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Lecture PowerPoints

Chapter 7
Physics for Scientists and
Engineers, with Modern
Physics, 4th Edition
Giancoli
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Chapter 7
Work and Energy

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Units of Chapter 7

• Work Done by a Constant Force

• Scalar Product of Two Vectors
• Work Done by a Varying Force
• Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy
Principle

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7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force

The work done by a constant force is defined as
the distance moved multiplied by the component
of the force in the direction of displacement:

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7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force

In the SI system, the units of work is the joule:

As long as this person does

not lift or lower the bag of
groceries, he is doing no
work on it. The force he
exerts has no component in
the direction of motion.

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7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force

Example 7-1: Work done on a crate.
A person pulls a 50 kg crate 40 m along a
horizontal floor by a constant force FP = 100 N,
which acts at a 37°angle as shown. The floor is
smooth and exerts no friction force. Determine
(a) the work done by each force acting on the
crate, and (b) the net work done on the crate.

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Example 7-1: Work done on a crate.

m = 50 kg, FP = 100 N, x = 40 m
(a) the work done by each force acting on the crate.
(b) the net work done on the crate.
r r
(a) FN and mg are perpendiculal to displacement
so they do no work.
r
Work is done only by horizontal component of FP
W = FP x cosθ = 100 × 40 × cos 37° = 3200 J
(b) Since there is only one force doing work on crate
the net work done on the crate = 3200 J

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NB: This is NOT the same Example 7-1 Work done on a crate.
As in text Giancoli. The example in Giancoli takes friction into
account.
m = 50 kg, FP = 100 N, Ffr = 50 N, x = 40 m
(a) the work done by each force acting on the crate.
(b) the net work done on the crate.

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NB: This is NOT the same Example 7-1 Work done on a crate.
As in text Giancoli. The example in Giancoli takes friction into
account.
m = 50 kg, FP = 100 N, Ffr = 50 N, x = 40 m
(a) the work done by each force acting on the crate.
(b) the net work done on the crate.
r r
(a) FN and mg are perpendicular to displacement so they do no work.
r
Work is done (i) by horizontal component of FP
W = FP x cos θ = 100 × 40 × cos 37° = 3200 J
and (ii) by the frictional force :
W = Ffr x cos θ = 50 × 40 × cos 180° = -2000 J
(b) Net work is calculated as the sum of work done by all forces
= 3200 - 2000 = 1200 J

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7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force

Solving work problems:
1. Draw a free-body diagram.
2. Choose a coordinate system.
3. Apply Newton’s laws to determine any
unknown forces.
4. Find the work done by a specific force.
5. To find the net work, either
a) find the net force and then find the work it
does, or
b) find the work done by each force and add.
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7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force

Example 7-2: Work on a backpack.
(a) Determine the work a hiker must do on a
15.0 kg backpack to carry it up a hill of
height h = 10.0 m, as shown. Determine
also
(b) the work done by gravity on the
backpack, and
(c) the net work done on the backpack. For
simplicity, assume the motion is
smooth and at constant velocity (i.e.,
acceleration is zero).

Note that only the vertical component of the

hiker’s force need be considered:
W = Fdcosθ θ = Fd.h/d = Fh

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7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force

Example 7-2: Work on a backpack.
(a) Determine the work a hiker must do on a
15.0 kg backpack to carry it up a hill of
height h = 10.0 m, as shown.
W = FHh = mgh = 15.0×
×9.80×
×10.0 = 1470 J
(b) the work done by gravity on the
backpack.
W = -mgh = -15.0×
×9.80×
×10.0 = -1470 J
(gravitational force in opposite direction to
motion)
(c) the net work done on the backpack. For
simplicity.
Wnet = Whiker + Wgravity = 1470 – 1470 = 0

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Conceptual Example 7-3: Does the Earth do

work on the Moon?
The Moon revolves around the
Earth in a nearly circular orbit,
with approximately constant
tangential speed, kept there by
the gravitational force exerted by
the Earth. Does gravity do
(a) positive work,
(b) negative work,
(c) no work at all on the Moon?

Since the only force is at right angles to the motion

(cos90°° = 0) no work is done by gravity on the moon

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7-2 Scalar Product of Two Vectors

Definition of the scalar, or dot, product:

Therefore, we can write:

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7-2 Scalar Product of Two Vectors

Example 7-4: Using the dot product.
The force shown has magnitude FP = 20 N and
makes an angle of 30°to the ground. Calculate
the work done by this force, using the dot
product, when the wagon is dragged 100 m
along the ground.
r r
W = FP • d = FP d cos θ = 20 × 100 × cos 30° = 1700 J

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7-3 Work Done by a Varying Force

Particle racted on by a varying force.

Clearly, F·d is not constant!

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7-3 Work Done by a Varying Force

For a force that varies, the work can be
approximated by dividing the distance up into
small pieces, finding the work done during
each, and adding them up.

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7-3 Work Done by a Varying Force

In the limit that the pieces become
infinitesimally narrow, the work is the area
under the curve:

Or:

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7-3 Work Done by a Varying Force

Work done by a spring force:

The force exerted

by a spring is
given by Hooke’s:
r r
FS = −kx
Note that the force exerted by
the spring is always in the
opposite direction to the
displacement.
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7-3 Work Done by a Varying Force

Plot of F vs. x. Work

done is equal to the
shaded area.

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7-3 Work Done by a Varying Force

Example 7-5: Work done on a spring.
(a) A person pulls on a spring, stretching it 3.0
cm, which requires a maximum force of 75 N.
How much work does the person do?
F 75
Spring Constant : F = kx → k = = = 2500 N/m
x 0.03
2
1 2 2500 × (0.03)
Work : W = 2 kx = = 1.1 J
2
(b) If, instead, the person compresses the spring
3.0 cm, how much work does the person do?
Work is the same as in (a)
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7-3 Work Done by a Varying Force

Example 7-6: Force as a function of x.
A robot arm that controls the position of a video
camera in an automated surveillance system is
manipulated by a motor that exerts a force on the
arm. The force is given by

where F0 = 2.0 N, x0 = 0.0070 m, and x is the

position of the end of the arm. If the arm moves
from x1 = 0.010 m to x2 = 0.050 m, how much work
did the motor do?
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7-3 Work Done by a Varying Force

F0 = 2.0 N
x0 = 0.0070 m
x1 = 0.010 m
x2 = 0.050 m
x2  1 x2 
W = ∫ F ( x)dx = F0 ∫ 1 +  dx
2 
x1
 6 x0 
x2
 1 x3 
= F0  x + 2 
 6 x0 3  x1
 x3 − x3 
= F0 (x2 − x1 ) + 2 2 1 
 18 x0 
 (0.050) 3 − (0.010) 3 
= 2.0(0.050 − 0.010) + 2  = 0.36 J
 18( 0 . 0070 ) 
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7-4 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy

Principle

Energy was traditionally defined as the ability to

do work. We now know that not all forces are
able to do work; however, we are dealing in these
chapters with mechanical energy, which does
follow this definition.

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7-4 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle

Consider a car (any object) accelerated from
r r r
v1 to v 2 by a constant force Fnet
The acceleration is calculated from : v22 = v12 + 2ad
v22 − v12
∴ a=
2d
The work done : Wnet = Fnet d = mad
v −v  2 2 K = 12 mv 2
= m  d = 12 mv22 − 12 mv12
2 1

 2 d 
We define the quantity 12 mv 2 to be the
translational kinetic energy of the object

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7-4 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy

Principle

This means that the work done is equal to the

change in the kinetic energy:

• If the net work is positive, the kinetic energy

increases.
• If the net work is negative, the kinetic energy
decreases.

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7-4 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle

Because work and kinetic energy can be
equated, they must have the same units:
kinetic energy is measured in joules. Energy
can be considered as the ability to do work:

A moving hammer strikes a nail and

comes to rest. The hammer exerts a
force F on the nail; the nail exerts a
force -F on the hammer (Newton’s
third law).
The work done on the nail by the
hammer is positive (Wn = Fd >0). The
work done on the hammer by the nail
is negative (Wh = -Fd)

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7-4 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle

Example 7-7: Kinetic energy and work done on a
baseball.
A 145 g baseball is thrown so that it acquires a
speed of 25 m/s.
(a) What is its kinetic energy?

K = 12 mv 2 = 12 × 0.145 × 252 = 45 J
(b) What was the net work done on the ball to
make it reach this speed, if it started from rest?
As net work is equal to the change in kinetic
energy, the net work also equals 45 J
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7-4 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle

Example 7-8: Work on a car, to increase its kinetic
energy.
How much net work is required to accelerate a
1000 kg car from 20 m/s to 30 m/s?

(
Wnet = K 2 − K1 = 12 mv22 − 12 mv12 = 12 m v22 − v12 )
( )
= 12 ×1000 30 2 − 20 2 = 2.5 ×105 J

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Example 7-9: Work to stop a car.

A car traveling 60 km/h can brake to a stop within a distance
d of 20 m. If the car is going twice as fast, 120 km/h, what is
its stopping distance? Assume the maximum braking force
is approximately independent of speed.

If the car’s velocity is doubled then the kinetic

energy is increased by a factor of 4 (K ∝ v2).
If the force is constant the stopping distance will
be 4××20 = 80 m

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Example 7-10: A compressed spring.

A horizontal spring has spring constant k = 360 N/m.
(a) How much work is required to compress it from its uncompressed
length (x = 0) to x = 11.0 cm?

2
360(0.110)1 2
W = kx = 2= 2.18 J
2

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Example 7-10: A compressed spring.

A horizontal spring has spring constant k = 360 N/m. Spring is
compressed 11.0 cm = 0.110 m → (a) W = 2.18 J
(b) If a 1.85 kg block is placed against the spring and the spring is
released, what will be the speed of the block when it separates
from the spring at x = 0? Ignore friction.

W = K = 12 mv 2
2K 2 × 2.18
v= = = 1.54 m/s
m 1.85

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Example 7-10: A compressed spring.

A horizontal spring has spring constant k = 360 N/m.
(a) How much work is required to compress it from its uncompressed
length (x = 0) to x = 11.0 cm? (2.18 J)
(b) If a 1.85 kg block is placed against the spring and the spring is
released, what will be the speed of the block when it separates
from the spring at x = 0? Ignore friction. (1.54 m/s)
(c) Repeat part (b) but assume that the block is moving on a table and
that some kind of constant drag force FD = 7.0 N is acting to slow it
down, such as friction.
FD does negative work
→ WD = − FD x = −7.0 × 0.110 = −0.77 J
K = W − WD = 2.18 − 0.77 = 1.41 J
2K 2 ×1.41
v= = = 1.23 m/s
m 1.85
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Summary of Chapter 7

• Work:
• Work done by a variable force:

• Kinetic energy is energy of motion:

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Summary of Chapter 7

• Work-energy principle: The net work done

on an object equals the change in its
kinetic energy.

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