ABSTRACT

In recent years with the exacerbation of energy shortage, water crisis increases around
the world. With the continuous increase in the level of greenhouse gas emissions, the use
of various sources of renewable energy is increasingly becoming important for sustainable
development. Energy and water are essential for mankind that influences the
socioeconomic development of any nation. Pure water resources become more and more
scarce every day as rivers, lakes wells and even seawater pollution rapidly increases.

Solar energy is one promising solution to secure power and potable water to future
generation. The process of distillation can be used to obtain fresh water from salty,
brackish or contaminated water. Water is available in different forms such as sea water,
underground water, surface water and atmospheric water. The shortage of drinking water
in many countries throughout the world is a serious problem. Humankind has depended
for ages on river, sea water and underground water reservoirs for its fresh water needs. But
these sources do not always prove to be useful due to the presence of excessive salinity in
the water.

To resolve this crisis, different methods of solar desalination have been used in many
countries. Distillation is a well known thermal process for water purification, most
importantly, water desalination. Most of the conventional water distillation processes are
highly energy consuming and require fossil fuels as well as electric power for their
operation. Single basin solar still is a popular solar device used for converting available
brackish or waste water into potable water. Because of its lower productivity, it is not
popularly used. Numbers of works are under taken to improve the productivity and
efficiency of the solar still.

An experimental study was conducted at the south Indian location of KARAIKAL,

PUDUCHERRY, INDIA (Latitude: 10.9254 N, Longitude: 79.8380 E).In this a detailed
comparison of the experimental results obtained for a single sloped basin type solar still
with and without PCM. The experimental results computed in the field of water distillation
process using solar energy in the presence of phase changing materials are discussed in
this. Results for different parameters such as basin water temperature, glass cover
temperature, distillate output, were obtained for basin water depths ranging from 2.5 cm to
4 cm. A sound agreement between the experimental results by varying depths was
observed.
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO

Chapter 1 : Introduction 5- 9

1.1General introduction 5

1.2. Literature survey 7

1.3.Problem definition 9

1.4.Objective of the problem 9

1.5.Scope of work 9

Chapter 2 : CSS with PCM vs without PCM 10- 17

2.1. Principle of solar desalination
10

2.2. Conventional solar still and its principle 11

2.3. Experimentation 13

2.3.1 thermocouple locations 14

2.3.2 working 15

2.3.3 Experimental analysis 16

Chapter 3 : Results and Analysis
18- 20

3.1 Results and comparison 18

3.2 Desalinated water analysis report 20

3.3 Comparison of present work with commercial bottled water
20
(India)
Chapter 4 : Conclusion 21

Chapter 5 : Work to be carried out 22

Chapter 6 : References 23

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 TABLE OF FIGURES

Fig No. Figure Name Page No.

1 Water on earth 6

2 Global water use and population 6

3 Water cycle 10

4 Solar still 12

5 Solar still setup 13

6 Measuring jar 14

7 Pyranometer 14

8 Data Logger 14

9 Setup with PCM top view 14

10 Setup with PCM side view 14

11 Setup without PCM side view 15

12 Setup without PCM top view 15

13 Absorber plate temperature vs Time 18

14 Glass temperature vs Time 18

15 Radiation vs Time 18

16 Ambient Temperature vs Time 18

17 15-09-2017 (Yield vs Time) 19

18 20-09-2017 (Yield vs Time) with and without PCM 19

19 21-09-2017 (Yield vs Time) with and without PCM 19

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 ABBREVATIONS AND ACRONYMS

BIS – Bureau of Indian Standards

CSS – Conventional Solar Still

PCM – Phase Change Material

TDS – Total dissolved Solids

For setup with PCM

T01 = North side thermocouple

T02 = East side thermocouple

T03 = South side thermocouple

T04 = West side thermocouple

T05 = Absorber plate centre thermocouple

T06 = Glass surface thermocouple

For setup with PCM

TP1 = North side thermocouple

TP2 = East side thermocouple

TP3 = South side thermocouple

TP4 = west side thermocouple

TP5 = Copper tray top fin thermocouple

TP6 = Copper tray Centre fin thermocouple

TP7 = Copper tray bottom fin thermocouple

TP8 = Thermocouple under PCM

TP9 = Glass surface thermocouple

TP10 = Absorber plate centre thermocouple

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Water is essential ingredient of all kinds of life. One of the biggest problems in the world is
water scarcity. Almost all countries suffer from it and many of them cannot find the most
effective solution to avoid this difficulty. The meaning of the world water crisis is very easy
to understand, but solving it is very difficult. The amount of world water is limited. Most of
the Earth’s water is unsuitable for human consumption. On Earth, as the population is
growing fast, the necessity of water use is growing even faster. Water is an essential
ingredient of all kind of life. And Earth is a unique living planet because eat has water. There
is water and water and yet not enough to drink and many towns, cities and villages often face
acute shortage of water.

Freshwater is quite scarce, but it is even scarcer than one might think about seventy percent
of all freshwater is frozen in the icecaps of Antarctica and Greenland and is unavailable to
humans. Ocean water is salt water, which makes up 97.5% of all water on the planet. Most of
the remainder is present as soil moisture or lies in deep underground aquifers as groundwater.
It is not economically feasible to extract this water for use as drinking water. This leaves less
than one percent of the world’s fresh water that is available to humans. It includes the water
found in lakes, reservoirs, groundwater that is shallow enough to be tapped at an affordable
cost. These freshwater sources are the only sources that are frequently replenished by rain
and snowfall, and therefore are renewable. At the current rates of consumption, however, this
supply of fresh water will not last.

The only source available is ocean water which is salt water and it is 97.5% of all water on
the planet. To consume this water we have to purify it. Various technologies such as reverse
osmosis, multi stage flash process etc are used today for water distillation. Solar desalination
is not a new idea but it is inexpensive, low-tech alternative for pure drinking water without
bottles, including types of distillers, cost comparison to other type of techniques. And solar
energy is called as free energy .As the Earth receives 17 Petawatts of incoming solar radiation
at the upper atmosphere. Most of the world's population live in areas with insolation levels of

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150–300 watts/m², or 3.5–7.0 kWh/m² per day .So solar desalination is best technique for
water desalination.

Fig.1. Water on earth

Fig.2. Global water use and population

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1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

 El-Sebaii et al. and Radhawan et al. have theoretically studied transient performances
of a single basin still and stepped still with PCM as a thermal storage material,
respectively.

 Mohammad and Farshad studied the behaviour of cascade still with latent heat
storage material. The mathematical models have been developed to study the
behaviour of the solar still with and without PCM. The results indicated that, the
distillate water productivity of the solar still with PCM was 31% higher than the solar
still without PCM.

 Arunkumar et al. studied the effect of thermal storage material on the productivity of
the concentrator-coupled hemispherical basin still. They found that, the distillate
water productivity of the still with PCM was 26% higher than the still without PCM.

 Mohammad Al-harahsheh, Mousa Abu-Arabi, Hasan Mousa and Zobaidah Alzghoul

studied experimentally the effect of Sodium Thiosulfate penta hydrate as PCM with
additional modifications in the setup such as solar collector, double glass cover, and
tubes filled with PCM immersed in distilled water and an yield of 4300ml/day_m2 is
obtained.

 A.A. El-Sebai, A.A. Al-Ghamdi, F.S. Al-Hazmi and Adel S. Faidah have investigated
the performance of stearic acid as PCM by computer simulation under Jeddah (Saudi
Arabia) weather conditions and observed a productivity of 9.005 (kg/m2 day) with a
daily efficiency of 84.3% on using 3.3 cm of stearic acid under the still absorber
compared to 4.998 (kg/m2 day) when the still is used without the PCM.

 A.E. Kabeel, Z.M. Omara and F.A. Essa studied the performance by using cuprous
and aluminium oxides as Nano fluids and vacuum is provided by fan. Using cuprous
oxide nanoparticle increased productivity by 133.64% and 93.87% with and without
fan and by using Al2O3–water Nano fluids it was 125.0% and 88.97%.

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 Farshad Farshchi Tabrizi and Ashkan Zolfaghari Sharak studied the effect of sand as
heat storage medium and effect of wind velocity is also observed.

 T. Elango, A. Kannan and K. Kalidasa Murugavel have performed the experiment

using water nanofluids of Al2O3, ZnO, Fe2O3 and SnO2 and observed that still with
Al2O3 has 29.95%, with ZnO and SnO2 nanofluids has 12.67% and 18.63% more
production respectively than the still with water.

 Pankaj Kalitaa, Sangeeta Borahb and Dudul Das studied the experiment by adding
charcoal into the absorber plate lined with jute and an yield of 3.94 l/m2day is
observed.

 S.W. Sharshir, Guilong Peng, Lirong Wu, F.A. Essa, A.E. Kabeel and Nuo Yang
studied the effect of Flake graphite nanoparticles (FGN) along with film cooling and
an yield of 73.8% is observed .Yield increased by 13% when the water depth
decreases from 2 cm to 0.5 cm.

 Chandrashekara M and Avadhesh Yadav used Heat transfer oil, Exfoliated graphite
(EG) coating on absorber plate and Scheffler dish for solar concentration and
observed an enhancement in the performance upto 40%.

 S.A. El-Agouz studied the performance of stepped absorber plate and observed a
higher yield of about 48%.

 Kamel Rabhi, Rached Nciria, Faouzi Nasria, Chaouki Alia and Habib Ben Bachae
studied the experiment using a modified solar still with pin fins absorber and external
condenser and observed a yield gain is 14.53% compared to the normal still.

 S.M. Shalaby ,E. El-Bialyb and A.A. El-Sebaii used paraffin wax as PCM with V-
corrugated absorber and obtained water of ph value about 6.8 .

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1.3 PROBLEM DEFINITION

From the literature review the solar still is the traditional water distillation unit using
solar energy which is free energy from sun, but the main problem is productivity of the
CSS is very less. So improving productivity is major task in these days. This
motivation leads us to work in this area.

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROBLEM

The main objective of the problem is to prepare a conventional solar still setup for both
with and without PCM. To the absorber plate or tray in the setup with PCM Pin Fins is
to be attached for more heat transfer in order to improve efficiency
 To analyze the performance of solar still with and without PCM and to
compare the results of CSS with and without PCM
 To conduct experiments on both the setup by varying the depth of water intake
in basin and comparing with the theoretical results
 To analyze the CSS with and without PCM by using compound parabolic
concentrators

1.5 SCOPE OF WORK

a. Phase 1
 Fabrication of CSS with and without PCM
 Experimentation and comparative analysis of results of CSS with and
without PCM (Paraffin wax) by varying depth of water intake.
b. Phase 2
 Experimentation by using another PCM
 Comparative analysis of results of both the PCM
 Simulation work(CFD)

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 CHAPTER 2

CSS WITH PCM vs WITHOUT PCM

2.1 PRINCIPLE OF SOLAR DESALINATION

It involves three main processes.

 The fundamental principle is conversion of solar radiation into heat which is same as
the principle of green house effect. Most of the energy we receive from the sun comes
in the form of light, a short wave radiation (0.1-3 micrometers), not all of which is
visible eye (visible range 0.4-0.7 micrometers). When this radiation strikes a solid or
liquid, it is absorbed and transformed into heat energy i.e. thermal radiations of range
(1-100 micrometers), the material becomes warm and stores the heat and conducts it
to surrounding materials which are air, water, other solids and liquids or reradiates to
other materials of lower temperature. This re-radiation is a long wave radiation.
 The next process is evaporation of water (salt water), the thermal radiations which are
re-radiated by the solid are absorbed by this liquid and evaporation takes place. And
the salts present in the water remains at bottom due to high density.
 And the final process is condensation, the evaporated liquid that is vapour is
condensed and the condensed water is desalinated and pure water as of rain water.

It is same as natural principle which involves evaporation of water from water bodies on
earth and finally condensed due to pressure difference and finally again reaches to earth in
the form of rain. And the rain water is pure water with pH value of 7.

ADVANTAGES

1. Free source of energy

2. Eco friendly
3. Drinking water
4. Highly reliable

DISADVANTAGES

1. Less production and

2. high Maintenance required Fig.3.Water cycle

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2.2 CONVENTIONAL SOLAR STILL AND ITS PRINCIPLE

A conventional solar still has the following components,

1. A transparent cover which may be one or more glass or transmitting plastic film or
sheet.
2. The absorber plate normally metallic and coated with black paint or some other
materials and tubes, fins, passage or channels are integral with the absorber plate or
connected to it which carry water, air or other fluid.
3. Insulation is to be provided at the back and sides to minimizes the heat loses and
casing which encloses all the components which protects from the weather.

The main process involved in the solar still is evaporation and condensation. The Solar
stills using the natural process which causes rain.

The single basin solar still which top cover made of glass, thickness of 3 to 4 mm are
commonly used with an interior surface made of a waterproof membrane. This interior
surface uses a blackened material to improve absorption of the sun's rays. Water to be
cleaned is poured into the still to partially fill the basin. The glass cover allows the solar
radiation (short-wave) to pass into the still, which is mostly absorbed by the blackened
base that is absorber plate of high thermal conductivity made from metal sheet 1 to 2 mm
in thickness.

The base also radiates energy in the infra-red region (long-wave radiation) which is
reflected back into the still by the glass cover, trapping the solar energy inside the still.
Hence solar still is called as HEAT TRAP.

The water begins to heat up and the moisture content of the air trapped between the water
surface and the glass cover increases. The heated water vapour evaporates from the basin
and condenses on the inside of the glass cover. In this process, the salts dust and microbes
that were in the original water are left behind. Condensed water slides down the inclined
glass cover to an interior collection trough and out to a storage bottle.

Thermal insulation of 5 to 10 cm thickness is usually placed behind the absorber plate to

prevent heat losses from the rear surface. Insulation materials are generally mineral wool
or glass wool or fibre glass. The still is filled each morning or evening, and the total water
production for the day is collected at that time. The still will continue to produce distillate
after sundown until the water temperature cools down.
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Feed water should be added each day that roughly exceeds the distillate production to
provide proper flushing of the basin water and to clean out excess salts left behind during
the evaporation process. Typical efficiencies for single basin solar stills approach 60
percent. General operation is simple and requires facing the still towards solar noon,
putting water in the still every morning to fill and flush the basin, and recovering distillate
from the collection reservoir. Stills are modular and for greater water production
requirements, several stills can be connected together in series and parallel as desired.

Fig 4 .Solar still

The intensity of solar energy falling on the still is the single most important parameter
affecting production. The daily distilled water output (Me in kg/m2 day) is the amount of
energy utilized in vaporizing water in the still (Qe in J/m2 day) over the latent heat of
vaporization of water (L in J/kg). Solar still efficiency is the amount of energy utilized in
vaporizing water in the still over the amount of incident solar energy on the still (Qt in
J/m2 day).

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2.3 EXPERIMENTATION

Two solar stills are made, one for conventional solar desalination and other for
desalination process using Phase Change Material.

In both the setups glass cover is inclined at 10.925⁰ (Latitude of KARAIKAL). Inner
walls and bottom surface of the setups are made of wood for insulation and are covered
with Galvanised Iron sheets. These sheets are coated with black paint to increase their
absorption of solar radiation. On one side of the walls, an inlet is provided for the
introduction of saline water into the setups. A long pipe is set at the bottom of the
inclined glass so that the condensed water from glass flows along the pipe and gets
collected in the containers provided.

For the conventional setup, a copper plate is made and placed inside the setup on the
G.I sheet. For the setup using PCM, a copper tray is made to store saline water for
desalination. It is painted black. The bottom of the tray is provided with fins to increase
the heat flow from PCM to saline water in the tray. PCM is placed inside the setup on
the G.I sheet and the copper tray fins are inserted into the PCM.

In both the setups, T type thermocouples are placed at different locations for knowing
the temperature distribution.

Fig 5.Solar still setup

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 The thermocouples in both the setups are connected to Data Logger for temperature
readings. Pyranometer is used for measuring the solar radiation. The container
collecting yield water has water level indicator line to give the quantity of water
collected.

Fig.6. Measuring jar Fig.7.Pyranometer Fig.8.Data Logger

2.3.1 THERMOCOUPLE LOCATIONS

Fig.9.Setup with PCM Top view Fig.10. Setup without PCM side view

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 Fig.11. Setup without PCM side view Fig.12. Setup without PCM top view

2.3.2 WORKING

In the setup with PCM, solar radiation is transmitted through the glass cover onto the
absorber plate which is placed at the bottom of the solar still. Part of the energy absorbed by
this absorber plate is transferred through convection to the water which above it and other to
the PCM which is placed under it through conduction. This leads to melting of the PCM to
liquid form and heat is stored in the form of latent heat and as the solar radiation decreases,
the PCM starts condensing and releases its latent heat. So the PCM acts as a heat source in
the absence of solar radiation. When heat is supplied continuously, the water above the
absorber plate starts evaporating. Due to low density, the water vapour rises up and comes
into contact with the glass cover. As the temperature of glass cover is low, the water vapour
starts condensing and slides down the slope of the glass cover. This water is collected in a
jar through a pipe. The water thus obtained is distilled water. Even after the sunset, we can
get yield through this solar still.

Thermal conductivity

 Copper - 385 W/m K

 Glass - 0.5 W/m K
 Wood - 0.12 W/m K
 Galvanized Iron - 79.5 W/m K

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 2.3.3 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS

15th SEP 2017

A. Solar still without PCM

Experiment started at : 11:00 a. m

Total hours : 8 hrs

Average global radiation : 500 W/m2

Area of solar still : 0.9324 m2

Average water basin temperature : 51.1oC

Total yield : 1080 ml

hfg= 2394.4 kJ/kg (referred from steam table)

Daily efficiency = (total yield* hfg)/ (area of still* average solar radiation)

B. Solar still with PCM

Experiment started at : 11:00 a. m

Total hours : 8 hrs

Average global radiation : 500 W/m2

Area of solar still : 0.9324 m2

Average water basin temperature : 50.1oC

Total yield : 1400 ml

hfg= 2390.1 kJ/kg (referred from steam table)

Daily efficiency = (total yield* hfg)/ (area of still* average solar radiation)

Result: Compared to conventional solar still the productivity increased by 12% by using
phase changing materials.

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 20TH SEP 2017

A. Solar still without PCM

Experiment started at : 12:00 a. m

Total hours : 6:30hrs

Average global radiation : 490 W/m2

Area of solar still : 0.9324 m2

Average water basin temperature : 53.8o

Total yield : 420 ml

hfg= 2378.1 kJ/kg (referred from steam table)

Daily efficiency = (total yield* hfg)/ (area of still* average solar radiation)

B. Solar still with PCM

Experiment started at : 11:00 a. m

Total hours : 6:30 hrs

Average radiation : 490 W/m2

Area of solar still : 0.9324 m2

Average water basin temperature : 54.1oC

Total yield : 780 ml

hfg= 2378.1 kJ/kg (referred from steam table)

Daily efficiency = (total yield* hfg)/ (area of still* average solar radiation)

Result:

Compared to conventional solar still the productivity increased by 82% by using phase
changing materials.

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 CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

3.1 RESULTS AND COMPARISON

Fig13. Absorber plate temperature vs Time Fig14. Glass Temperature vs Time

Fig15. Radiation vs Time Fig16. Ambient temperature vs Time

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 Fig17. 15-09-2017 (Yield vs Time)

Fig18. 20-09-2017 (Yield vs Time) with and without PCM

Fig19. 21-09-2017 (Yield vs Time) with and without PCM

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3.2 DESALINATED WATER ANALYSIS REPORT

A. PH value
 With PCM : 6.9
 Without PCM : 7.7

B. Total dissolved solids(TDS)

 With PCM : 12.5 parts per million
 Without PCM : 59 parts per million

3.3 COMPARISON OF PRESENT WORK WITH COMMERCIAL BOTTLED

WATER (INDIA)

S.NO BOTTLED WATER (BRAND) & PH TDS (PPM)

PRESENT WORK

1 BISELERI 7.2 160

2 KINELY 7.5 12

3 RAIL NEER 7.5 38

4 QUA 7.2 40

5 AQUAFINA 6 4

6 PRESENT WORK
i. WITH PCM 6.9 12.5
ii. WITHOUT PCM 7.7 59

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 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION

An experimental study was conducted at The single slope single basin solar still was
fabricated and investigated under the climatic conditions of central part of the south Indian
location of KARAIKAL, PUDUCHERRY, INDIA (Latitude: 10.9254 N, Longitude: 79.8380
E). Experimental results for a number of parameters were obtained for the solar still for
various basin water depths and these results were compared among CSS with and without
PCM.

On the basis of present study, the following conclusions can be drawn.

1. The maximum experimental values of basin water temperatures of CSS with and without
PCM are 58 °C and 59 °C at around 13.00 h respectively, for water depth (3.5 cm) while for
the basin water depth (4 cm), the values of maximum basin water temperature of CSS with
and without PCM are 62.9 °C and 64.7 °C at around 14.00 h respectively.

2. And it is observed that the cumulative distillate output decreases with increasing basin
water depth. Average drinking water need for a family of four persons is about 15 l per day.
Four solar stills of 1 m2 area can meet this requirement considering the cumulative distillate
output for 24 h. These solar stills may be used for potable water in coastal areas like Karaikal
where the availability of water is insufficient in these regions. The experimental values of
CSS without PCM such as basin water temperature, glass cover temperature, distillate output,
are compared with experimental values of CSS with PCM. There was good agreement
between these values.

3. The distillate output of CSS without PCM is stopped after 18.00 hrs but the distillate
output continues till 23.00 hrs. So the CSS with PCM gives more distillate compared to CSS
without PCM. Hence CSS with PCM has more efficiency than CSS without PCM.

4. The TDS and pH values are the measure of purity of water. TDS, pH values of distillate are
12.5 ppm, 6.9 and 59 ppm, 7.7 from the CSS with and without PCM respectively.

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 CHAPTER 5

WORK TO BE CARRIED OUT

1. CFD work
Fluid analysis should be done for the above experiment at various
conditions using ANSYS software and the results are used to derive heat
transfer coefficient.

2. Concentrating solar energy using reflectors

a. Concentrating the desalination unit by using reflectors (ACRYLIC
SHEET) in parabolic shape which is attached to the EAST and WEST
side of the setup which are used to concentrate the Insolation along the
movement of sun path that is EAST to WEST which results in
increase of evaporation rate. So yield will increase.
b. Again experiments will be carried out by varying depths as 4cm,
3.5cm and 3cm.

3. Using another heat storage material

Using either sensible heat storage or latent heat storage material and the
same experiments are to be carried out to compare the results

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 CHAPTER 6

REFERENCES

1. Mohamed Asbik , Omar Ansari , Abdellah Bah, Nadia Zari, Abdelaziz Mimet,
Hamdy El-Ghetany, Exergy analysis of solar desalination still combined with heat
storage system using phase change material (2016)
2. M. Hassen Sellami, R. Touahir, S. Guemari, K. Loudiyi, Use of Portland cement as
heat storage medium in solar desalination, Ouargla University (2016)
3. S.M. Shalaby, E. El-Bialy, A.A. El-Sebaii, An experimental investigation of a v-
corrugated absorber single-basin solar still using PCM (2016)
4. Ravi Gugulothua, Naga Sarada Somanchia, Devender Vilasagarapua and Hima Bindu
Banoth,TELANGANA, Solar Water Distillation Using Three Different Phase Change
Materials (2015)
5. A.E. Kabeel, Mohamed Abdelgaied, Improving the performance of solar still by using
PCM as a thermal storage medium under Egyptian conditions (2016)
6. S. Al-Kharabsheh, D. Yogi Goswami, Experimental study of an innovative solar
water desalination system utilizing a passive vacuum technique USA (2013)
7. J. Sarwar, B. Mansoor Characterization of thermophysical properties of phase change
materials for non-membrane based indirect solar desalination application Qatar 2016
8. Hasan Mousa,Ashish M. Gujarathi , Modeling and analysis the productivity of solar
desalination units with phase change material (2016)
9. Atul Sharma, V.V. Tyagi, C.R. Chen, D. Buddhi Review on thermal energy storage
with phase change materials and applications (2007)
10. Karunesh Kant, A. Shukla, Atul Sharma, Performance evaluation of fatty acids as
phase change material for thermal energy storage INDIA (2016)
11. Hasan Mousa, Ashish M. Gujarathi, Modeling and analysis the productivity of solar
desalination units with phase change materials (2016)
12. Web references
 Sciencedirect.com
 Wikipedia

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GUIDE

Dr. N. Sendhil Kumar

Assistant Professor& Head of the department
(Member - Board of Governors)
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
NIT Puducherry

(SIGNATURE OF GUIDE)

CO GUIDE

Mr. S. Siva Kumar

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
NIT Puducherry

(SIGNATURE OF CO GUIDE)

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