillar of the strategy relates to but also re-modelled versions of existing up -6
oiS 8 2/72 XMB neo ies AX neo E2
aircraft such as the A320neo and the Boeing 4
kh 7- 7 R 50 20 er 7M 30 et J 7X
technological development. Aviation has Su 74 78 AT A3 A3 CS 73 A3 EJ MR 77
always had a focus on efficiency. Fuel makes 747-8. These are powered by the latest next- 2010s
up the main operating cost for airlines, so generation jet engines made by manufacturers
in this sense, economic and environmental such as CFM International, Pratt & Whitney,
Airbus Bombardier
motivations are intertwined. Since the first GE Aviation and Rolls-Royce, all of which have
jets began flying, technology-driven efficiency produced impressive fuel savings. ATR Embraer
has improved by 80%, with the introduction Boeing Other
At each stage in the distribution chain, carbon dioxide is emitted Carbon dioxide will be reabsorbed as the next generation of biofuel
through energy use by extraction, transport, etc. feedstock is grown.
By 2020, it is expected that other, fuel-efficient Sustainable alternative fuels grow where food crops cannot, and nicotine-
aircraft types will enter into service, with the free tobacco. One of the main advantages of
Embraer E2, Airbus A330neo and Boeing’s Also included within the technology sustainable alternative fuels is their diversity.
777X and 737MAX joining the fleet. pillar of the industry’s strategy is Whilst they all end up more or less chemically
the development of sustainable identical following the production process,
In addition to the latest propulsion technology, alternative fuels, which represents producers are able to utilise feedstocks that
additional technological features have been considerable potential for securing the are abundant in particular regions of the
included to maximise fuel efficiency. Improved sustainable development of air travel. world, be that forestry in Norway or municipal
aerodynamics, new manufacturing techniques Sustainable alternative fuels (sometimes waste in the US.
and composite materials play a prominent role referred to as ‘biofuels’) are almost chemically
in determining how much fuel is burned on identical to traditional jet fuel, but rather Sustainability criteria are key to aviation’s
any given flight. than being made from fossil fuels, they are position on alternative fuels. The industry
synthesised from other, more sustainable took careful note of the negative impacts
Carbon fibre composites are being ‘feedstocks’. These feedstocks can take the that came about when the first generation of
increasingly used to build parts of aircraft, form of plant matter, municipal waste or even biofuels were deployed in road transport and
particularly the wings, which improves fuel used cooking oil. is determined not to repeat those mistakes.
efficiency through decreasing weight. Some
engine manufacturers have taken advantage To qualify as truly ‘sustainable’ alternative
of another new material, ceramic-matrix fuels, the feedstock must fulfil certain Sustainable alternative fuels can be up to
composites used in jet engines, which allow criteria, meaning that the feedstock used 80% less carbon intensive over their life
the engine to operate at a higher temperature, should not compete with food crops or other cycle when compared to fossil-based fuels.
resulting in better fuel efficiency. Like the agriculturally sensitive produce. This is why The challenge for this new energy industry
composite materials used to make wings, this many recent innovative alternative fuels have now is to produce these fuels to a sufficient
material is also lighter than traditional metal been produced using sources such as waste, quantity, making them commercially viable.
alloys, which further cuts fuel burn. microalgae, saltwater tolerant plants that This requires significant investment from
Wingtip technology is another operational inefficiencies and delays on the runway, which to direct air traffic, with aircraft needing to
improvement that has led to major fuel and can force airlines to waste additional time zig-zag between ground-based radar posts
emissions savings for airlines. Most new in the air125. By working together to flag up throughout their journey. However, this
aircraft have these features included at the such delays early, all parties get all-important situation is rapidly changing.
point of production, and many airlines have arrival and departure information at the same
invested heavily in having them retro-fitted time, allowing the different organisations By using an array of new navigational
to existing aircraft. These additional parts involved in a flight to adjust their schedules technologies and procedures, which are
on the tips of the wings reduce drag and and resourcing as the latest information collectively referred to as ‘performance-
fuel consumption, reducing the level of CO2 comes to hand. based navigation’, aircraft can now follow an
produced fleet-wide by over 56 million tonnes optimised, more direct route. Through cutting
since the year 2000123. Taxiing is also a prime opportunity for cutting out unnecessary travel time, airlines can
emissions. Many ways in which an airline save fuel and emit less CO2 than they would
Modifying how an aircraft climbs to cruising can avoid using the aircraft’s engines on have using older systems. Rather than being
altitude and descends on approach can the ground have been explored. The most ‘controlled’ between radar stations, aircraft can
also reduce emissions. Through continuous common of these is the use of fixed electrical now fly to their destination far more efficiently.
descent and climb operations, airlines all ground power at airports, plugging the
over the world have been cutting fuel burn aircraft into the airport’s electricity to run
and the associated emissions. Rather than pre-flight systems126. Many airlines have also
following the traditional ‘staggered’ or begun to only use one engine during taxiing.
‘stepped’ procedure, aircraft are now climbing Taking this concept further, new technologies
and approaching more smoothly, dispensing have been developed that power the aircraft
with the need to use additional engine power entirely while it taxis to the runway127.
to level off at multiple altitudes during these
phases of the flight. By introducing continuous
descent techniques across 15 airports in the Infrastructure
United Kingdom, airlines were able to cut CO2
emissions by 20,000 tonnes in nine years124. The infrastructure pillar of the strategy relates
mainly to improving navigational systems
Through a process called airport collaborative and procedures, ensuring that aircraft are
decision-making (A-CDM), airports, ANSPs, guided through the air as efficiently as
and airlines can work together to optimise possible. In many regions of the world, mid-
flights by sharing information on potential 20th Century technology is still being used
Market-based measures
Encouraging progress has been details of the proposed global offsetting industry needs political commitment and
made on the first three pillars of scheme. If the scheme is approved at financial support from governments.
the strategy. However, to achieve the 2016 Assembly, as the industry has In September 2015, aviation industry leaders
the goal of carbon-neutral growth from been urging governments to do, the last joined together to write an open letter to
2020, other measures need to be taken. remaining steps will be capacity building, the world’s governments133. In the letter, the
This is why the industry has called on the followed by implementation ahead of 2020. industry made five key requests, which, if
world’s governments, represented at the accepted, would go a long way to supporting
International Civil Aviation Organization At the time of this report’s publication, the sector’s sustainable development. These
(ICAO), to put in place a global market- negotiations are continuing towards the ICAO were to: undertake air traffic management
based measure for aviation. Assembly, which takes place in September / investment and reform; continue support
October 2016. For the latest developments, for research into new technology, operations
At the 2013 meeting of ICAO’s triennial check www.enviro.aero. and sustainable alternative fuels; improve
Assembly, the organisation agreed to intermodal transport planning; and put in
begin work on developing the measure, The global aviation industry has been place the right policy framework to help
which would be put to states at the 2016 working hard to develop all four pillars accelerate the availability of sustainable
Assembly. Over the last three years, ICAO, of this strategy. Encouraging progress has alternative fuels for aviation.
with valuable input from industry experts, already been made, but more needs to be
has been working to develop the technical done. To make real efficiency gains, the
End-of-life
An aircraft will typically remain in service for The Airbus PAMELA project136, begun in 2005,
around 20-25 years. During that time, it will fly led to the creation of Tarmac Aerosave with
on average 40,274,144 kilometres — over 1,000 partners including Safran. This company
times around the world — with some long-haul specialises in recycling aircraft and is now
aircraft flying over 100 million kilometres, able to re-use and recover materials making
for several airlines134. Once it reaches the end up over 90% of an aircraft’s weight.
of its useful life, an aircraft can be recycled
not only to ensure safe disposal but also to New materials such as carbon fibre present
take advantage of the many high-quality new challenges for aircraft designers to find
components and materials of which it is made. ways of dealing with the materials once the
product leaves service. Processes are being
All airframe and engine manufacturers developed to allow these new materials to be
support the responsible management recovered and potentially recycled once the
of aircraft and engines after their aircraft reaches the end of its useful lifespan.
end of service. Some of these, including
Boeing, Bombardier and Rolls-Royce are
members of the Aircraft Fleet Recycling
Association (AFRA)135, which is an association
of 72 companies that collaborate to establish
best practice guidelines for environmental
management in the disposal and recycling of
aircraft. These organisations recycle over 150
aircraft and 30,000 tonnes of aluminium a
year, while putting serviceable spare parts back
into service. Manufacturers are also ensuring
that new aircraft are designed not only for a
long, safe and efficient life, but also for end-of-
life opportunities.
3m 8m
125m
Noise
Modern jet aircraft are 75% quieter than by communities. In cases like these, it is
the first models and each new generation important for governments and the industry to
continues this downward trend. While engage with communities on issues of noise.
each new model has reduced its noise
footprint significantly, the number of aircraft It is also important to note that aviation is
movements has grown and the sensitivity of not the only source of noise in the transport
people living under flight paths to perceived sector and, in many cases, negative noise
noise has also increased. impacts on communities stem far more
regularly from the road and rail sectors. A
However, in the US, statistics show that report by the European Environment Agency
between 1975 and 2014 the number of people shows that road traffic is responsible for the
exposed to significant noise levels fell 95%, vast majority of noise in Europe, exposing
while enplanements rose by 270%137. This more than 125 million people to levels above
trend is being replicated around the world: 55dB. Rail is the second highest cause of noise,
not only do aircraft get quieter, but airports with nearly eight million people exposed, and
and air traffic controllers work to provide airport noise comes in a distant third with less
operational noise mitigation measures and than three million people affected138.
local governments work with the aviation
industry to more appropriately zone areas
around airports.
AFRICA
139
4% 10%
6%
35%
45%
Airports Aerospace
Other on-airport Air traffic
Airlines management
76.6
generated an estimated 381,000 jobs in 2014.
Africa’s share of global
• » 133,600 of those people (35% of the total) passenger traffic, 2014
million passengers 140
were in jobs for airlines or handling
agents (for example, flight crew, check-in
1,033,398
staff, maintenance crew, reservations and
head office staff ).
• » Another 37,000 people (10% of the
flights141
total) worked for airport operators
(for example, in airport management,
2.3%
143.4
maintenance, security and operations).
• » 170,300 jobs (45%) were on-site in
airports, at retail outlets, restaurants,
billion RPKs 142
hotels, etc.
• » A further 24,700 people (6%) were
369
employed in the manufacture of civil
aircraft (including systems, components,
airframes and engines).
commercial airports 143
• » Air navigation service providers
employed an additional 15,300 people Total jobs and GDP generated by
1,305
through African economies. Including direct
impacts, as well as the effect of the sector’s
procurement of goods and services through
aircraft in service 145
its supply chain, and the benefits that arise Tourism
5,800,000 $46 bn
when employees in the industry and its supply catalytic
38
chain spend their wages in the local consumer
economy, the air transport sector supported
one million jobs and contributed $26 billion to
air navigation service providers 146
GDP in Africa in 2014.
69%
Average regional load factor 147
— most of whom arrive by air — supported an
estimated 5.8 million jobs and contributed $46
billion to GDP in Africa’s economies in 2014149.
417,000
381,000
Indirect $11.3 bn
Aviation direct $9.9 bn
AFRICA 5.4%
ASIA-PACIFIC 5.1%
EUROPE 3.6%
LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN 4.7%
ASIA-PACIFIC
153
4% 5%
1%
32%
58%
Airports Aerospace
Other on-airport Air traffic
Airlines management
1.1
directly generated an estimated 3.3 million
jobs in 2014.
Asia-Pacific share of global
passenger traffic, 2014
billion passengers
• » 1 million people (32% of the total) were
in jobs for airlines or handling agents
9,925,268
(for example, flight crew, check-in staff,
maintenance crew, reservations and
head office staff ).
flights
• » Another 149,000 people (5% of the
total) worked for airport operators
1,949
(for example, in airport management, 33.2%
maintenance, security and operations).
• » 1.9 million jobs (58%) were on-site in
billion RPKs
airports, at retail outlets, restaurants,
hotels, etc.
1,197
• » A further 147,000 people (4%) were
employed in the manufacture of civil
aircraft (including systems, components,
commercial airports airframes and engines).
• » Air navigation service providers
359 employed an additional 45,000 people Total jobs and GDP generated by
(1%). air transport in Asia-Pacific, 2014
airlines
As well as this direct employment in the
operations of the air transport sector itself, JOBS TOTAL GDP TOTAL
6,957
the sector’s impact reaches further through 28.8 million $626 billion
the Asia-Pacific region economies. Including
direct impacts, the effect of the sector’s
aircraft in service
procurement of goods and services through
its supply chain, and the benefits that arise 19,900,000 Tourism $261.8 bn
44
when employees in the industry and its catalytic
supply chain spend their wages in the local
consumer economy, the air transport sector
air navigation service providers supported 8.9 million jobs and contributed
$364 billion to GDP in the Asia-Pacific region 1,700,000 Induced $72.9 bn
in 2014.
78%
Average regional load factor
In addition, the spending of foreign tourists
— most of whom arrive by air — supported an
3,800,000
3,300,000
Indirect $158.2 bn
AFRICA 5.4%
ASIA-PACIFIC 5.1%
EUROPE 3.6%
LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN 4.7%
EUROPE
155
3%
7%
12%
21%
57%
Airports Aerospace
Other on-airport Air traffic
Airlines management
873.4
generated an estimated 2.5 million jobs in 2014.
Europe’s share of global
• » 533,000 of those people (21% of the total) passenger traffic, 2014
million passengers
were in jobs for airlines or handling
agents (for example, flight crew, check-in
7,560,360
staff, maintenance crew, reservations
and head office staff ).
• » Another 174,000 people (7% of the
flights
total) worked for airport operators
(for example, in airport management,
26.3%
1,682
maintenance, security and operations).
• » 1.4 million jobs (57%) were on-site in
airports, at retail outlets, restaurants,
billion RPKs
hotels, etc.
• » A further 311,000 people (12%) were
667
employed in the manufacture of civil
aircraft (including systems, components,
airframes and engines).
commercial airports • » Air navigation service providers employed
an additional 84,000 people (3%).
387
Total jobs and GDP generated by
As well as this direct employment in the air transport in Europe, 2014
airlines operations of the air transport sector itself,
the sector’s impact reaches further through
JOBS TOTAL GDP TOTAL
European economies. Including direct
11.9 million $860 billion
6,586
impacts, as well as the effect of the sector’s
procurement of goods and services through Tourism (€707.5 billion)
its supply chain, and the benefits that arise catalytic
aircraft in service
when employees in the industry and its supply
chain spend their wages in the local consumer 5,000,000 $328.1 bn
46
economy, in total the air transport sector
1,400,000 Induced $105.2 bn
supported 6.9 million jobs and contributed
$531 billion to GDP in Europe in 2014.
air navigation service providers
3,000,000 Indirect $233.4 bn
In addition, the spending of foreign tourists
— many of whom arrive by air — supported an
81%
Average regional load factor
estimated five million jobs and contributed
$328 billion to GDP in Europe’s economies
in 2014.
2,500,000 Aviation direct $192.8 bn
AFRICA 5.4%
ASIA-PACIFIC 5.1%
EUROPE 3.6%
LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN 4.7%
5% 3%
10%
32%
50%
Airports Aerospace
Other on-airport Air navigation
Airlines service providers
255.8
and the Caribbean directly generated an
estimated 806,000 jobs in 2014.
Latin America and the
Caribbean’s share of global
million passengers
• » 261,000 of those people (32% of the total) passenger traffic, 2014
were in jobs for airlines or handling
2,599,944
agents (for example, flight crew, check-in
staff, maintenance crew, reservations
and head office staff ).
flights
• » Another 24,800 people (3% of the
total) worked for airport operators
326.8 7.6%
(for example, in airport management,
maintenance, security and operations).
• » 405,000 jobs (50%) were on-site in
billion RPKs
airports, at retail outlets, restaurants,
hotels, etc.
• »
370
A further 80,000 people (10%) were
employed in the manufacture of civil
aircraft (including systems, components,
commercial airports airframes and engines).
• » Air navigation service providers employed Total jobs and GDP generated by
29
supply chain spend their wages in the local
consumer economy, the air transport sector
supported 2.2 million jobs and contributed
air navigation service providers $107 billion to GDP in Latin America and the 408,000 Induced $21.3 bn
Caribbean in 2014.
941,000 Indirect $45.9 bn
78%
Average regional load factor
In addition, the spending of foreign tourists
— most of whom arrive by air — supported an
estimated three million jobs and contributed
806,000 Aviation direct $40 bn
AFRICA 5.4%
ASIA-PACIFIC 5.1%
EUROPE 3.6%
LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN 4.7%
MIDDLE EAST
162
5%
1%
1%
43%
50%
Airports Aerospace
Other on-airport Air traffic
Airlines management
173
directly generated an estimated 430,000 jobs
in 2014.
Middle East’s share of global
passenger traffic, 2014
million passengers
• » 181,000 of those people (43% of the total)
were in jobs for airlines or handling
1,009,133
agents (for example, flight crew, check-in
staff, maintenance crew, reservations
and head office staff ).
flights
• » Another 22,000 people (5% of the
total) worked for airport operators
555.2 5.2%
(for example, in airport management,
maintenance, security and operations).
• » 215,000 jobs (50%) were on-site in
billion RPKs
airports, at retail outlets, restaurants,
hotels, etc.
118
• » A further 3,700 people (1%) were
employed in the manufacture of civil
aircraft (including systems, components,
commercial airports airframes and engines).
• » Air navigation service providers employed Total jobs and GDP generated by
airlines As well as this direct employment in the JOBS TOTAL GDP TOTAL
operations of the air transport sector itself, 2.4 million $157.2 billion
the sector’s impact reaches further through
1,210
the Middle Eastern economies. Including
direct impacts, the effect of the sector’s Tourism
procurement of goods and services through 1,200,000 catalytic $59.7 bn
aircraft in service
its supply chain, and the benefits that arise
when employees in the industry and its
14
supply chain spend their wages in the local
consumer economy, the air transport sector 225,000 Induced $19.2 bn
supported 1.1 million jobs and contributed $97
air navigation service providers billion to GDP in the Middle East in 2014. 472,000 Indirect $41.5 bn
78%
Average regional load factor
— most of whom arrive by air — supported an
estimated 1.2 million jobs and contributed $60
billion to GDP in the region in 2014.
427,000 Aviation direct $36.8 bn
AFRICA 5.4%
ASIA-PACIFIC 5.1%
EUROPE 3.6%
LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN 4.7%
NORTH AMERICA
164
2% 2%
22%
53%
21%
Airports Aerospace
Other on-airport Air traffic
Airlines management
841.8
directly generated an estimated 2.4 million
jobs in 2014.
North America’s share of
global passenger traffic, 2014
million passengers
• » 517,000 of those people (21% of the total)
were in jobs for airlines or handling
10,660,954
agents (for example, flight crew, check-in
staff, maintenance crew, reservations
and head office staff ).
flights
• » Another 41,000 people (2% of the
total) worked for airport operators 25.4%
1.5
(for example, in airport management,
maintenance, security and operations).
• » 1.3 million jobs (53%) were on-site in
trillion RPKs
airports, at retail outlets, restaurants,
hotels, etc.
1,080
• » A further 534,000 people (22%) were
employed in the manufacture of civil
aircraft (including systems, components,
commercial airports airframes and engines).
• » Air navigation service providers Total jobs and GDP generated
7,971
the sector’s impact reaches further through catalytic
North American economies. Including direct 1,400,000 $136.8 bn
impacts, the effect of the sector’s procurement
aircraft in service 1,200,000 Induced $131 bn
of goods and services through its supply
chain, and the benefits that arise when
83%
Average regional load factor
2,400,000 Aviation direct $252 bn
AFRICA 5.4%
ASIA-PACIFIC 5.1%
EUROPE 3.6%
LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN 4.7%
APEC ECONOMIES
166
1.9
Wildlife Task Force, which is responsible for
Total jobs and GDP generated identifying and reviewing emerging wildlife
conservation issues and developing an
by air transport in the APEC
billion passengers167 appropriate response.
economies, 2014
The response from airlines has been
15,553
6,700,000 Indirect $469.2 bn
to close the routes exploited by traffickers of
the illegal wildlife trade as they move their
Aviation direct $410.1 bn products from killing field to marketplace.
aircraft in service 5,900,000
649
also for the sake of passengers and the
environment. Due to inefficiencies in
Total jobs and GDP generated by air European ATM, travellers are enduring
transport in the EU, 2014 unnecessary delays and aircraft are
million passengers169 producing more CO2 emissions than they
19%
would under a modern, streamlined system.
JOBS TOTAL GDP TOTAL The value of SES was shown by a report,
8.8 million $708 billion published in April 2016, that compares
EU share of global (€621 bn) the scenarios of ‘do nothing’ and full
passenger traffic, 2014 Tourism implementation of SES. And the results
3,600,000 catalytic $267 bn are striking. It concludes that airspace
(€218.3 bn)
214
modernisation could deliver European
consumers an additional $36 billion (€32
1,000,000 $87.3 bn
Induced billion) of welfare benefits in the year 2035,
airlines (€71.4 bn) compared to a ‘do nothing’ scenario (in
$193.7 bn which no further airspace modernisation
2,200,000 Indirect
4,490
(€158.4 bn) takes place). The total present value of
airspace modernisation over the 2015-2035
$160 bn period comes to $143.5 (€126) billion.
aircraft in service170 1,900,000 Aviation direct
(€131 bn)
89
Tourism, a total of 1.5 million tourists
arrived in the country in 2014, all of these
Total jobs and GDP generated by air by air. That equates to over three times the
million passengers transport in small island states, 2014 population of the islands passing through
in one year! In February 2015 alone, the
1%
Maldives welcomed a record 120,468
JOBS TOTAL GDP TOTAL tourists to the islands.
1.4 million $25.3 billion
To travel to the numerous holiday resorts
Small island states share of
scattered around the archipelagos, aviation
global passenger traffic, 2014 also plays a major role, with two charter
seaplane companies transporting visitors
59
Tourism to their destinations. Seaplanes are vital
1,200,000 $20.9 bn
catalytic connectors of people in the Maldives,
where in 2011, 44 seaplanes recorded more
airlines than 100,000 operations, connecting 66
locations. Due to their versatility, and, of
368 54,000
54,000
Induced
Indirect
$1.1 bn
$1.1 bn
course, ability to land on water, seaplanes
are an ideal form of aircraft for a country
like the Maldives.
aircraft in service 74,000 Aviation direct $2.3 bn
The air transport industry in developing In addition, the spending of foreign tourists
countries directly generated an estimated 3.8 — most of whom arrive by air — supported an Solar panels being used at an airport is
million jobs in 2014: estimated 27.9 million jobs and contributed not an entirely new concept. Airports
$274 billion to GDP in developing countries make an ideal location for solar panels,
• » Airlines: 1,300,000 (35% of the total). in 2014. with wide open spaces on the ground
• » Airport operators: 209,400 (6%). and large terminal buildings on which to
• » Other on-airport: 2 million (53%). In total, the industry supported 38 million jobs build them. Over 100 airports worldwide
• » Civil aerospace: 145,300 (4%). and made a $561 billion contribution to GDP make use of solar panels to produce
• » Air navigation service providers: 93,400 in developing countries. This accounted for clean energy for powering the terminal
(2%). 61% of the jobs and 21% of the GDP supported and sometimes even to contribute to the
by the air transport industry worldwide. wider grid.
As well as this direct employment in the August 2015, however, saw a landmark
operations of the air transport sector itself, the The number of revenue passenger kilometres event. Cochin International Airport in the
sector’s impact reaches further through the flown in developing countries’ economies is Indian state of Kerala became the first in
developing countries’ economies. Including expected to grow by about 5% per annum over the world to be entirely powered by solar
direct impacts, the effect of the sector’s the next two decades. This increase will, in energy, making the airport completely
procurement of goods and services through turn, drive growth in the economic output and energy self-sufficient. The 46,000 solar
its supply chain, and the benefits that arise jobs that are supported by the air transport panels at the airport produce 12 megawatts
when employees in the industry and its supply industry in the developing countries’ of power, more than enough to run the
economies in the next 20 years. airport’s operations.
chain spend their wages in the local consumer
economy, the air transport sector supported The journey towards the fully solar-
By 2034, Oxford Economics forecasts that
10.1 million jobs and contributed $287 billion powered airport was a remarkably
the impact of air transport and the tourism it
to GDP in developing countries in 2014. short one. Cochin Airport, which has
facilitates in developing countries will have
always had a focus on sustainability,
grown to support 61 million jobs (59% more
began work on solar power in March
1.2
than in 2014) and a $1.6 trillion contribution to
2013, when the operator installed a solar
GDP (a 178% increase).
plant on the roof of the Arrival Terminal
Block. Two subsequent plants were then
billion passengers Total jobs and GDP generated commissioned, allowing the airport to
by air transport in developing avoid more than 550 tonnes of CO2.
832
solar energy drive, perhaps Cochin will
Tourism not remain the only fully solar-powered
28,000,000 catalytic $273.9 bn
airport for long.
airlines
10,011 2,300,000
4,100,000
Induced
Indirect
$74.5 bn
$106.9 bn
aircraft in service
3,800,000 Aviation direct $105.6 bn
OECD COUNTRIES
173
1.9
and distribution technologies.
• » Investing $56 million in a second
Total jobs and GDP generated by air advanced composite component facility
billion passengers transport in the OECD, 2014 in Mississippi, with 100+ staff.
• »
57%
Opening the world’s first facility to
JOBS TOTAL GDP TOTAL mass produce parts for commercial
21.9 million $1.9 trillion and military engines in Asheville, North
OECD share of global Carolina, with over 300 employees.
Tourism
passenger traffic, 2014 7,500,000 catalytic $555 bn • » Constructing a LEAP engine assembly
factory in Indiana, that will employ
477
more than 200 people.
14,961
company’s home country of the United
States. Worldwide, GE’s investment in
research and production is far greater.
aircraft in service 5,500,000 Aviation direct $503 bn
distinguished legacy
in India’ is intended not only to stimulate indeed, the central principle of the ‘Make
economic growth, but also to foster higher in India’ campaign. The financial incentives
and long-standing levels of education among young Indians. In
December 2015, the Indian Government and
provided in India benefit not only the
manufacturers, but Indian engineers and the
partnership. We are the World Bank announced a $50 million wider community too.
already leveraging
investment in the ‘Nai Manzil: Education and
Skills Training for Minorities Project’, which
the vast engineering aims to help young people from minority
communities complete their education
talent pool and playing and gain from market-driven training
Honeywell has an 80-year history in India 2014, Honeywell and Tata Power signed Shortly before Prime Minister Modi officially
with more than 15,000 employees in 50 a technology-sharing agreement for launched the drive to attract foreign investment
cities across the country. More than 6,000 Honeywell’s TALIN inertial navigation system. into manufacturing in India, Boeing formed
engineers work on innovative technologies This agreement allows India to co-produce its a joint venture with Tata Advanced Systems
every day, helping tackle some of India’s and first locally produced advanced navigational Limited to collaborate in producing aerospace
the world’s toughest challenges in energy system, supporting the Indian government’s integrated systems solutions. Indian workers
efficiency, safety, security and customer ‘Make in India’ campaign. now play a crucial role in building components
productivity. Honeywell has five engineering for a number of Boeing aircraft through TAL
and technology development centres and To help support its host country, Honeywell Manufacturing Solutions, for example, the
seven manufacturing facilities in the country. has been investing heavily in the next complex floor beams used in the 787-9.
More than 3,000 products, solutions and generation of Indian aerospace engineers and
applications have been engineered in India. pilots. Its Technology Solutions engineering A significant aspect of ‘Make in India’,
arm, based in Bengaluru, has close alongside manufacturing itself, is ensuring
On the aerospace side specifically, Indian connections with schools and universities that the investment from abroad is focused
employees are critical contributors to many and is committed to training young Indian on developing Indian talent. This nurturing of
of the company’s leading-edge technologies engineers in, among other things, aerospace. talent is often realised through partnerships
that are advancing the science of flight This investment in Indian people’s skills is with universities and research organisations,
and meeting the needs of Honeywell a prime example of how the ‘Make in India’ something that Boeing has been active
customers everywhere in the world. Products initiative is helping the country develop in in doing, well before ‘Make in India’ was
produced by Honeywell in India range from ways other than strict economic growth. officially launched, having had a research and
technologies for the smallest turboprop development presence in India since 1995.
aircraft to the largest commercial jets.
In 2005, Boeing entered into a strategic
Honeywell technologies developed and partnership with IISc Bangalore, which
manufactured in India contribute to conducts research on materials and sciences
improving the safety and efficiency of for structural alloys, as well as smart materials
commercial and business aviation. Since Boeing began supplying aircraft to and structures, making it only one of ten
Tata Airlines over 75 years ago, the American universities worldwide that enjoys such a
Honeywell also cooperates with resident manufacturer has had commercial ties with relationship with Boeing. The company also
Indian companies, such as Hindustan India. Now, with the ‘Make in India’ campaign encourages the professional development of
Aeronautics and Tata Power’s Strategic in full flow, Boeing is playing its part in young engineers through various skill-based
Engineering Division. In September supporting the initiative. initiatives, working alongside colleges and
universities and providing vocational training.
In September 2015, Pratt & Whitney opened European aircraft manufacturer, Airbus, Airbus has also been investing in untapped
a new customer training centre in the Indian has had a presence in India since the 1980s, talent in India through the Airbus Bizlab
city of Hyderabad. At the facility, aircraft when it began partnering with Hindustan initiative, which helps start-up companies
engineers and technicians will be trained Aeronautics Limited to produce passenger develop engineering ideas from concept to
on all models of Pratt & Whitney engines, doors for the A320 aircraft, an arrangement thriving businesses. In March 2016, Airbus
both existing and new ones. Over 300 that still exists today. selected four separate start-ups based in
aircraft based in India are powered by Pratt Bangalore in India, which will be granted
& Whitney engines, and this number is set to In recent years, Airbus has been scaling up access to a large number of Airbus coaches,
increase with many new Geared Turbofan its activities in India through its subsidiary, experts and mentors, helping them get their
engines projected to enter service in India Airbus India Operations. Established in 2013, ideas off the ground.
in the coming years. Having a dedicated this branch of Airbus unifies the company’s
customer training centre in the country is engineering activities in the country, including
the best way for the technology company Emerging Technologies and Concepts,
to ensure that its airline customers are well strategy and international cooperation.
versed in their use. Airbus, like many other players in the
aerospace industry recognises the strategic “This customer training
As Hyderabad is a key location for many importance of the vast subcontinental
aircraft operators in India, setting up shop country and has made a long-term facility marks a major
in the city was the logical choice, making the
facility Pratt & Whitney’s third global training
commitment to playing its part in developing
the Indian aerospace sector.
milestone for Pratt
centre, alongside their East Hartford and & Whitney. We will
Beijing locations. Over 400 engineers are already employed
at the Airbus facility in Bengaluru and, continue to invest in
Pratt & Whitney has, however, had previous
connections to India. In 2013, Pratt &
in keeping with the goals of the ‘Make in
India’ campaign, there are plans to increase
talent and infrastructure
Whitney took up residence at the Indian the company’s contribution to the Indian to support the industry’s
Institute of Science in Bengaluru to conduct economy. In the coming years, Airbus aims to
advanced research into gas turbine jet engine make further investment in India and create growth here.”
technology in India, as well as research aimed over 10,000 highly skilled jobs in a range of
at making these engines more efficient and aerospace activities. - Palash Roy Chowdhury,
environmentally friendly. Country Manager India,
In March 2016, the company announced
The office supports a full-time professor in plans to invest $40 million to set up a pilot Pratt & Whitney
gas turbine engineering. In the longer term, and maintenance training centre in the Delhi
Pratt & Whitney hopes that its presence at the area, which will house four A320 full-flight
research centre will attract engineering talent simulators and will have the capacity to train
to the gas turbine engine field, promoting the over 8,000 pilots and 2,000 engineers over
skills of Indian students. ten years from 2018 onwards.
National Analysis
National figures for employment and GDP
supported by aviation, with analysis provided
by Oxford Economics for those countries
where reliable data are available and
estimations are possible at the national level.
Estimates are conducted based on indicators
such as airport employment, airport
passenger traffic175 and airline passenger
numbers176. For other countries that are not
included below, not enough data are available
for a reliable country-specific analysis.
Africa
Employment (000s) GDP (US $ million)
Direct Indirect Induced Tourism Total Direct Indirect Induced Tourism Total
South Africa 70 133 57 234 493 2,969 3,066 1,320 5,118 12,473
Asia-Pacific
Employment (000s) GDP (US $ million)
Direct Indirect Induced Tourism Total Direct Indirect Induced Tourism Total
Australia 173 104 60 292 628 13,771 12,941 7,475 30,219 64,405
China 1,280 2,276 710 1,189 5,454 32,774 30,461 9,497 15,453 88,184
India 394 570 351 6,193 7,508 4,456 2,736 1,685 21,219 30,095
Indonesia 185 530 136 1,711 2,562 4,307 4,016 1,030 14,371 23,724
Japan 322 220 205 356 1,103 24,645 15,931 14,834 27,476 82,886
Malaysia 124 104 15 220 463 1,975 2,594 369 6,301 11,239
South Korea 134 169 68 400 771 10,943 9,312 3,761 20,177 44,193
Thailand 108 385 86 2,683 3,262 4,345 4,098 912 38,972 48,327
Direct Indirect Induced Tourism Total Direct Indirect Induced Tourism Total
Austria 32 20 10 17 78 2,203 2,031 1,001 1,589 6,825
France 319 408 198 240 1,165 33,841 41,994 20,386 22,195 118,415
Germany 325 303 167 250 1,045 25,716 27,579 15,169 16,560 85,024
Italy 157 146 47 241 591 10,943 14,044 4,498 20,514 49,999
Russia 344 423 86 227 1,080 12,758 11,008 2,240 6,391 32,399
Spain 195 127 76 1,029 1,427 15,701 10,154 6,052 81,382 113,289
Turkey 138 116 23 823 1,099 5,429 3,562 709 38,571 48,271
United Kingdom 334 360 252 607 1,553 30,945 32,400 22,723 47,584 133,652
Note that the country figures shown will not necessarily equal the regional totals expressed elsewhere in the report. In part, this is because individual country figures
are computed using country-specific multipliers, whereas regional figures are computed using region-specific multipliers. The former are smaller than the latter
because of the effects of ‘leakage’ — spending that occurs outside of the country or region as a result of imports; an individual country will have more leakage than
will a region, since some imports will occur within-region.
Direct Indirect Induced Tourism Total Direct Indirect Induced Tourism Total
Argentina 72 60 37 127 296 2,491 1,834 1,115 4,141 9,580
Brazil 265 403 185 280 1,133 9,675 10,584 4,855 7,813 32,928
Mexico 212 301 112 423 1,049 16,553 7,901 2,931 10,379 37,764
Middle East
Employment (000s) GDP (US $ million)
Direct Indirect Induced Tourism Total Direct Indirect Induced Tourism Total
Israel 24 45 26 92 187 4,850 3,862 2,262 7,440 18,415
Saudi Arabia 103 90 37 305 534 11,200 6,112 2,500 14,498 34,310
United Arab Emirates 138 99 56 398 691 9,461 7,453 4,183 25,732 46,829
North America
Employment (000s) GDP (US $ million)
Direct Indirect Induced Tourism Total Direct Indirect Induced Tourism Total
Canada 232 128 47 165 572 19,292 12,797 4,732 12,116 48,938
United States 2,203 1,522 1,202 1,230 6,158 232,471 180,466 142,513 124,698 680,147
Passengers
3.3
billion
6.9
billion JOBS SUPPORTED
62.7 99.1
Million Million
ECONOMIC
$2.7 $5.9
TRillion TRillion
Passenger
KILOMETRES
6.2
TRillion
12.8
TRillion
IMPACT FLOWN
JET AIRCRAFT
21,633 43,560 2014
177
IN SERVICE 2034
The contribution of the air transport “What if…”: a sensitivity analysis point lower than currently expected between
industry in 20 years’ time 2014 and 2034, then in 2034:
These forecasts are based on the air
A conservative analysis178 suggests that transport sector growing at the predicted • » Worldwide, there would be 1.4 million
demand for air transport will increase by an rate. However, looking ahead 20 years fewer direct jobs in the air transport sector.
average of 4.3% per annum over the next 20 is naturally fraught with uncertainty, and • » Taking into consideration the direct,
years. That implies that demand for air travel unexpected political and economic events indirect, and induced impacts, there
will increase by a factor of 2.3 over the period. could throw these predictions off course. would be 3.8 million fewer jobs
The question is how could the economic supported by air transport.
If this growth path is achieved, then in 2034 contribution of air transport be impacted • » Once the impacts of tourism are
the air transport industry will contribute179: if demand, for one reason or another, included, the air transport sector would
is reduced? To account for unforeseen support a total of 10.5 million fewer jobs
• » 14.9 million direct jobs and $1.5 trillion fluctuations in activity, Oxford Economics than would otherwise be the case under
of GDP to the world economy; undertook a sensitivity analysis. By changing the baseline scenario.
• » Including indirect and induced key assumptions driving the results, • » Worldwide, the direct, indirect, and
contributions, 39.6 million jobs and $3.9 a sensitivity analysis can assess a range induced GDP for air transport would be
trillion in GDP; of potential alternative economic outcomes. $690 billion (2014 prices) lower than it
• » Once the impacts of global tourism are otherwise would be.
taken into account, a total of 99.1 million For example, if the average annual growth in • » An additional $350 billion would
jobs and $5.9 trillion in GDP. passenger numbers for each region covered be lost because of a reduction
in this report turns out to be one percentage in tourism activity.
Developing technology: progresses towards this goal. To achieve it, A number of technology research
a sustainable future the sector will need to continue to be a world organisations are exploring new, disruptive
leader in technological innovation. aircraft designs, which will literally
While the aviation industry is expected to change the shape of aviation. Each of these
grow significantly in the coming decades, One of the main methods by which aviation conceptual designs has advantages and
with more demand from passengers is expected to drastically cut overall carbon feasibility barriers to overcome.
forecast up to 2034 and beyond, the emissions is the development of sustainable
industry is confident that this growth alternative fuels. These fuels can be up to The most radical design is the ‘blended
can be reconciled with its environmental 80% less carbon intensive over their life wing body’ aircraft, which is essentially a
responsibilities. It is hoped that the cycle, and work is already well underway large wing housing a payload area within
industry’s goal to cap aviation’s net CO 2 to commercialise them. 5,500 commercial its main ‘body’ section. With an optimised
emissions at 2020 levels through carbon- flights are expected to have taken place on aerodynamic design and new means of
neutral growth will be enabled at the 2016 these fuels by the end of 2016, and a number of engine integration, it is thought that this
ICAO Assembly with an historic agreement influential businesses within the industry have design could cut emissions by 50% per
on the introduction of a global market- shown an encouraging level of commitment to tonne kilometre. However, there remains
based measure for aviation emissions. further developing this new energy source. a significant degree of uncertainty as to
its technical feasibility and ability to be
However, it is the industry’s long-term goal of Operational and infrastructural integrated into existing infrastructure.
cutting overall emissions to half of what they improvements can also yield significant
were in 2005 by 2050 that remains the major gains, and have already done so, but the The blended wing body concept is still a long
focus. The market-based measure will be most significant savings in emissions will be way from becoming a reality, but there are
used as a holding measure while the industry achieved through new aircraft technology. other, less drastic departures from traditional
Cutting emissions
through space-age
technology
Essay by Peter Jordan around the world, why are they regarded Aside from its practical applications, social
collectively as so different to other generations media has had an arguably more important
Scan the pages of the tourism news (or any that have gone before, especially in terms of psychological effect on millennials’ travel
other sector, such as finance, advertising, or their travel behaviour? In my view there are behaviour. Today, for millennials, social
retail for that matter) and it won’t take too two interconnected phenomena that unite media has become the go-to space for
long to stumble upon a headline declaring the experiences of millennials, and that have news, gossip, advice and most importantly
some fact or other about millennials. helped shape their attitude towards travel: the inspiration. By witnessing friends who take
Constantly connected, in the jaws of the expansion of the internet (and social media to the skies for the first time to study abroad
credit crunch, self-absorbed and constantly in particular) and the globalisation that has or go backpacking, it has helped to engender
seeking support at work; there are many brought with it political interdependence. a strong sense of ‘I can do that too’; a stream
clichés surrounding those who entered their of influence that their parents’ generation
late teens and thus became independent That the internet has expanded into almost just wasn’t subjected to. Used while travelling
consumers after the year 2000 (hence every corner of modern life is not news. or at home, social media has also blurred
the name ‘millennials’). As is the way with Besides, it’s not just millennials that do their the lines between what is global and what
clichés, they often have some basis in real life. travel planning, booking and experience- is local, helping to nurture a broader world
sharing online. However millennials are view and stimulate curiosity — all to the
Yet amid all the headlines and hype, it can the first generation to have grown up in benefit of the travel industry.
be difficult to gain a picture of how this the era of ‘internet everywhere’. They’re
generation is influencing the air transport used to being constantly connected, and Just as millennials may not perceive the
industry. There is also considerable grew up in the age of online commerce. same psychological barriers to travel as
value to understanding what, conversely, They’ve also become fluent in metasearch, their parents, it is also important to note that
the air transport industry is doing to accustomed to booking last-minute and this generation has witnessed the gradual
millennials. Why? Because both of these finding out what to do while ‘on the go’. For removal of physical barriers to travel, too. In
have implications for how millennials will millennials, constant connectivity has also Europe, this post-Cold-War generation has
expect to interact with this industry, both as brought the expectation of (and addiction to) seen the removal of passport checks that
consumers and potential employees, in the instant communication which has strongly came with the Schengen Agreement in 1995
years to come. influenced the way that they interact with as well as the eastward expansion of the
their friends and family. European Union less than a decade later.
It may seem obvious, but the first step
to taking a critical look at the millennial It’s made the world smaller and caused a For European youth (and those who visit
generation is to recognise that not all psychological shift in how they view the from further away) the notion of circulating
millennials are the same. Between the ages of prospect of travelling thousands of miles away freely around the continent without so
16-35, across the globe young people tend to from home. Furthermore, just as millennials much as the flash of an ID card is totally
go through the same joys and pains of youth, expect to be able to reach friends, family normal. Elsewhere it is significant that young
yet throughout this period their tastes and and even their favourite celebrity via social Chinese citizens have seen their country
attitudes don’t stay the same, as anyone with media and instant messaging, why not their open up rapidly to the outside world, while
children will surely know. The life choices preferred brands too? Airlines have learned millennials in Southeast Asia and Latin
millennials make are also strongly defined by this quickly, pushing their customer service America will be the first generation to truly
the time and place in which they grow up. If conversations onto Facebook Messenger, benefit from the closer union of nations and
there is so much variation among millennials WhatsApp and Twitter in order to respond to relaxing of visa regulations that is to come
the growing mass of ‘silent travellers’. with ASEAN and MERCOSUR integration.
In terms of regional economic and social populations of first-time travellers. Attracted it will also face the double challenge of
development these events are vitally by low fares, flexible online booking options proving its relevance to the next generation
important, especially as countries aim to and a strong, fresh-faced brand image, of travellers, and employees. This might seem
compete in the knowledge economy of for many Asian millennial travellers LCCs strange in light of my earlier observations on
the future. As barriers to travel have been offer their first experience of flying, and of the growth of travel, and of airlines becoming
removed and skies have been opened, it has international travel. It is also interesting to part of millennials’ personal brand, but some
made the prospect of studying and working note for millennials in Asia that LCCs are also defining attitudes among millennials are
abroad more attractive. Europe provides becoming lifestyle brands offering insurance, forcing a rethink towards the way companies
a good example for this, because the finance, hotel bookings and even movie interact with them.
extraordinary growth of the EU’s Erasmus rental. Thus air travel has become a means
programme (with over three million young of expressing personal taste and a part of Firstly, as millennials perceive fewer
people participating in work and study everyday consumption patterns for many barriers to travel, one side-effect for the
exchange in its 30-year history) is unlikely young people in the region182. air transport industry will surely be its
to have occurred without the air transport increasing ‘commoditisation’, i.e. that flying
links that brought countries together. In fact, Unfortunately this scenario is rather different will simply become a means of getting from
asked what the EU means to them, 57% of to that found in Africa, another continent A to B, rather than an experience that’s worth
Europeans between 15 and 24 years old now with a large, youthful population. In Africa, spending more on. Of course, this is a process
cite the freedom to travel, work and study it’s not just protectionism of state airlines which has already started, arguably through
anywhere they like181. Thus, the ‘knowledge that is restraining the growth of intra- the ease of booking online and also with the
hubs’ of the future will also depend on being regional travel; travel bureaucracy is highly spread of low cost airlines which position
well-connected transport hubs with high restrictive too. Currently, Africans need their product as a preferred alternative to
connectivity and ease of access. visas to enter 55% of states on the continent. competitors with ‘frills’. Besides, thanks to
This kind of red tape is clearly impeding the the rise of online travel planning, millennials
While this integration may sound logical, it is free movement of people which will be the are the first generation to have grown up
certainly not a smooth or automatic process, foundation of deeper and closer integration with the possibility of mixing budget and
especially in the developing world where of the continent183. Across the developing luxury experiences throughout their journey.
the majority of the world’s millennials live. world, research consistently shows how This has produced a generation of ‘selective
Nevertheless, if the personal and professional millennials share the characteristics of spenders’ who think carefully about where
ambitions of this globally-curious, ambitious ambition, hope for the future, and the notion their hard-earned cash is going (especially if
generation are to be unlocked, then the air that the best opportunities will come as they don’t have much of it), and have learned
transport industry will have to work harder a result of having had some international to pick and choose what they share online.
to expand in the parts of the world where experience. The expansion of air routes in Therefore, airlines and airports that really
it matters most. Southeast Asia provides an continents that are currently underserved try to position themselves by offering a high-
interesting example of how this expansion (such as Africa and Latin America) will play quality experience will have to strive hard
can mobilise a generation. Over the past a fundamental role in allowing millennials to ensure that they give millennials good
decade the region’s point-to-point route to fulfil these ambitions and unlock their reasons to select their product over a budget
map has become rapidly denser thanks potential for contributing to their regions’ alternative, and to ensure that the quality
especially to the expansion of low cost economic and social development. of that experience is at least as important
carriers (LCCs) such as AirAsia. As with as the one millennials hope to find in their
elsewhere in the world, LCCs have proved While the air transport industry will have chosen destination.
to be a hit in countries with large, young to continue to make its case to government,
http://bit.ly/1YvKEj0 87
Airlines for America analysis. 1941 DG Transport www.afraassociation.org
70
Financial Times, 9 March 2016 - cost of BOS-LAX return was $4,397.50 Aviation Week 2015 Workforce Study,
110 136
Process for Advanced Management
http://bit.ly/1Xerq0V (in 2012 dollars), with 12 stops and a July 2015. The study is conducted of End of Life Aircraft: http://bit.
ATAG, Aviation: Benefits Beyond
71 total flight time of 15 hours 15 minutes. in cooperation with the Aerospace ly/20vZUgW
Borders 2014 - http://bit.ly/1ouiZOI In 2012 a fare was $475.53 with a non- Industries Association (AIA) 137
Airlines for America, U.S.
stop flight time of 6 hours 15 minutes
72
IATA Economics European Commission and
111
Airlines – Tremendous Noise Record:
88
The percentage of Americans that Steer Davies Gleave, Study on http://bit.ly/1U8rCLT
73
IATA Economics
has flown at least once in their lives employment and working conditions
74
American Express Business: European Environment Agency,
138
has increased from 20% in 1965 (Time in air transport and airports, 2015:
http://amex.co/1NBy7q1 Exposure to environmental noise in
Magazine, June 1965), to 49% in 1971 http://bit.ly/1TUkkvy Europe, 2014: http://bit.ly/1ysk2Ek
75
Crown Plaza Hotels, Business and up to 81% today, according to
Jakarta Post story, ATR sees bright
112
Africa includes the following
139
meetings in the modern world: the Airlines for America 2016 Survey
prospects in Indonesian aviation countries: Algeria, Angola, Benin,
http://bit.ly/1Mwm010 (http://bit.ly/1SXqG2J), also National
industry, 18 February 2016 Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi,
Atlas of the United States: http://
76
A number of other studies have
nationalatlas.gov/transportation.html UPS, The logistics of saving lives -
113
Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central
backed these findings. A 2009 study
http://bit.ly/1LxC66q African Republic, Chad, Comoros,
by Forbes Insight (Business Meetings: UK Department of Transport Survey,
89
114
IATA Democratic Republic of the Congo,
the Case for Face-to-Face: http://onforb. 2014: http://bit.ly/1rDHSM0
Republic of the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire,
es/1T7iPw0), which surveyed over 750 90
IATA Economics World Food Programme, Logistics,
115
Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea,
business executives, found that 84% Aviation: http://bit.ly/1TKpmPl
International Labour Organization,
91
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia,
preferred face-to-face meetings, rather 116
World Resource Institute,
Promoting Fair Migration, 2016: Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Kenya,
than virtual ones. Similar results Climate Data Explorer, 2012:
http://bit.ly/1QSgwsG Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar,
were seen in a Harvard Business http://bit.ly/1Si4BeI
92
IATA Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius,
Review survey in 2009, which found
International Coordinating Council
117 Mozambique, Morocco, Namibia,
that, despite advances in technology, 93
The World Bank, Migration
of Aerospace Industries Associations Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab
business travel remained essential, and Development Brief, 2015:
Democratic Republic, São Tomé and
with 79% of respondents viewing http://bit.ly/1qsaIRa
118
Airbus Global Market Forecast 2012
Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra
in-person meetings as the most and Center for Global Development
94
The World Bank Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South
effective way to meet clients and sell 119
ATAG Analysis
95
The World Bank Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania,
business, and 89% saying that face-to
ATAG, Beginner’s Guide to Biofuels:
120
Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia
face meetings are essential for ‘sealing
96
Global Migration Group, 2014
http://bit.ly/1iKoUky and Zimbabwe
the deal’ (Managing Across Distance UNESCO Institute for Statistics,
97
151
Oxford Economics Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-
152
IATA, Transforming Intra-African Paraguay, Peru, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. United Kingdom. Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India,
Air Connectivity, The Economic Benefits Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 169
IATA PaxIS figures, not including Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan,
of Implementing the Yamoussoukro Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, charter traffic. All passengers Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kosovo,
Decision: http://bit.ly/1rtrPOg Uruguay and Venezuela. Please note departing EU airports for destinations Kuwait, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao People’s
that for a previous Aviation: Benefits domestic, intra-EU and extra-EU. Democratic Republic, Lebanon,
153
Asia-Pacific includes the following
Beyond Borders study released in 2012, Due to statistical methods, it is also Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania,
countries: Afghanistan, Australia,
Mexico was included in the North true to say that the total number Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi,
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei,
America region, whereas for this of passengers carried by air in the Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania,
Cambodia, China, Chinese Taipei,
analysis it is included in Latin America European Union in 2014 was 876 Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia,
Fiji, Hong Kong SAR, India, Indonesia,
and the Caribbean million (Eurostat figures), which Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique,
Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Kyrgyz
160
IATA, Enabling Aviation to includes all international passengers Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua,
Republic, Lao People’s Democratic
Drive Growth in Latin America: on both arrival and departure in Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, Pakistan,
Republic, Macau SAR, Malaysia,
http://bit.ly/1Mwmxjy the EU, but counts each intra-EU Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay,
Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal,
passenger only once Peru, Philippines, Republic of Congo,
New Zealand, North Korea, Pakistan, World Economic Forum, Travel and
161
Republic of Yemen, Romania, Russia,
Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015: 170
Eurostat report 6,781 aircraft in
Rwanda, Samoa, São Tomé and
Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, http://bit.ly/1KhKogv service in Europe in 2011, although
Príncipe, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles,
South Korea, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, 162
Countries in the Middle East region this probably includes business jets
Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South
Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, include: Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, and general aviation. European Energy,
Africa, Sri Lanka, St. Kitts and Nevis, St.
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, transport and environment indicators,
Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines,
and Vietnam Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, 2013 edition: http://bit.ly/1qsd8z8
Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syrian
154
The ASEAN Briefing: United Arab Emirates and Republic 171
Small island states in this analysis Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tanzania,
http://bit.ly/1H1tTna of Yemen are the members of the Alliance Thailand, The Gambia, Togo, Tonga,
155
Europe includes the following NATS, Economic benefits of
163 of Small Islands States, excluding Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
countries: Albania, Armenia, Austria, improvements to Middle East Air Traffic Singapore: Antigua and Barbuda, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, Uzbekistan,
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia Control: http://bit.ly/1Q7DspG Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cape Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia
and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Verde, Comoros, Cook Islands, Cuba, and Zimbabwe.
164
North America includes Canada and
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic,
the United States of America. Please
173
Members of the Organisation
Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Fiji, Federated States of Micronesia,
note that for the previous Aviation: for Economic Cooperation and
Germany, Greece, Greenland, Hungary, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,
Benefits Beyond Borders study released Development (OECD), being Australia,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Latvia, Jamaica, Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall
in 2012, Mexico was included in the Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Islands, Mauritius, Nauru, Niue, Palau,
North America region, whereas for Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Seychelles,
this analysis it is included in Latin France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, São Tomé and Príncipe, Solomon
America and the Caribbean Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan,
Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Islands, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia,
South Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico,
Federal Aviation Administration
165
St. Vincent and the Grenadines,
Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,
(FAA), Economic Impact Report 2015: Suriname, Timor-Leste, Tonga,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic,
http://1.usa.gov/1ScOZpG Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu and
and United Kingdom. For the member Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
countries of the European Union, see The APEC economies include:
166 Vanuatu. For more information, see
Turkey, United Kingdom and United
that section on page 47 Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, www.aosis.info
States at www.oecd.org
China, Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong 172
Developing countries are all
Revenue passenger kilometres are
156 174
World Bank: http://bit.ly/1O94DOO
SAR, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, countries defined as low, lower-middle
a measure of the number of revenue
Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New or upper-middle income by the World
175
ACI Airport Economic Survey 2013
paying passengers on board a flight and
Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Bank, and include: Afghanistan, 176
IATA Economics
the distance they travel on that flight
Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua
This is the lower of the latest
157
177
Oxford Economics forecast for jobs
United States and Vietnam and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia,
revenue passenger kilometre forecasts and GDP. ATAG forecast for passengers
IATA PaxIS. Passenger numbers in
167 Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, and RPKs, based on Boeing and Airbus
by Boeing, Airbus, and Embraer for
the following sections: APEC, EU28, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, forecast data. Boeing forecast for
the period 2015-2034
Developing Countries, Small Island Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, jets based on a global traffic growth
Eurocontrol, Challenges of Growth,
158
States and OECD do not include Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, forecast of 4.9% per annum
2013: http://bit.ly/25jV90R charter traffic Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape 178
Several of the world’s largest aircraft
The Latin America and Caribbean
159 Verde, Central African Republic, Chad,
168
The European Union member states manufacturers, including Airbus,
region include the following countries: Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros,
as of 2013 include: Austria, Belgium, Boeing, Bombardier and Embraer, use
Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech ‘revenue passenger kilometres’ (i.e.
Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Republic of Congo, Democratic
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, one RPK unit equals one kilometre
Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Republic of Timor-Leste, Djibouti,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, travelled by a revenue-paying
Dominica, Dominican Republic, Dominica, Dominican Republic,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, passenger) to calculate the future
Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, demand for air transport. Oxford
Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Georgia, Ghana,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Economics derived a conservative
New employment data collected for 60 countries New GDP data collected for 60 countries
100 100
% found (out of 60 sought)
Aircraft
manufacturers
Airport
operators
Airport
on-site
ANSPs
Tourism
Airlines
Aircraft
manufacturers
Airport
operators
ANSPs
Tourism
www.aviationbenefits.org
www.enviro.aero