Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
TEST PROJECT
FOREWORD
The
The document oontains
aontaina materials on the Soyuz-Apollo
Soyuz-Apollo ttest
e e t and
consists
consists of two parts,
p a r t s , prepared by the USSR and USA ssides res-
i d e s res-
peotive1y.
peatively,
Both parts
parta outline the purposes and program of
of the miseion,
mission,
the
the spacecraft design, the flight plan and information an
on joint
and unilateral scientific
s c i e n t i f i c experiments.
experiments,
Brief biographies
biographies of the cosmonauts and a~tronauta,
astronauts, the joint
mission crew members,
member@, are also presented*
presented. The document covers
technical support activities mission control and gives
a c t i v i t i e s providing rnia~ion
information
i n f o m a t i o n about the ASTP Soviet and American leaders,
leaders.
As
Aa the
the USSR and USA parts of the document have been prepared
b n the section8
independently, there might be duplication Iin sections dealing
with the joint activities.
activities,
The document i s intended for
docwnent is e p r e s e n t a t f v e ~and various
for press rrepresentatives
mas information
mass information means.
means,
CON
C O N TEN
T E NT
TS
Page
1.0
1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION ....................................... ill 10
10
1,.
1.11 Background .
Background . " . . . . . . . . . . . .,. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . .
III .. .. .. 10
10
1.2
1.2 Apollo-Soyuz
Apollo-Soyuz joint
j o i n t test
t e s t pproject
r o j e c t objectives.........
objectiveaaee.~~ ... 13
13
2.0
2.0 COMPATIBILITY
COMPATIBILITY PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS .. 0.0 .... 0..................
............................. 15
15
2.1
2.1 Spacecraft
Spacecraft compatibility
compatibility condi tions and principal
conditions principal
solutions
s o l u t i o n s accepted
accepted for
f o r Apollo-Soyuz
Apollo-Soyuz Test Mission .0. l 15
15
2.2
2.2 Compatibility
Compatibility of
of ground flight
f l i g h t control personnel...
personnel ... 18
18
2.3
2.3 Methodological
Methodological compatibility.......................
compatibility ....................... 20
3.0
3.0 sowz SPACECRAFT
SOYUZ SPACECRAFT o ...................................
0
22
22
33 1
0 Purpose.
Purpoae Brief .
Bfief data
data on
on Soyuz spacecraft
spacecraft flights
f l i g h t s , .... 22
3. 2
3.2 Soyuz
Soyuz spacecraft
spacecraft description .......................
d e s c r i p t i o n ................ 25
3.2.1
3.2.1 General description
General d e s c r i p t i o n of the Soyuz spacecraft ..
Soyuz spacecraft.. 25
Main c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e .. .......................
Main characteristics......................... 25
General-arrangement
General-arrangement diagram....
diagram .................. 25
Description of the
the spacecraft modules:
modules. .... ....... 31
31
&scent
De Vehicle
scent Vehicle. ...........................
. 0
31
31
Orbital
O r b i t a l Mo ...........................
dule .......
Module 34
Instrument-Assembly
Instrument-Asrsembly Module ...............
Module .... 38
3.2.2
3.2.2 Pexipherial Docking System
Androgynous Peripherial Systern (APDS) 41
(APDS) 41
Purpose
Purp .................................. 4141
0 sa . * *
APDS .........................
APDS development ................ 42
APDS de
APDS sign ..............................
design 43
APDS operation during docking/undocking.
APDS docking/undocking .... 45
The difference
The difference between Soyuz Apoll.o
Soyuz and Apol~o
docking.eYetQ~ij ~8 ...........................
d o c k i n g . @ ~ s t 8............. 50
- 2 -
Page
Page
AMOS
ANICS function
function and
and structure.
s t r u c t u r e Command .
Command sensors
senflors 51
51
Vision devices. orientation
Vision devices, o r i e n t a t i o n monitors
monitors and
and cont-
cont-
rollera
rollers ..................................... 52
52
Soyuz t a r g e t s ........................
docking targets
Soyuz docking . . . . . . . . . . . 53
53
Onboard
Onboard orientation ...................
o r i e n t a t i o n lights.......
lights 53
53
AMCS
MCS jet j e t thrusters
t h r u s t e r s and rendezvous -.correc-
and rendezvous correc-
tting
i a g propulsion
propulsion sy aystem ......................
stem . . . . . . . . 53
53
AMCS
.ANICS modea ..................................
modes..................... ............. 54
54
AMOS
ADnCS operation
operation during
during rendezvous,
rendezvous, approach approach
and docking .................................
and docking .. '. . . .. . . . . . . . . 56
56
3.2.4 Life
Life support
~lupportsystem
system (LSS) ......................
(LSS) .......... 58
58
Purpose
Purpose and
and composition .....................
composition ..... 58
58
Gas
Gas composition
composition support
support system
system ........ .............. 59
59
Pressure
Pre suits
ssure sui ts ............................... 61
61
Thermal
T h e m 1 control ......................
c o n t r o l system
system ................ 63
63
Food
Food supply
supply system ..........................
system ..................... 66
66
Water
Water supply
supply system ........................
system ................... ., ..... 68
68
Clothes
clothe^ ..................................... 6969
......... '
Individual
Individual hygiene
hygiene facilities ............... 6969
a c i l i t i e a ...
f
Waste
Waste management
management system .....................
system.............. 10
70
3.2.5 Radio/Electronic equipment .....................
& d i o / ~ l e c t r o n i cequipment..................... 71
11
Volume
Volume communication
communication system
system ..... ................. 11
71
. . ~ . . . ~ . . ~ . . . ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~7474. . . . . * . . .
TV-aygtem .' *
TV-system
Cable
Cable communication
communication system
system...... .................. 14
74
Command
Command radio .......................
radio system........................
system. 74
14
Onboard
Onboard te.',emetry .................
te?.emetrysystem....................
system... 15
75
Orbit parameters
Orbit parameters measurement system,
measurement system.. ........
16
76
3.3
3.3 Basic
Basic data
data on
on the
t h e Soyuz
Soyuz spacecraft
spacecraft launch
launch vehicle
vehicle. ...... 7676
- 3 -
Page
3.4 Biomedical requirements ...................
............................... ' 78
4.1 .................................
Nominal mission model .. 81
81
4.2
4.2 Explanation of the preferred
p r e f e r r e d mission pprofile.
r o f i l e . Launch
windows I " 84
...................
Spacecraft launch sequence ...... 84
..........................*....
Launch windows . "...................... 86
.................................,,
Launch time ........ 87
Assembly orbit
o r b i t ....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e m . . . e 88
Soyuz ..............................
~ o y u zmaneuve rs .................
maneuvers 89
................................
SOYUZlanding .....
Soyuz 89
~9
4.3 Soyuz
Soyuz independent flight .............................
f l i g h t .......... 89
..................................
Description .................................... 89
......................
Timeline of major events .......... '
4.4 ...............................
Rendezvous and docking ...................... 92
Description ...................................
I>escription lll 92
t h e major events
Timeline of the eventa
4.6
4.6 Soyuz independent flight
Soyuz a f t e r the spacecraft separation 117
f l i g h t after
Description ..b..................*....~~~......
Description................................ 117 d
Timeline of major events. ................ ~ ~
e ~ e n......
t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
- 4 -
Page
Page
4.7
4.7 Preparation
Preparation for
for descent;
descent; Soyuz
Soyuz descent ................
descent .. 118
118
hscription
Description
Timeline of major
Timeline of major events
events
4408
0 8 Crew recovery
C.rew .........................................
recovery ..... , .................................. 119
119
5.0
5.0 SCIENTIFIC
SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS .............................
..........
EXPERIMaTSee* 121
I21
5+1
5.1 Unilateral
Unilateral scientific ..................... 121
s c i e n t i f i c experiments
experimenta ...
Astrophysical experiments
Astrophysical ....................
experiments ..... 121
Photography of
Photography of the
the soJa
sola rr corona
corona and zodiad.al
and zodiao:al
light against the
l i g h t against the background
background of the night
of the night sky
sky 121
Investigation ofof refraction
reflaction and
and transparency
transparency
Investigation
of the
of the upper layers of
upper layers of the ........
atrnoaphere
the atmosphere........ 122
Photography of
Photography of daytime
daytime and
and dusk horizon ......
dusk horizon...... 123
Biological experiments
Biological ......................
experiments ....... 124
Micro-organism growth . 124
Fish embryonic
Fish embryonic development ...................
development ... 125
Genetic experiments
qenetic .........................
experiments .. 125
5.2
5.2 Joint scientific
Joint s c i e n t i f i c experiments ..........................
experiments 127
121
A r t i f i c i a l solar
Artificial s o l a r eclipse .....................
eclipse.. 127
127
Ultraviolet absorption
U+traviolet .....................
a b s o r p t i o n ...
.. 134
134
Zone-fonning fungi ...........................
Zone-forming fungi........................... 139
139
Microbial exchange
Microbial ...........................
exchange. 143
143
Multipurpose furnace
MUltipurpose ........................
furnace 146
146
6.0
6.0 TELEVISION ......................................
TELEVISION PIAN.......................................
PIAN* 153
153
6.1
6.1 Onboard television
Onboard ...................................
t e l e v i s i o n . 153
153
6.2
6.2 Ground-based t e l e v i s i o n ...............................
Ground-based television............................... 154
154
- 5-
Page
7.0
7.0 FLIGHT
FLIGHT CONTROL. .
CONTROL MAIN SUPPORTS:
SUPPORTS: PURPOSE,
PURPOSE. E~NCTIONS
E'UNCTIOWS AND
INTERA.CTION
INTE~CTION .............D....................... III 160
160
7.1
7.1 Flight
F l i g h t control
control ........................................
III III III 160
160
Control c r i terta
Control eri ..............................
t e r i a . 160
160
Responsibilities ..............................
Reaponsibilit ies .......................... 160
160
Information exchange ..........................
Inf o m a t i o n exchange.......................... 162
162
7.2
7.2 Mission Control Center ................................
Control Center................................ 162
162
Purpose,
Purpose. personnel and facilities
f a c i l i t i e s of the
t h e MCC .. . 162
162
Main control .......................
c o n t r o l room (MCR) .. 164
164
MeR
NICR function during the flight ....,...........
f l i g h t . 165
165
.............................
MCR support teams . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
168
MCC
MCC Instrumentation/Computer
Instrumentation/Computer complex ..........
complex ...... 171
171
9.0
9.0 INFORMATION
INFOliMATION ON THE
THE ASTP CREWS
CREWS AND DIRECTORS
DIRECTORS 178
178
9.1 on the
Information on t h e Soyuz crews ........................
crew~l...... 179
179
I st crew:
1st Leonov A.A
Leonov ...................,............
A.A...... Ill , 179
179
Kubaaov V.N.
Kubaaov V.N.
2nd crew:
2nd crew: Philipchenko A.
A*& ...........................
V. 182
182
Rukavi~hnikovN.N.
Rukavishnikov N.N.
3d
3 d crew: .............................
Janibekov V.A. 185
185
B D.
Andreev B. D ..
4th
4th crew:
crew: Romanenko
Rornanenko Y. .............................
Y.V.V. .. 186
186
Ivanchenkov A.O.
Ivanchenkov A.0,
- 6-
Page
9.2
9.2 Information on the USSR management ffor ASTP.........
o r ASTP,.,,..... 188
ASTP organization scheme......................
ASTP scheme.,......,,..,,..,...,, 189
10.0
10.0 REFERENCE
REFERENCE INFORMATION...............................
INFOHMBTION...,.....r..r.....r.c.......... 198
10.1
10,1 The
The agreement of May Nay 24, 1975 between tthe h e United
States
S t a t e s of America and the Union of Soviet Socia-Socia-
list
l i s t Republics
Republics on cooperation ini n the exploration
and peaceful usesuses of space..........................
space.,..,...,................. 199
LIST
LIST OF
OP FIGURES.
F I G U ~ S. ... . .o*. +.
, , ,. *. w
. . .. ... ... . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .m .. ... * * o*.o .* o * o. . * . . . . .. 8
8
LIST OF TABLES...................................................
TABUS****o...*..o.o........*.*,oo..*.*.o*..e.**.* 9
- 7-
LIST
LIST OF
OF FIGURES
FIGURES
Page
Page
1.1 Rendezvous
Rendezvous and
and doeking
docking of
of the
the Soyuz
Soyuz and
and Apollo
Apollo space-
space-
craft
craft during
during teat .............................
t e s t flight.............................
flight 12
12
General
General view of the
view of t h e Soyuz
Soyuz spaoecraft
spacecraft (8i
( s i de
d e view)
view) ..... 27
General view of
General view of the
the Soyuz
Soyuz spacecraft
epacecraft (front
( f r o n t view)
view). ... 28
General
General view
view of
of the
the Soyuz
Soyuz spacecraft
spacecraft (top
(top view)
v i e w ) ...... 29
The
The DeBcent
Descent Vehicle arrangement
Vehicle ar'l'8.ngexnen ......................
t ...................... 32
The Orbits3 Module arrangement ....................... 35
Docking System.......................................
soyuz/ApoUo epacacraft docking achematic.. ........ ,
.
Thennal control system schematic ....................
Apollo/~oyuz t e s t mission communication l i n e e ........
).10 Soyuz launch
Soyuz launch vehicle.. ................................. 77
vehicle . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
4.1 Mission p r o f i l e . .....................................
Mission profile........ . . . . . . . . 83
~.2 Aetronau-tfiand
Astronauts cosmonauts vehicle-to-vehicle
and cosmonauts vehicle-to-vehicle transfer
transfer
aagm ..............................................
diagI'Bm.. ., .......... *' .. 106-112
4.3 Joint
J o i n t activities ................................
a c t i v i t i e s plan............
plan 113-116
5.1 Soyuz
Soyuz and Apollo attitudes
and Apollo a t t i t u d e s for
f o r "Artificial
" A r t i f i c i a l Bolar
solar
eclipse ................................... 133
eclipse experiment".................................
experiment
5.2 UV-absorption
UV-absorption experiment
expefiment diagram
diagram..... .................... 136
5.3 Multipurpose
Multipurpose furnace
furnace experiment
experiment cartridge
c a r t r i d g e ........... 151
5.4 Furnace
Furnace experiment diagram. .........................
experiment diagram.......................... 152
7.1 Apollo/Soyuz
Apollo/Soyuz joint
joint flight
f l i g h t control
control schematic .
schematic.... ..... 161
- 8 -
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 4.1
4.1, 0 Nominal launch time and Launch
launch windows for.,.,
for. 81
87
several
aeveral dates.
dates,
Table
Table 7.1.
7.1, The
The USSR onboard television transmissions during
televi~iontransmissions
the Soyuz
Soyuz and Apollo
A p o l l o spacecraft jjoint ..
flight 155-
o i n t flight, 155-
-159
-159
- 9-
For Release:
Release:
INTRODUCTION IMMEDIATE
IMMEDIATE
1.1
1 .I -
Background
Thst
% s t flight
f l i g h t of the Apollo-Soyuz
Apollo-Soyuz test project
test p roject
(ASTP)
(ASTP) is i n accordance vvith
i s performed in i l ~ i t hthe USSR/USA
USSR/USA agreement
on cooperation in
i n the expl(\)ration
e x p l @ r a t i o n and peaceful uses
u s e s of space in
in
order
o r d e r to
t o develop compatible means of rendezvous and docking for
for
the Soviet and American manned spacecrnf t and stations.
~nanned spacecraft s t a t i o n s , This
flight
f l i g h t l"'eflects
~ e f l e c t sthe desire
d e s i ~ eof both countries
c o u n t r i e s to
t o create
c r e a t e material
rnaterial
basis
b a a i s with the aim of enhancing the objective
o b j e c t i v e of furthering
f u r t h e r i n g the
safety
s a f e t y of mam1ed
manned space flight
f l i g h t and supporting scientific
s c i e n t i f i c experi-
experi-
ment ss progralil
program ini n the
t h e future.
future.
Since
Sirice 1970
1970 representatives
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the USSR Academy of Science
and the USA NASA have been discussing
diacussing technical
t e c h n i c a l questions of the
the
development of compatible rendezvous and docking systems of manned
spacecrafts
s p a c e c r a f t s and stations.
s t a t i o n s , During
Dusing the first
f i r s t jjoint
o i n t meeting of the
4
USSR and US specialists
s p e c i a l i s t s held
h e l d ih
i h Moscow
Noscow in
i n 1970, October 26-27
26-27 both
sides
s i d e s exchanged their
t h e i r views and information
i n f o m a t i o n on the major direc-
direc-
tions
t i o n s to
t o be followe
followedd in
i n assuring
a s s u r i n g compa tibili ty of rendezvous and
compatibili-ty
docking systems.
At
A t this
t h i s meeting working groups were set
s e t up to
t o develop and
approve technical
t e c h n i c a l requirements for
f o r compatibility
c o m p a t i b i l i t y of these systems.
Subsequent meetings were
w e r e held
h e l d in
i n June and flovember
November 1971 to
1971 to
discuss
d i s c u s s technical
t e c h n i c a l requirements for spacecmf t systems, approve ba-
f o r spacecraft ba-
sic
s i c technical
t e c h n i c a l decisions
d e c i s i o n s and guidelines
g u i d e l i n e s for
f o r providing compatibility
compatibility
and discuss the possibility
the p o s s i b i l i t y of carrying
c a r r y i n g out the manned flights
flights
using
uaing existing
e x i s t i n g spacecrafts
s p a c e c r a f t s in
i n order
o r d e r to
t o test
t e s t the compatible means
of rendezvous and docking in
i n the middle of the
t h e 70's.
70's, The meetings
of specialists
s p e c i a l i s t s of the
t h e Academy of Sciences, USSR and NASA, USA were
held
h e l d in
i n Moscow and Houston alternately
a l t e r n a t e l y and
a n d were headed by the
t h e Aca-
Aca-
4
- 10 -
demician
deinician B.Petrov,
B, Pet rov, Chainnan
C h a i ~ n a nof
of Intercosmos Council, USSR Academy
Sciences and R.Gilruth.NASA
of Sciences R, ~ i l r u t hNASA
, Manager, I3anned
Manned SSpaceflight Center.
p a c e f l i g h t Center,
The Stumnary
S ~ m n a r yDocument was signed
s i g n e d on A p r i l 66,, 1972 dduring
April u r i n g tthe
he
meeting of the
t h e representatives of tthe
h e USSR Academy of
of Sciences and
USA nASA.
IJASA, This meeting was held
h e l d ttoo discuss
d i s c u s s qquestions
u e s t i o n s ppertaining
e r t a i n i n g tto
o
t h e development of compatible means of rendezvous and dock
the in^
docking of
of
the
t h e USSR/USA
USSIR/USAmanned spacecraft
s p a c e c r a f t and stations.
s t a t i o n s , The document ssaid
aid
that
t h a t the
t h e test
t e s t mission
clisuion with the
t h e sUbsequent of the S
subsequent docking of Soviet
oviet
and American spacecraft
s p a c e c r a f t was considered
c o n s i d e r e d ddesirable
e s i r a b l e iin
n oorder
r d e r tto
o ttest
est
the
t h e compatible means of rendezvous and docking,
docking.
b ration
r a t i o n in
i n the
t h e exploration
e x p l o r a t i o n and ppeaceful
e a c e f u l uuses of oouter
s e s of space. Both
u t e r space,
sides
s i d e s agreed to
t o develop compatible means of
of rendezvous and docking
and conduct in 1975 the
i n 1975 t h e first
f i r s t test i s s i o n iin
mission
test m n oorder
r d e r ttoo ttest
e s t tthe
he
means by accoplishing
accoplifihing docking of tthe
h e Soviet Soyuz-type sspacecraft
S o v i e t Soyuz-type pacecraft
and American Apollo-type s p a c e c ~ atf and tthe
Apollo-type spacecraft h e ttransfer
r a n s f e r of
of cosmonauts
a u t r o n a u t s (see
and astronauts K,Bushuyev, a corresponding-member
f ig.1.1). K.Bushuyev,
( s e e fig.1.1). corresponding-member of
of
the p p o i n t e d an ASTP D
Academy of Sciences, was aappo~nted
t h e USSR ACademy i r e c t o r from
Director
t h e Soviet
the S o v i e t side, G,Lunney -- from tthe
s i d e , and Doctor G.Lunney h e Arnerican
~nerican sside.
ide,
t h e main objectives
Determination of the o b j e c t i v e s and sstages
t a g e s of he m
of tthe is-
mis-
s i o n , definition
sion, d e f i n i t i o n of
of the
t h e basic
b a s i c reqUirements o r compatible and in-
requirements ffor in-
t e r a c t i n g systems were essentially
teracting e s s e n t i a l l y completed dduring
u r i n g tthe
h e meetings
of specialists
s p e c i a l i s t s held
h e l d in
i n the
t h e second hhalf n March, 1973.
a l f of 1972 and iin
- 11 -
New
New compatible
compat~bledocking
docking system
system
.....I
N
I SOYUZ
Docking module
Docking module
APOLLO
F I G U R E 1.1
FIGURE RENDEZVOUS AND
1.1 RENDEZVOUS A N D DOCKING
DOCKING OF
O F THE
T H E SOUYZ
S O U Y Z AND
A N D APOLLO
APOLLO SPACECRAFT
SPACECRAFT DURING
D U R I N G TEST
TEST FLIGHT
FLIGHT
( ( (
I n October, 1972
In 1972 tthe
h e timing
tirning for
f o r carrying
c a r r y i n g out the jjoint
oint
Apollo/Soyuz
~ ~ o l l o / ~ o ytest
t ue szt mission
111iasionwas -
nras determined - July
J u l y 15, 1975.
1975,
As
A s technical
t e c h n i c a l requirements were deterrllined
d e t e m i n e d development of
the systems
syatems and technical
t e c h n i c a l documentation to
t o be used
use d for
f o r the
t h e manu-
manu-
facturing
f a c t u r i n g of
o f compatible equipment was initiated.
initiated,
From
Prom October, 1972 until
u h t i l April, 1974 the
A p r i l , 1974 t h e jjoint
o i n t reviews
yeviews of
the
t h e compatible equipment were hheld
e l d tto
o assure
assuse successful
s u c c e s s f u l accomplish-
accornplish-
ment
n e n t of tthe
h e mission.
mission,
Ground tests
t e s t s of
o f compatible means started
s t a r t e d from October,
1973 in
1973 i n order
o r d e r ttoo develop component
cornponelit designs and checking ttheir
h e i r pper-
er-
f ormance ,
fomance.
The final
f i n a l tests
t e s t s of compatible means installed
i n s t a l l e d on the Soyuz
and Apollo spacecraft a t the
s p a c e c r a f t are conducted completion at launch:
t h e launchl
b
sites.
sites.
1.2
1.2 ~ollo-SO,yuz jjoint
kollo-So,yuz o i n t test
t e s t pproject
r o j e c t objectives
objectives
- 13 -
4
e)
e ) gaining of experience in
i n conducting jjoint
o i n t flights
f l i g h t s by
i n case of necessi-
US and USSR spacecraft, including, in
ty, rendering aid
a i d in
i n emergency situations.
situations.
The perfo~mance
performance of Apollo-Soyuz
Apollo-Soyuz jjoint
o i n t ttest
e s t mission is
is a
significant
s i g n i f i c a n t step in
i n developing international
i n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation in re-
i n re-
search and u
utilization
t i l i z a t i o n of
of space for
f o r peaceful purposes.
- 14 -
2.0 COMPATIBILITY PROBLEMS
PROBLWS
First -
F i r s t requirement - compatibility of docking units,
units, that
that
is a l l assemblies which directly
i s of all d i r e c t l y interface
i n t e r f a c e during docking. The
docking units
u n i t s must be universal, active/passive, or
o r as
a s they are
are
,,either spacecraft can be the
now called, androgynous, because !,either t h e one
om
waiting for
f o r assistance
a s s i s t a n c e or
o r rendering aid.
aid. For this purpose a basi-
basi-
cally for
c a l l y new compatible androgynous docking system was developed for
the Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft.
spacecraft.
-
Second requirement - compatibility of the
t h e means of provid-
of provid-
rendezvous. The active
ing spacecraft ranging and rendezvous. a c t i v e vehicle using
radio or
o r optical
o p t i c a l means, must find
f i n d the passive one (not excluding
the
t h e ground facilities i t with the given ac-
f a c i l i t i e s support) and approach it ac-
curacy using Reaction Control System; mechanical contact of the
the
two docking systems
systema should be ensured.
ensured.
usually
The passive vehicle u s u a l l y assists
assists the active
a c t i v e spacecraft
in i t s radiosystem operating in
i n tracking and rendezvous, using its in
transpond mode.
mode, That is
i s why similar
s i m i l a r principles
p r i n c i p l e s should be used when
developing radiosystems of both spaoecraft.
spaaecraft, They should also
a l s o have
t o parameters,
the agreed to parameters.
i s also
It is a l s o necessary to
t o meet these requirements when pro-
pro-
viding voice communication between the crews. To provide tracking
and rendezvous with the
t h e vehicle, not t rransmi
a n s m itting
t t i n g any radiation,
radiation,
n e c e s s i t y arises
a necessity a r i s e s to
to u t i l i z e the optical
utilize o p t i c a l means of tracking and
- 15 -
ranging, or
o r a radar operating on the b
basis
a s i s of reflected
r e f l e c t e d signals.
In
I n the first
f i r s t case the u
unification i s ne-
n i f i c a t i o n of a number of elements is ne-
cessary,which provide optical
o p t i c a l measuring (unification
( u n i f i c a t i o n of docking
targets,
t a r g e t s , agreement on vehicles surface light r e f l e c t i o n ann
l i g h t reflection and ab-
sorption coefficients) and use of optical
o p t i c a l measuring devices with
unified characteristics.
characteristics,
For providing spacecraft visual detection and defining
their
t h e i r mutual poaition
position the onboard unified flashing beacons and
orientation lights
l i g h t s must be used.
used.
In
I n the
t h e ASTP mission
miasion tracking and relative
r e l a t i v e motion parame-
parame-
ters
t e r s measurements (radial
( r a d i a l speed and distance be
between
tween spacecraft)
spacecraft )
a r e provided by the Apollo radiosystem with
are the transpond-
transpond-
ing part installed
i n s t a l l e d onboard Soyuz.
Besides
Beaides that,
t h a t , an optical
o p t i c a l system is
i s used, by means of which
4
the Apollo crew can track Soyuz during rendezvous at of
a t a distance of
several hundred kilometers, and also apacecraf t mutual
a l s o determine spacecraft
attitude.
a t t i t u d e , For tracking in
i n the darkness at
a t a distance of dozens of
i s equipped with flashing beacons,
kilometers the Soyuz is beacons. At
A t the fi-
fi-
rende evous phase (during
nal rendezvous ( during approach) the spacecraft mutual posi-
posi-
tion
t i o n is
i a determined visually by means of Apollo alignment sight
s i g h t and
the Soyuz onboard orientation lights
l i g h t s and docking targets.
All
A l l parameters measured are
a r e fed
f e d into
i n t o the onboard computer,
which provides data, necessary for
f o r guidance during rendezvous.
rendezvous,
-
Third requirement - spacecraft habitable modules atmosphe-
atmoaphe-
re parameters compatibility, specificallY,compatibility
specifically,compatibility of its
i t a com-
com-
ponents
p o n e n t ~and pressure, because the crew cannot transfer
t r a n s f e r from one
spacecraft to
t o another, if
i f they have essentially
e s s e n t i a l l y different
d i f f e r e n t atmos-
atmos-
pheres.
pheres,
- 16 -
PC* The concepts of conditioning inside
i n e i de the habitable modules
can be different but the environment parameters must be close.
I n the previous flights
In f l i g h t s Soyuz atmosphere p
practically
r a c t i c a l l y cor-
cor-
t o that
responded to t h a t of the Earth: pressure - 750-860
750-860 rom -
Hg, oxygen --
mm Hg,
20-25%t -
78-73$, ApollO
20-25%, nitrogen - 78-73%. Apollo atmosphere consists
c o n s i s t s of
of pure oxy-
gen with pressure of 260 rom
mm Hg.
Crew
C r e w transfer
t r a n s f e r from t o Apollo
from Soyuz to A p o l l o without any special
measures taken would result
r e s u l t in
i n decompression disturbances (itch,
(itch,
jjoint
o i n t and muscle pain etc.),which
etc.),which are accounted for
f o r by rapid
r a p i d nitro-
nitro-
gen excretion (bubbles
(bubbles can obstruct blood vessels
vesaels and disturb
blood circulation
c i r c u l a t i o n in
i n different
d i f f e r e n t organs).
i t is
To avoid decompression disturbances it to
i s necessary to
gradually reduce pressure, preserving O
pressure,preserving O22 ppartial o r to
a r t i a l pressure or to
carry out the nitrogen desaturation (pure
(pure oxygen breathing for for
- 17 -
2.2
2.2 Compatibility of ground flight
f l i a b t control
c o n t r o l personnel
Joint
J o i n t flight
f l i g h t of Soyuz and Apollo spacecraft brought up
a number of
of new problems of flight
f l i g h t control
c o n t r o l to
t o be solved by So-
So-
viet
v i e t and American
Americanspe~ialists.
specialists,
Spacecraft flight
f l i g h t control i s a very complex process which
c o n t r o l is
involves the use of a wide network of tracking stations
s t a t i o n a spread
around the globe, several
s e v e r a l computation centers, a great
great variety
variety
of support equipment with complex interaction
i n t e r a c t i o n and p
participation
articipation
of many specially
s p e c i a l l y trained
t r a i n e d specialists.
s p e c i a l i s t s , All
A l l required information,
informati on,
from the data on the state
s t a t e of h
health o f cremembers up to
e a l t h of t o the
exact location
l o c a t i o a of spacecraft, is
i s routed thru
t h r u the numerous commu-
cornmu-
nications
n i c a t i o n s channels ttoo the Mission Control Center.
Center,
vely.
vely,
- 18
It was
wae essential
e s s e n t i a l to
t o overcome
overcome the language barrier,
b a r r i e r , or-
a l l o c a t e responsibilities
ganize an exchange of information and allocate responsibilitie~l
i n nominal and contingency situations.
in situations,
a l l basic
documents included all b a s i c guidelines for t h e Mec
f o r the interaction
MCC interaction
d e t a i l s of specific
and details s p e c i f i c activities
a c t i v i t i e s of the US
US and USSR Mission
Centers,
Control Centers. Moreover, t i n e schedules
the documents contain time schedules
f o r interaction
for Control Centers
i n t e r a c t i o n of the Control foxmats for
Centers and standard formats for
data exchange.
- 19 -
2.3
2*3 Methodological
Methodological compatibility
compatibilitx
It i s impossible
It is imposaible to
t o perform
p e r f o m the
the joint
j o i n t spacecraft
spacecraft missions
missions
by
by different
different countries,
countrie a, without
without solving
solving the
the problems
probLems of
of methodolo-
met hodolo-
gical
g i c a l compatibility.
compatibility, These
These are:
are: terminology
terminology regulations,
regulations, marks
marks
agreed,
agreed, unification
u n i f i c a t i o n of
of coordinate
coordinate systems
systems and
and initial
i n i t i a l data
data for
for
joint
j o i n t calculations
calculatione and
and so
so on.
on. A
A demonstrative
demonstrative example
example - reaching
reaching -
agreement
agreement in
i n providing
providing Apollo-Soyuz
Apollo-Soyuz mission t r a j e c t o r y compatibi~
mission trajectory compatibi-
lity.
li ty,
At
A t the
the beginning
beginning of
of the
the joint
j o i n t work
work on
on the
the project
p r o j e c t there
there
appeared
appeared some
some differences
differences in
i n understanding
understanding and
and use
use of
of some
some ini-
id-
tial
t i a l meanings
meaaings and
and definitions
d e f i n i t i o n s by
by each
each country.
country, These
These differences
differences
were
were mainly
mainly explained
explained by
by traditions
t r a d i t i o n s of
of each
each country
country in
i n space
apace re-
re-
search.
search. So
So the
the joint
j o i n t work
work began
began from
from the
the agreement
agreement on
on the
the initial
initial
data
data and
and definitions.
definitions, Coordinate
Coordinate systems
systems were
were agreed
agreed upon.
upon, For
For de-
de-
ecribing the
scribing the numerical
numerical characteristics
c h a r a c t e r i a t i c s the
the metrical
metrical system
syatem was
was ac-
ac- wr"
cepted,
cepted, and
and for
f o r preflight
p r e f l i g h t calculations
calculakions the
the upper
upper Earth
Earth atmosphere
atmosphere
was
was taken
taken as
a s proposed by the
proposed by the USSR
USSR and
and the
the Earth
Earth gravity
g r a v i t y model,
model, pro-
pro-
posed
posed by
by the
the USA
USA (further
( f u r t h e r they
they were
were called
c a l l e d "the
"the ASTP
ASTP models").
modelsn),
This
T h i s agreement
agreement ensured
ensured the
the compatible
compatible results
r e s u l t e of
o f trajectory
t r a j e c t o r y cal-
cal-
culations
culations performed
performed by
by each
each country,
country, and
and their
t h e i r identical
i d e n t i c a l under-
under-
standing.
st anding.
I n some
In some cases the traditional
cases the t r a d i t i o n a l concepts
concepts were
were retained,
retained, if
if
they did
they did not
not principally
p r i n c i p a l l y effect
e f f e c t the
the work.
work. For
For example, i t was
example, it waa
decided to
decided t o retain
r e t a i n the
the orbital
o r b i t a l concept,
concept, traditional
t r a d i t i o n a l for
f o r each
each coun-
cow-
t r y , but
try, but both
both definitions
d e f i n i t i o n s of
of the
the word
word orbit
o r b i t were
were clear1y given in
clearly given in
the terms
the terme of
of both
both the
the USSR and the
USSR and the USA.
USA,
All
A l l this
t h i s activity
a c t i v i t y resulted
r e s u l t e d in
i n the
the conunon
common "Trajectory
tlTrajectorylan-
lan-
guage '' which
guage" which proves
proves useful i n mutual
useful in mutual understanding
understanding of
of specialists
specialists
- 20 -
working on this
t h i s and future programs. In
f u t u r e programs, I n some cases
caEjes compatibility
was achieved by compromise
compromi~se decisions as w
was
aEt the
t h e case with agree-
agree-
ment on Apollo and Soyuz
Soyue launch time.
time. After
A f t e r it
i t was proved to
t o be
impossible to
t o equally meet both countries
c o u n t r i e ~ llaunch time requirements,
the American and Soviet sides
sidea refused to
t o fully
f u l l y follow their
t h e i r tradi-
tradi-
tional
t i o n a l limitations
l i m i t a t i o n s and agreed on a compromised launch time.
time.
For familiarization with
familiarization w i t h and understanding of methods and
approach, that
t h a t the
t h e cooperating sides
side8 used in
i n solving
~ o l v i n gdifferent
d i f f e r e n t pro-
pro-
blems of ballistics
b a l l i s t i c s both sides
s i d e s exchanged brief
b r i e f mathematical des-
des-
c r i p t i o n of the methods for
cription f o r defining and planning space objects
objecttj
motion: the US described procedures of Apollo rendezvous, and the
procedures of the
t h e Soyuz
Soyua forming
foraing the assembling orbit.
orbit,
*
The ttrajectory con~atibility was checked during jjoint
r a j e c t o r y conlpatibility ex-
o i n t ex-
periments on tracking the Soviet spacecraftSoyuz-16
spacecraft SOYUZ-16by tthe USA
h e USA
and USSR ground stations.
stations.
- 21 -
3.0 THE SOYUZ SPACECRAFT
The Soyuz
Soyuz spacecraft is
i a designed ffor
o r solving a variety
of objectives in
i n the near space, among them:
a ) to
a) t o develop autonomous navigation, guidance, maneuver-
maneuver-
ing and rendezvous
rendezvous procedures and vverify
e r i f y the concepts
of designing and maintaining the Earth space astati-
tati-
ons;
b ) to
b) t o study the space flight conditions influence on
f l i g h t conditione
human 0organierm;
rgani am;
o ) investigate possibilities
c) utilizing
p o s s i b i l i t i e s of u space-
t i l i z i n g manned space-
craft
c r a f t for o r the benefit of
f o r the Earth research ffor of the ...."
d
d) to
t o conduct Bome
some technical and sscientific
c i e n t i f i c experiments
in
in space.
apace.
Soyuz- 1
Soyuz-1 23-24 April.
2)-24 1967
A p r i l 1967 cosmonaut V.M.KOMAROV
V,M.KOMAROV
Soyuz-) 26-30 Oct. 1967 _tl ...
G.T.BEREGOVOI
Soyuz-4 Jan,
14-17 Jan. 1969
1969 _"_
,~t, .
VV.A.SHATALOV
A, SHATALOV
Soyuz-5
Soyuz-5 Jan,
15-18 Jan. 1969
1969 cosmonauts V.V.VOLYNOV
V.V.VOLYNOV
A* S. YELISEYEV
A.S.YE1ISEYEV
E,V*KHRUNOV
E.V.KHRUNOV
~oyuz-6
Soyuz-6 Oct,
11-16 Oct. 1969
1969 -"-
,n, ,S, SXININ
GG.S.SHONIN
V* N, KUBASOV
V.N.KUBASOV
- 22 -
Soyuz-7
Soyua-7 12-17 Oct.
12-11 Oct, 1969
1969 cosmonaute
cosmonauts A.V.FILIPCHENKO
A, V, F I L I P C H E N X O
V.N.VOLKOV
V,I~,VOLKOV
V.V.GORBATKO
V. V, GORBATKO
_It_
Soyuz-8
Soyuz-8 13-18 Oct.
Oct, 1969
1969 ,11, V.A.
V, A, SHATALOV
A.S.YELISEYEV
A. S. Y E L I S E Y E V
Soyuz-9 1-19 June
1-19 1970
1970 -_"-
11- A.G.NIKOLAEV
A, G,NIKOLAEV
V. 1. SEVASTYANOV
V,I.SEVASTYhNOV
_It_
Soyuz-10 23-25 April
23-25 A pril 1971
1971 -11, V.A.SHATALOV
V. A, SHATALOV
A. S.
A. YELISEYEV
8,YELISEYEV
N.N.RUKAVISHNIKOV
N, N. RUKHVISHNIKOV
Soyuz-11
Soyuz-1 1 6-30 June
6-30 1971
1971 _It_
-11- G. T. DOBROVOLSKY
G. T.
V.N,VOLKOV
V,N,VOLKOV
V.I.PATSAEV
V.I,PATSAEV
Soyuz-12
Soyuz-12 27-29 Sept.
27-29 Sept, 1973
1973 _"-
-11- V.G.1AZAREV
V. G,LAZAREV
O.G.MAKAROV
0, G,MAKAROV
Soyuz-13
Soy~z-13 18-26
18-26 Dec.
Dec. 1973
1973 _It_
-11- P ..
P.I.KLIIvIUK
I KLIidUK
V.,VV.,LEBEDEV
V LEBE DXV
Soyuz-14
SO~UZ 14- 3-19 July
3-19 July 1974
1974 _"-
-I*- P.R.POPOVICH
P, R, P O P O V I C H
Y,
Y.P.ARTUKHIN
P.ARTUKHIN
S O ~ ~ Z - 1 5 26-28
Soyuz-15 26-28 August 1974 _"-
-11- V. SARAFANOV
G. V,
G. SAMPANOV
L.S.DEMIN
L. S*DrnIN
_It_
Soyuz-16 2-8 Dec. 1974 A.V.FILIPCHENKO
N.N.RUKAVISHNIKOV
b ) During Soyuz-6,
b) Soyu~-6, Soyuz-7
Soyuz-7 and Soyuz-8 group flight
flight
s c i e n t i f i c and technical
scientific technical experiments H e r e accomplished, includ-
ware includ-
ing different
d i f f e r e n t methods of welding tests various metalsjin
t e s t s using varioua metals'in
- 23 -
low vacuum and
a n d weightless
w i g h t l e s s conditions, navigational tracking in
in
flight, spscecraf t interaction
f l i g h t , mutual maneuvering, spacecraft i n t e r a c t i o n and their
t h e i r com-
munication with ground stations,
rnunication s t a t i o n s , located i n different
l o c a t e d in d i f f e r e n t areas of
the USSR and wi th ships of t hhee USSR Academy of Science simulta-
with simulta-
neous control
c o n t r o l of 3 spacecraft flight.
flight.
c)
c ) Soyuz-9
Soyuz-9 performed a 424 hour flight
f l i g h t during which an
extensive program of bbiological s c i e n t i f i c experiments was
i o l o g i c a l and scientific
accomplishe d.
d.
d)
d ) Astrophysical observations and spectrography
spec trography of some
some
parts
p a r t s of the sky were conducted onboard Soyuz-13 using ItOrion-2"
1t0rion-2u
telescope system.
system,
e) Soyuz- 1, Soyuz-3,
e ) Soyuz-l, Soyuz-3, Soyuz-10, Soyuz- 11, Soyuz-12,
Soyuz- 10, Soyuz-ll, Soyuz- 12, 30-
So-
with Salut-type
Salut-type stations.
s t a t i o n s . Moreover, mmanne
unmannedd Soyuz-type space-
apace-
craft
c r a f t were t o develop in
were launched to i n flight
f l i g h t certain
c e r t a i n subsystems
aubsysteme and
some elements of spacecraft.
spacecraft .
f)
f) According to
t o the
t h e Soviet preparation plan for
f o r tthe
he
Saint
joint Apollo-Soyuz
Apollo-Soyuz mission two unmanned Soyuz type spacecraft
flights
f l i g h t s were sucoessfully
successfully accomplished (Coemoe-638
(Cosmos-638 A'pril
A 1 p r i l 2, 1974,
and Cosmos-672 August
Coemoa-672 A uguat 12, 1974).The S O J U Z - ~ ~with Filipohenko
1974.) .The Soyuz-16
and Rukavishnikov on board performed itsi t s mission from 2 thru
t h r u 8Dec.,
1974.
1974. The Soyuz...
Soyuz-1616 is
i e a prototype of the spacecraft forr tthe
f o he
Apollo-Soyuz flight
Apollo-Soyuz i n 1975. During the 6 day flight
f l i g h t in f l i g h t the onboard
systems modified according ttoo the jjoint
o i n t flight requirements were
f l i g h t requirementls
successfully
euocessf"u2ly tested.
t e s t e d , Tested were new docking unit and its
i t s automa-
automa-
ttics,
i c s , orientation
o r i e n t a t i o n and guidance system, life
l i f e support system.
gystern,
- 24 -
In
I n addition the crew activities modes
a c t i v i t i e s and operation mode8
were checked during the flight,
f l i g h t , when solving the tasks identi-
identi-
cal
c a l to
t o those for
f o r the future
f u t u r e mission in
i n 1975.
Main characteristics:
characteristics:
weight. .........,.,....
maximum weight...
Spacecraft maximum 6.8 tons
6.8
Maximum length
Maximu.m length., ..........................
.......... 7,5
7.5 mm
Maximum diame ter
&ameter......................4e*. 2.72
2.72 mm
.........
Diameter of the habitable modules . m
2.2 rn
Solar panel span..
span..,............,..~.4~..~. 8.37 mm
8,37
Total volume of the habitable modules..
modules ... m3
10 m3
SoyUZ
Soyuz constructive arrangement
- 25 -
craft
c r a f t general view (Figures
(Figures ~1,32)~3). The
3u1,3.2j33). elements of
of compatible
meark inserted
means i n s e r t e d to
t o support Apollo/Soyuz
Apollo/Soyuz test
t e s t project
p r o j e c t are
are outlined
outlined
particularly.
particularly .
The
The Soyuz
Soyuz spacecraft
s p a c e c r a f t consists
c o n s i s t s of the
t h e following main sys-
ays-
terns:
t ems:
-
- attitude
a t t i t u d e motion control
c o n t r o l system for
f o r flight
f l i g h t and descent;
-- rendezvous and correcting
c o r r e c t i n g propulsion system;
aystem;
-
- approach-orientation
approach-orientation propulsion system;
-- radio
r a d i o communication systems;
-
- electric
e l e c t r i c power supply
aupply system;
system;
-
- docking
docking system;
-
- radio
r a d i o guidance
guidance system
system and system for
f o r providing rendez-
mndez-
vous
voua and
and approach
approach using optical
o p t i c a l devices;
-
- parachute
parachute system
system and soft
s o f t landing system;
-
- life
l i f e support
support system
syatem complex;
complex;
-- onboard
onboard equipment
equipment control
c o n t r o l system.
system,
- 26 -
( ( (
Ycs
1 12 23 6 2 3 13 19 14 15 4 19
X C5 X CG
I
N
-....l
I
18 r9
7,13 m
7,48 m
8.37 m
7 12 23 6 14 24 6 13 11
\-
/7 \ \
\
\
I \
N
coI
I
!
~
ZC5 I ~=_=~~ba.JU'
~ ZC6
II ~ IV
10
~ 2.72m
111
( ( ...
7
11
7,48 m
10
6 5
13
red
-29-
-
11 - Androgynous
Androgynous peripheral docking
docking system,
-
22 - Orbital
Orbital MOdule,
Module,
-
33 - Descent
Descent Vehicle,
Vehicle,
44 -- Instrument-Assembly
Instrument-Assembly Module,
Module,
-
55 - Solar
Solar panels,
panels,
-
66 - VHF-radio
VHF-radio station
s t a t i o n antennas
antennas on
on the frequency of 121,75
the frequency 121,75 Mhz,
77 -- Apollo
Apollo VHF-radio
VHF-radio s t a t i o n antennas
station antennas on the frequencies
on the frequencies of
259,7
259,7 Mhz and 296,8
Mhz and 296,8 Mhz,
Mhz,
- the antennas
88 - the o f the
antennae of the radio
radio and t e l e v i s i o n ~8tem,
and television syatem,
99 -- the of the
antennas of
the antennas the command
command radio l i n k and
radio link trajectory
and trajectory
measurements,
measurements,
-the antennas
10 - the
10 antennas of
of the
the radio telemetry system,
radio telemetry system,
11 -- the
11 antenna used
the antenna t o communicate
used to communicate with
with Earth,
Earth,
12 -docking target,
12 - docking target,
13 -- onboard
13 onboard orientation
orientation lights,
lights,
14 - flashing light
14 - flaehing l i g h t beacons,
beacons,
15 -- sun
15 sensor,
sun eensor,
- ion orientation
16 - ion
16 o r i e n t a t i o n eensor,
sensor,
17 -
17 - infra
i n f r a red o r i e n t a t i o n sensor,
r e d orientation sensor,
18 -- optical
18 optical orientator,
orientator,
- approach and
19 - approach
19 o r i e n t a t i o n engines,
and orientation engines,
-o r i e n t a t i o n engines,
20 - orientation
20 engine^,
- approach-cormcting engine,
21 - approach-correcting
21 engine,
22 -- the
22 the hatch
batch for the crew
f o r the crew ingress,
ingress,
- external rrv
23 - external
23 camera,
TV camera,
24 -- windows.
24 windows.
- ,30 -
DESCRIPTION OF THE SPACECRAFT
SPACECRAFT MODULES
- )1 -
FIGURE3.4
FIGURE 3.4 THE
THE DESCENT
DESCENTVEHICLE
VEHICLE ARRANGEMENT
ARRANGEMENT
-32-
11 ~ - Portable
Portable light
l i g h t with
with autonomous
autonomous power
power supply,
upp ply,
22 -- Loud
Loud speaker,
speaker,
-
33 - Working
Working light,
light,
44 -- VHF-radio-stations
VHF-radio-stations control
c o n t r o l panel,
panel,
55 -- Hatch
Hatch wheel,
wheel,
66 -- Hatch,
Hatch, cover,
cover,
-
77 - Special
Special illumination
illumination lamp,
lamp,
-
88 - Command-signal
Command-signal device,
device,
-
99 - TV
TV camera,
camera,
10 -
10 - Instrument
Instrument panel,
panel,
11 -- Sighting
11 Sighting device,
device,
12 -- Equipment,
12 Equipment,
13 -
13 - Control
Control handles,
handles,
14 -
14. ~ Window,
Window,
15 -
15 - Cosmonaut
Cosmonaut couch,
couch,
16 -
16 - Equipment,
Equipment,
17 -
17 - Couch
Couch leg,
leg,
18
18 - - Parachute
Parachute container.
container.
Fig. 3.4
Fig. 3.4
- 33 -
The
The Orbital
- O r b i t a l Module (lJigure35) is
Module (Figure3.S) i s intended for
f o r conduct-
conduot-
ing scientific
ing s c i e n t i f i c experiments,
experiment a, for
f o r crews spacecraf t-t o-spacecraf t
crews spacecraft-to-spacecraft
transfers
t r a n s f e r s and for
f o r the
the rest
rest of the
the crew.
The
The orbital
o r b i t a l module
module consists
c o n s i s t s of two
two hemispheres
hemispheres oon-
con-
nected by aa oylindrical
c y l i n d r i c a l insert.
insert.
The
The androgynous
androgynous peripheral
p e r i p h e r a l docking
docking mechanism
mechanism with an
an
internal
i n t e r n a l hatch, having aa cross-seotional
cross-sectional diameter
diameter of 0.8
0.8 m
m is
Is
mounted on
on it.
i t . The
The orbital
o r b i t a l module
module has
has two
two viewing
viewing windows.
windows, The
The
t h i r d window
third window is i n the
i s in t h e cover
cover of the
the docking
docking mechanism
mechanism hatch.
hatch.
At the bottom of the
A t the t h e module
module there i s aa hatch connecting
t h e r e is connecting the
the Or-
Or-
bital
b i t a l Module
Module and
and the Descent Vehicle,
t h e Descent a s well
Vehicle, as as aa side
well as s i d e hatch
hatch
f o r the
for the crew t o enter
crew to e n t e r the
the spacecraft
spacecraft on
on the
the launch
launch pad.
pad,
The
The interior
i n t e r i o r of
of the
the module
module consists
c o n s i s t s of
of aa sideboard
sideboard
and aa "Sofa",
and "SofaIt, which
which contain
contain oontrol
c o n t r o l panel, instrumentation
inatrumentation and
and
equipment of
equipment of the
t h e main
main support
support systems.
systems. Scientific
S c i e n t i f i c equipment
equipment is
is
also
a l s o looated
located in
i n the
the Orbital
O r b i t a l Module.
Module.
To
To the
the joint
j o i n t Apollo/Soyuz
Apollo/Soyuz mission
mission the following equip~
the following equip-
ment
ment is
i s provided
provided in
i n the
the Orbital
O r b i t a l Module:
Module:
-- transponder
transponder of
o f the
the ApollO
Apollo VHF-radio-station
VHF-radio-station with
with an-
an-
tennas
tennas and
and autonomous
autonomous power Qupply for
power ~upply f o r it;
it;
-
- junction
junction box
box for
f o r connecting
connecting the communication or
the communication o r te-
te-
levision
l e v i s i o n equipment
equipment transferred
t r a n s f e r r e d by
by astronauts
a s t r o n a u t s from
from
Apollo to
Apollo t o Soyuz
Soyux during
during transfers;
transfers;
-- additional
a d d i t i o n a l VHF
VHI? transoeiver;
trananeiver;
-
- compatible
compatible system automatics unit.
system automatics unit,
Special
Special lights
l i g h t s and
and additional
a d d i t i o n a l brackets
brackets for
f o r TV
TV cameras
cameras
and
and cine
cine and
and photography
photography equipment
equipment are
are installed
i n ~ t t a l l e din
i n the
the module
module
to
t o provide
provide colour
colour TV
TV transmission
tranarnission to
t o Earth
Earth and
and movie
movie and
and picture
picture
shooting.
shooting.
- 34 -
( ( (
2 1 18 17 31 30
~
I
55 -- Waste
Waste container,
container,
66 -- Access
Access hatch,
hatch,
77 -- Waste ccollector,
ollector,
-
8 - Folding ttable,
able,
99 -- "SideboardH,
" 51 deboard II ,
-
10 - Systems control panel,
-
11 - TV camera,
11
-
12 - Tools, communication cables,
-
13 - Container ffor
o r sscientific
c i e n t i f i c equipment,
14 -
- ]'ood container,
Food
15 -- Medical kkit,
i t , headset,
-
16 - TV camera,
16
17 -- TV light,
17 light,
18 --
18 Apollo TV-camera
TV-camera
19 -
19 - Working lights,
lights,
-
20 - Container for
f o r onboard documents,
21 -- Junction box,
21
22 -
22 - "Sofa",
llSofall,
-
23 - Cover,
23
24 -- Container for
24 f o r stowage
atowage of cine and
cine and photography
photogmphy
equipment, pressure
pressure suits
suits and
and sleeping
sleeping bags,
baga,
25 -
25 - Fire
Fire extinguishers,
extinguishers,
26 -- Window,
26 Window,
27 -
27 - container
Container for
f o r pressure
pressure suits
s u i t s hoses,
hoses,
- 36 -
-
28 - Decorative covering,
-
29 - Container for
f o r transferred
t r a n s f e r r e d equipment,
30 -
30 - Gas
Gas analyzer,
analyzer,
31 -- Handle
31 Handle of the valve of
o f the module pressurization
system.
aystem.
Pig, 3.5
Fig.
- 37 -
d
Antennas of
of compatible VHF-radio-stations,
VHF-radio-stations, antennas of
rradio
a d i o and television
t e l e v i s i o n system, main and additional
a d d i t i o n a l docking ttargets
argets
for
f o r approach and docking in
i n a manual control mode are located on
the module exterior
e x t e r i o r in
i n the vvicinity
i c i n i t y of the external
e x t e r n a l TV camera.
The Instrument-Assembly
Instrument-Assembly Module
Nodule is
i s intended for
f o r carrying
the principle apparatus and equipment required for
f o r orbital
o r b i t a l flight.
flight,
This
This module structurally
s t r u c t u r a l l y consists
c o n s i s t s of intermediate, instrument and
assembly sections.
The intermediate section
s e c t i o n which jjoints
o i n t s the descent ve-
ve-
hhicle
i c l e with the instrument section
s e c t i o n has a ttruss
m e s structure.
structure,
The engines with a thrust
t h r u s t of 10
10 kg each ,propellant
each,propellant
tanks and propellant feed
f e e d system of the approach and orientation
orientation
engines system, are installed
i n s t a l l e d in
i n tthis
h i s section.
4
On the intermediate section
s e c t i o n exterior
e x t e r i o r there are:
are:
-
- the small rradiator
a d i a t o r of the thermal control system;
-
- front
f r o n t attachment p
points
o i n t s of the solar
a o l a r panels;
-
- antenna of
o f the command-radio link.
link.
The pressurn-sealed
pressure-sealed instrument section
s e c t i o n has the shape
ahape
of a squat cylinder with two ends.
end^. The equipment of the attitude
attitude
motion control system, spacecraft onboard equipment
de-
control system, radio communication system, program-timing de-
vice, radio telemetry system, electric
e l e c t r i c power supply system.
system. are-
am
located
l o c a t e d in
i n the instrument section.
section, The infra-red
infra-red orientation
o r i e n t a t i o n sen-
sen-
sor
B O and
~ s e c t i o n outer
sun sensor are mounted on the instrument section outer
surface.
~ u xace.
f
The assembly section i s of a cylindrical
s e c t i o n is c y l i n d r i c a l shell
s h e l l design
ie connected with a conical shell
which is s h e l l which ends with the base
- 38 -
mounting ring for
f o r the
t h e spacecraft installation
i n s t a l l a t i o n on tthe
h e launch-ve-
launch-ve-
hicle.
hicle.
On the outside of tthe
h e assembly section
s e c t i o n there are a ra-
diator
d i a t o r of the thermal control aystem, 4 approach and orientation
c o n t r o l system, orientation
engines with a thrust
t h r u s t of 10
10 kg each, 8 orientation
o r i e n t a t i o n engines with
a thrust
tbmst of 1 kg
kg each, and rrear
e a r attachment ppoints
o i n t s of the Bolar
solar
panels.
panels.
The rendezvous-correcting
rendezvous-correcting propulsion system is
i s located
located
in
i n the assembly section.
section. It consists
c o n s i s t s of
of a main engine, a back
up engine,
engine, propellant tanks and bipropellant feed
f e e d system.
aystem. In
I n ad-
ad-
d i t i o n ttoo that,
dition t h a t , the radio communication and telemetry antennas,
i o n sensors of the orientation
the ion o r i e n t a t i o n system and some of the
t h e bbatte-
atte-
rries
i e s of the electric am installed
e l e c t r i c power supply system are i n s t a l l e d in t h e vi-
i n the vi-
c i n i t y of the base ring.
cinity ring.
The instrument-assembly
instnunent-aasembly module also
a l a o contains
c o n t a i n s solar bat-
s o l a r bat-
teries
t e r i e s in
i n the
t h e form of two "wings",
tlwingsv, consisting
c o n s i s t i n g of three panela
panels
each. Antennas for
f o r radio communication and telemetry in
i n the VHP
VHF
range and short-wave
short-wave band and onbQard
onbaard color
c o l o r orientation
o r i e n t a t i o n lights
lights
are
axe located on the end panela
panels of the solar
s o l a r bbatteries.
atteries.
For the Apollo/Soyuz test
t e s t pproject
r o j e c t tthe
h e following
following elements
instrument-
of the compatible rendezvous system are mounted on the instrument-
aesembly module:
assembly
-- flashing
f l a s h i n g light
l i g h t beacons;
- a d d i t i o n a l docking target
- an element of the additional t a r g e t (on the
the
section) ;
instrument section);
- c o l o r orientation
- onboard color o r i e n t a t i o n lights so-
l i g h t s (on the ends of so-
lar panels).
l a r panels).
r e t r o r e f l e c t o r s for
The retroreflectors f o r jjoint
o i n t ultraviolet
u l t r a v i o l e t absorption
a r e mounted in
experiment are i n the orbital
o r b i t a l and instrument-assembly
instrument-assembly
modules,
modules.
- 39 - - -
The Soyuz modules are
ere externally
e x t e r n a l l y protected with shield
shield
vacu'um
vacuum heat insulation
i n s u l a t i o n of green color. Moreover, the Soyuz
spacecraft is
i s covered with a jjettisonable
e t t i s o n a b l e nose fairing
f a i r i n g equip-
equip-
ped with an emergency recovery propulsion system
aystem to
t o protect the
the
spacecraft during the phase of passing lower atmosphere layer.
layer,
- 40 -
3.2.2. Andxogynous
Androgynous Peripheral Dockin,g Syatem (r
Docking System l g3 6)
( Flg3
'r Purpose,
The
The androgynous peripheral docking
docking system (APDS)
(APDS) is
i s de-
de-
signed
signed to
t o provide spacecraft docking and undo eking and is
undocking i s one of
tae main compatible
tke main compatible means f o r the spacecraft
means for s p a c e c r a f t rendezvous and docking,
that
t h a t will
w i l l be t e s t e d during the ASTP mission. The APDS is
be tested i s a modi-
modi-
fied
f i e d docking
docking system,
ayatem, which differs
d i f f e r s from
f r o m previous
previoua versions developed
according
according to
t o the
the "pin-cone"
npin-conell schematic, and used for
f o r docking both
the
the USSR
USSR and
and US
US spacecraft.
The
The Docking
Docking System
System performs the followi~
following functions:
functions:
-
- impact energy
energy absorption;
-
- initial
i n i t i a l mechanical
utechanical connection;
-
- spaoecraft
spacecraft alignment
alignment and
m d retraction;
retraction;
- spacecraft hard mechanical connection and docking
- spacecraft
interface
i n t e r f a c e sealing;
sealing;
-
- spacecraft
spacecraft undo eking and separation.
undocking
Docking
Docking can
can be performed
perfomned under the following
following conditions:
* primary units
primary u n i t s operation.
operation,
- 41 -
APDS Development.
Development,
a d American spe-
During the first meeting of the Soviet and spe-
cialists
c i a l i o t s in
i n October 1970
1970 the both sides
s i d e s provided data to
t o develop
a pprinciple
r i n c i p l e structure
s t r u c t u r e scheme of docking system.
system,
It was necessary
necessssy to
t o develop an
an active/passive
active/passive system ca-
ca-
pable of docking with any spacecraft of
of the given type(androgynous
type). The US and USSR specialists
s p e c i a l i s t s provided different
d i f f e r e n t schematics
echematica
of docking system. In
of I n addition, an androgynous
androgynouu principle
p r i n c i p l e was de-
de-
fined(the
f i n e d ( t h e so called principle
called p r i n c i p l e of reverse symmetry).
synunetry),
The second i n June,1911
xjecond meeting was held in June,1971 in
i n Houston,USA.
Honston,USA,
For h i s meeting the
Por tthis t h e USSR side
s i d e had prepared a new draft of"Tech-
ofwTech-
nical Requirements for
f o r Docking Systems".
Systemsff, The draft
d r a f t was used as
aa a
basis t o determine ttechnical
baais to e c h n i c a l requirements
reqUirements for
f o r development of the
systems.
systems,
i n the
By the meeting in fall 1911
t h e fall 1971 the both sides prepar-
s i d e s had prep*
ed ttheir
h e i r own drafts
d r a f t s for
f o r a principle
p r i n c i p l e structure
s t r u c t u r e scheme.
scheme, As
A 8 tthe
h e result
result
of the discussion the joint features of the scheme, which was ttoo
meet the compatibility requirements were worked out, It was also
also
agreed upon that
t h a t each side would develop its
i t s own system, and these
systems
s y s t e m could differ from each other.
other. Most of tthe
h e Soviet proposals
on the pprinciple
r i n c i p l e scheme had been adopted.
t o provide ttoo the USSR and U
It was decided to USS docking sys-
tems
t e m ~compatibility by using a common principle
principle structure
s t r u c t u r e scheme
and standardizing main dimensions of interacting
i n t e r a c t i n g elements
e l e n e n t s when ful-
ful-
filling
f i l l i n g the technical f o r the structure.
t e c h n i c a l requirements for a t r a o t u r s , In addition,
loads,
load^, temperatures and some
aome other similar
similw parameters
pmametsrs were regulated.
regulated,
In the
the course of development and fabrication
f a b r i c a t i o n docking system
of each country was thoxoughly
thoroughly worked at
a t and tested
t e s t e d separately
s e p a r a t e l y and
jjointly
o i n t l y by each side.
side,
- 42 -
P i r s t the USSR and US DS scale mock-upe
First t e s t e d joint-
mock-ups were tested joint-
* ly;
l y ; then their
t h e i r full-scale mock-ups development tests
full-scale mock-ups t e s t s were performed
as well as testing
t e s t i n g of dooking systems, ppractically
r a c t i c a l l y identical
i d e n t i c a l ttoo thoae
those
to d u r i n g the mission. And at
t o be used during a t last
l a s t the ppreflight
r e f l i g h t mate check
f l i g h t DS
of USSR and US flight performed. loreover,
DS was performed, Moreover, the USSR Docking
System was installed
i n s t a l l e d on Soyuz-16
SOW-1 6 and thoroughly ttested
ested during
d w i n g the
-the
spece flight.
space f l i g h t . In
I n this f l i g h t , a special
t h i s flight, s p e c i a l ring simulated the Apollo
docking ring. Main docking WId
and undocking operations, including the
the
functioning of latches
l a t c h e s which provide rigid connection of spacecraft
spaceoraft
have been checked
APDS Design.
Design.
The docking system consists
consists of the following
following pprinciple
rinciple
assemblies:
assemblies :
DockiE8
Dockine: system base
bas~ is
i s the main structural
s t r u c t u r a l member ttoo which
main docking system
aystem assemblies are
a r e attached.
attached,
w
On
On the
the front i s a structural
f r o n t end of the base there is s t r u c t u r a l ring,
the other end of the base has a flange
flaage for
f o r attachment ttoo the
the space-
craft
c r a f t orbital
o r b i t a l module.
module. The baee
base is
i~the pressure-tight
preesure-tight construction
conntruction
and consists of a cylindrical
consista of part, formiDg
c y l i n d r i c a l part, forming a tunnel
twmel with aer hatch
which is
i s locked from inside.
inei.de,
Guide rriBS
i q consists ring, hollow in
consists of a ring, f a cross-section and
5' 0 to
guides located 4
three gUides 45 t o the longitudinal axis of the docking
axis of
system, The guide rring
system. i n g is
is installed
i n s t a l l e d on six
s i x supporting
s u p p o r t h g rods, attach-
attach-
pairs. Supporting rods attachments are the kinematic connec-
ed in pairs. connec-
t i o n s between the roda
tions f o r the guide ring lateral
rods and provide for l a t e r a l dis~
dis*
placement and roll
plaoemen-t daring attenuation(three degrees of freedom).
r o l l during f~eedom),
r i n g supports three
The guide ring l a t c h e s with undock-
three capture latches
tog drives.
Ing driva s.
l a t c h e s together with capture latches
Body mounted latches latches perform
docking. They are
spacecraft docking. an the docking system base
i n s t a l l e d on
a r e installed
- 43 -
are equipped with solenoidD
m d are
and t o perform
s o l c n o i d c to u n l . n t c h i q by aa paszfve
perform unJ.atching passive
s p a c e c r a f tl,
spacecraft. 4
[lods
dads support
s u p p o r t the r i n g and connect
t h e guide ring i tt with
c o n ~ ~ o cit w i t h tthe g u i -r2ee
h e F,ui
d r i vvee and docking syDtem
r i n z drt
ring syr:i;ern base. [l'11e roda
':'he ro a r e ball
ds are s c r c w s , tha
b e l l screws, t h at
c o n v e r t the
convert t h e stroke
s t r o k e of acrcw rod
o f the screw i n t o rotary
mcl into r o t a r y moti.on
moti.on of
o f the nut
.Lhe nut
v i c e vversa.
and vice e r s a , The rrod configuratio:? allows
o d configuration t o change its
all^,^:^^ to i t s length
Icnlzth
r e l a t i v e ttoo the
relative 'the attachment ppoints.
o i n t a . 'l'he
Ill-ic rrods
ods a r e utto.chod
are t o the
attcichcd to the
t h r o u ~ hjjoints
base through oir1.t s :.{i.th t h r e e degrees of freedom
with three f r e e rloni which transmit
transmit
t h e rotar.y
the rotarty motion of the
t h e rods
rocia to
t o tthe
h e base a8:3embly. rods
'ho rods
arrr:xmb'r,y, '1The arc
are
attached
a t t a c h e d to
t o the
t h e guide
e u i d e rring
i n g at
a t three
t h r c e ppoints
o i n t s through
tlirough rod
r o d connecting
jjoints
o i n t s which provide
provicte kinematic
lcinematic connection
conriection between tthe
h e crews.
crews.
Guide rJ2~llg
Guilie
---,...--
i q cri
d r i vvee together
.Loget h e r with
i l ~t,h
i d i f f eren-l;ial assembly
differential a ~ n e r n b l ypper-
er-
f c ~ m atwo basic
ferms furlctions, The first
basic functions. P ~ : ~ n e t i ois
first function ins to
t o provide for
for
1-otntion of the
rotation t h e guide rring
i n g about lateral
l a t e r 2 1 axes
a x e s (pitch
( p i t c h and yaw) du-
du-
r i n g tthe
ring h e impact
i u ~ p a c tattentJation.
a t t e n u a t i o n , The second function
f u n c t i o n is
is ttoo retract
retract
and extend
axtend the
t h e guide ring. ring rotation
r i n g , The guide rbilzk; r o t a t i o n is
is accomplished
accompliohed
.J
through misalignment of
of the
t h e length
l e n g t h of
of' three
three rrod pairs.
od p airs, The
misaliGnment i s accomplished
misalignment is Gear differentials.
accompli.~lhedby two gear d i f f e r e n t i a l s . !J.'he
The impact
i s absorbe
energy is absorbedd by spring loaded
l o a d e d mechanisms, which also s e r v e ttoo
a180 serve
r e t u r n the
return t h e guide ring i t s initial
r i n g ttoo its i n i t i a l ponii;ion. The supporting
position. [l'he sup2orLing rods
rods
a r e move
are movedd by a uriva, no tors and
d r i v e , having two motors a d d i t i o n a l differen-
a n d an additional differen-
tial,
tial.
S t r u c t u r a l ring
structural l~a t c h
r i n latch provide hard, p r e s s u r e - t i g h t con-
hard, pressure-tight con-
n e c t i o n of
nection t h e spacecraft.
o f the s,)acccraft, They consist
c o n s i s t of eight
c i g h t active and eight
a c t i v e ane. eight
p a s s i v e hooks, electrical
passive e l e c t r i c a l drive of' the latches
d r i v e installed on one of latches
a n d closed-loop
and closed-loop cables
c a b l e s connect.ing
conneet;inp; them.
them, Each a c t i v c hook has
dach activo has a
ope r a t e d mechanism,
cam operated mechmizrn, which performs i t s opening and tightoning.
p e r f orr~isits t i g h toning,
Correspondin;; hoolcs
Corresponding hooks of the p
passi sya tern are
a s s i vvae docking system c a p t u r e d by
ase capture
a c t i v e hooks.
active hooks, The ppassive
a s s i v e hook hhas
a s a stack
s t a c k of
of p r e l o a d e d bellville
preloaded bellville
s p r i n g s pproviding
springs r o v i d i n g a definite
d e f i n i t e force
f o r c e for
f o r the docking interface
i n t e r f a c e pre-
pre-
1oa ding.
loading.
- 44 -
Each passive and active
a c t i v e hook is equipped with a pyrobolt
to i f necessary. p
t o provide, if r a c t i c a l l y instantaneous undocking,
practically undocking.
Spring thrusters
S p r i n g thrusterg are located on the docking rring
i n g and pro-
pro-
vide spacecraft separation when the latches
l a t c h e s are
a r e opened.
Dockim interface
DOCking -
i n t e r f a c e seal
seal w i l l provide pressure integrity
will i n t e g r i t y of
interfaces. Docking interface
the docking interfaces. i n t e r f a c e seal
s e a l consists
c o n s i s t s of two con-
centric
c e n t r i c rubber rrings
i n g s seals
s e a l s on each system.
system, The sealing is perform-
i s perfom-
e d according ttoo a "seal-to-seal"
ed tlseal-to-sealrl type.
i s a ppart
The manhole cover is t h e docking system and is
a r t of the is
used ttoo close the ttransfer
r a n s f e r tunnel of the spacecraft.
spacecraft,
i s manually performed by the
The manhole locking/unlocking is
crew. The manhole is
crew. i s sealed by a sealing mechanism, which has eight
l a t t e r being connected with each other
eccentric type latches, the latter other
cloaed cable connection.
by means of closed I n case the cover sealing
connection. In s e a l i n g me-
me-
chanism fails, o r even all
f a i l s , several or a l l hooks can be opened or
o r closed
by means of
of its
i t s disassembling and subsequent assembling
assembling,g The Docking
System is
i s equipped with alarm and meter system which pmvide
provide all
a l l data
about DS operation.
operation,
operati on during docking/undocking
APDS 0Eeration
w i l l first
During the mission the Soyuz docking system will
- 45 -
operate
operate in
i n aa passive mode, and during redocking in
i n an active mode.
a c t i v e mode.
4
spacecraft
$pacecraft docking
docking schematic is
i s given in
i n Fig.3J
Fig.3.7
Prior
P r i o r to
t o docking
docking the active
a c t i v e DB
DS guide ring
r i n g is
i s extended in-
in-
to
t o forward
forward position,
p o s i t i o n , and the
the passive DS
DS guide ring
r i n g is
i s retracted
retracted
to
t o its
i t s most
most rearward position.
position,
During
During approach the
the spacecraft are
a r e oriented
o r i e n t e d relative
r e l a t i v e to
to
each
each other
other so
so that
t h a t the
the DS
DS guides
guides of one spacecraft be approximate-
ly
l y opposite
opposite the
the DS
DS hollows
hollows of the other.
other,
During
During spacecraft contact (impact)
(impact) the guides of one DS
slide
s l i d e along
along the
the guides
guides of the
the other
o t h e r one, thus absorbing the space-
space-
craft
c r a f t impact
impact energy;
energy; then the
the active
a c t i v e DS
DS guide ring
s i n g contacts with
the
t h e passive
passive one, and
and initial
i n i t i a l capture and spacecraft alignment is
is
accomplished.
accomplished, Then
Then the
the spacecraft retraction
r e t r a c t i o n and their
t h e i r rigid
r i g i d coupl-
coupl-
ing
i n g is
i s performed.
performed,
Attenuation
Attenuation of
of spacecraft r e l a t i v e motion is
spacecraft relative r e a l i z e d by
i s realized
.ru'
the
the guide
guide ring's
r i n g ' s moving
moving in
i n any
any direction
d i r e c t i o n (on
(on all
a l l six
s i x degrees of
freedom)
freedom) and
and energy
energy absorbing
absorbing units
u n i t s (springs
(spring8 and brakes).
brakes), The ring
ring
movement
movement in
i n all
a l l direction
d i r e c t i o n is
i s provided by changing the length of
the six
the roda.
s i x rods.
The i n i t i a l capture
The initial capture is latches
i s performed by three capture latches
on the
on the guide
guide ring,
r i n g , which
which capture body-mounted
body-mounted latches
l a t c h e s of the
t h e pas-
pas-
s i v e system.
sive system.
The spacecraft
The spacecraft alignment i s achieved by spring
alignment is spring mechanisms,
l o c a t e d on
located on the
t h e guide
guide ring on the
and on
ring and the drive.
case the
I n case
In the spring
spring energy
energy is
i s not adequate
adequate for
f o r alignment,
the active
the a c t i v e DS
DS ring
r i n g is extended into
i s extended i t s most forward
i n t o its forward position
po~lition
( t i l l stop)
(till s t o p ) by
by means of the
means of the drive,
drive, and
a n d the
t h e spacecraft are
a r e aligned
approximately,
appro,q.mately.
- 46 -
The guide ring retraction
r e t r a c t i o n is performed
i s perf means of the
omned by mean8
drive
drive after
a f t e r the
t h e spacecraft alignment.
alignment, During the llast of re-
a s t phase of re-
traction
t r a c t i o n the guide pins
pine and sockets, located on the sstructural
tructural
ring, perform
perf om spacecraft
~lpacecraftfinal
f i n a l alignment.
alignment, When rretracting ex-
e t r a c t i n g and ex-
tending the guide ring
r i n g electromagnetic locks,
locke, which prevent the
guide
guide ring misalignment, can be activated.
activated,
Spacecraft rigid
r i g i d docking.
d o c k i q , After the docking interface
touching structure latches
l a t c h e s perform rrigid interface
i g i d docking and interface
sealing.
sealing, Then the docking interface
i n t e r f a c e and spacecraft tunnel lleak
eak
tests
t e s t a are
are performed.
performed, The docking process iiss completed,
completed.
Undocking is
Undocking i s performed by an active spacecrafts capture
latches release and then by opening the structure llatch hooks. If
a t c h hooks, If
necessary, undocking can be performed
perfomed by a passive spacecraft by
'"rr
pody-mounted
body-mounted latches
l a t c h e s release and opening the sstructure
t r u c t u r e llatch pas-
a t c h pas-
sive hooks.
sive hooks,
i s perfomed
Spacecraft separation is performed by spring tthrusters,
hrusters,
aymetrically
~etrically s t r u c t u r a l rings of
located on the structural of both systema,af-
systems,af-
t e r the latches
ter l a t c h e s release
releaseoo
Guide pin
1-
I
Docking inferface
Socket
( ( (
v 1.
1. Initial
Initial contact 2. Guide ring
ring mate
mate and
and capture
and retraction
3. Mutual alignment and retraction 4. Hard
4. Hard and
and pressure-tight
pressure-tiqht coupling
coupliriq
Cosmonauts' transfer
5. Cosmonauts'
--49-
The difference between the Soyu~
Soyuz and Apollo Docking
Systems
3.2.3
3.2.3 Attitude and motion control
c o n t r o l system
- 50 -
AIklCS includes: command sensors; converting
AMCS convertirg and switching
devices; monitoring and attitude
a t t i t u d e control
c o n t r o l aids
a i d s and spacecraft con-
con-
ttrollers;
r o l l e r s ; rreaction
e a c t i o n jjet
e t microengines, approach-correcting propul-
approach-correcting propul-
sion
s i o n system.
system.
The spacecraft attitude
a t t i t u d e control
c o n t r o l may be conducted both auto-
auto-
matically and manually. The crew can select
s e l e c t a control
c o n t r o l mode. Auto-
matic modes can be initiated
i n i t i a t e d by ground radiocommands.
radiocommands. During auto-
auto-
matic orientation
o r i e n t a t i o n sensing devices supply data on the spacecraft at-
at-
ttitude
i t u d e and rrotation
o t a t i o n rrate.
a t e , The onboard logic
l o g i c device converts these
data into
i n t o on-off
on-off commands
commands for
f o r thrusters
t h r u s t e r s which control
c o n t r o l the space-
apace-
craft
c r a f t turns.
turns.
The manual control loop enables the crew ttoo orient
o r i e n t tthe
he
o r stars.
spacecraft t~oo the Earth, Sun or s t a r s , During the orientation
orientation
i s sighting
mode the crew is points
s i g h t i n g these reference p o i n t s using optical
optical
devices or
o r spacecraft p
position
o s i t i o n transducers.
transducers, The spacecraft orien-
orien-
ttation
a t i o n accomplished by means of hand controllers
c o n t r o l l e r s which provide on-
on-
off signals
s i g n a l s to
t o orientation
o r i e n t a t i o n engines.
engines.
Command sensOrs
sensors
Infra-red
Infra-red horizon sensor senses the Earth and atmosphere
infra-red
infm-red radiation and provides the spacecraft orientation
o r i e n t a t i o n to-
wards the Earth center.
Ionic
I o n i c sensors respond to
t o t hhee counter flow of ions
i o n s which
are
a r e the atmosphere "traces"
"tracest1 at
a t these altitudes.
a l t i t u d e s . These sensors ge-
ge-
nerate control
c o n t r o l signals
s i g n a l s when the
t h e spacecraft longitudinal
l o n g i t u d i n a l axis
a x i s de-
de-
viates
v i a t e s from its velocity
its v e l o c i t y vector during the spacecraft orbital
o r b i t a l mo-
mo-
ttion~
ion,
- 51 -
field
f i e l d of view. The Sun is
of view. usually
is u ~ u a l l yacquired at
a t first
f i r s t by one of the
the
i t is
sensor search zone, and then it i~ "carrie
" c a r r i e dd"u to
t o the sensor mid-
mi d-
*
point.
point.
Angular-rate
Anaular-rate pickups are electronic/gyroscopic
electronic/gyroscopic instruments
to
t o measure the spacecraft rrotation
o t a t i o r i velocity.
velocity. The instruments con-
con-
verting
v e r t i n g units' integ:rate
i n t e g r a t e velocity
v e l o c i t y signals
s i g n a l s and issue
issue control
c o n t r o l signals
signals
t o the
proportional to t h e spacecraft rrotation
o t a t i o n angles.
Onboard the
t h e spacecraft there is
i s a gyropackage comprising
two gyros.
gyros, This assembly maintains the spacecraft set
s e t orientation
orientation
and allows t o pperform
allow^ to e r f o m programmed turns.
turns.
Vision
Viaion devices, orientation
o r i e n t a t i o n monitors and controllers
controllers
Cosmonaut's
Cosmonaut l a sighting
s i g h t i n g device is
i s an optical
o p t i c a l device designat- .~
4
ed
e d for
f o r visual
v i s u a l observation of the o r the other
t h e Earth or o t h e r spacecraft du-
ring
r i n g its
i t s approach.
approach, It has a central
c e n t r a l and p
peripheral
e r i p h e r a l field
f i e l d of view.
view.
The earth
e a r t h edge p
position
o s i t i o n in peripheral
in p e r i p h e r a l zones
zones allows
axlows ttoo ori-
ori-
ent
e n t the spacecraft towards the Earth centre.
Ground speed in
i n the central
c e n t r a l field
f i e l d of the sighting
s i g h t i n g device
is
i s used when performing its
i t s yaw orientation.
orientation,
On the outside of the DV windows shade gauges are
a r e located.
located,
The cosmonaut perf oms the spacecraft orientation
performs o r i e n t a t i o n towards tthe
h e Sun
by the shadow on the gauge screens.
screens,
The cosmonaut's
cosmonaut's panel include data display facilities
f a c i l i t i e s and
c o n t r o l systems.
the spacecraft control aystems. The panels with two cornmand-sig-
comnd-sig- 4
- 52 -
nal
n a l devices and the DV instrument board aare
r e used during the AMCS
M~CS
operation.
operation,
Soyuz
Soyuz docking targets
targets
Onboard orientation
o r i e n t a t i o n lights
lights
Onboard orientation l i g h t s -- rred,
o r i e n t a t i o n lights e d , green and ttwo
w o white
ligths -
l i g t h s - are
a r e mounted on solar batteries.
solar b a t t e r i e s . They allow tto approxima-
o approxima-
tely
t e l y determine
detemine the approaching spacecraft mutual pposition.
osition,
The Soyuz
Soyuz spacecraft will
w i l l carry
c a r r y two fflashing
l a s h i n g llight beacons.
i g h t beacons.
a r e to
They are t o detect
defect and identify
i d e n t i f y the spacecraft during tthe
h e mission
dark
d a r k phase at i n i t i a l stage
a t the initial (early approach),
s tage of approach (early approach). The
beacons flashing
f l a s h i n g light
l i g h t will
w i l l help tto
o iidentify
d e n t i f y the spacecraft aagainst
gainst
s t a r background.
the star background.
NdCS
M~CS jjet
e t thrusters
t h r u s t e r s and approach-correcting
approach-correcting ppropulsion
ropul~ion
system
The attitude
The a t t i t u d e and motion control
c o n t r o l system,control jjet
e t tthrust-
hrust-
c o r r e c t i n g propulsion sys
e r s and approach correcting
ers tern comprise 14 approach
system
o r i e n t a t i o n engines (AOE)
and orientation (AOE) each of 10 kg-thrust and 8 orien-
orien-
(OE) , 1 kg-thrust each.
t a t i o n engines (OE),
tation
- 53 -
These thrusters
t h r u s t e r s are fired
f i r e d in
i n various combinations accord-
accord-
4
ing
i n g ttoo the spacecraft control
c o n t r o l logics.
logics,
They either
e i t h e r provide control
c o n t r o l moments and make the space-
space-
craft
c r a f t turn
t u r n about its
i t s mass centre or
o r they enable ttranslational
r a n s l a t i o n a l ma-
rna-
neuvers.
neuve rs .
The descent vehicle also c a r r i e s 6 control
a l ~ ocarries c o n t r o l thrusters
thrusters
which are fired
f i r e d during the
t h e vehicle descent phase,
phase.
The approach-correcting
approach-correcting propulsion system (ACPS),
(ACPS), which
is
i s designated to
t o generate a correcting
c o r r e c t i n g and a rate-damping reac-
rate-damping reac-
tion
t i o n pulse, has a one-chamber
one-chamber approach-correcting
approach-correcting engine (ACE)
(ACE) of
of
417 kg-thrust
kg-thrust and a two-chambers
two-chambers backup correcting
c o r r e c t i n g engine (BOE)
(BCE)
with steering
s t e e r i n g nozzles of 411
411 kg-thrust.
kg-thrust.
The
Yhe ACPS has self-contained bipropellant
self-contained b i p r o p e l l a n t tanks,a propellant-
tanks ,a propellant-
feed system for
f o r each engine and appropriate automatic systems.
syutems.
AMCS
AMCS modes
Automatic orbital
o r b i t a l orientation i s performed using ionic
o r i e n t a t i o n is i o n i c sen...
sen- d
- 54 -
sor
s o r and infrared
i n f r a r e d horizon sensor.
sensor,
When
Vfhen using the IR-sensor
IR-sensor the spacecraft Y-axis
Y-axis ((lateral
lateral
axis)
axis) is
i s directed
d i r e c t e d towards the Earth centre.
centre, The iionic
o n i c sensor
aligns
a l i g n s the spacecraft X-axis
X-axis with orbital
w i t h the o plane. The space-
r b i t a l plane, space-
craft
c r a f t can be transferred
t r a n s f e r r e d from its
i t s orbital
o r b i t a l oorientation
r i e n t a t i o n tto spe-
o any spe-
cific
c i f i c position
p o s i t i o n in
i n reference to
t o celestial
c e l e s t i a l reference ppoints
o i n t s using
programmed
programme d turns.
turns,
To perform this
t h i s procedure the gyros are uncaged aatt the de-
de-
sired
s i r e d moment
lnoment and store
s t o r e the reference pposition
o s i t i o n ffor
o r any sspecific
pecific
turns.
The Soyuz c o n t r o l system allows ttoo perform pprogrammed
Soyuz control mgrmed
turns
t u r n s without using gyros
gyma of a gyro package,
package. IIn
n tthis angular-
h i s case angular-
rate
r a t e pickups and their
t h e i r integrating
i n t e g r a t i n g devices aare used.
r e used.
The
The gyro package and angular-rate
angular-rate pickups allow tto main-
o main-
tain
t a i n the spacecraft attitude.
a t t i t u d e . To maintain the oorientation space-
r i e n t a t i o n the space-
craft needa compensation of disturbing moments due ttoo the eeffect
c r a f t needs of
f f e c t of
the g r y v i t a t i o n a l field.
t h e atmosphere and the Earth gryvitational .field,
angular-rate pickups iillustrate
The gyro package and angular-rate l l u s t r a t e func-
func-
tional
t i o n a l redundancy when performing orientation
o r i e n t a t i o n ooff one ddefinite type.
e f i n i t e type,
The different
The i n solving similar problems in-
d i f f e r e n t approaches in in-
c r e a s e s the spacecraft control
creases e l i a b i l i t y and iits
c o n t r o l system rreliability t s "surviv-
" surviv-
abili y".
a b i l i tty".
one-axis orientation
The spacecraft one-axis o r i e n t a t i o n towards the Earth iiss
hosizon sensor, while iits
i n f r a r e d horizon
provided by the infrared t s oorientation
rientation
along the motion direction i s performed by use of
d i r e c t i o n is of iionic
o n i c sensor.
sensor.
On generating a reaction
On r e a c t i o n pulse by tthe
h e approach-correcting
approach-correcting
s t a b i l i z e d and maintain its
w i l l be stabilized
assembly the spacecraft will it^^ aatti-
tti-
d,
tude unchange d.
a t t i t u d e stabilization
The spacecraft attitude s t a b i l i z a t i o n iiss provided
provided by the
AMeS.
AMCS. The
The special t h i s system measures the vvelocity
s p e c i a l device of this elocity
- 55 -
increments and upon achieving a specific
s p e c i f i c value shuts off the pro-
pro- ~
pUlsion system.
pulsion
During the spacecraft sun-orientation
sun-orientation the onboard-automatic
onboard-automatic
device provides the spacecraft
spacecmf t rotation
r o t a t i o n and exposes solar batteries
s o l a r bat teriea
to
t o the sun radiation.
r a d i a t i o n , When the proper p
position
o s i t i o n is
i s achieved, it
i t can
be maintained by means of two ways, namely by twist,
t w i s t , during which the
spacecraft m a ~ n t a i n sits
ma~ntains i t s attitude
a t t i t u d e like
l i k e a top,
t o p , and by vibrations
vibration0 about
the Sun direction
d i r e c t i o n ,o
The cosmonaut may pperform
e r f o m the spacecraft orientation
o r i e n t a t i o n of any
type both in
i n manual and automatic modes,
modes.
During automatic modes, which are
a r e of great importance, the
cosmonaut usually
u s u a l l y monitors
monitor^ the process using tthe
h e display, sighting
sighting
device or
o r signalling
s i g n a l l i n g system on the cosmonaut's panel.
panel,
The rig'ht controller
c o n t r o l l e r is
i s used by the cosmonaut
coemonaut to
t o ensure the
spacecraft control
c o n t r o l through each of tthe
h e tthree
h r e e channels, setting
s e t t i n g the
the
4
spacecraft rotational t o 3 degrees p
r o t a t i o n a l speed up to per
e r second.
second,
I n the
In precision
the p r e c i s i o n mode the
t h e controller
c o n t r o l l e r enables the cosmonaut
to
t o use some pulses of control
c o n t r o l jjet
e t engines which provide the space-
space-
craft
c r a f t minimum rotational
r o t a t i o n a l speed and fuel
f u e l consumption.
consumption.
AMCS operation
MCS ope r a t ion during rendezvous, aEproach
approach and docking
dockinq
Two revolutions pprior
r i o r to
t o docking the Soyuz crew manually
turns
t u r n s the spacecraft to
t o perform its
i t s orbital
o r b i t a l orientation.
o r i e n t a t i o n . During
h r i n g this
this
orientation
o r i e n t a t i o n the spacecraft X-axis
X-axis aligns
a l i g n s with its
i t s vvelocity
e l o c i t y vector,
i t s Y-axis
while one of its i s directed
Y - a x i ~ is d i r e c t e d towards tthe
h e Earth centre.
centre, On ac-
complishing orbital
o r b i t a l orientation i t is
o r i e n t a t i o n it i a maintained automatically using
the spacecraft AMCS.
AMCS. Upon detecting
d e t e c t i n g "Soyuz"
nSoyuzl' with "Apollo"
llApolloll optical
o p t i c a l de-
de-
vices
v i c e ~the spacecraft
s p a c e c r a f t begin their
t h e i r approach.
approach,
- 56 -
To facilitate
f a c i l i t a t e "Soyuz"
tlSo.yuzll detection and identification
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n during
early
e a r l y approach at
a t the orbital
o r b i t a l dark phase the Soyuz
Soyuz instrument-assembly
instrument-assembly
module carries
c a r r i e s body-mounted
body-mounted flashing beacons,?he flashes
f l a s h i n g beacons.~he f l a s h e s of
of the white
light
l i g h t allow to
t o detect the spacecraft at a t aa distance
distance of hundre dscf
hundreds of
kilometres.
The onboard coloured orientation
o r i e n t a t i o n lights
l i g h t s located
l o c a t e d on solar
s o l a r bat-
bat-
teries
t e r i e s are
a r e used to visually
v i s u a l l y determine the spacecraft attitude.In
a t t i t u d e . I n case
of need the crew may establish
e s t a b l i s h communication between the spacecraft
by switching on and off
o f f the onboard lights,
l i g h t s , should the radio con~uni
conmuni-
cation
c a t i o n between the spacecraft be not established
e s t a b l i s h e d for
for some
some reasons.
reasons,
The
The Soviet
Soviet spacecraft docking
docking target
t a r g e t can be observed from
"Apollo"
tlApollotlat
at aa distance
distance of 200 meters.
meters,
w
With the
the distance
distance of aa few
few dozens
dozens meters, the
the target
t a r g e t allows
allows
to
t o determine
determine the
t h e spacecraft
s p a c e c ~ a f tattitude
a t t i t u d e and
and distance.
distance, The
The precise
p r e c i s e align~
align-
ment uSing
using the target
t a r g e t is
i s performed
perfonned at
at a distance
distance of approximately
10
10 meters.
meters,
During approach
approach and
and docking
docking the
the Soyuz
Soyuz spacecraft changes
changes its
its
orientation
o r i e n t a t i o n mode.
mode, After
A f t e r that
t h a t it
i t maintains
maintains its
i t s constant orientation
orientation
relative
r e l a t i v e to
t o celestial
c e l e s t i a l bOdies.
bodies,
To
To observe
observe the
the docking
docking target
t a r g e t it
i t is
i a convenient
convenient to
t o automati-
automati-
cally
c a l l y maintain
maintain such
such inertial
i n e r t i a l orientation,
o r i e n t a t i o n , since
since the
t h e conditions
conditions of
of the
the
target
t a r g e t illumination
i l l u m i n a t i o n do
do not
not change
change during
during the
the spacecraft
spacecraft approach.
approach,
When
When in
i n the
the vicinity
v i c i n i t y of
of "Apollo",
I1Apollo1', the
the Soyuz
Soyuz spacecraft
spacecraft
turns
turns about
about its
i t s X-axis
X-axis and
and sets
s e t s into
i n t o position
p o s i t i o n fit
f i t for
f o r docking.
docking.
The
The orientation
o r i e n t a t i o n system
system stores
s t o r e s and
and maintains
maintains this
this position.
position,
The
The DM
1381I contact
contact sensors
sensors respondrespond to
t o the
the spacecraft
spacecraft contact
contact and
and dis-
dis-
'Cr able
able thet h e Soyuz
Soyuz attitude
a t t i t u d e and
and motion
motion control
c o n t r o l system.
system.
- 57 -
3*2,4 -Life support systems.
systems. Purpose Mand
and composition
The LSS
ZSS provide and maintain the required atmosphere,
temperature and sanitary
s a n i t a r y conditions.
conditions, The LSB
LSS also provide the
a l s o provida
crew
c r e w with food and water.
water,
a s follows:
Functionally the systems can be divided as
-
- gas composition supply system;
-- pressure suit
s u i t set;
set;
-- thermal control
c o n t r o l system;
-
- food and water supply systems;
systema;
-
- furnishings
f u r n i s h i n g s and hygiene facilities.
facilities,
t o ensure safety
to ( t h e oxygen volumetric contents not more than 40761,
s a f e t y (the 40%).
- 58 -
The
The Soyuz pe rc entage and cosmonauts'
Soyuz atmosphere high oxygen percentage cosmonauts stay-
ing i n the Apollo oxygen atmosphere
i n g in atmosphere made necessary to
t o perform ad-
ditional
d i t i o n a l fire
f i r e safety
s a f e t y certification
c e r t i f i c a t i o n of the most part
p a r t of the
t h e Soyuz
Soyuz
equipment and assemblies, and in
i n some
some cases
cases the materials
m a t e r i a l s used
were
we r e replaced.
The
The joint
j o i n t flight
f l i g h t required that
t h a t the thermal control
c o n t r o l EWstem
qystem
should
should also
a l s o be developed: the wrovisions
grovisions are
a r e made
made to
t o protect
protect the
Soyuz
Soyuz structural
s t m c t u r a l elements from
from the
t h e Apollo engine
engine plume
plume heating
during
during the docking,
docking, a heat-exchanger
heat-exchanger in
i n the form
form of a bracket was
was
developed for
f o r the Apollo transceiver
t r a n s c e i v e r installed
i n s t a l l e d in
i n the Orbital
O r b i t a l Mo~
Mo-
dule.
dule .
Gas
Gas composition support system
Gas
Gas composition
composition support system is
i s designed to
t o provide in
in
the
t h e Soyuz
Soyuz spacecraft (and in
i n the
the docking
docking module
module when transfer
t r a n s f e r tun-
nel
n e l hatches are open)
hatches are the required life
open) the l i f e supporting
supporting atmosphere
atmosphere com-
position
p o s i t i o n and
and pressure, oxygen and
and carbon dioxide
dioxide partial
p a r t i a l pressure
and
and hazardous
hazardous impurity
impurity contents required. The
The GCSS
GCSS proVides
provides module
module
pressure equalization
e q u a l i z a t i o n and
and depressurization both during
during the
t h e space-
- 59 -
craft
crcaft autonomous and jjoint
o i n t flights,
f l i g h t s , monitors module p
pressure
r e s s u r e inte-
inte- ~
d
grity
g r i t y and atmosphere contents.
c o n t e n t s , If
If necessary, the
t h e GCSS provides gas
leakage make-up
make-up and maintains the suit pressure
suit p required.
r e s s u r e required.
In
I n the
t h e first
f i r s t orbits
o r b i t s the Soyuz spacecraft pressure
spacecraft p r e s s u r e slightly
slightly
exceeds the atmospheric pressure
atmosphedc! p r e s s u r e 'because of
of the module additional
additional
pressurization
p with
ressurization w i t h oxygen performed at
a t the
t h e launch site.
~ i t e ,The addi-
tional pressurization
tional p r e s s u r i z a t i o n will
w i l l provide the
t h e normal oxygen contents
c o n t e n t s for
for
the
t h e subsequent depressurization
d e p r e s s u r i z a t i o n ttoo 490-550 mm Hg.
490-550 mrn Hg, Following the
t h e com-
com-
pletion
p l e t i o n of the jjoint
o i n t activities with tthe
h e Apollo crew the Soyuz pses-
pres-
sure
sure is
i s increased
i n c r e a s e d to a s a result
t o atmospheric as a i r ppressuriza-
r e s u l t of the air ressuriza-
tion
t i o n from a specially-designed tank.
specially-designed tank,
The removal of carbon dioxide and hazardous
impurities
i m p u r i t i e s excreted
e x c r e t e d by the
t h e crewmen as well as the replenishment of
the oxygen consumed during bbreathing
r e a t h i n g are
a r e performed by the regenera-
regenera-
tion
t i o n facilities
f a c i l i t i e s installed
i n s t a l l e d in
i n the Descent Vehicle and the Orbital
Orbital 4
Module. The operating
Module. o p e r a t i n g principle i s as follow~
p r i n c i p l e is follow@ a i r is
air i s supplied
supplied
to
t o the regenerators
r e g e n e r a t o r s by means of fans; i n the
f a n s ; in t h e regenerators
r e g e n e r a t o r s contain-
ing potassium superoxide the
i n g potaaaiwn a i r is
t h e air purified
ia p u r i f i e d and enriched
e n r i c h e d with oxy-
oxy-
gen, when the rregenerator
gen, e g e n e r a t o r is
i s inoperative
i n o p e r a t i v e or
o r the CO C02 2 concentration
concentration
increases
i n c r e a s e s up to
t o tthe
h e high level, l e v e l , the air air is i s supplied
s u p p l i e d ttoo the CO
C 0 2 ab-
2 ab-
sorber.
sorber.
The DV rregenerator
e g e n e r a t o r is
i s used only at
a t the
t h e phase of insertion
insertion
and during the
t h e autonomous flight.
flight,
The DV rregenerator
e g e n e r a t o r is
i s controlled
c o n t r o l l e d by the crewmen from
f r o m the
the
DV panel,
panel. The OM regenerator
r e g e n e r a t o r operation i s performed automatically
o p e r a t i o n is automatically
in
i n response to
t o commands of the gas anylyzer. The regenerator
r e g e n e r a t o r cont-
cont-
rol
r o l can also be performed from tthe
h e DV and OM panels.
panels.
The monitoring of the atmosphere composition maintained
by the
t h e regeneration
r e g e n e r a t i o n facilities
f a c i l i t i e s is
i s performed by two gas
gae analyzers
analyzers
4
- 60 -
b
installed i n the Descent Vehicle and the
i n s t a l l e d in t h e Orbital
O r b i t a l Module.
1VIodule.
When O O2 and CO
GO2 contents
2 c o n t e n t s exceed allowable values, the
t h e DV
2
gas analyzer
a n a l y z e r produces warning signals.
signals.
A pressure-and-vacuum
A pressure-and-vacuum gauge and a pressure integrity
i n t e g r i t y check
u n i t , producing sign~
unit, sign& when leakage is
i s more than 70-90
70-90 rom
mm Hg/hr,
Hg/hr, are
are
installed
i n s t a l l e d in
i n the
t h e OM to
t o verify
v e r i f y tthe habitable
he h a b i t a b l e module, ttransfer
r a n s f e r tunnel
and interface
i n t e r f a c e integrity.
integrity.
Should leakage occur, it
i t may be compensated from the
t h e air
air
storage
s t o r a g e tank designed for
f o r module p
pressurization
r e s s u r i z a t i o n during a p
period
e r i o d of
time required
r e q u i r e d for
f o r tthe
h e crew to
t o don their pressure
their p r e s s u r e suits.
suits,
Oxygen-nitrogen
Oxygen-nitrogen mixture (40%
(40% oxygen)
oxygen) can be supplied ttoo the
the
pressure
p r e s s u r e suit
s u i t both manually and automatically
a u t o m a t i c a l l y for
for a p
period
e r i o d of time
required
r e q u i r e d for
f o r the
t h e spacecraft
s p a c e c r a f t descent and landing.
landing.
A ppressure
A r e s s u r e control unit
control u n i t is
i s available
a v a i l a b l e onboard
onboaxd the spacecraft
spacecraft
to
t o maintain the module p
pressure
r e s s u r e within
within the specified limits,
s p e c i f i e d limits.
%w
~ressure suit
Pressure s u i t set
set
The set
s e t comprises two pressure suits,
s u i t s , four ventilation
four v e n t i l a t i o n sys-
sya-
tems,
terns, two inflight pressurized
i n f l i g h t bags, p r e s s u r i z e d collar,
c o l l a r , two sets
s e t s of flight
f l i g h t gar-
gar-
ment and two headsets.
headsets. The pressure suit i s a soft
s u i t is s o f t pressure shell
shell
wi th a bbuilt-in
with u i l t - i n soft
s o f t helmet. The helmet is
i s rigidly
rigidly fixed
f i x e d with an
opening window,
window. The pressure suit
s u i t is
i a provided with removable gloves.
gloves,
The crewmen have their
t h e i r pressure suits
s u i t s on during the
t h e Soyuz orbit
o r b i t in-
in-
sertion,
s e r t i o n , docking and undocking with Apollo, and descent. During the
the
other
o t h e r flight
f l i g h t phases the pressure suits
s u i t s are
am stowed in
i n the bags in
the
t h e Orbital
O r b i t a l Module.
hlodule.
During the suited l i f e supporting
s u i t e d operation the necessary life
conditions
c o n d i t i o n s are established
e a t a b l i s h e d by v
ventilating
e n t i l a t i n g the pressure suits
s u i t s with
with
cabin
c a b i n air
a i r using
u s i n g ventilation
v e n t i l a t i o n facilities
f a c i l i t i e s installed i n the DV.
i n s t a l l e d in DV. Each
Yu
- 61 -
pressure suit
s u i t is
i~ventilated
v e n t i l a t e d separately
s e p a r a t e l y by iits
t s vventilation sys-
e n t i l a t i o n sys-
tem. Should one of the DV ventilation
v e n t i l a t i o n system ffail,
a i l , another
ventilation
v e n t i l a t i o n system provides ventilating of both pressure ssuits.
v e n t i l a t i n g of uits.
If necessary, pressure
preaaure suits
s u i t s can be vventilated gas mixture
e n t i l a t e d with gafs
supplied by the spacecraft onboard system.
The activation
a c t i v a t i o n of the gas mixture supply system aass
well as
as deactivation of pressure suit
s u i t vventilation
e n t i l a t i o n systems are
automatic. These operations can be performed manually as
8S
well.
- 62 -
Thermal Sya t em
The m a 1 Control System
-
- module atmosphere vventilation.
entilation.
- 63 -
hydraulic system (Fig.
The bgdraulic 3.8)
(Fig. 3.8) rllhe
The circulating
circulating
fluid
f l u i d accumulates the h
heat
e a t from internal
i n t e r n a l sources and dissipates
dissipates
it
i t in
i n space.
@$ace.
- 64 -
( ( (
----i-
II T 7
- 1-------1
~-
-----, -----, I I.
I I i I
i
I 21~
I /181 I
I
I
I 12
I
I
I
I I I I I
I 2. I I I 8 I
I I I I I
I 3 I3 I I 9 I
I~ I
1 4 1 I 14
I
12,~0
I
1 I I 11 I
0'>
I
I :6 :
U1
I 5 7 1
: I I I \ /- _ I 10
I
I
I I I _ _ L ._ _ I
II
L _ --1I _ _l
I _ LI _ _ J
HEAT ACCUMULATION ELEMENTS: 2 - Heat exchanger-condenser; 11,14 - Heat exhcnager; 5 --- Transceiver bracket
HYDRO-SYSTEM CONTROLLERS: 7 - Hydraulic pump; 8 -- liquid flow regulator; 10 - Compensator; 4 - By-pass valve
- 66 -
II. Launch. Cottage cheese cream with black currant puree,
a honey cake.
- 67 -
place their food stuff to have a meal.
- 68 -
the water cavity, and a receiving tube to consume water. When a
glass is empty, it can be refilled with water from the tank.
Clothes
- 69 -
Towels are made of linen.
For every day's toilet the cosmonauts use an electric ra-
zor equipped with a specific hair collector.
Each cosmonaut has an individual toilet set.
- 70 -
3.2.5 Radio/Electronic Equipment
The Soyuz spacecraft radio/electronic equipment includes
radio/telephone communication system, TV-system, cable communica-
tion equipment, command radio communication line, telemetry system
and orbit parameter measurement system.
The spacecraft radio/electronic equipment together with the
ground radio equipment (the ground station and MeC equipment) provide
voice communication with the Soyuz/Apollo crews, observation of the
crew activities via TV-communication lines, TV-transmissions from
space, the spacecraft systems remote control from the ground, the
spacecraft system/assembly operation monitoring and determination of
the spacecraft trajectory.
- 71 -
Joint examination of the rendezvous system compatibility
problem concluded that it is impossible to develop in a short time
an inte~lational radio system which provides the spacecraft relat-
ive attitude and motion parameters determination. Therefore it was
proposed that the voice communication system be used to measure
range between the spacecraft. For this purpose the Soyuz was equip-
ped with the USA VHF transceiver to provide voice communication and
besides serve as a transponder or provide reception, conversion (to
increase noiseproof feature) and retransmission of "measurement sig-
nals" radiated oy the ApollO VHF system. Range between the space-
craft is measured by comparing phases of "measurement signals" ra-
diated by Apollo and of those retransmitted by Soyuz. Range is
measured automatically without interrupting spacecraft-to-spacecraft
voice communication.
The voice communication system includes the following:
- two transceivers supplied by the USA and the USSR and
operating at American and Soviet frequencies respectiv-
ly to provide spacecraft-to-spacecraft communication;
- 72 -
( ( (
// 259.7 MHz
~296.8MHz~
Tracking and voice
_ e
z :z.- 121 . 75 MH z s;:
S S'"
~ Z zr 5
S ~
APOLLO
7' ~ 296.8 MHz 'S -' SOYUZ
Voice
I
-...J
W
I
.~~ Television
~;
Telephone
~
Telegraph
S
- 74 -
trical connectors,which provide spacecraft-to-spacecraft voice
and TV cable communications rare manually mated.
The cable communication system equipment including J-boxes
to connect headsets and TV cameras were specially designed
for this test project.
-~-
Real time transmission of telemetry data is accomplished
when Soyuz is within the USSR measuring station AOS. When the
Soyuz is out of the USSR measuring station AOS, telemetry infor-
mation is stored in special memories.
- 76 -
-~--------,--~
"0
.(l)
.... -
...... '"
'" ....
>-
U C
Vl
0> .-
U Q)
'"a. c0
Vl U
N 0>
:::l
~ ....
U1.s
~
,
Q)
Cl
....'"
Vl
Q)
Cl
....ro
Vl
0>
Cl
....ro
Vl
6
I
10,3m
-77-
Oxygen-kerosene propellant is used for all stages of the
launch vehicle. The full length of the launch vehicle (with the ~
the main procedures and the crews' joint activity will be perform-
ed under conditions of severe weightlessness adaptation. ~
- 78 -
As is generally known,during the first days of human
being under weightlessness conditions Borne disagreeable feeling
(specifically, with abrupt motion) and objective changes may oc-
cur which usually disappear on the 5th or 7th day of the flight.
That is why the crewmen will be under regular surveillance of the
ground medical personnel and all their activities should be planned
with regard to medical requirements.
- 79 -
In so doing crewmen state of health is evaluated and
potential latent diseases or functional anomalies are revealed
which require remedial or preventive interventiono
Preflight and postflight medical data together with
preflight examination allow to evaluate general human response to
space factors and to study readaptation behaviour under conditions
of terrestrial gravity force with the process of weightlessness
adaptation not accomplished.
Preflight and postflight examination program for the
both spacecraft crews comprises the following procedures: medi-
cal examination, individual drug response testing, clinical and
laboratory investigation, biochemical investigation, cardiovas-
cular system observation when in rest and during functional test,
vestibular and immunologic examination. Both Soviet and American
specialists have agreed upon procedures and time schedule for the
Soyuz and Apollo crewmen primary pre- and postflight examination.
The crews preflight examination is to be conducted 30,
15 and 7-10 days prior to the flight according to the full pro-
gram, while just before the flight only partial medical examina-
tion will take place.
The crews' postflight examination will be carried out
mainly on the day the mission is accomplished, then on the 1st
and 3d day after the flight. Should some abnormalities be re-
vealed, this examination will be periodically repeated.
- 80 -
MISSION DESCRIPTION
- 81 -
rican crews will conduct joint scientific experiments and radio-
TV transmissions from the spacecraft.
During the docked flight the spacecraft are oriented so
that the required Apollo thermal mode and the required position
of Soyuz solar panels are ensu~d.
- 82 -
( ( ( "
P~
Docking
I Sepa,,"on
~".,,+\,
Souyz
maneuvers
Apollo
"p pwa c h Doc kod II; 9 ht """l'l'''''CC:::::---
(two days) Apollo
deorbiting
Soyuz
Soyuz
deorbiting
orbit Q)
insertion
\
\
co
w
I
Soyuz
lift-off
o
I
Apollo
lift-off
1
I
2 3
F
4
I
Soyuz landing
(USSR) '.~
,
::.
....
i.
6
I
~.
i;?
Apollo
splash-down
(Pacific Ocean)
- 84 -
deviate from the calculated. That can be caused by random errors
in fUnctioning of the spacecraft and launch vehicle control sys-
tems, inaccurate current parameters of the Earth atmosphere and
other errors. These errOrs cause so-called orbit parameter
spread. As a rule such spreads are not great but nevertheless
they should be taken into account when launching the second
spacecraft since the orbital planes of the two spacecraft should
coincide. Orbital planes can be adjusted by changipgthe launch
azimuth of the second spacecraft. If Apollo is launched first
then the launch azimuth, if necessary, will have to be changed
by Soyuz and this is not admissible. Soyuz insertion zone corres-
pondsto the populated territory of the Soviet Union. Since the
launch vehicle stages are jettisoned onto the Earth the location
of populated areas should be carefully considered when choosing
the launch azimuth and insertion program.
According to the adopted profile Soyuz is launched first
and Apollo will have to make the necessary correction of the ac-
tive portion which is admissible since Apollo has its insertion
zone over the ocean. Following the first spacecraft orbit insert-
ion there can arise a necessity to postpone the second space-
craft launch, - this was also considered when choosing the space-
craft launch sequence.
With the Soyuz launched first the Apollo launch delay
would only better the Apollo splash - down conditions. If Apollo
is launched first the Soyuz launch date shift would worsen its
landing conditions. The above-mentioned and some other consider-
ations determined the preferred launch sequence fOD the space-
craft.
- 85 -
Launch windows
- 86 -
The discussion of this problem resulted in a compromise
decision based on the following moderated constraints of both
sides:
1) Soyuz launch windows for the period from March, 1
through October,1 are detennined so as to ensure the nominal land-
ing in the 3d orbit of the nominal and reserve landing days; for
the other periods- in the 2nd daily orbit.
-------------~--~-~~--------------------------~-------
-------------
Launch date July, July, August, AUgUst, Sept. , Sept.,
1 15 1 15 1 15
Nominal launch
time and lower
limit of the
launch window 15.34 15.20 14.58 14.30 13.59 13.28
- 87 -
launch time was determined so as to provide the landing.condi-
tions for a second Soyuz, if it has to be used.
Assembly orbit
An assembly orbit is an orbit of an Artificial Earth
Satellite (AES), an orbit of the spacecraft docking. Assembly or-
bit parameters for the joint mission were determined with respect
to the mission tasks. spacecraft design capabilities and peculia-
rities. Thus these parameters were determined so as to ensure
such a mutual attitude of the spacecraft at the time of Apollo in-
sertion which is acceptable for their rendezvous.
- 88 -
During the flight the Soyuz '{rill perform several maneu-
vers. Their aim is to make up for errors which can occur during
the spacecraft insertion, to form a circular assembly orbit for
Soyuz and Apollo docking and to ensure such a mutual attitude of
the spacecraft at the time of Apollo insertion which is necessa-
ry for rendezvous. These maneuvers are performed either by the
Soyuz landing
First three orbits of every day (first daily orbits)
occur (due to the Earth rotation) approximately over the same
regions of the Soviet Union where the Soyuz landing must take
place, that is why these particular orbits are used for the
spacecraft deorbiting. If necessary the Soyuz landing may be per-
formed in the first daily orbits of the following (reserve) day.
- 89 -
performed and during the first and second days of the flight
(which correspond to 4th and 17th orbit), a circular assembly
orbit with an altitude of 225 km will be established.
The Soyuz crew will reduce the pressure in the living
modules to 520 mm Hg, verify radio and TV communication and con-
duct the planned scientific experiments.
The sequence of main flight operations and crew acti-
vities is given below.
- 90 -
Orbit GET Main events
- 91 -
-~~-----------------------------------------------------~-----------
Orbit GET Main events
- 92 -
The sequence of Soyuz main flight operations and crew
activities is given below:
- 93 -
------------------,---------------------------~------- ---------------
Orbit GET Main events
- 94 -
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Orbit GET Main events
- 95 -
6. Separation of Soyuz and Apollo.
Spacecraft rendezvous
The crew of Soyuz ana Apollo perform maneuvers to bring
the spacecraft (they are in different orbits) as near as 30-50 m,
they also establish spacecraft to spacec~dft radio communication
and check all the systems involved in it.
- 96 -
Approach and docking phase
Apollo approach to the Soyuz (Soyuz is in the inertial ori-
entation mode), spacecraft contact, as well as rigid coupling
of two spacecraft and docking interface sealing are performed
during this phase.
Revo-
lution GET Main events
Revo-
lution GET Main events
- 97 -
Revo-
lution GET Main events
- 99 -
Revo-
lution GET Main events
- 100 -
Revo-
lution GET Main events
- 101 -
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Revo- GET Main events
lution
63 91:45- Breakfast
-92:45
95:42:05 Undocking
- 102 -
Revo-
lution GET Main events
97 :25- Dinner
-98:10
67 98:35 Cosmonauts return into DV
99: 06-
Final undock1ng
-99:08
..
- 10, -
Phase of the joint e;Eeriments during the separate
flight of the spacecraft
Revo-
lution GET Main events
99:20 TV coverage
- 105 -
Designations
"APOLLO" "SOYUZ"
'-1
,
Tunnell~ r Tunnel 2
Hatch 1 Hatch 5
-106-
The first transfer
Open hatch 2
AC and DP trans-
2. fer into DM
Close hatch 2
.'OM pressurization
3. to 490 mm Hg
(astronauts)
520
-107-
OM - tunnel 2
pressure equali
zation (cosmonauts)
4.
280 520
Open hatch 4
(cosmonauts)
5.
OM - Souyz pres-
sure equalization
6. Open hatch 3
(astronauts)
AC and OP transfer
into Souyz
-108-
AC and OP trans-
fer into OM
7.
Close hatch 3
(astronauts)
8.
Close hatch 4
(astronauts)
Tunnel 2 depressu-
rization to 260 mm Hg
9. DM depressuriza-
tion to 280 mm Hg
and OM oxygen
pu rge (astronauts)
260 520
--109-
Open hatch 2
Second transfer
CP transfer into
Soyuz
SC transfer into
Apollo
-110-
The third transfer
SC and AC transfer
into Souyz
--111-
The fourth transfer
FE transfer Into
Soyuz
AC transfer into
Apollo
-112-
( ( (
Television TV TV TV TV
Apollo
comman- AC and DP remove CM/mr hatch ~~
m
1
I AC and DP transfer in-I
[
~~
dar and activate DM systems; trans- to eM. Initiate fur- I Sleep
CAC) . period
.--.. fer into OM with equipment -PO
rt.l nace system expen- (8 hours
l!'\
~
Docking
module
..
Lt"I
.-
Prepare for the transfer to the
Soyuz.
Pol
1=10
+'>
I mente Pre sleep sys-
~
0
pilot (DP) Lt"I
-..-;
'"ds:l
s:l'r-l
(ljH
terns check
0 ~
.,-4 I~~
...-l
...-l Command .!>:l
0 ()
Po module 0
OF performs solar orientation ~
< pilot (CP) A Eat period I Presleep systems checkl
, , 1
T
I
Ground elap sed 52:00 53:00 ' I
54:00 55 ;'00 56:00 57:00 58:00 59 :'00
time. Apollo
reVolution I I
I Rev.. 3q ~v.31 I IRev.3~ rRev.33 Rbvo34
.....
~
\.oJ
18.7.75
Orbit I Orb. 47 I I Orb. 4 8 1 I Orb. 49 I l 0rb 50 I I Orb. 51! 10rb. 52
GET 67:00 ! 68:00 69 :~O I 70:00
I
71:00 72:00
.I 73:00
. I 74:00 75:~0 r
so
SC and FE postsleep systems
~I
H FE and CP joint activity Lilllch
"CI v
0
r-! check. Breakfast ~
r-.- I:l
VOl
AM ~
;:j +>
FE 0.0
<D.q 0
<D
r-lCO
ro-..- \/
'LV 'L"l TV TV TV TV
CP trans~\
Pi
CF transfer
~
(1) 02
<D P-l S fer into I into Soyuz
CP r-l
{,':I
I A (l)
+>
0
~
I o-
~
m
t>,
Ol
H
v
Poi
I 1m \
, ,
r
169: 00 01
~ 7 2: 00
0
.
73:00 I 74:00 75: 0 p
GET
I 71 :00 0
( (
'"
( ( ('
18.7.75
Orbit
10rb. 53 I I Orb. 55 I j Orb. 57 I 8
GET 76:00
I
I 77:00
1
79 : 00
I' 80: 00
1
82:.00 183:00
I f
m
~ I se se, FE t
to
~~
sa and AC joint acti vi ty. IViicrobi- SC and FE have supper
AC and and perform presleep Sleep period
+>~ a1 exchange experiment DP joint (8 hours)
f%l
!ii0 activity systems check
~~
+>
'Us4
r::ri
FE ctl~ aj~
~7
P-!<ll
~7
TV TV TV
ILI~ CF
~ g~ and FE DP and FE ~ to ,......,
AC ~ ~::s transfer transfer s4~ to
~i
AC and DP trans F-I
~ 0 into eM into nVl AG, DP and OP have ::s
1 10 o
If.l CP, DP and fer into CM supper and perform ~
(1)0 0
L,+> +> FE joint presleep systems co
r~ r:: s4 activity .......,
DP S::-ri 5=l-ri
a:I ro s:l0,-i check '"0
h~ F-I ctl o
)
~~
~ (l) or!
H
<ll
P.
Microbial exchange expe-
CF riment P.
(I)
<ll
.-l
{f]
~.~ 79:00 I
~
Rev. 76 :'00 I 77 : 00 78:00 80:00 81 :1 00 82 : 00 83:001 84:00
IRe~ ~481 ~
GET I
v.461 mev" L1. 7
.....
\Jl
19.7.75
Orbit lOrb. 63 I I Orb. b4 IOrb. 65 , Orb. bb I IOrb. 07 I I Orb. be> I
GET 91:00
I
92:00
"1
93:0~ I 94:00
I I
95:00
I
96: 00, I 97:00
, I 98:00
I ,I 99:00
,
~
to
~ Don spacesuit, ,-..,.
IbD
J
,
..
('\J
~~
..-1
8 cy
~
.r-(
ment .!:<: ,.!:<:l\
FE () 0
re shooting
g 0
~
0,
.g
co
"d
s:: Q)-r-! ~ ~
r-i
t'f.)
:::> ~-p
~ :::>
TV TV TV TV TV TV
..-.. I
AO Sleep period
(8 hours)
AC, DP and OP
perform post-
Orientation for undock
ing. Prepare for undoc -
H
0
G-l
N
..
lJ\
\0
Lunch. Orienta-
,-..,.
co
0
..
Orientation
for film
s::: CT\ tion for undock- CY'I
sleep systems ing. Artificial solar ,-..,. 0
'r-! J
0\ shooting.Per-
N .p ing J
DP
check and have
breakfast
eclipse experiment ~
..
If""\
ttl
-P
p
0
N
..
I'l\
0
.. f'onn ultravi-
olet absorp-
Q) 0'1
l~ ~p ~
()\
'-"
0'1
'" ....
~
'
tion experi-
bO O.r-! bO
~ ~ M s:: ment.Apollo
OP -r-!
~ ~g 14
:Q0
0
0 0'0
~
~0 0
departure
'0 HCO .g 'd (106:41)
s:::: <D..s:::: ~
:::> , P-l-P :::>
~
Rev. 92:00 9 .3: 0 0 94:00 95:'00 1'::16:00 97:00 98:'00
91':10
GET
~v.541
1
C'\
( ( (
4.6 Independent flight of Soyuz after the sEacecraft sepa-
ration
- 117 -
Orbit Get Main events
-------------------------------------------------------------------.
Orbit GET Main events
- 118 ..
Orbit GET Main events
-----------------------_._-..~ _,_._ .. _..
94 orbit Don pressure suits.
Crew transfer to DV.
Close hatch DV-OM
- 119 -
site and render the required aid to the cosmonauts.Planes,helicopter~
tists and underwater swimmers. The doctors of the rescue team will
be provided with the required medicaments and equipment which can
be used in the field under any weather conditions. During the des-
cent and after the landing the cosmonauts and the rescue team will
maintain the 2-way radiocommunication.
After the DV landing the cosmonauts will open the hatch
covers and prepare the containers with scientific equipment and
filming for transportation.
If necessary they may use the emergency kit which contains
the camp outfit, warm clothes, swimming means, communication means,
food, water etc. After the cosmonauts land and leave the DV they
doff pressure-suits and don their flight-suits. Containers with
scientific equipment and filming are handed to the specialists of
the rescue team. At the landing site the cosmonauts will be sub-
jected to the first postflight medical examination. In case the
DV splashes-down, the cosmonauts will stay in the DV till the ar-
rival of a rescue team. In this case the cosmonauts will doff
their pressure-suits, prepare the swimming means, communicate
with the rescue service and wait for arrival of one of its team~
- 120 -
5.0 Scientific experiments
The program of scientific experiments scheduled for Soyuz
mission provides for unilateral and j oint experiments.
- 121 -
Investigation of refraction and tr~~sparency of the upper
layers of the atmosphere
- 122 -
Photography of daytime and dusk horizon
- 123 -
Biological Experiments.
The biological experiments are conducted to study the effect
of weightlessness, space radiation and Earth's magnetic field on
the growth, development and heredity at different organisms. Pecu-
liar feature about these experiments is that they are conducted in
thermostats and the organisms develop mainly during the flight. To
make the organisms develop during the flight the cultures are placed
into the nutrient medium, the seeds ar~ wetted, the shoots and de-
veloping fish are fixed onboard the spacecraft.
~'[!herrnostatic control of a biological obj ect is provided by
"Micro-organisms Growth"
- 124 -
of the inoculation device under which an ampule with the micro-
organism culture is located. The cavity with the ampule in is con-
nected to special chambers filled with nutrient media containing
the indicator which changes its colour when effected by micro-or-
ganism wastes thus forming the visual growth boundary.
n Genetic experi"ment"
- 125 -
restructures will be studied. The effect of the spaceflight fac-
tors on radiosensitivity of the dry seeds of these species t the
frequency of embryonic and chlorophyllous mutations will be studied.
All these objects in the appropriate capsulas will be
also placed into one of the Biokats.
Along with the flight experiment a number of laboratories
in this country will also conduct control experiments maintaining
the same temperature conditions as in the "Biokatt! devices.
Following instructions from the MOC the scientists will
conduct experiments in the same manner as the cosmonauts will con-
duct theirs in the orbit.
- 126 -
5.2 JOi,t scientific exnerimenl;S
" 127"
during lasli d.ecades.
Total solar eclipse is a very rare phenomenon. So, total
solar eclipses may occur at the same geographical point, in average,
once in 300 years. The duration of the full phase of the eclipse
usually does not exceed 1-2 minutes. The total time of observations
performed during the whole history'of total solar eclipse observa-
tions using optical instruments does not exceed two hours. However,
the most important discoveries in astrophysics as well as in geophy-
sics were made based on these observations. Corona may be investi-
gated out of the eclipse, for example, in short-wave spectral range.
However, for some reasons it is impossible to get the total and re-
liable information using only these methods. The single way to con-
duct out-of-eclipse solar corona observations in visible part of
spectrum is to create artificial solar eclipse. This principle is
used as the basis for so called out-of-eclipoe coronograph. Artifi-
cial solar eclipse is realized in the device itself: the image of
solar disk is shut by non-transparent screen of larger diameter. As
the level of atmosphere background brightness is high under the
ground conditions, the observations of solar corona using these co-
ronographs are possible in close vicinity to the edge of solar disk
(the range not more than tenth parts of angular radius of the Sun).
At the same time the observations of corOna up to dozens of angular
radii are of great interest. In general, the observations out of
atmosphere should enable to perform this kind of observations. How-
ever, the installation of out-of-eclipse coronographs aboard the
spacecraft increase insignificantly the possibility for solar coro-
na to be studied in comparison to the ground conditions. Artifici-
al solar eclipse experiment provides more reliable conditions to stu-
dy solar corona. It is reached by eliminating the errors caused by
the light reflected from the Earth, effects of difraction on the
- 128 -
\ .
- 129 -
.. ,
- 130 -
wards the Sun (Apollo from the side of the Sun) and stabilized in
this position. Separation will be performed according to the sche-
dule. After undocking control systems of both spacecraft will keep
the initial orientation mode. The separation rate of the spacecraft
is to be approximately 1 meter pet second along the Sun-Apollo-So-
yuz line. When performing orbit translation both spacecraft will go
away along this line.
During the separation the Apollo spacecraft will occult
the Sun creating for Soyuz onboard observer the artificial solar
eclipse conditions. The separation will continue until the rela-
tive distance of 220 m is reached. At this distance angular dimen-
tiona of artificial "moon" (Apollo spacecraft)for Soyuz onboard
observer will be twice as great as dimensions of solar disk. When
the distance of 220 m is reached the direction of translational
motion along the Sun-Apollo-Soyuz line reverses in order to return
into position for redocking.
The experiment will be performed along the sunrise part
of the orbit to crossing the terminator in order to eliminate the
Earth induced illumination of the Soyuz hatch window and the part
of the Apollo spacecraft visible from the Soyuz. At this part of
orbit the Sun is raised for both spacecraft but there is night in
that part of the Earth where spacecraft flies at this time. A spe-
cial baffle installed on the Soyuz will provide additional protec-
tion from the dawn light for Soyuz hatch window. Scheme and sche-
dule for the experiment are given in figures.
During the artificial solar eclipse the photography of
solar corona and "atmosphere" around the Apollo will be performed
through the Soyuz docking hatch window. The photography will be
performed with the help of automatic photocamera with programmed
control unit. Photometrically calibrated highly sensitive film
- 131 -
will be used. Apollo crew will perform film-shooting of the Soyuz
spacecraft in order to receive data required to analize (after the
flight) conditions for Soyuz window occultation. This experiment
attempW to find coronal rays on the background of night sky, i.e.
when the Sun is eclipsed by the Earth. Additionally synchronous
ground-based observations of the Sun will be performed to determine
the interaction between the structure of the outer corona and ac-
tive features of the solar disk and limb.
- 132 -
( ( (
o~s ~
Spacecraft undocking.
~:~~-~
Spacecraft attitud
at the end The beginning of the experiment
--- (T 0+ 75 sec)
--- :;:
~
~
...............
,mud,
SPO<'ccaft a
at the moment
su nrise (To)
of
w
't
I
....
From the Sun
---
---
--
...-
--
...-
FIGURE 5.1 SOYUZ AND APOLLO ATTITUDES FOR "ARTIFICIAL SOLAR ECLIPSE EXPERIMENT"
Ultraviolet absorption experiment (F:ig,S~2)
- 134 -
installed in the DM of the Apollo. These signals are directed to-
wards the retroreflector installed on the Soyuz and returned back
to the spectrometer of the Apollo.
To eliminate Doppler effect during data taking period the
line-of-sight is to be perpendicular to the orbital velocity vec-
tor within solid angle of +15 0 The axis of solid angle is normal
to the velocity vector.
The measurements of the concentration of atmospheric spe-
cies around Soyuz spacecraft are taken to evaluate the effect of
"atmosphere" around spacecraft arising from the outgassing of the
compartments and attitude control thruster burn. These measurements
will be made while Soyuz flies along the Apollo track. Soyuz space-
craft is to be within the solid angle of a o with its axis direct-
ed along the orbital velocity vector.
The concentration of atmospheric species will be measured
at some designed distances between spacecrafts. The distances up
to 500 meters will be determined by accelerometers of the Apollo
spacecraft; for a separation distance gr~ater than 500 meters ra-
dio system will be required. This system will be used during rendez-
vous before spacecraft docking. The experiment will be conducted in
68-71 orbits, after final undocking of the two spacecraft. A cali-
bration of the device must be made by Apollo in darkness prior to
the first data measurement. The measurements of the concentration
will be made within +20 latitude of the equator, at nominal dis-
tances of 150, 500 and 1000 meters. The duration of each measure-
ment is up to 8 minutes. During measurements, Soyuz must be in the
orbi tal plane and Apollo will be oriented with i te longitudinal
axis towards Soyuz. The optical axis of the spectrometer will be
pointed at the retroreflector installed on Soyuz. Measurements of
- 135 -
I SOYUZ ORBIT ORIENTATION ~
APOLLO DEVICE 0 D The first measurement Apollo maneuver
CALIBRATION at a distance to take the second
START OF EXPERIMENT of 150 meters measurement
DAYLIGHT
END OF EXPERIMENT
DARKNESS
' I
4 h DOmin
I I I ij'
4h30min
I 1 I ~'r)
5hOOmin
l I'"
5h30min
~ I I"
6hOOmin
( l (
particles concentration around Soyuz will be taken at high latitu-
des, at a distance of 150 meters between the spacecrafts. The dura-
tion of measurements will be 5 minutes. The Apollo crew will be re-
quired to perform maneuvers to provide necessary orientation for
both spacecraft during the experiment.
- 131 -
tors is furnished with sealed protective cover, which is to be
opened just before the experiment initiation. The reliability for
the covers to be opened is checked out under ground conditions du-
ring independent tests and after retroreflector installation aboard
the Soyuz spacecraft.
Special measures must be supported to provide protection of
optical surfaces from external contamination.
Spectrometer assembly is installed on Apollo. It consists
of Ebert-Fastie spectrometer, telescope - the device for retroref-
lector tracking, light sources - for generation of resonance elec-
a
tromagnetic vibrations with the following wave-lengths: 1200 A;
o 0
1304 A and 1356 A; transmitting and receiving optics, electronics
unit.
- 138 -
ZONE-FOm~ING FUNGI EXPERIMENT
- 141 -
delivery (not more than 2 days) to the USSR and USA laboratories:
At the laboratory the specialists will analyse cosmonaut and as-
tronaut notes, pictures and the type of the returned fungi. There
will be also determined the number of rings, the time of their
formation, zone width and localization of deformed areas. Detec-
tors are removed, processed, analized using a microscope in order
to find particles tracks. Particles are identified by their charge
group and energy ranges. Local anomalies of zone-forming fungi
rhythm are checked against particle track co-ordinates. Relation-
ship between zone-forming rhythm anomaly and the values of parti-
cle charge and energy is analyzed. Similar investigations will be
performed using control devices (not flown). Extensive plating
will be done taking samples from unchanged and deformed ring sec-
tions. This is done to determine the possible changes in fungal
properties, inherited by subsequent fungi generations. The results ~
- 142 -
MICROBIAL EXCHANGE TEST
At present sufficient data are available which illu-
strate that man's prolonged presence in sealed compartments and
the effect of space flight factors on man's organism may result
in diseases caused by the representatives of the trown" man's mi-
croflora (automicroflora). The course of these diseases is simi-
lar to that of "autoinfection". This means that microorganisms
which Ithave lived peacefully" with the man -"host" earllier may
cause suppura tiva diseases, quinsy and other diseases ~
As a result of space flight factors the ability of a
man to resist invasion by microorganisms may decrease. Diseases
may be caused by the microorganisms contained on man's integu-
ments which are unharmful under usual conditions but in space
fl:i"ght they acquire Ilaggressi ve" (pathogenic) properties.
There are some other reasons of crew diseases in space
flight. The main reason is the transmission of infection by the
people which are the pathogenic microorganisms carrier (staphi-
10cocci, meningococci, pneumococci, etc.). But susceptibility
to these diseases may increase when infection resistance decrea-
ses. The mechnism of microbe transmission is the basis of the so
called "cross infection" which is being studied now in hospitals
and other medical offices.
At present "the cross infection" is considered to be
the main reason of crew infection diseases during the space
flight.
"Microbial Exchange Test" to be performed during the
joint Apollo and Soyuz space flight attempts to evaluate the
character and conditions of microbial exchange between crewmem-
bers and crews of bothspacecraft in space flight.
- 143 -
Organism infection resistance will be thoroughly stu-
died during preflight and postflight crew members' examinations
with regard to the fact that decrease in organism infection re-
sistance may cause diseases during the space flight.
The main objective of the experiment - to determine
the character and conditions of microbial exchange - will be
achieved by studying qualitative and quantitative composition
of the man's integuments and mucosa flora to be performed befo-
re, during and after flight. The detailed investigation of micro-
bial types and isolation of different microorganism species will
be performed to determine the peculiarity of different microor-
ganism exchange.
It was decided that USSR and USA specialists would stu-
dy different microbial groups in order to conduct investigation
more successfully. But both sides will study those microbial
groups in which they are especially interested at the present
stage of space investigation.
In addition to cosmonauts' and astronauts' microflora
microbial samples will be taken from all crew members and inner
surfaces of both spacecraft. This will allow to assess the role
of inner surfaces in microbial transfer under these specific
conditions. A specific device was designed for taking samples
from the different sites of the crew members' integuments and
from inner surfaces of Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft during the
flight. This device is also used for storage and delivery of
microflora samples to the Earth where the analysis of these
samples will be performed.
The device is a tube made of fluoroplastics with a
screwing sealed cap. The end of the tube,is a capillary which
- 144 -
is filled with specific maintenance fluid. A small cotton swab
is placed on the free end of the capillary. During the storage
the swab is continuously moistened with maintenance fluid con-
tained in the capillary. The tubes are placed into specific
cloth trays.
It was agreed that the USSR side would provide tubes
for investigations to be performed before, after and during the
flight.
The investigations have been already performed by USA
and USSR scientists to determine maintenance fluid composition
for different types of microorganisms. Maintenance fluid compo-
sition developed by the USSR side was chosen to maintain micro-
organisms sampled from crew members' integuments and from inner
surfaces of both spacecraft. Maintenance fluid composition de-
veloped by the USA side was chosen to maintain microorganisms
sampled from oral cavity and throat. All samples will be ana-
lysed at the laboratories of Moscow (USSR) and Houston (USA) in
the presence of scientific representatives of both sides. All
samples will be diVided and sent to the laboratories of both
sides to be studied there.
The results of "Microbial Exchange Test" will be do-
cumented as joint scientific works.
- 145 -
FURNACE SYST~g EXPERIMENT
In the near future the space will be not only the wide
field of research but it will be used for numerous technological
processes of production to be conducted.
Even at present the use in production process of such
natural space factors as ultrahigh vacuum and wightlessness is
of great interest for manUfacturing of metals and semiconducting
materials needed in some electronic, electric and instrument in-
dustries.
It presents great difficulties to create "space" vacuum
under earth conditions and we are not able to maintain weight-
lessness for SUfficiently long time. This is why it is impossible
to perform and investigate numerous "space" new materials produc-
tion processes of scientific and practical interest~
- 150 -
( ( (
SIS case
Ampoule 2
SIS pipe
I nsulat ion
Ampoule 3
......I
tTl Graphite
......
I Heater
Copper
Thermal insert
1000
800
600
400
I
.......
(Jl
N /0/ /
I /8, . /.//
200 /0>////
/.?://c/
/ ~/ // ./
<0 ///
Cartridges // / D...' Cartridges
transfer
to Apollo
o 0 0 ~;;;"<";;<)~~;;'''~////J////////////JO / / / ~ / / cccO
Furnace Furnace
~//c///
Cartridges
o transfer
to Soyuz
Loading the switch-on switch-off removal
furnace with
cartridges
o 2 4 6 8 lOT i me, h rs
_ _ _....
1----1',\ I I I I I I I I I I I II ...
( l
"
60
0 TELEVISION PLAN
6, f Onboard television
Onboard television transmission will be carried out in
accordance with the planned sequence of scenes to show activities
of the crew:
- preparation for and performance of docking of the So-
yuz and Apollo spacecraft;
- intervehicular transfer operations;
- joint activities (experiments, conversations etc.);
- docking/undocking tests;
- preparation for and undocking of the Soyuz and Apollo
spacecraft.
List, contents and time for the USSR ground based tele-
vision transmissions TED.
- 154 -
( ( (
Tabl~ 7. 1.
THE USSR ONBOARD TELEVISION TRANS1USSIONS DURING THE SOYUZ AND APOLLO
SPACECI~FT JOINT FLIGHT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
step .: Revo-: Ground :
lu- : elapsed: Index:
Scene .: Place,
: mission
:TV trans-:
. Contents
:tion : time
:hrs:min:
: : :TV
:
a:duration,:
camer: min :
1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 6 : 7 : 8
-_._----
1 34 48:50 TV-5 Soyuz crew ache dule d DV (TK-2) 9 min MOe co~nents on crew acti-
activities. vity.
48:56
......
Ul
\.n
2. 35 50:23 TV-5.1 Soyuz systems fami- DV (TK-2) 8 min se and FE co~nentson So-
liarization. yuz spacecraft systems.
50:29
3. 36 51:56 TV-3 General view of Apol- OM ('l'K-4) 9 min MOC comments on docking.
10. Soyuz crew com- DV (TK-2) se report on Apollo and
ments on docking pro- Soyuz spacecraft docking.
cess.
4. 37 53:29 TV-9 SOJ~z crew prepara- OM (TK-1) 5 min SO and PE cOI!l..' TIents on
tion for meeting. meeting preparation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 .
-----~-----~------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------
8
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1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 6 : 7 : 8
10. 49 71 : 17 rrv- '10.3 Joint activities in So- Old (TK-1) 5 min Familiarization of Dr' \"i th
yuz during the Dccond the So,yuz systems
transfer
11. 50 72:33 'l'V -10.4 Joint activities in CTii (tfK-1) 4 min FE comments on the Earth
72:38 Apollo during the se- 5 min observation
cond transfer
12. 51 74:06 TV-l0.5 Joint activities in So- OM (TK-1) 4 min "M.ixe dl' crew cOITLments. Oon-
74:11 yuz during the second 4 min versation at table. Heport
transfer on the space food
.....:.
\.11 13. 52 75:39 TV-11 Crewmen activity in So- 01'lT (TK-1 ) 4 min MCC comments on crewrnen
--3
yuz during the third acti vi ties
r
transfer. Hatch 4 open-
ing
14. 52 75:43 '1'V-11.1 Crew joint activity in 1)1-.'1 (1'K-3 ) 5 min ilICe comments on the SC
Apollo during the third transfer from uu to the
transfer Soyuz mil
1 2 3 4 5 6 ~ 7 8
16. 54 78:44 'l'V-11.3 Crewmen activities in ON (TK-l) 3 min Exchange of souvenir emb-
Soyuz during the third lems and tree seeds.
transfer
,r ,..., ("1.
comments on completion
F~.:..JV
OJ
93:27 Joyuz system check out 4- min of the cre\"! progrcun
19. 65 94:47 'llV -14. 1 Soyuz crew preparation O!',i (YK-1 ) 4 min l,lee comments on docking
94:59 for undocking DV (TK-2) 5 min preparation
~. ,
20. 00 96: 15 1
l V-14.2 He docl{ing OL'l (11K-4) 9 min comments on redocking
~>'ICC
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
------- -- ,----_._---~-~-----
21. 68 99:21 '1'V-1S.1 Cosmonauts report on re- DV ('l'K-2) 4 min ;..;c and
YL'~ corrlIuents on re-
99:26 suIts o~ the second un- 4 min suIts of the second un-
docktng clockine;
22. 69 100:53 'l'V -18 Cosmonauts activities DV ('l'K-2) 5 min sc comments on cornpletjJJIl
after unclocking of' the r)ror~ram
23. 70 1CO:26 TV-IS Cosmonauts activities DV ('1'K-2) 3 min FE c ornment:3 on lJI,T ttAVIGL;;'['
after unclockine AB.:..;O"iP']'IOU experiment per-
formed by Apollo.
\Jl
\.0
7.0 FLIGHT CONTROL. MAIN SUPPORTS: PURPOSE, FUNCTIONS AND
INTERACTION
Responsibility Assignment
- 160 -
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Voice channel
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I us Technical Seven voice channels
US Flight USSR Flight USSR Technical
Director Director Director Director
for ASTP for ASTP
Two teletype channels
! + -.
USSR team of US team of
US personnel Two TV-channels USSR personnel
special ists specialists
Information exchange
Information exchange between the two MOCs is accomplished
via the following communications lines: voice, TV, teletype and
facsimile.
Command/program, trajectory, telemetry a nd TV information
is exchanged between the MODs during the flight. Transmission of
schematics, facsimile and other graphic data is provided. A figure]!
below is a schematic of communications lines between the MCCs and
the two spacecraft.
If need be, either MOO can communicate with its space-
craft flying over the other side ground station after the communi-
cation is agreed upon with the other side. Voice link can be pro-
vided e1ther by remote keying from the MOC or through a designated
specialist in the other MCO after permission is granted.
Also, the two sides agreed to exchange air/ground voice
communication records.
- 162 -
craft and automatic vehicles of "Moon ll , "Venus" and lIMars ll type.
Also, the flight control is supported by the USSR ground stations
such as Djusali, Evpatoria, Ussuriysk, Ulhan-Ude, Kolpashevo, Tbi-
li8i, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy and research ships of the USSR Aca-
demy of Sciences in the Atlantic Ocean water areas and computation
centers of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
The MOO responsibilities during the flight are as follows:
- collect, process and analyze the information (telemetry,
traj ectory and TV) arriving from t he ground stations and
research ships through ground and satellite communica-
tion links;
- 163 -
The mission control center involves:
- computer complex;
- TV-equipment that provides reception and indication of
TV-information transmitted from the USSR space launch
area and the spacecraft, and also, indication of tele-
metry data and support team information on individual
display facilities;
- voice communication equipment that provides the MCC
personnel with all the necessary internal and external
communication links;
- display facilities for individual and collective use
to display all the necessary information to control
the flight.
Control room
The flight control is accomplished in the control room.
The personnel activities in the control room are directed by the
Shift Flight Director.
- 164 -
- cognizant specialist responsible for complex analysis
of onboard system operation;
- operator-cosmonaut who performs voice communication
events with the crew;
- Project Technical Director representative;
- trajectory specialist;
- cognizant specialist responsible for scientific expe-
riments;
- medical officer responsible for the crew-medical exami-
nation;
- MCC Shift Director and cognizant specialists responsible
for the MOO primary systems (communications, information/
computer complex, information display systems etc.).
- 165 -
vities by TV-communication link and listen to the crew/launch cont-
rol team voice exchange.
The central screen displays launch vehicle progress
throughout the period of orbit insertion.
Following the spacecraft separation from the launch ve-
hicle, the control room personnel monitor, via telemetry channels,
the spacecraft antenna and solar battery deployment, establish com-
munications lines to the spacecraft and start the onboard system
operation checkout.
The cycle of operation described below is followed.
When the spacecraft reaches the ground station-AOS (aqui-
sition of signal) (the spacecraft progress is displayed on the cen-
tral screen), transmission of command to the spacecraft is started
in accordance with the flight program. The personnel in the control
room monitor the command transmission a nd reception onboard the
spacecraft. The appropriate onboard system are switohed on. The
ground stations start reception and retransmission to the MCC of
all the telemetry and trajectory infonnation and also TV-retrans-
mission from the spacecraft. The telemetry and trajectory informa-
tion is automatically processed by the MCC computers and displayed
in the control room at the rate it is being received.
Cognizant system specialists thoroughly analyse the tele-
metry information, assess each onboard system status and operation,
and present the assessment results to the cognizant specialist res-
ponsible for the system complex analysis. Cognizant system specia-
lists can communicate with the support team whose stations are out-
side the control room, and consult the 18tter, if required, or get
additional information on the onboard system operation.
In case of deviations from the normal modes of onboard
- 166 -
system operation, the complex analysis specialist analyses the
effect of the failure on each system, prepares his proposals to
eliminate the failures and correct the scheduled modes of onboard
system operation, and informs the Shift Flight Director of these
proposals.
The medical officer responsible for the crew medical exa-
mination thoroughly analyses the biotelemetric data, evaluates the
crew physical condition and informs the Shift Flight Director of
the results.
As trajectory information is processed and orbit parame-
ters determined by the computers, the trajectory data are automa-
tically displayed on the alphanumeric board in the control room.
The trajectory specialist in the control room can commu-
nicate with the trajectory support team.
In flight the operator-cosmonaut performs voice exchange
wi th the crew.
The specialist responsible for the ground station network
monitors the station operation, informs the Shift Flight Director
if deviations from the scheduled program are observed, and takes
appropriate action to eliminate the deviations. He can directly
communicate with the ground station personnel.
The Shift MOC Director monitors the MOO support teams ac-
tivities and also informs the Shift Flight Director of any devia-
tion, and takes appropriate action to eliminate the deviatiohs.
The Shift Flight Director summarizes all the information
and comes to a decision with regard to the progress of the flight.
If no devia tiona in the ground and onboard systems ope-
ration were observed, permission is released to proceed with the
nominal program.
- 167 -
If program correction is required, this is accomplished
by the specialist responsible for the program time-line.
Corrective actions can be taken during both the current
and the sUbsequent events. The spacecraft model and the cosmonaut
complex simulator can be utilized, if required, for failure iden-
tification and corrective action verification.
The worked out decisions are implemented by Mee transmitt-
ing radio commands to onboard systems and radio message to the crew.
During Apollo/Soyuz joint flight a consultative team of
US specialists will support the flight from the USSR mission cont-
rol center by providing (1) consultations for the USSR Flight Di-
rector on technical questions pertinent to the US spacecraft and
(2) communication with the Apollo crew in the USSR ground station
AOS, if required.
The consultative team is stationed in a special room (near
the control room) equipped with standard panels and facilities,and
provided with all the necessary data pertinent to the Soyuz space-
craft.
The US specialists in the MCC-M can communicate with the
MCC-H at any time through voice and teletype channels or transmit/
receive the necessary data by facsimile.
- 168 -
- provide information and computation data for the per-
sonnel in the control room to use it as a base in making
decisions with regard to the flight program;
- 170 -
Search and Rescue Facilities Representatives
- communicate with SRF management;
- provide information on search status for Flight Direc-
tor and display facilities.
- 171 -
Voice cornmunication equipment provides the MCC with hund-
reds of voice and TLG communication lines to support the flight
controL
Some of voice communication lines provide numerical data
exchange between the MCC and grou~d stations, launch pad, simula-
tion facilities, backup control centers and other users.
Other voice communication lines provide efficient command
communication between the Mee personnel and the crews, ground sta-
tions and other facilities supporting flight control.
Voice communication lines connect the MCC-H and the MCC-M
(eleven voice communication lines,two of these having both voice and
facsimile capabilities; two teletype communication lines and two
TV-channels)
- 173 -
is necessary for the MCC personnel, the Soyuz crews, the mock-up
and simulator complex and the ground support complex to perform
additional joint training sequence. Objectives of these addi-
tional trainings are as follows:
- familiarization of the USSR and US specialists with the
USSR and US MCCs and these MCCs peculiar features;
- examination by the USSR and US specialists of the Soyuz
and Apollo systems and these systems functioning during
the joint flight;
- all the communications lines functioning checkout, the
MCC-M/MCC-H information exchange procedure checkout;
- the MCCs operation cyclogram training;
- training in finding ways out of potential contingencies
introduced by the flight trainers with the crew safety
provided.
- 114 -
8.0 CREWS TRAINING
- 175 -
The complex simulator comprises Soyuz descent vehicle
and Soyuz orbital module.
During practical studies crewmen tried on flight suits
and mastered their work stations in mock-ups and in the space-
craft, and also operated with scientific and photography equip-
ment.
To purpose of ~dical training was to strengthen cos-
monauts' resistance to some space factors (g-load, isolation,en-
vironment limited area, gas atmosphere and so on).
This included centrifugal and vestibular training, alti-
tude chamber training with pressure and gas atmosphere increased
and reduced similar to actual flight modes, as well as periodical
medical examinations.
Physical training was aimed at maintaining cosmonauts'
excellent state and physical readiness through generally streng-
thening and special exercises.
- 176 -
- crews familiarization with Apollo spacecraft and with
two Soyuz spacecraft;
- cosmonauts' study of the English language and astrona-
uts' stUdy of Russian as well as study of American and
Soviet space terminology.
- 177 -
- 178 -
9 ~ 1~ TnfoY'l:Jntion on H:e ::"'CYT'.Z c:r'ev:s
- 179 -
Perm, Ust-na-Labe (Czechoslovakie), Altenburg (GDR), Houston (USA).
A,A.Leonov has a passion for painting. Me is a member of
USSR painter's union. His paintings were exhibited in LIoscow, Orel,
Simferopol, Bratislava, Prague, ottawa, Helsinki and in the Bjenal
annual show. Ueia also keen in filming, hunting, \'vater skiing, track
and field athletics, parachute sport.
- 180 -
candidate's degree in science. He is an author of a nUiuber of
papers on computation of flight vehicle motion.
In 1966 V.Kubasov was named to cosmonaut corps. He tUldcr-
went a comprehen3ive flight preparation program. In 1968 he joined
the CPSU. In January 1969 V.Kubasov was cosmonaut -CeLiseev1s back up
for Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5 flight. In October,1969 he vms flight-en,zi-
neer for the 00yuz-6 mission (the spacecraft corrwander - Georgiy
Shonin). During the flight along with a number of other scientific
experiments the first metal-welding experiment was conducted.
V.Kubasov is an honorary citizen of towns: Karaganda,
KalU#;a, Vladimir, Vyazniki, Houston.
- 181 -
~econd Crew~
- 182 -
A. Filipchenko is an ardent sportsman and a shooter, he is fond
of hunting and alxGo-tourifjm.
- 184 -
The Third Crew.
- 185 -
as a chief of the scientific-technical information department.
In 1969 he joined the CPSU. In 1970 he was named to cos-
monaut corps. Boris Dmitrievich is a good skier, bycycle-driver, he
likes hiking~ He is also a good car drivero
- 186 -
.
- 187 -
.
- 188 -
ASTP ORGANIZATION SCHEME
- 190 -
( ( (
of' Socialist J.Jabour, covernment an(l Lenin prizes, t'i,ro Orders of I.Jenin and
1\S the USSH Technical Director for AST2 he "vas respom;ible for the
(. (. (
( ( (
I---'
awarded the title of Hero of" the Soviet Union and eot Order of llenin and
'.0
+:- other orders of the USSR and other countries.
Under his supervision the 'iuections of .j oint,niry,jon control v18re
agree d, the TJ3SH rICe persormel trainin.z Vias l'erforme d.
( ( (
(' ( (
..
1-1 V. Timchenko is USSR Deputy Director for ASTP and ','lorking group 1
\.0
\J1
chairman. In his capacity he vva.s in charge of que stions on the mission pur-
I
pose a.nd task definition, the Soyuz spacecra.ft modification program and
mission trajectory support development.
Victor TBGOS'L..\.:.V - dOll'C! i'l(;. G~~C'UP 2 CIll1Lc'L'lX
:-iisher Technical School. In 1959 he dei'cnded his thesis and e<:l,rned a can-
Under his 8upervj_sion for A,YFP there vrere developed procedures and
craft acquisition, guidance and approach. Dyn8mic calcul9.tions o:f the Soyuz
control system durins approach livere perfo:rmed, and COD(Etions i'or these Ope-
.
<. ( (, a
( ( (
..
I-i
of Honour in 1961.
\.C
cc Undr his supervision for ASTP radio communication network between
I
the spacecraft and the ground 'il'aS de te rmine d, radiocommunica tion and rang-
ing systems compatibility te sting were performe d, spacecraft radio fre quen-
cy compatibility was verified, the possibility of Soyuz/Apollo TV and audio
coverage when crews' visiting the other spacecraft was provided, pyro de-
vices safety testing was performed.
( l (
( (
(
- 2UO -
AGREEMENT
Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics concerning cooperation in the exploration and
use of outer space for peaceful purposes,
The United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socia-
list Republics,
Considering the role which the USA and the USSR pJay in the
exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes,
Striving for a further expansion of cooperation between the
USA and the USSR in the exploration and use of outer space for
- 201-
1'\ .
Art
-_. i c 1 e
_._-~_.,-.~"-.,,...-
1
Art i c 1 e
~ ~ 2
_ _,,__"-"A""_
Art i c I e J
l1'he parties have agreed to carry out projects for developing
compatible rendezvous and docking systems of United States and ;30-
viet manned spacecraft and stations, in order to enhance the safety
of manned flight in space and to provide the opportunity for c 0 n-
- ?l)(~ -
d u c tin g joint scientific experiments in the future. It is
Jl r tic l_~~_~4
I, r~t L c__.-1__e__..2.
f['he parties may by mutual agreement determine other areas of
Article 6
Ifhis a[;reement shall enter into force upon signature and shall
remain in force for five years. It may be modified or extended by
- 203
Done at Moscow on the 24th of May, 1972, in duplicate in the
English and Russian languages, each equally authentic.
For the United states of America
Richard Nixon
Aleksei N.Kosygin
- 2U4 -