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INTRODUCTION
perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools,
(Williams, 2012).
way. It is very time consuming and sometimes leads to a disaster if output is not
efficient.
students and to the community. The primary operations of the school are non-stop
utilization for the students and faculty in every department is one of the many
activities that each department heads must prepare before classes start. But the
school used the manual way of preparing the class schedule. With the manual
system, more time and labor force is required to plot, arrange, and revise the class
schedules, room utilization and instructors’ load provided by the department heads.
This process is a very large, complex, and time consuming task with many
inputs to take into consideration. The quality of the output has a immense impact
on students, faculty, and the department as a whole. Poorly planned offerings pose a
great impact on students’ ability to take courses, class utilization, and students’
ability to fulfill prerequisites, time to graduation, budget, and more. Poorly assigned
Introduction| 3
faculty has a big impact to the quality of instruction, the satisfaction of faculty
can also affect students’ ability to take courses due to conflict, course utilization, lab
policies, and it can lead to undesirable last minute changes. This study is proposed
This process partially defines the lives of students and faculty members in
terms of schedule and should not be taken lightly. Because of the impact of this
areas of this process as possible and to create a robust process that generates close
to optimal solutions.
There has been a research around course assignment and course timetabling
and many operations research techniques have been utilized to address these
problems, However often the techniques are tested, but rarely implemented as
shown by Carterand Lamporte (1998). While some solutions have been fully
implemented and there area couple products available in the market, those weren’t
thoroughly investigated due to the software and implementation cost associated with
them. Since much of the research focuses only on generating a feasible schedule and
appears to lack the preference drivers that are valuable in creating a highly desirable
Introduction| 4
schedule I felt there was room for further research in this area. We have taken into
course, faculty preference for teaching time of day, and student/general department
preference for each timeslot. Additionally, this approach is unique because it takes a
systems approach by looking at the entire process instead of just one piece of the
puzzle.
computerized class scheduling system of NPCMST in a web based form using HTML,
hoped that errors in operations be minimized and time and manpower be conserved.
Figure1.1
INPUT
PROCESS OUTPUT
Username and
system
Introduction| 5
serve as a basis for requirements specification and analysis of the existing system for
a more responsive and efficient way of building a system. The system requires users
to login first. The system has two power users, the administrator and the registrar.
The admin controls the accounts of the registrar and the registrar is the one who
This study aims to design a Class Scheduling System for the Northern
NPCMST?
Introduction| 6
2. What are the problems encountered in the existing Class Scheduling System of
NPCMST?
3. What are the factors that affect the performance of the Class Scheduling System
a. Speed
b. Accuracy
c. Security
d. Data Handling
objectives:
NPCMST;
of NPCMST and the solutions that will be provided to address these problems;
and
Introduction| 7
3. To identify the factors that affects the performance of the NPCMST Class
a. Speed
b. Accuracy
c. Security
d. Data Handling
would be beneficial for the entire NPCMST community, from Planning and Extension
Office to the Registrars’ Office and to all Faculty members and Students.
enables students to take the classes they need in a timely manner and contributes
to on-going cost containment efforts through efficient space utilization and good
Throughout the year, general purpose classrooms are used for both classes
and other key academic events, such as thesis defenses, faculty candidate job talks
academic mission of each unit and the College, and this policy aims to ensure
For most departments, class scheduling occurs several months prior to the
start of the term. Class scheduling requires significant advanced planning and
coordination, not only within each department, but also often with other units to
needs.
Introduction| 9
covered. The study to be conducted would limit its scope to the following:
2. Registrar Module. This module handles the system scheduling inputs. Detection of
would generate the overall schedule of the BSIT Course, schedule by year and
Definition of Terms
The following terms below provides for an operational definition that would aid
Class Schedule. It refers to a specific time, room, instructor and subject of a certain
class.
semester.
Students schedule. It shows the student's schedule from first year up to fourth year
User. It refers to a person who interacts with the system having their own account
and privileges.
Introduction| 11
Chapter II
Research Design
research that attempts to accumulate existing information and data regarding the
current class scheduling of NPCMST. Trochim stated that "a key reason for doing
The researcher decided to use the qualitative approach in order to verify current
problems in the class scheduling that has become a big problem for students,
software development methodology for this study and Prototyping as its specific
RAD methodology is suitable for the small project where all the requirements are
gathered before starting development of the project and no any concrete plan
Introduction| 12
the initial working prototype to the client to get the feedback. Once client gives the
feedback, revision and changes are done. This process goes parallel with co-
operation with client and developers. Each prototype is delivered to the client with
Prototyping model is best used when you are developing something which is
basically being built upon the foundations of an existing prototype. The reason of
this model is the re-use of prototypes which reduces both the process of software
However it should not be used for new cutting edge functionality which has
not been developed before. It is for this reason that RAD methodology is never used
in New Media or Web 2.0 development projects. Since these usually consist of
course once a system has been built using say Agile principles, this will always be
the approach used when looking to upgrade the functionality developed further
The guidelines that will follow in the analysis and implementation of this
major difference between iterative enhancement and the current agile development
methods. It provides support for determining the effectiveness of the processes and
the quality of product. It allows one to study, and therefore improve and tailor, the
processes for the particular environment. This measurement and analysis activity
Figure 2.1
In figure 4.1, it shows the RAD methodology diagram that is used in the study.
personnel in the school who’s in charge of the scheduling process specifically the
registrar personnel. Different scheduling system studies from other schools were
also studied to gather more data and as referenced in building the system. Upon
prototypes then have it presented to the personnel that are connected to class
scheduling.
personnel and registrar to examine and approve the proposed design. These part
consist of demonstrate, refine and develop that take several loops until the prototype
Testing. Testing of the system was conducted only by the researchers in the
design process.
Since the time allotted in not sufficient enough, not all the phases were used.
The testing phase is very short and the deployment phase was skipped.
In using the prototyping model, the proponents made use of HTML, PHP,
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), and MySQL database. These programming language,
Introduction| 15
scripts and database are suitable in this projects making the development process
Considering that the Registrar, Planning and Extension Officer, and the Deans
as the vital sources of data and information for this study. Other sources of data or
conducted, articles or journal published in the internet and the NPCMSTI school
The following data gathering techniques were used in the study as they are
The proponents interviewed all the persons involved in making the class
system already. The researchers went to different schools to observe the flow of their
Data gathered were carefully compared and examined to identify its efficiency
Requirements Management
scheduling must be monitored using progress reports and the changes of their
project requirements.
It also includes the process of determining and ensuring the effects of the
specifications and diversity on product scope and quality. Allocation and property of
Schedule Control
The proponents spent their free time building the project before the deadline.
The proponents also spent a lot of effort to achieve their goal but it all depends on
Introduction| 17
the allotted schedule. The proponents mostly focus their time building the system to
be successful.
Introduction| 18
Quality Control
The proposed system is expected to work properly. The proponents will make
sure that there is no error and the system is 100% working. Specifying quality
knowledge, skills and experience of the person; To be able to verify if the system is
working properly; and to be able to check the system before it will be deployed in
school.
Reporting
The descriptions which will be used to display the result of the research and
inquiry will be provided together with the project's formal documentation. Records
that are written in the documentation will be comprised of a recognized output and
conclusion. Significant report will also give the proponents an idea about the flow of
the system. The proponents will specify status of each task for the development of
the project management. Analyzing the needed progress for the system is required in
The proponents knew that there are some factors that might affect the
proposed system and they understood the collision this may cause. The proponents
Introduction| 19
estimating the time and resources required for the software development, type of
individual skills can be encountered during the project schedule. The quality of the
software being developed by the group, can only assure that the research
Database risk. The records will be saved in the database, but after a year,
database are maintained by saving all the important records only. The proposed
backup and have secondary storage of data and reports for back up purpose and
Personnel risk. The system administrator will train a hired person 2 to 3 days
to familiarize the flow of the system. If this hired person will resign they will find first
a replacement before he/she will permanently resign. The user of the system does
Introduction| 20
not necessarily need to be a technical expert but must have academic experience
importantly the user should be dedicated to learn how to use the system.
Technology risk. The proponents will continue to update the system and
require replacing the existing system and adopting the new version. The proponents
Process risk. The system might hang if the user doesn’t know what the
process. The proponents provide a user manual to help them how to use the system.
The plan of this proposed system is to have an easy way in evaluating the professors
of the school.
The proponents will do their best to finish the system. They learned that it
takes months to create a system and difficulties are expected to arise. It is expected
that system will benefit both the students and the school if the proposed Class
Chapter III
This chapter discusses the procedures of the existing class scheduling system
semi-computerized process. The preparation starts six months prior to the start of
enrollment.
In the initial stage of preparation, the Registrar’s Office provides the initial
input for the Planning and Extension Office and for the HR Department when
necessary. These inputs are the subject offerings for the coming semester.
Other inputs would come from the Heads on the different departments. Only
the Deans or heads the different departments know the specific subjects with
and the availability of faculty members qualified to teach on the available subjects.
Introduction| 23
Upon plotting the schedules for general education, the planning office
integrates the schedules plotted by department heads with the corresponding faculty
members assigned on every subject. After the integration, the registrar collects all
the data for initial review and checking for conflicting assignments which is more
common for the higher years due to students with irregular schedules. These
students do not belong to any block section. Most irregular students who enrolled
advance subjects and others might as well be taking these subjects the next
semester.
After the schedules are thoroughly checked for errors, the plotted schedules
would be submitted to the VPAA for rechecking and approval. After it was approved,
the plotted schedules will now be posted on all bulletin boards within the campus. In
the meantime, plotting forms are prepared for students and faculty members to use
The widest downside of the manual scheduling approach is that the scheduler
cannot look at every combination of schedules and evaluate which one is the best.
Since the scheduler cannot look at every combination, it is likely that an overlap in
courses is necessary in order to schedule all the courses into the timetable. Some
quarter’s might work out with minimal overlap at the class level; however other
Introduction| 24
quarters would result in overlaps in critical courses. These overlaps affect the
scheduling would be easily manage and records would be easily tracked, processed
and stored, because the proposed system will provide a module for the Planning and
Extension Office (PEO) and the Registrars ‘Office that allows the personnel in-charge
For the students, the proposed Class Scheduling System would provide an
easy request for an updated class schedule where he/ she is enrolled. This would be
possible, for the proposed system allows other departments, such as the office of the
Deans and Department Head, to have an access with the system so that they could
generate a copy of the student’s class schedule from the server. Using any web
browser installed in the computer, personnel can view there students information in
The proposed Class Scheduling System was designed and created using the
operations such as database access and interactive web interface. MySQL 5.0 was
used as back-end of the proposed Class Scheduling System because it is one of the
most popular Database Management Tools that can handle billions of records in a
Speed. Speed refers to the capability of the system to handle data in time that
the user is satisfied. Many things must be considered in order to make the system
computer decreases. In order to solve this problem, database backup must be done
weekly and database cleaning to remove unnecessary records. Previous schedule are
Server computer must me used and clients must be the latest personal computer
available in the market. Upgrading can be done every five years to level up with the
Data format sets guidelines for users to enter correct input. Time format must be
Introduction| 26
followed in the system to avoid errors and for the accuracy of the system. The system
has been tested and presented to the registrar several times in order to check for its
accuracy.
database. Security is very important in systems. To ensure data security, login forms
must be present. Login form requires users to enter their username and password.
Using Power Users is also effective security tool. Categorizing accounts and
differential, the system administrator must decide what type of backup to be used.
Data Handling. This refers to the ability of the system to efficiently handle or
manage data as user uses the system. As data increases the computer computer’s
efficiency of the system. Every data must be categorized in the database together
System Architecture
office. Secondary accesses will be at the extension office of the registrar, and in all of
As regards to the controls and security measures, the school LAN should be
set-up as Class C network that would be divided into four (4) sub-networks or
subnets. One of the four subnets should be dedicated to the server and all
workstations that would be allowed to access the proposed class scheduling System.
Figure 3.1
Client 1 Server
Xampp Server
Client 2 MySQL
PHP
Client 3
Client 4
Hub
Introduction| 28
System Requirements
RAM 3 GB 4 GB or Higher(8 GB
max)
d MHz processor
1333 MHz Front Side
Bus Support
4 X DDR2 or higher
100Mbps/1Gbps or
On-Board LAN
Higher
10/100 Mbps
128 bits)
4 in 1 Card 8 in 1 Card
Reader Reader
Introduction| 30
or Higher
d MHz processor
1333 MHz Front Side
Bus Support
4 X DDR2 or higher
memory slot
On-Board LAN
128 bits)
4 in 1 Card Support)
Screen
(USB) (USB)
Mbps 10/100Mbps/1Gbps or
Introduction| 32
Higher
Higher Category
Software Specification
This softwares are needed to perform its functions to control the flow of
On the server , Windows Server 2003 and XAMPP Server (latest version)
service pack 2 with Web Browser (Chrome/ Mozilla/ Opera), must be installed.
Chapter IV
Summary
NPCMST. It sought to find answers to the following specific problems: What is the
existing procedure in the current Class Scheduling System of NPCMST? What are
What are the factors that affect the performance of the NPCMST Class Scheduling
Findings
NPCMST uses the manual way of making class schedule. First, the registrar
gets the previous schedule for revision. They revised it believing that, this is the
fastest way of making a schedule. Adding schedules of another section is what they
are doing. One error can lead to lot of problems if not seen by the registrar.
Class schedule usually took two to three weeks to make the temporary
schedule. The class schedule done is still temporary since alterations is done during
Introduction| 34
and after enrollment. This is due to inefficient scheduling. Rooms and instructors
conflict in schedule itself that is not seen before the enrollment. Human error
contributes a lot in this error. Rooms are not also used efficiently due to wrong
scheduling. Rooms are not fully occupied during the day leaving spaces that no one
uses it.
The following are the factors that affect the performance of the system that
can lead to system error if not considered significantly. In terms of speed, the system
configurations are managed by the operating system and not by the system. User
training must also be conducted to familiarize user about how to use properly the
system. In terms of accuracy, the system uses time format to ensure the correctness
of output. In terms of security, the first page that will appear in the system is the
login page. Username and password must be provided to access the content of the
system. Two power users are presented to the system in order to restrict and divide
forgets his/her username and password, the administrator can retrieve and show it.
A hidden and fixed emergency username and password can show the username and
Introduction| 35
password of the administrator in case the he/ she forget it. PHP programming was
also used in the system thus hiding codes if anyone wants to view the source code.
In terms of data handling, records have been accessed using Standard Query
Language (SQL). This is the fastest and most efficient way of data handling. With the
use of PHP programming, data are also executed the fastest way.
Conclusions
the automated class scheduling system is more efficient because of the distinctive
performance in the aspect of speed, project design, accuracy and stability of the
system in the preparation of class schedules, room schedules and instructors’ load.
With these features, the automated system can really solve the primary problems
Recommendations
1. Using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) has to be implemented to improve the existing
2. Security policies and other control measures must be adopted to ensure the security
of confidential records.
3. An in depth training has to be given to the Registrar and all concerned employees
directly involved in the usage of the CSS so that they will be oriented with the proper
4. Migration for the existing records to the proposed system has to be performed.
Appendix D
Questions Answers
1. What are the problems a. Conflict of schedule of
that you encountered in student, instructor and
the manual Class rooms.
b. Lack of rooms.
Scheduling System of
c. Lack of teachers.
NPCMST? d. Changes in schedules.
1.1What are the actions or Immediate change in schedule.
solutions did you do to Transfer of rooms, additional
solve these problems? teachers. Re-scheduling students.