Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73

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Journal of Manufacturing Processes

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Review

Role of textured tool in improving machining performance: A review T

⁎
Priya Ranjan, Somashekhar S. Hiremath
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Machining is basically defined as a process of gradual material removal used to finish materials of desired surface
Turning finish and dimensional accuracy. For achieving the desired surface finish and dimensional accuracy every ma-
Textured tool chining operation faces several difficulties such as localization of heat in the cutting zone resulting in various
Rake surface problems such as tool wear, increase in surface roughness, etc. So in order to overcome these problems the most
Flank surface
common technique is to use cutting fluids. Cutting fluids are generally used for cooling and lubricating the
Tribology
machining zone. But there are various environmental constraints on the use of cutting fluids during the ma-
Friction
Cutting force chining. As the continuous use of these cutting fluids have an adverse effect on human health and environment.
Tool wear Therefore it becomes very essential to go for some new technique which can either reduce the use of lubricants
or completely avoid them. Thus surface texturing proved to be one of the promising techniques which helped in
the improvement of tribological properties of textured tools. The surface textures have different geometrical size,
shape and are generally created either on the flank surface or on the rake surface of the cutting tool. The quality
of texture greatly depends on the manufacturing processes which have been used. Thus it becomes very essential
to have a complete understanding of the associated parameters of any process. The basic mechanisms in the
improvement of tribological properties are debris entrapment, reduction in contact length and improvement in
lubrication capacity, which finally helps in improvement in reducing the cutting forces, tool wear and surface
roughness of the work material.
The current article presents an extensive literature survey carried out on the different aspects of textured
cutting tools in machining processes – turning, drilling and milling. It includes the different techniques used in
creating these textures on cutting tool, experimental setups, the mechanism how textured tool is performing
better than conventional tool, different modelling and simulation techniques used and the effect of these textures
on improvement in surface finish, reducing cutting forces, tool wear, friction and cutting temperature.

1. Introduction
With the continuous development in materials sector, many new
kinds of materials are existing in the market each has extraordinary
properties like high hardness, high strength and these materials are
extensively used in today's modern industries. But when it comes to
machine these materials, it becomes a challenge as these materials are
generally having very less thermal conductivity, due to which the
temperature in the cutting zone becomes very high causing the rapid
tool wear which finally hampers the tool life. One option for reducing
the tool wear is by using cutting fluids. The cutting fluids diminish the
friction between the chip–tool interface which in turn reduces the
temperature and also helps in improvement of tool life. These cutting
fluids acts as a coolant and lubricant and also helps in carrying away
the debris which have been formed during machining as detailed in
literature [1]. But with the continuous use of these cutting fluids have

Abbreviations: AFM, atomic force microscope; SEM, scanning electron microscope; EDM, Electric Discharge Machining; R-EDM, Reverse-Electric Discharge
Machining; MRR, material removal rate; DOC, depth of Cut; ECM, Electro Chemical Machining; HSS, High Speed Steel; AWJM, abrasive water jet machining; FIB,
focussed ion beam machining; VMT, vibro mechanical texturing; MPS, micro positioning stage; LST, laser surface texturing; ND, neutral density; PDMS, poly-
dimethylsiloxane; PMMA, polymethyl methacrylate; HAZ, heat affected zone; MR, magnetorheological; NMAP, non-magnetic abrasive particle; CIP, carbonyl iron
particle; EDX, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; Si3N4, silicon nitride; TiC, titanium carbide; Al2O3, aluminium oxide; TiCN, titanium carbo-nitride; TiN, titanium
nitride; TiAlN, titanium aluminium nitride; WS2, tungsten disulphide; CVD, chemical vapour deposition; PVD, physical vapour deposition; Nd:YAG, neodymium-
doped yttrium aluminium garnet; AlCrN, aluminium chromium nitride; MQL, minimum quantity lubrication; MoS2, molybdenum disulphide; CaF2, calcium fluoride;
LN2, liquid nitrogen; WC, tungsten carbide; PCD, polycrystalline diamond; FEM, finite element modelling; Nd:YVO4, neodymium-doped yttrium orthovandate; BUE,
built up edge
⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: somashekhar@iitm.ac.in (S.S. Hiremath).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.04.011
Received 28 November 2018; Received in revised form 18 March 2019; Accepted 18 April 2019
Available online 17 May 2019
1526-6125/ © 2019 The Society of Manufacturing Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
Fig. 1. Classification of research paper.
adverse effects on the environment and to human health. Most of the
cutting fluids contain harmful chemicals which cause various kinds of
skin and lung diseases such as dermatitis as detailed in literature [2].
Also, disposing of these cutting fluids is very difficult and cost of re-
cycling is very high. According to the report of National Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) it has been observed that over
1 million workers are under the influence of toxicology effects caused
by cutting fluids as studied in literature [3]. Because of these negative
effects and stringent environmental policies, now the research has been
more focussed towards minimalizing the application of lubricant or
completely avoiding them in machining processes as detailed in lit-
erature [4].
Hence the concept of dry machining becomes very popular in recent
years. Dry machining is nothing but machining in absence of cutting
fluids. It is an eco-friendly process which does not cause any water or
air pollution. It has many advantages such as non-polluting, non-in-
jurious and no any disposal problem as stated in literatures [5–8]. Also,
it helps in increasing the productivity by eliminating the unnecessary
machining steps as detailed in literature [9]. At the same time dry
machining has some drawbacks i.e. there is more friction and adhesion
between the interfaces of tool and the work material which increases
the temperature and finally cause the reduction in life of the cutting
tool as stated in literatures [10–12]. Various kinds of tool wear which
take place during the dry machining are plastic deformation, abrasion
wear, and adhesion wear as stated in literature [13]. Due to various
wear mechanisms both the material removal rate and surface integrity
of the finished components are affected as detailed in the paper [14].
The above said problems in dry machining can be overcome by
many sustainable techniques in manufacturing such as development of
new cutting tool materials, surface texturing, improvement in tool
geometry and application of coatings.
Of all available methods, surface texturing is one of the promising
methods as this method allows environmental friendly machining by
improving the tribological characteristics. Hutchings et al. [15] defined
tribology as a science to study about the interacting surfaces which are
in relative motion in order to study the properties like friction, wear
and lubrication. Generation of surface textures in micro scale range on
cutting tools helps in improving the lubrication capacity and reduction
in adhesion and an observable amount of improvement in tribological
properties has been observed as detailed in the literatures [16–31].
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Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73
Thus texturing of cutting tool surfaces is one of the methods which
helps in improving the friction and lubrication between the chip–tool
interface. Surface texture helps in reducing the coefficient of friction by
decreasing the contact length between the chip–tool interfaces as de-
tailed in the literature [32–36]. Blatter et al. [37] and Costa et al. [38]
have stated that textured surfaces reduces the friction between the
chip–tool interfaces since the debris produced from the wear gets
trapped in the textured surfaces and thus helps in minimizing the
ploughing component of friction at the tool–chip interface. The current
paper intends to highlight a comparative analysis and effect between a
textured cutting tool and a conventional tool in metal cutting applica-
tions. If these textured tools are implemented in the manufacturing
process, it reduces the friction and wear which results in improvement
of energy efficiency and product life which ultimately helps us in saving
both raw materials and fuel as detailed in the literature [39]. An ex-
tensive literature survey has been carried out and listed below.
2. Structure of this paper
This section contains a detailed review on literature pertaining to
texturing of cutting tools. It basically contains the different techniques
which have been used to create textured surfaces on the cutting tools.
The different techniques involves the thermal energy based micro-ma-
chining, mechanical micromachining, electro chemical micro-
machining, etc. It contains the different mechanisms involved in per-
formance enhancement using textured tools, the effects of these
textures on input/output characteristics of machining and the adverse
effect of texturing on performance of cutting tool. After discussing the
mechanism of performance enhancement, the paper contains the details
of different experimental setups along with their basic components such
as various work materials, tool materials, tool coatings, lubricants and
cutting parameters. The paper also contains the various modelling and
simulation techniques used in improving the machining performances
such as theoretical modelling, numerical modelling and computational
modelling. Finally the paper is focussed on the work which needs to be
focussed in future for further understanding the mechanism and im-
proving the machining performances. The detailed classification of the
research paper has been shown in Fig. 1. The next section gives the
details of the various techniques which have been used in order to
generate textures on the cutting tools.
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
3. Different techniques used to create textures
Various techniques have been used to generate texture on the tool
surface which varies from thermal energy micro-machining techniques
to mechanical micro-machining techniques to electro chemical ma-
chining technique and finally the micro/nano finishing technique. Here
only those techniques which have been used in the past decades for
investigating the tribological properties of the textured surfaces have
been included. Various authors have used thermal energy micro-
machining techniques such as Laser Surface Texturing, Electro
Discharge Machining and Focussed Ion Beam Machining to create tex-
tures of various sizes and shapes on the surface of cutting tools. Some of
the authors have used mechanical micro-machining techniques such as
Abrasive Water Jet Machining, Micro Grinding, Micro Abrasive
Blasting, Vibro Mechanical Texturing and Hardness Tester to create
surface textures either on the rake surface or the flank surface of the
cutting tools. Some authors have used Electro Chemical Machining
technique as it does not produce any thermal or mechanical damage on
the work material. Some authors have used Micro/Nano finishing
technique such as Magnetorheological fluid based nano-texturing to
create nano-level textures on the cutting tools and one of the ad-
vantages of this technique is that it can be used for both ferromagnetic
and non-ferromagnetic materials. Some of the authors have also used
Metal Forming techniques such as Micro Casting to create micro-level
textures as this process is fast and loss of material during the creation of
textures is very less. The shape of the textures generated using the
different techniques mentioned above were measured using various
instruments such as Atomic force microscope (AFM), Scanning electron
microscope (SEM), Optical microscope, profilometer and Stereo mi-
croscope. Fig. 2 shows the classification of different techniques used in
creating the texture. The next section will provide the detailed analysis
of each of the various texture generation techniques along with their
advantages and disadvantages.
3.1. Electro Discharge Machining
Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) is a thermal machining process
in which a required shape of the object can be obtained as a mirror
image of the tool. The removal of material takes place through melting
and vaporization of the workpiece material at the point of discharge as
detailed in literature [40]. Micro EDM works on the same principle as
that of EDM. The system contains a servo mechanism which has high
Fig. 2. Classification of different texture generation techniques.
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Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73
sensitivity and positional accuracy of +0.5 μm as detailed in literature
[41]. Raju et al. [40] developed a micro EDM setup which consists of a
copper wire of diameter ranging between 300 and 800 μm as tool
electrode to machine copper plate using a piezoactuator for controlling
the feed motion of tool, transistor based circuit for pulse generation and
deionised water as the dielectric fluid. The schematic diagram of micro
EDM is shown in Fig. 3. The main advantage of micro EDM is its ability
to produce stress-free cavities of micro size on both semiconducting and
conducting materials. It also requires low specific energy for material
removal as a result of which the efficiency of the process is higher as
stated in literature [42]. Michel et al. [43] used micro EDM to fabricate
several micro-components like micro inserts, micro moulds, etc.
However, there are also some disadvantages of this process such as
low material removal rate, because of which there is a restriction on the
size of the work material. Also, it has the inability to control the shape
and size of work material because the tool is not in direct contact with
the work material as stated in the literature [44]. Jianxin et al. [12]
created micro holes on the flank face and rake face of the cemented
carbide insert using micro-EDM to study the effects of micro-holes on
tool wear, friction coefficient and cutting forces. Wenlong et al. [45]
created micro holes on the rake surface of carbide tool using micro-
EDM to analyse the average friction coefficient, tool wear and cutting
forces and witnessed an improvement in the machinability of the cut-
ting tool. Talla et al. [46] used reverse electric discharge machining (R-
EDM) to fabricate an arrayed structure on mild steel using copper as the
tool electrode. They investigated the influence of control variables such
as flushing pressure, pulse on time and peak current on the response
characteristics such as Material Removal Rate (MRR), micro-hardness
and cylindricity error. The authors analysed that the peak current was
the most important parameter affecting the (MRR), surface roughness
and taperness. Koshy et al. [47] created continuous texture with over-
lapping craters (areal) and linear texture which comprises of series of
grooves using sink EDM on the rake surface of the cutting tool using
copper electrode with an average gap voltage of 100 V, discharge cur-
rent of 72 A and on time of 133 μs. The authors observed that areal
texture performed better in comparison to linear texture in the reduc-
tion of the machining forces.
Kim et al. [9] created parallel ridges on the rake surface of tool in
the actual direction of chip flow using EDM to study the effects of the
textured tool on the main cutting forces in comparison to the non-tex-
tured tool. Kim et al. [48] created a linear pattern on the rake face of
the cBN tool using a micro size tool of diameter 90 μm through micro
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of Micro EDM [40].
Fig. 4. Shape of linear texture created using Micro EDM [48].
EDM. But one of the problems with this machining process was the
amount of tool wear. Due the tool wear, the created surface texture was
not flat but inclined. So in order to minimize this problem the authors
created a linear pattern by removing the material layer by layer by
maintaining the depth of the removed layer minimum. Thus a linear
texture of depth = 50 μm and width = 110 μm was created on the cBN
tool as shown in Fig. 4. They observed the effect of micro-textured tool
on the cutting forces, coefficient of friction and tool wear. Arulk-
irubakran et al. [49] created linear texture in parallel, perpendicular
and cross texture on the rake surface of cemented carbide insert using
the wire cut EDM process. They authors observed that the machin-
ability of Ti–6Al–4V can be enhanced using perpendicular direction
micro textured tool and a maximum reduction in cutting forces was
observed using the perpendicular textured tool.
3.2. Electro Chemical Micro-Machining
Electro Chemical Machining (ECM) is the reverse of electroplating,
and material removal takes place through the anodic dissolution of the
workpiece. It is based on electrolysis in which metals are liberated atom
by atom from the workpiece. Faraday's law of electrolysis is the gov-
erning principle of micro ECM, and the shape of the workpiece is ap-
proximately the mirror image of the micro-tool with an inter-electrode
gap of around 10–30 μm as detailed in the book [50]. In micro ECM
ultra-short pulse voltages are used to machine the work materials, but
for improving the machining resolution, proper machining conditions
should be selected such as pulse on time and electrolyte as stated in
literature [51,52]. Micro ECM is better in comparison to other processes
because it does not produce any thermal or mechanical damage, no
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Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73
burrs and debris because in this method metals are dissolved electro-
chemically as a result of which surface finish is excellent.
But the drawback with this process is that the rate of material re-
moval is very slow and thus for increasing the productivity usage of
tools in the batch was introduced in literature (Park et al. [53]). Byun
et al. [54] created micro dimples on AISI 440C using micro ECM with
the pulse on time of 2 μs and nominal machining time of 10 s to study
the effect of the micro-dimples on the coefficient of friction. Fig. 5(a)
shows the schematic setup of micro ECM which basically consists of
brass as the tool electrode having the diameter of 250 μm and AISI 440C
as the work material with Sodium Nitrate as the electrolyte. The side
walls of the tool was insulated with diluted enamel in order to avoid the
overcut and Fig. 5(b) shows the shape of micro dimples created on the
surface of AISI 440C using the above mentioned technique. Quian et al.
[55] created textured surface by through-mask micro ECM. They in-
vestigated the effect of the auxiliary anode in reducing the lateral un-
dercutting and thus improving the localization of surface textures and it
was found that the machining localization could be improved by using
auxiliary anode. Patel et al. [56] used micro ECM to create three dif-
ferent kinds of micro features such as circular micro channels, linear
micro channels and micro dimples on the cylindrical surface of the
hypodermic needle for studying the effect of the insertion force using a
textured and non-textured needle.
3.3. Micro grinding
Micro grinding is very similar to conventional grinding, but it falls
into the category of micromachining because of the size effects such as
edge radius of tool and minimum thickness of chip. Mahabunphachai
et al. [57], Heinzel et al. [58] and Hwang et al. [59] described the size
effect as an increase in specific energy at low Depth of Cut (DOC) and
feed rate. It is better in comparison to other mechanical micro-
machining methods because of lesser burr formation as stated in lit-
erature [60]. Stepien et al. [61] used a method called pattern grinding
to create texture on the surface of hard steel by using a distinct grinding
wheel whose surface has been shaped at micro level in the fixed pattern
however the aspect ratio which can be maintained is only 0.01 (micro
array height/interval). The objective of using this micro grinding is to
replace the high energy beam and chemical processes because these
processes are costly, requires high processing time and it is very diffi-
cult to maintain the shape accuracy of the micro-grooves as detailed in
the literature [62], whereas mechanical processes are inexpensive and
productive. But one of the disadvantages in micro grinding is to
maintain the accuracy of the micro level pattern on super hard grinding
wheel as higher will be the aspect ratio, higher will be the grinding
forces as stated in literature [30]. Xie et al. [62] created orthogonal and
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
Fig. 5. (a) Schematic diagram of electro chemical machining and (b) the micro dimples created on the surface of AISI 440C [54].
diagonal micro-grooves on the rake surface of the carbide tool to per-
form dry machining of Ti–6Al–4V. Fig. 6(a) shows the experimental
setup of micro-grinding for creating micro-grooves on the rake surface
of carbide tool. The setup contains a V-tip diamond wheel with rota-
tional speed of 3538 rpm, feed rate of 200 mm/min and depth of cut of
2 μm to create micro-grooves of depth 155.1 μm and mean aspect ratio
of 0.43 and Fig. 6(b) shows the diagonal micro-grooved pattern created
on the rake face of the cutting tool. The authors investigated the effects
of texturing on the surface roughness, shearing angle and tool wear. Xie
et al. [63] created micro-grooved texture on the rake face of carbide
tool using micro-grinding with the help of a V-tip diamond grinding
wheel. The authors observed the influence of size and shape of micro-
grooves on cutting temperature and cutting forces during dry turning of
Ti–6Al–4V alloy.
3.4. Hardness tester
Hardness tester is generally used to measure hardness of work ma-
terial and as a result of which indentations are produced on the work
surface. The shape of the indentation depends on the type of the in-
denter used, it may be conical or square in shape. Many authors have
used these indentations as micro-textures on the cutting tools. This
method of creating texture is advantageous in comparison to other
methods such as electric discharge machining, electrochemical ma-
chining, laser surface texturing, etc. Because the other methods involve
heat while creating surface textures and the heat generated causes the
formation of thermal stresses which finally leads to deformation in the
tool. Also the thermal based processes cannot assure the repeatability,
i.e. the same size cannot be repeated using the same input parameters.
However generation of texture using the mechanical techniques are
easy, accurate and repeatable in comparison to other thermal based
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Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73
techniques.
Thomas et al. [64] stated that by creating textures using the hard-
ness testers such as Vickers Hardness Tester, Brinell Hardness Tester,
and Diamond dresser involve mechanical forces, so there are very less
chances of creation of thermal stresses. Because of the above mentioned
advantages several authors such as Gajrani et al. [65] used Rockwell
Hardness Tester to create conical micro-dimples on the rake surface of
the hardened High-Speed Steel (HSS) tool. After that the micro-dimples
were filled with MoS2 solid lubricants to observe the effects of textured
tools on friction coefficient, cutting forces, chip thickness, chip length
in solid lubricating environments. They observed a substantial reduc-
tion in the friction coefficient, cutting forces and feed forces. Thomas
et al. [64] created micro-texture on the rake face of high-speed steel
(HSS) M42 Grade S200 using Rockwell Hardness Tester, scratching
with Diamond Dresser and Vickers Hardness Tester. They measured the
effects of textured tool on cutting forces, surface roughness and cutting
temperature. And an improvement in the machining characteristics was
observed such as temperature at tool–chip interface, cutting forces and
surface roughness of the workpiece. Fig. 7(a) depicts the experimental
setup of Vickers Hardness Tester for creating micro-textures. It consists
of a diamond indenter of pyramid shape with square base, a load ap-
plying lever and a microscope for measuring the diagonal of the in-
dentation generated on the specimen. A square shaped indentation was
created on the rake face of M42 grade high-speed steel as shown in
Fig. 7(b). Gajrani et al. [66] created micro-texture using a Vickers
hardness tester on the rake surface of plasma nitrided HSS grade tool.
The authors studied the effects of mechanically textured surfaces on
cutting forces, friction coefficient and tool–chip interface temperature
in comparison to conventional cutting tools. They inferred a reduction
in coefficient of friction and surface roughness of the workpiece in
comparison to conventional tool.
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
Fig. 6. (a) Schematic diagram of fabrication of micro-groove array through
micro-grinding and (b) the diagonal texture created on the rake surface of
carbide tool [62].
Fig. 7. (a) Experimental setup of Vickers hardness tester and (b) square shaped
indentation created on the surface of High speed steel (HSS) tool [64].
3.5. Micro Abrasive Blasting
Micro-Abrasive Blasting is one of its kind, is the first technique used
to create micro level textures on the cutting tool surface. It is basically a
physical process. Therefore, it can be applied to different kinds of
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Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73
material irrespective of its chemical reactivity as stated in literature
[67]. The size and shape of the textures generally depend on the size of
grains of the micro-abrasive powders, pressure of air and nozzle to
surface distance. In comparison to other techniques such as EDM, laser
surface texturing, micro grinding, etc., it proves to be an effective and
more economical technique to create micro level textures over a larger
area as detailed in the paper [68]. Wakuda et al. [18] used short
blasting to create micro-dimples of size ranging from 40 to 120 μm
diameter on the surface of silicon nitride. Nakano et al. [69] created
dimples and grooves of diameter/width as 60 μm while a depth of
6–10 μm on the surface of cast iron using short blasting technique
combined with photolithography and observed that dimple texture
provided a better improvement in tribological properties in comparison
to non-textured and grooved pattern textures. Wei et al. [68] created
micro-texture on the rake surface of sapphire as cutting tool using a
micro-abrasive blaster to inspect the performance of the textured tool in
minimization of friction and cutting forces and observed a reduction of
9.5% in friction which finally leads to the reduction in cutting forces.
They also confirmed that sapphires have enormous potential to be
utilized as a cutting tool having higher hardness.
3.6. Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM)
Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM) is one of the non-conven-
tional machining processes which make use of high water pressure to be
converted into jet of high velocity mixed with abrasive particles. It has
capability to cut a large variety of materials ranging from softer ma-
terials such as wood, plastics, etc. to harder materials such as Inconel.
Earlier it was only used for shape cutting and linear cutting on materials
which are difficult to cut as stated in literature [70]. But nowadays
researchers have also created blind features like channels and pockets
using AWJM. Fig. 8(a) shows the schematic diagram of abrasive Water
Jet Machining. The setup consists of a mixing tube in which high
pressurized water is mixed with the abrasive particles. Then the abra-
sive water jet is passed through the focussing tube for creating square
pin textures on the surface of brass sheet as shown in Fig. 8(b). Pal et al.
[71] later conducted experiments on EDM using the copper and brass
sheets as tools which was generated by AWJM in order to machine
stainless steel and titanium alloy. Since this process is neither chemical
and nor thermal, therefore it does not cause any change in physical and
metallurgical properties of the workpiece.
Because of the above mentioned advantages Pal et al. [72] created
micro-pillars on three different materials namely Ti–6Al–4V, SS301 and
Al6061 using AWJM. It was observed that for all work materials taper
was found in the micro-pillars due to the generation of kerf and it was
one of the drawbacks of using AWJM. However Abhishek et al. [73,74]
worked on Micro Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM) to create dimple sur-
faces on quartz glass of thickness 2 mm using Al2O3 as the abrasive
particles. The major problem in creating the dimple surfaces was ta-
perness as we go on increasing the depth. So in order to create high
cylindricity dimples, the authors kept nozzle stand-off distance as
constant and observed an improvement of 57% in the cylindricity of
machined surface. Thus AWJM can be used as one of the techniques
which can be used in future to create micro-level textures on the dif-
ferent cutting tools.
3.7. Focussed Ion Beam (FIB) machining
Nowadays Focussed Ion Beam Machining (FIB) has become a pop-
ular method of creation of high precision microstructures as stated in
literature [75]. In FIB machining process, ion beam of specific diameter
and intensity is directed towards the substrate material for nano/micro
fabrication as mentioned in literature [50]. Adams et al. [76] stated
that FIB is advantageous in comparison to other methods because it
involves negligible heat and force on the target material during the
fabrication. But the disadvantage of this process is its slow processing
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
Fig. 8. (a) Schematic diagram of Abrasive Water Jet Machining and (b) the
square pin texture on the surface of brass sheet [71].
speed. Therefore, it is limited to very smaller dimensions workpieces.
FIB milling is a process in which patterns are transferred by direct
impingement of ion beam on the surface to be machined as mentioned
in literature [77]. Chang et al. [33] used FIB milling to generate mi-
crostructures on the rake face of end milling cutters in three different
orientations such as grooves in perpendicular, horizontal and 45°
sloping. The authors observed the effect of these textures on the wear
resistance of tool. Kawasegi et al. [78] created linear texture in per-
pendicular and parallel direction of chip flow with dimensions as fol-
lows 42 nanometer depth, 1.8 micron width and 4 micron pitch on the
rake face of diamond tool using FIB machining followed by heat
treatment. The experimental setup consists of a diamond tool with the
following specifications such as clearance angle, rake angle and nose
radius as 10°, 0° and 0.5 mm. A gallium liquid metal was used as the ion
source for FIB irradiation and an electric furnace for heat treatment.
Fig. 9(A) shows the steps in fabricating textures using focussed ion
beam machining. Firstly a layer of carbon is deposited on the rake face
of diamond in order to keep away the electrostatic charging during FIB
irradiation. Then the carbon layered diamond surface is irradiated with
Ga+ ions through FIB. After that it is heated in air at a temperature of
500 °C to remove the non-diamond phases. Finally the cutting tool is
cooled and cleaned to get the required texture and Fig. 9(B) shows SEM
image of the linear texture produced on the rake face of diamond cut-
ting tool. They observed an improvement in cutting performance of
tool, as indicated by the reduction in friction coefficient and cutting
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Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73
forces without influencing the surface quality of the machined part.
3.8. Micro Casting
Micro Casting is nothing but manufacturing of metal micro-
structures by casting. One of the ways of creating these microstructures
especially on aluminium bronze or gold alloys is to directly cast it into
the smaller moulds of plaster and these plaster moulds were themselves
produced by replicating a Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) pattern
through injection moulding. This process is advantageous in compar-
ison to other methods because it is a fast process and low loss of ma-
terials takes place since there is the possibility of recycling the sprues
and runners. But it also has some drawbacks, i.e., results of casting
highly depend on metal to be cast, mould temperature and casting
pressure as stated in literature [79,80]. Cannon et al. [81] created
micro-holes of diameter ranging from 10 to 100 μm with aspect ratio up
to 2:1 as shown in Fig. 10(a) and the basic steps involved in the gen-
eration of micro-textures are as follows. Firstly the micro structured
silicon master die is taken. Then the molten metal is poured into the
master die. After that the whole setup is kept in vacuum in order to
release the gases which have been entrapped during the casting process
and finally it is cooled down in atmosphere as shown in Fig. 10(b). The
authors observed that silicone moulds were best fitted for creating
curved surfaces because of their higher flexibility and easiness to cast.
Ramesh et al. [82] used micro casting process to produce micro level
textures on stainless steel surface to enhance the frictional performance.
It was observed that a maximum of 80% reduction in friction coefficient
takes place using a micro casting textured surfaces. Micro Casting
process of generating micro-textures is fast and requires less material
and hence this technique can be used in future for generating micro-
textured cutting tools.
3.9. Vibro Mechanical Texturing (VMT)
Vibro Mechanical Texturing (VMT) is one of the methods of creating
micro-textures. It is very similar to a turning operation only the dif-
ference is that it involves a fast tool servo which is used to oscillate
single point cutting tool when it engages with the rotating workpiece as
stated in literature [83]. The VMT experimental setup as shown in
Fig. 11(a) consists of normal turning setup with an additional micro-
positioning stage for accurately controlling the position of engagement
of cutting tool tip relative to the work material. The shape and size of
the created micro-features were controlled by varying the various vi-
bration parameters such as frequency, amplitude, etc., relative to the
rotation of workpiece and feed rate of cutting tool. It is mainly used for
removing the materials from a localized surface, forming dimple tex-
tures. Dimples sizes can be varied by varying the tunable oscillation of
the path of tool. The main advantage of using this technique is that it is
cost-effective, minimum chances of surface damage and high precision
in texturing can be achieved. Greco et al. [84] created dimple textures
on three types of surfaces such as on the outer diameter, on the inner
diameter and on end face. This technique was successfully used to
create dimple textures on Al-6061 and heat treated AISI 4715 steel, and
finally, they compared the dimensions of experimentally created tex-
tures with the simulated surfaces and observed that a closed loop
system was needed for creating textures of desired accuracy and di-
mensions.
Greco et al. [85] created two different sizes of dimple designs of
dimensions (100 × 100 μm) and (240 × 100 μm) on the surface A2
steel rods using VMT technique as shown in Fig. 11(b). The authors
observed that textured surfaces exhibit reduced number of cycles to
failure in comparison to the un-textured surfaces. Zhang et al. [86]
performed micro-groove turning experiments using an ultrasonic el-
liptical vibration-assisted method to machine stainless steel and brass.
They observed a decrease in the cutting forces, burr formation and an
improvement in the surface quality of the work surface in comparison
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
to the ordinary cutting methods. So vibro mechanical texturing is cost-
effective, minimum chances of surface damage and high precision.
Hence this process may be newer technique for generating micro-tex-
tures on cutting tools.
3.10. Laser Surface Texturing (LST)
Lasers are the devices which are primarily used to amplify the co-
herent radiations whose frequencies are in the range of ultraviolet,
visible and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum as detailed
in book [50]. When the high energy pulse is applied, removal of ma-
terial takes place by laser ablation, i.e., by rapid melting and vapor-
ization. LST has various advantages such as it provides proper surface
topography and lesser contamination of substrate surface in comparison
to other methods as stated in literature [87]. But this process also has
some drawbacks such as Heat Affected Zones (HAZ), periodical struc-
tures and surface defects. HAZ is created when the temperature of the
part being machined increases above the critical transformation point,
and since the HAZ is brittle in nature, therefore, the area becomes prone
to cracking as detailed in literature [88].
Formation of ripple or periodical surface structures have been ob-
served in nanosecond and femtosecond laser due to a phenomenon
called interference, and it has been found that, due to the formation of
these ripples, an increase in the surface roughness of the substrate takes
place as detailed in literature [89]. Surface defects are nothing but the
burrs which are created during laser machining. Burrs are produced
when the metal to be removed gets solidified before it has to be re-
moved by assist gas such as oxygen, nitrogen, etc., and it is significant
as it influences the frictional behaviour of the substrate as detailed in
literature [90,91]. Earlier surface texturing was done by using long
pulse lasers such as nanosecond Nd: YAG laser, nanosecond excimer
laser, picosecond Nd: YAG laser, etc., but with the development of ul-
trafast laser techniques, femtosecond lasers became one of the widely
used lasers in material processing.
The main benefits of femtosecond lasers in comparison to others are
54
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73
Fig. 9. (A) Steps in fabricating textures on
diamond tool (a) carbon layer deposition on
rake face of diamond, (b) non-diamond phase
formation through FIB radiation, (c) air heating
to remove non diamond phases, (d) final tex-
ture on surface of diamond and (B) SEM image
of parallel textures created on the rake surface
of diamond cutting tool using FIB irradiation
[78].
higher precision, small debris around the spot which has been ablated
and lesser HAZ as stated in literature [92–94]. Therefore various au-
thors have used LST techniques to create textures on the flank/rake face
of the cutting tool for the reduction in wear and friction. Lei et al. [95]
created micro-holes on the rake face of the Tungsten Carbide (WC)
insert near to the cutting edge using the femtosecond laser. The authors
studied machining performance of the cutting tool in lubricated con-
dition in terms of the contact length of tool chip, cutting forces and chip
morphology. Kawasegi et al. [96] employed femtosecond laser to create
texture on the rake face of cemented carbide tool in nano and micro-
scale. The selected pulse duration and frequency were 150 ps and 1 kHz
respectively. Three different types of textures were created that are
linear texture perpendicular, parallel and cross texture in the direction
of chip flow to study the effect of texture on friction between the
chip–tool interface and the cutting forces. Ma et al. [97] created micro-
grooves parallel to the main cutting using the femtosecond laser to
study the effect of these micro-grooves in improving the turning per-
formance of the cutting tool. Fig. 12(a) shows the experimental setup of
femtosecond laser used for creating micro-textures. The setup consists
of computer controlled translational stage for mounting the cemented
carbide tool. The power of the laser is adjusted through a neutral
density filter and then the laser beam is focussed on the surface of the
cutting tool to create texture of desired shape and size. Two parallel
micro-grooves were created on the rake surface of WC of width 256 μm
and pitch 335 μm as shown in Fig. 12(b).
Jianxin et al. [98] created three different shapes of textures on the
rake face of tungsten carbide insert using laser machining. The three
different types of textures were elliptical grooves, grooves in parallel
direction to the main cutting edge and linear grooves. They studied the
effect of texturing on the coefficient of friction between the chip–tool
interfaces, cutting temperature and cutting forces. Ze et al. [99] created
micro-features on the flank face and rake face which was very close to
the main cutting edge on cemented carbide cutting insert using an LD
side pumped Nd:YAG laser system having wavelength of 1064 nm,
pulse duration of 20 ns and repetition rate of 2 kHz. They created two
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73

Fig. 10. (a) Shape of the micro holes created using micro casting (b) along with the various steps involved in generating the micro textures [81].

Fig. 11. (a) Schematic diagram of Vibro mechanical texturing and (b) the micro-dimples created on the surface of A2 rod [85].

55
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73

Fig. 12. (a) Experimental setup of femtosecond laser with different components and (b) the micro-grooves created in the direction parallel to main cutting edge [97].

different shapes of grooves, i.e., elliptical and linear grooves on the rake
and flank face of the cutting tool and observed the effect of these tex-
tures on the cutting forces, friction coefficient, and tool wear. Lian et al.
[100] created a new kind of tool which was created by firstly creating a
nano-texture on the rake face of uncoated cemented carbide using
femtosecond laser and then a soft coating of WS2 was deposited on the
textured tool and the authors observed a reduction in cutting forces,
cutting temperature and coefficient of friction using the self lubricated
rake surface textured tool.
3.11. Magneto-rheological (MR) fluid based nano-texturing
Magnetorheological (MR) fluid based nano-texturing is one of the
nano-finishing techniques used for creating nano level textures on the
tool surface to improve the machining characteristics. Fig. 13 shows the
experimental setup of MR fluid based finishing technique. MR fluid
consists of Non-Magnetic Abrasive Particles (NMAPs), Magnetic Car-
bonyl Iron Particles (CIPs), surfactants and other carrier liquids. It acts
as Newtonian viscous fluid in the absence of magnetic field, and when
the magnetic field is applied, it starts acting as viscoplastic fluid. CIPs
and magnetic field are essential for producing the MR effect while
material removal takes place through the NMAPs as detailed in litera-
ture [101].
The removal of material takes place through the shear force which is
induced by the viscoplastic nature of the cutting fluid as stated in lit-
erature [102]. Singh et al. [103,104] developed a new finishing process
for creating flat as well as 3D surfaces using a ball end MR tool suitable
for both non-ferromagnetic and ferromagnetic materials and using this
technique a surface roughness smaller than 100 nm was achieved on
copper and EN31 work materials. Thiyagu et al. [102] created nano-
level texture on the cutting tool using MR fluid based nano-texturing to
observe the machinability characteristics of nano-textured cutting tool
in comparison to un-textured tool while turning duplex stainless steel.
They observed a greater stability in tool rake and flank wear using the
textured tool. The next section gives the details regarding the me-
chanisms which are involved in improving the machining performances
using the textured tools.

56
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
Fig. 13. Experimental setup of magnetorheological finishing [102].
4. Textured cutting tools
4.1. Mechanism of performance enhancement in the textured cutting tool
Generation of specific texture in the form of depressions on smooth
and flat sliding surfaces is one of the basic approaches to improve the
tribological properties such as friction, wear, and lubrication. The
performance of tool and quality of finished product are greatly influ-
enced by these properties. Various authors have studied the effects of
generation of textures in form of depressions on the face of the cutting
tool during different machining operations and they observed an im-
provement in the various properties such as friction between chip tool
interface, reduction in wear of the cutting tool and increase in the lu-
brication action. They stated that there are basically two mechanisms
which are involved in the improvement of tribological properties be-
tween the chip and cutting tool interface in machining.
4.1.1. Debris entrapment
During the cutting operation wear debris is generated due to various
tool wear mechanisms such as (a) abrasion wear in which wear of tool
occurs because of presence of hard particles in the workpiece. (b)
Adhesive wear occurs when the small particles from the rake surface are
carried away with the chips because of welding action between the two
metals due to high temperature and pressure. (c) Diffusion wear occurs
when the atoms from the cutting tool disperse into the chip due to
solubility between two materials under the high contact pressure. The
main functions of these surface textures are to trap these wear debris
particles created due to the above-mentioned wear mechanisms. Thus
the elimination of wear debris from the tool-chip interfaces minimizes
the ploughing action by the wear debris as detailed in literature [24]
which finally helps in improvement of tool life. Neves et al. [105] in-
vestigated the effects of textured drill bits in order to machine AISI 304.
The authors observed that textured drill bits observed lesser tool wear
in comparison to the untextured one because of entrapment of debris
generated during the drilling operation of AISI 304. Enomoto et al. [32]
created four different types of grooves on the rake surface of cutting
tool during the machining of carbon steel. The authors observed that
tool wear resistance of the textured tool significantly improved in
comparison to the conventional tool because these micro-grooved sur-
faces entraps the wear particles generated due to various wear me-
chanism during the face milling operation. Kim et al. [9] created ridges
parallel to the direction of chip flow on the rake face of the cutting tool
57
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73
and observed a reduction in friction in comparison to the conventional
tool. The authors stated that the reduction in friction takes place due to
the entrapment of debris generated from various wear mechanisms in
the parallel ridges. Sugihara et al. [106] created micro-dimples on the
rake surface of uncoated cemented carbide tool and observed a reduc-
tion in crater wear. The authors stated that tool wear mainly takes place
because of the wear debris coming out of the cutting tool and work-
pieces resulting in ploughing of tool surface. Thus by generating the
micro stripes on the cutting tool, helps in entrapping these wear debris
which helps in reducing the ploughing action on the surface of tool and
it finally helps in reducing the crater wear. Niketh et al. [107] created
micro dimples on the flute and margin sides of the drilling tool. The
authors observed a reduction in coefficient of friction using the textured
tool in comparison to the untextured one. The reduction in the coeffi-
cient of friction was because of entrapment of the wear particles into
the micro dimples and which further avoid the squeezing and rubbing
of wear particles between chip and tool interface resulting in reduction
of coefficient of friction.
4.1.2. Reservoir for lubricants
Reservoir for lubricants is the other significant effect of surface
texturing because during machining the lubricants which are trapped
between the tool–chip interfaces permeates into these textured cavities.
Thus a thin film of lubrication is produced on the upper surface of the
cavities as stated in literature [108]. Due to the formation of this thin
film of lubricants, there is no any direct contact between the tool and
chip interfaces which finally causes the reduction in friction, and as a
result, it helps in reducing the cutting forces, tool–chip contact length
and cutting temperature. Lei et al. [95] created small holes near to the
cutting edge of the turning insert and used different lubrication tech-
niques such as flood cooling and micro-pool lubrication. They observed
that a total reduction of 28% in the contact area using micro-pool lu-
brication in comparison to the dry cutting operation. It was because
during the machining operation temperature between the tool chip
interfaces becomes high. As a result of which the lubricant trapped
between the chip tool interfaces permeates in the micro holes resulting
in thin film lubrication causing the reduction in friction, which inturns
leads to reduction in tool wear. Jianxin et al. [98] and Wu et al. [109]
created different shape textures on the rake surface of WC cutting tool
and filled those textures with MoS2 solid lubricant to machine 45#
carbon steel and Ti–6Al–4V. The authors observed that textured tool
with MoS2 lubricant improved cutting performance. It happened
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
because of the formation of the thin lubricating film released from the
textures and smeared on the tool surface resulting in reduction of
coefficient of friction, cutting forces, etc. Ze et al. [99] observed a re-
duction in the coefficient of friction on increasing the cutting speed
using rake face textured tool with MoS2 solid lubricant. The authors
inferred that reduction in friction occurred due the formation of thin
layer of lubricants between the chip and tool interfaces. Sugihara et al.
[110] reported that micro/nano grooves provided lesser friction during
wet machining of A5052 alloy. The authors observed that the reduction
in friction was because of the retention of the cutting fluid by the
micro/nano grooves which finally reduced surface adhesion between
the tool and chip interface. The next section provides the details re-
garding the effect of texturing on machining characteristics.
4.2. Effect of texturing on machining characteristics
4.2.1. Effect of texturing on cutting forces
The effectiveness of any cutting process depends on the amount of
generation of cutting forces as the cutting forces are directly dependent
on the cutting tool parameters (tool material, tool geometry), work
material parameters (hardness, hot/cold worked) and cutting para-
meters (depth of cut, speed, feed).
Generation of surface textures on the cutting tool helps in reduction
of the cutting forces which finally results in tool life improvement and
the surface finish of machined work material. Various authors have
used this surface texturing technique and observed that there is a sig-
nificant reduction in the cutting forces. Jianxin et al. [98] created
various geometrical textures on the rake surface of carbide tool insert
and filled the textures with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). During the
turning operation of 45# steel, the dry lubricant comes out of the
textures and forms a thin lubricating film at the chip-tool interfaces.
Since the shear strength of MoS2 is less in comparison to carbide tool,
therefore there is a reduction in the friction force which finally results
in reduction of cutting forces.
This phenomenon can be better understood by following equations.
In case of a thin lubricating film formed at the chip–tool interface using
solid lubricants in the textured tool, the frictional force (Ff) at the rake
face of the tool can be calculated using following equations stated in
literature [111].
Ff = a w lf τc (1)
where aw is the width of cut, lf is the contact length between tool and
chip, τc is the shear strength of lubricating film at the interface of tool
chip. Fig. 14 shows the schematic force diagram of orthogonal turning
containing a micro-grooved textured tool filled with solid lubricants to
Fig. 14. Force diagram in orthogonal turning [98].
58
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73
obtain various forces generated during the operation such as thrust
force and cutting force.
From the force diagram as shown in Fig. 14.
Ff a w lf τc
Fr = =
sin β sin β (2)
a w lf τc cos(β − γ0)
Fz = Fr cos(β − γ0) =
sin β (3)
a w lf τc sin(β − γ0)
Fy = Fr cos(β − γ0) =
sin β (4)
where Fr is the resultant force, Fy is the thrust force, Fz is the main
cutting force, γ0 is the rake angle, β is the angle of friction.
The above equation clearly indicates that the cutting force is di-
rectly related to shear strength and contact length between chip and
tool. The shear strength of MoS2 is around 30–35 MPa as stated in lit-
erature [112] which is very less in comparison to carbide, i.e.,
700–800 MPa [98]. Thus when a lubrication film of MoS2 is present at
the tool–chip interface, then the cutting forces will get reduced ac-
cording to Eqs. (2)–(4). Jianxin et al. [98] observed cutting speed as one
of the main factor influencing the cutting forces, i.e., at speed
(> 120 m/min) there was the maximum reduction in the cutting forces.
And a maximum reduction of 25% in the cutting forces was observed
with the elliptical textured tool in comparison to the non-textured tool.
Lei et al. [95] performed turning operation using the micro-textured
tool in different lubrication conditions. The authors observed that there
was a significant decrease in the cutting forces using micro-pool lu-
brication in comparison to dry turning and a reduction of 11% in the
cutting forces was observed using micro-pool lubrication technique in
the micro-grooved textured tool. Koshy et al. [47] assessed the per-
formance of texture in terms of main cutting forces and feed forces. A
reduction of 13% and 30% was observed in average cutting and feed
forces. They observed that the decrease in the cutting forces was due
the coupling between the friction and shear processes in cutting. With
the decrease in friction subsequent increase in shear angle was observed
which resulted in the formation of thinner chips. In addition to the
reduction of cutting forces, texturing resulted in the reduction of
variability in cutting forces as shown in Fig. 15.
Xie et al. [63] observed a relationship between of cutting force,
depth of texture and material removal rate. They found that increased
depth of grooves caused a significant increase in cutting force because if
the depth of groove will be larger there will be more contact between
rake face of tool and chip as shown in Fig. 16. A reduction of 32.7% in
the cutting force was observed with the micro-grooved tool in com-
parison to the non-textured tool. Xing et al. [113] created nano and
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73

Fig. 15. Effect of texturing on feed and cutting force [47].

observed that at higher cutting speed, the reduction in cutting force is

higher because of the lesser adherability of work material on the tex-
tured tool.
Fatima et al. [115] created micro-grooves on both the rake and
flank face of uncoated cemented carbide in order to machine AISI 4140.
They observed a reduction of 10%, 23% in cutting force and feed force
because of the reduction in the contact area between the tool-chip in-
terfaces. Sun et al. [116] studied the behaviour of different textured
tool (single, conventional and hybrid textured) while turning pure iron
in the presence of MoS2 solid lubricant and observed that hybrid tex-
tured tool improved the cutting performance. A maximum reduction of
12.7% in the cutting force obtained in comparison to non-textured
tools. Thus from the above discussion it is clear that textured tools help
in minimizing the cutting forces, still there is no any exact method to
find the optimum size and shape of textures. But the effectiveness can
be improved by ensuring minimum contact area between tool and chip
interface.

Fig. 16. Cutting force variation with depth of micro-grooves [63].

4.2.2. Effect of texturing on tool wear
For the successful maximization of production rate in any industry,
micro level textures on the rake face of Al2O3/TiC ceramic tool and
the most crucial factor is tool life. During any metal cutting operation,
MoS2 as the solid lubricant. They observed a maximum reduction of
high contact stresses are developed between the tool and work material.
20% in the cutting force using the wavy textured tool. Kawasegi et al.
It results in the development of variety of wear pattern at the rake and
[96] and Sasi et al. [114] observed that nano-textured tool performed
flank surface of cutting tool which finally affects the repeatability of
better in comparison to micro-textured tool for cutting force reduction.
finished components as well as the life of the cutting tool. Thus in this
They studied the effect of the cutting speed on cutting forces and
section, we will analyse the effects of texturing on tool wear.

Fig. 17. Micrograph of conventional and flank face textured tool [12].

59
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
Fig. 18. Flank tool wear of different microstructured milling tool [33].
Jianxin et al. [12] created micro-holes on the flank and rake face of
cemented carbide and the micro-holes were filled with MoS2 solid lu-
bricants to study the effects of these self-lubricated tools on tool wear.
They studied the SEM images of the flank face textured and conven-
tional tool as shown in Fig. 17. From the micrograph, it is clear that the
wear pattern in the flank face textured tool was very less in comparison
to the conventional tool. It was because of the formation of lubricating
film between the tool and chip interfaces, which was released from the
micro-hole and smeared on the flank and rake surface. Chang et al. [33]
inspected the effects of different microstructures on wear resistance of
the milling cutters. Fig. 18 shows the SEM images of both conventional
and microstructured milling tool and it has been observed that micro-
grooves perpendicular to the direction of cutting edge showed smallest
flank wear in comparison to other textured cutting tools. The reduction
in flank wear takes place in microstructured tool because of lesser ad-
hesion between the tool and work material in comparison to the con-
ventional milling tool.
Ling et al. [39] created rectangular shape surface textures on the
margins of drill bits by means of a diode-pumped Nd:YVO4 picosecond
laser for machining titanium plate. The authors observed that texturing
exhibit an improvement in the shedding of the adhered chips which
leads to reduction in chip adhesion resulting in extended tool life. Xie
et al. [62] created diagonal and orthogonal micro-grooves on the tool
rake face to predict the effects of texture on the tool wear. They ob-
served that the micro-grooved tools produced lesser tool wear both on
rake and flank face in comparison to non-textured tool. A reduction of
6.7% in tool wear was observed using the diagonal micro-grooved tool.
It was because the orientation of the texture was in the direction of chip
flow which enhanced the better transfer of heat from the cutting zone.
Kummel et al. [117] created dimple and channel textures on the
rake surface of uncoated cemented carbide to study the effects of tex-
tures on adhesive properties of built up edge formation on the cutting
tool. It was observed that by the application of dimple textured sur-
faces, the adhesive properties of built up edges increased because of
better mechanical interlocking and as a result of which wear rates were
minimized in comparison to other textured cutting tools. Sugihara et al.
[118] developed micro-stripes on the flank and rake face of WC/Co
carbide tool during face milling of medium carbon steel. They observed
that micro-stripes helped in suppressing both the crater and flank wear
by serving as micro-trap for entrapment of wear debris. Sun et al. [116]
observed minimum crater wear in hybrid textured tool in comparison to
non-textured and micro-grooves tool. It was because of the large
amount of lubricants got trapped into the hybrid textures which were
smeared on the rake surface, thus forming a thick lubrication film
60
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73
which finally enhanced the wear resistance of cutting tool.
Fatima et al. [115] structured the flank face of the cutting tool with
special shape which was very similar to the scales present on skin of
snake. The authors observed a greater reduction in flank wear of tex-
tured tool in comparison to the conventional tool because the snake
skin structures acted as better reservoir for the lubricants. Liu et al.
[119] created grooves parallel, perpendicular and inclined at an angle
of 45° to the main cutting edge on the flank surface of WC/Co carbide
tool. They performed dry turning test on the green alumina ceramic
with different textured tools to study the effect of textures on the wear
resistance of the cutting tool. The authors observed very less wear on
the rake surface of the cutting tool while flank surface of the tool suf-
fered a serious abrasive wear. But by creating textures, the flank wear
could be reduced to a larger extent. Out of all the textured patterns,
grooves parallel to the main cutting edge showed higher flank wear
resistance because of a phenomenon called derivative cutting. It is re-
ferred as an additional cutting of the hard inclusions through the
bottom edge of texture between the work material and tool interface. As
a result of which flank wear was reduced in comparison to non-textured
cutting tool. Fig. 19 shows the schematic diagram of the mechanism of
wear of flank face textured tool. Fig. 19(c) shows the bottom portion of
the cutting tool on which texture was generated and this bottom texture
started acting as a cutting tool and thus finally helps in reducing the
influence of hard inclusion between the work material and tool inter-
face. Arulkirubakaran et al. [120] used textured, un-textured, coated
and uncoated cutting tools to study the machinability of Ti–6Al–4V
alloy. They observed that TiAlN coated tool with texture in the per-
pendicular direction of the chip flow displayed maximum flank wear
resistance in comparison to other texture and coated tools. It was be-
cause of better wear resistant of TiAlN coating. Also during machining
of Ti–6Al–4V alloy, there was the formation of Al2O3 which acted as a
reducer of friction between the two contacting surfaces. And which fi-
nally improved the thermal stability of the cutting tool. A maximum
reduction of 29.4% in the flank wear was observed using TiAlN coated
perpendicular textured tool in comparison to the uncoated non-textured
tool.
4.2.3. Effect of texturing on surface finish of machined surface
With the development of advanced materials, the major problem
which we come across during the machining of these materials is their
poor thermal conductivity. It causes greater increase in temperature in
the cutting zone, resulting in higher tool wear and surface roughness.
This section basically highlights the use of textured tool in improving
the surface finish of machined materials.
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73

Fig. 19. Schematic diagram of wear mechanism of flank face textured cutting tool [119].

Xie et al. [62] and Xing et al. [113] noticed that texturing has ne- surface roughness was observed during the machining of mild steel and
gative effects on the surface finish of the machined workpiece, i.e., aluminium alloy using the different textured tools.
there was an increase in the surface roughness using the textured tool
because the micro-grooves present on the textured tool get patterned on
4.2.4. Effect of texturing on friction
the work material increasing its surface roughness. However there was
Friction can be defined as the resistance offered by one body while
a decrease in the deviation of surface roughness (ER) in the textured
moving over another body. Bruzzone et al. [121] stated that friction
tool in comparison to the conventional tool. Although conventional tool
depends on materials which are in contact and the tribological system.
produced better surface finish than micro-textured tool but it produced
It has been observed that around 30% of the world's total energy is used
more uneven surface quality which finally resulted in increased chat-
to overcome friction as mentioned in literature [122]. Creation of
tering in conventional tool in comparison to the textured tool.
micro-scale texture is one of the methods to reduce the friction between
Liu et al. [119] created textures of different orientation on the flank
two contacting surfaces. The main reasons behind the reduction in
surface of WC/Co carbide to study the effects of textures on the surface
friction between the contacting surfaces are entrapping the debris in-
roughness of machined surface and they observed that textured tool had
side the micro-textures and improvement in lubrication capacity.
very minimal effect in improving the surface roughness of machined
Wenlong et al. [45] studied the effects of the textured tool on the
green ceramics.
friction between the tool and chip interface using different solid lu-
Arulkirubakaran et al. [120] studied the effects of texturing and
bricants such as (MoS2, CaF2, and graphite). The authors observed that
coating of the cutting tool on the surface finish while machining
textured tool embedded with graphite as solid lubricant showed the
Ti–6Al–4V alloy. The authors observed an improvement in surface
lower coefficient of friction without any great variation in the cutting
finish on increasing the cutting speed because of thermal softening of
speed in comparison to other solid lubricated textured tools. It was
the work material as shown in Fig. 20. Better surface finish on the work
because, during machining, lubricants were released from the textures
material was observed using textured and coated tool, and a minimum
forming a thin lubricating film which resulted in less friction while
of 0.248 μm surface roughness was measured using TiAlN coated per-
sliding of the chip over the rake face of the tool. Ze et al. [99] reported a
pendicular textured tool. Thomas et al. [64] observed an enhancement
descending trend in the coefficient of friction with an increase in cut-
in the surface finish during machining of mild steel (EN3B) and Alu-
ting speed during dry turning of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. They observed that
minium (AA 6351) using the textured tool. The reduction in surface
rake face textured tool showed greater reduction in coefficient of fric-
roughness was due to reduction in adhesion of chip and tool surface,
tion in comparison to flank face textured and conventional tool.
which finally reduced the tool wear. A 15.86% and 23.21% reduction in
Xie et al. [63] observed that the cutting temperature at the tip of the

Fig. 20. Variation of surface roughness of work material with cutting speed for (a) uncoated tool and (b) TiAlN coated tool [120].

61
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
Fig. 21. Variation of coefficient of friction at the chip–tool interface of CT, TT
and TT-WS2 tools at various cutting speed [123].
micro-textured tool was less compared to the conventional tool. It was
because of the better heat dissipation provided by the grooves on the
rake surface while travelling of chip over the tool. Deng et al. [123] and
Xing et al. [113] observed a reduction in coefficient of friction on in-
creasing the cutting speed during dry cutting of 45# hardened steel.
Fig. 21 shows the variation of coefficient of friction at the chip–tool
interface of conventional tool (CT), textured tool (TT), textured tool
deposited with solid lubricant coating of WS2 (TT-WS2) at the different
cutting speed. The friction coefficient at the interface of the chip and
tool could be calculated according to the following equation stated in
literature [124].
μ = tan(β ) = tan(γo + arctan(FY / FZ )) (5)
where μ = average coefficient of friction, β = friction angle, γo = rake
angle, FY = thrust force, FZ = main cutting force. They observed tex-
tured cutting tool performed well in comparison to conventional tool
and a reduction of 13–26% in coefficient of friction was observed using
WS2 coated textured tool compared to conventional tool. The basic
Fig. 22. Variation in friction coefficient with respect to sliding time for the
textured and non-textured surfaces [107].
62
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73
mechanism of reduction in coefficient of friction can be explained by
Eq. (1). As by creating textures on the rake face of cutting tool there was
reduction in tool chip contact length which leads to the reduction of
friction between chip–tool interfaces. Niketh et al. [107] investigated
the feasibility of using the micro-textured surfaces in minimizing the
sliding friction between the contact surfaces as shown in Fig. 22 and
finally applied it on drilling tools for the successful machining of
Ti–6Al–4V alloy. They found that micro-textured drilling tool showed a
net reduction of 16.33% in the friction coefficient compared to the
conventional tool. The basic reason behind the reduction in the friction
coefficient can be explained as follows, during sliding motion peeling of
materials takes place from the surface and these micro level textures
entrap these particles and prevent further squeezing and rubbing be-
tween the sliding parts.
4.2.5. Effect of texturing on cutting temperature
Temperature is one of the major factors which affect the perfor-
mance of any metal cutting process as greater rise in temperature may
lead to tool wear which will finally affect the surface finish of the
machined work material. For reducing this cutting temperature cutting
fluids has been used for cooling and lubrication, but since the use of
cutting fluids have very adverse effects on the environment. Therefore
many new techniques such as cryogenic cooling, minimum quantity
lubrication, etc., have been devised. However various authors have
observed that surface texturing proved to be one of the promising
techniques for reducing the temperature during metal cutting. The
current section highlights the use of the textured tool in reducing the
cutting temperature.
Ze et al. [99] studied the effect of textures on the temperature
distribution of chip on the rake surface of the cutting tool. They re-
ported a reduction in the cutting temperature of the textured tool in
comparison to the conventional tool. The mechanism behind the re-
duction in cutting temperature was because of increase in the heat ra-
diating area, which resulted in better heat dissipation and as a result of
which reduction in temperature takes place. Thomas et al. [64] used an
infrared digital pyrometer to measure the cutting temperature of the
chip at the tip of cutting edge. On increasing the cutting speed, a rise in
cutting temperature was observed as shown in Fig. 23. The authors
created different geometrical textures such as T2 (conical dimple tex-
ture), T3 (square shaped) and T4 (scratches made parallel to cutting
edge) on the cutting tool. They observed a reduction in temperature of
the textured tool compared to the conventional tool (T1). A maximum
reduction of 12.85% in the cutting temperature was observed using
textured tool while machining mild steel (EN3B). The reduction in the
Fig. 23. Variation of temperature at the tip of cutting edge with cutting speed
during machining of mild steel [64].
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
Fig. 24. Variation of cutting temperature at chip–tool interface of TT-WS2, TT,
CT tools at various cutting speeds [123].
cutting temperature was because of the formation of air pockets which
provided the aerodynamic lubrication between the chips rear surface
and surface of the textured tool.
Deng et al. [123] created nano-scale surface textures on the rake
surface of WC/TiC/Co carbide tools and then coated them with WS2
solid lubricants. Dry cutting test was performed with textured tool (TT),
WS2 coated textured tool (TT-WS2) and the conventional tool (CT) to
machine 45# hardened steel. The authors studied the effects of textured
tool on the cutting temperature at the chip-tool interface and observed
that there was an increase in the trend of cutting temperature with the
cutting speed as shown in Fig. 24 and the nano-textured tool with WS2
coating observed a maximum reduction of 16% in the cutting tem-
perature compared to conventional tool.
Ze et al. [109] formulated the average cutting temperature of chip
near to the cutting tip (θt) as
R1 Vs τs ϕ
θt = θo + + 0.752R2 τc a2 lf v / ξ / λ2
c1 ρ1 v sin (6)
where θo is ambient temperature, R1 is the ratio of the heat which is
flowing into the chip to the total heat generated by shear, Vs denotes
shear velocity, τs indicates the shear strength of the work material, c1 is
specific heat of chip, ρ1 denotes density of chip, v is the cutting speed, ϕ
indicates the shear angle, R2 is the ratio of the heat flowing into the chip
to the total amount of heat generated by the friction between chip and
tool interface, τc denotes shear stress between tool chip interface, a2 is
thermal diffusivity of work material, lf represents contact length at chip
tool interface, ξ indicates the coefficient of deformation of chip, λ2 is
the thermal conductivity of work material. It can be clear from Eq. (6)
that cutting temperature varied conformably with the cutting speed and
the chip tool contact length was dependent on the cutting temperature.
Also the use of solid lubricants reduced the shear strength between chip
and tool interfaces. Thus the textured tool helped in reducing the cut-
ting temperature between chip and tool interface.
Feng et al. [125] created transverse and longitudinal textures on the
rake surface of ceramic tool to machine 45 # steel and observed an
increment in cutting temperature on increasing the cutting speed.
However micro-textured tool showed reduction in temperature in
comparison to conventional tool and a maximum reduction of
10.1–12.3% in the cutting temperature was observed in longitudinal
textured tool. They inferred that micro-textures reduced the con-
centration of temperature distribution near the cutting edge which
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Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73
finally helped in enhancing the tool life.
4.3. Adverse effect of texturing on the cutting tool performance
From the above discussions in Sections 4.1 and 4.2 it is observed
that textured tool helps in improving the cutting performances. But
there are also some adverse effects of texturing of cutting tool in which
a phenomenon called derivative cutting comes into picture. Derivative
cutting in micro textured tool is the additional phenomenon which
takes place between the sliding surface of the chip and the micro tex-
tures on the surface of the cutting tool. Due to this phenomenon the
textures on the cutting tools are filled with the chips which results in
increase in the chip tool contact area finally resulting in increase in the
friction between the chip and tool interface [126]. Duan et al. [126]
studied the effect of derivative cutting by creating micro scale linear
groove on the rake surface of the cemented carbide tool to machine AISI
1045. The authors observed that while machining AISI 1045 the bottom
surface of the chip is coming in contact with the linear texture created
on the rake surface, which causes these chips to accumulate in the
texture resulting in increase in cutting forces, hardness of chip and
coefficient of friction. Ma et al. [127] studied the effect of micro-tex-
tured tool on the cutting performance during machining of AISI 1045.
The authors used FEM to model and simulate the orthogonal ma-
chining. They further investigated the effects of different texture
parameters such as width of groove, depth of groove and edge distance
on formation of chip and cutting forces. The authors observed that for
the certain dimensions of the textures, an increase in cutting force takes
place. It was because; these micro-grooves start acting as a microcutter
as the chip flows over the rake surface causing tremendous increase in
pressure and temperature. As a result of which curling of microchips
takes place and it starts accumulating in the microgrooves causing an
increase of contact area which finally results in an increase in cutting
forces. Koshy et al. [47] created linear and areal textures on the rake
surface of T-15 grade HSS in order to machine AISI 1045 and A6061.
The authors observed that on increasing the depth of texture, the cut-
ting tool started to function as a restricted rake tool. It is a tool in which
the secondary rake surface is at an acute angle with respect to flank
surface of tool [128] and it results in an increase in temperature and
stresses at the interfaces of chip and tool. The next section elaborates
the experimental setup and their various subsystems.
5. Experimentation conducted using textured tool
Most of the research work which has been carried so far on micro-
textured tool machining is on commercially used setups of lathe and
vertical machining centres. Various authors have used different setups
for different machining operations such as Kawasegi et al. [96] ma-
chined A5052 using cemented carbide cutting tool in presence of
Minimum quantity lubrication on Okuma LB105C lathe. The shape of
the textures was measured using Atomic force microscope (AFM) and
Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Sugihara et al. [110] machined
A5052 by using micro/nano textured cutting insert in presence of both
dry and wet machining condition using a vertical machining centre,
Yamazaki Mazak Corp. for face milling experiments. The authors cre-
ated micro and nano level textures on the rake surface of cemented
carbide insert and cutting forces generated during the machining was
measured using the Kistler 9257B dynamometer. Wenlong et al. [45]
created micro-holes on the rake surface of cemented carbide insert in
order to machine 45# hardened steel. The authors used optical mi-
croscope and SEM for measuring the flank and crater wear of the cut-
ting tool obtained after machining. The cutting forces were measured
using KISTLER 9257A dynamometer. Ze et al. [99] performed dry
turning of Ti–6Al–4V using a micro textured cutting tool. The micro
textures on the cutting tool were created on both the flank and rake
surface of cutting tool. SEM and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
(EDX) were used to examine the micro structure and chemical
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
Fig. 25. Experimental setup for hard turning process and SEM image of parallel
textured tool [9].
Fig. 26. Micro textured turning setup using sapphire as the cutting tool [68].
composition of the worn tool. The cutting temperature and cutting
forces were measured using a TH5104R thermal imaging camera and
piezoelectric type dynamometer. Kim et al. [9] performed turning op-
eration via a parallel textured tool. The parallel texture was generated
on the rake surface of the turning insert. The cutting forces were re-
corded using a three component dynamometer. The experimental setup
of the turning operation along with the SEM image of parallel textured
tool is shown in Fig. 25. Lian et al. [100] performed machining of
hardened steel using a nano-textured cemented carbide cutting tool and
the nano-textures were filled with solid lubricant WS2 using an ion
planting instrument. SEM and EDX were used to study the morphology
and chemical composition of worn tool. The cutting force and the
cutting temperature were measured using piezoelectric type dynam-
ometer and TH5104R thermal imaging camera. Xing et al. [113] fab-
ricated micro-scale texture and nano-scale textures on the rake surface
of ceramic tool material in order to machine hardened steel AISI 1045.
The textured tools were then coated with MoS2 solid lubricants. The
cutting force and the tool wear were measured using piezoelectric type
dynamometer and SEM. Wei et al. [68] performed wet turning opera-
tion with sapphire as the cutting tool in order to machine Al-6061 using
synthetic misting cutting fluid. The cutting forces were measured using
a piezoelectric dynamometer along with the dual mode charge ampli-
fiers for converting the obtained electrical signals into voltage signals
respectively. The experimental setup of the above mentioned wet
turning operation performed via micro-textured tool is shown in
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Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73
Table 1
Commercially available machining centres used in experimentation with tex-
tured tool.
Authors Machine tool
Kawasegi et al. [96] Okuma LB150C
Sugihara et al. [110] Vertical machining centre,Yamazaki Mazak Corp.
Wenlong et al. [45] CA6140 lathe
Lian et al. [100] CA6140 lathe
Da silva et al. [129] CNC Centur 35D lathe, IndustriasRomi SA
Ze et al. [99] CA6140 lathe
Wu et al. [109] CA6140 lathe
Niketh et al. [107] Vertical machining centre, DTC-300, Micromatic
Zhang et al. [86] CA6140, Shenyang Machine tool
Sugihara et al. [106] CNC lathe, Mori Seiki Corp.
Vasumathy et al. [130] VDF lathe, Heidenreich&Harbeck Company
Li et al. [131] CW6163E lathe, Dalian Machine Tool Corp.
Mishra et al. [132] Leadwell-T6 CNC turning center
Fig. 26. Niketh et al. [107] used vertical machining centre, DTC-300 for
carrying out experiments in drilling via micro textured drilling tool. The
micro textures were created on the margin and flute side of the drilling
tool while the cutting forces generated during the operation were
measured using a six components dynamometer with charge amplifier.
List of the commercial lathe, vertical machining centres used in car-
rying out the machining experiments via textured tool are mentioned in
Table 1. The next section gives details regarding the various machining
subsystems such as work materials, tool materials, coatings, lubricants
and the process parameters affecting the machining perforances using
textured cutting tools.
5.1. Machining subsystems
Machining subsystems are categorized into workpiece materials,
tool materials, coatings, lubricants, process parameters, different tex-
ture shapes, and different texture sizes. The coming section gives the
information regarding the variety of work materials which have been
machined using micro-textured tools.
5.1.1. Workpiece materials
A variety of workpiece materials have been machined using the
textured cutting tools. The various materials which have been ma-
chined are Aluminium alloy A5052, A6061 [47,96,110,133], AISI 1045
[86,97,113]. AISI 1050 [129], 45# hardened steel [98,100,123], AISI
52100 [9,48,134]. AISI 4140 [135,115], AISI 316 [130], AISI 4340
[136,137], Titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) [131,138,132], Inconel 718
[139]. The next section gives the information regarding the various tool
materials on which the surface textures have been created in order to
improve the machining performances.
5.1.2. Tool materials
A variety of tool materials are available in market ranging from the
high carbon steel to carbide, ceramic and diamonds, as stated in lit-
erature [45,95–98,109,123,135]. Out of these tungsten carbide is one
of the commonly used cutting tool materials because of their excellent
wear resistant and hot hardness properties. Many researchers have also
used ceramic as the cutting tool materials because it maintains its high
hardness at elevated temperatures. Various types of ceramic materials
which has been used are Si3N4/TiC ceramic [133], Al2O3/TiC ceramic
[113,137,140,141], Al2O3/TiCN ceramic [134]. Kim et al. [9,48] and
Sugihara et al. [106] used cubic boron nitride as tool material because
of its high impact resistance. Su et al. [138] used Polycrystalline dia-
mond because of its high thermal conductivity and abrasion resistance.
Since the above-mentioned cutting tool materials are expensive so some
of the researchers have also used tool steel as the cutting tool materials
such as T-15 HSS [47], M-42 HSS [114]. But the main problem with
these cutting tool materials is rapid tool wear therefore in order to
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
enhance the tool life of the cutting tools various types of coatings have
been devised such as TiN, TiCN, etc. The coming section gives details
regarding the various types of tool coatings which have been used by
various authors in order to improve the properties of the cutting tool.
5.1.3. Tool coatings
Coating on the cutting tool materials has brought a revolutionary
change in the metal cutting industry. Almost 85% of carbide, 50% of
high-speed steel and almost 40% of the super hard tool used in today's
industries are coated tool as stated in literature [142]. Coatings basi-
cally improve the tool life by reducing the thermal energy flowing into
the tool material. Coating materials are basically categorized into four
groups. The very first group consists of titanium based coating materials
such as TiCN, TiN, and TiAlN. The second group includes ceramic type
coating such as Al2O3. While the third group represents the super hard
coatings materials such as oxides of Al and Zr. The fourth group re-
presents the coating of solid lubricants such as amorphous metal carbon
as detailed in literature [143]. Carbides generally behave as an ex-
cellent substrate for all coatings such as TiCN, TiN, TiAlN, multi-layer
coating and solid lubricant coating. Various authors have used different
kinds of coatings in the cutting tool. Obikawa et al. [133] used TiN
coating on cemented carbide insert using Helicon DC magnetron sput-
tering technique. Lian et al. [100] used medium frequency magnetron
sputtering technique to generate soft coating of WS2 on the nano-tex-
tured surface of cemented carbide cutting inserts. They observed that
nano-textured tool having the soft coating of WS2 showed minimum
coefficient of friction, cutting forces and cutting temperature in com-
parison to non-textured tools. Da silva et al. [129] used commercial
cemented carbide tool with a three-layer coating of (TiCN–Al2O3–TiN),
generated using Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) technique in order
to observe the effects of laser surface texturing on the wear resistance of
coated cemented carbide inserts. Zhang et al. [86] created a coating of
TiAlN having a thickness of 2 μm after the laser irradiation using a
commercial balzers sputtron system in order to study the effects of the
coated textured tools on machining performances. Arulkirubakaran
et al. [120] used Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) technique to coat
the textured cemented carbide tool with TiN and TiAlN materials up to
a thickness of 4 μm. It has been observed that perpendicular textured
TiAlN coated cutting tool exhibited best results in comparison to non-
textured and textured tools. Fang et al. [139] used cemented carbide
tool with a single layer coating of aluminium enriched TiAlN using PVD
technique and observed an improvement in cutting performance of
textured coated tool in comparison to the un-textured tool. Mishra et al.
[132] created a chevron shaped texture using Nd:YAG nanosecond laser
on cemented carbide insert. After that these textured tools as well as
conventional tools were coated with AlCrN and AlTiN single layer
coating using cathodic arc evaporation technique and observed a re-
duction in flank wear and cutting forces. Minimum flank wear was
noticed in AlCrN coated tools. As we have learned in the current section
that tool coatings helps in improving the properties of tool material but
at the same time we should not compromise with surface properties of
the work material. For that cutting fluids play very important role in
improving the surface properties of the work material as well as cutting
tool. Therefore the next section gives details regarding the various types
of cutting fluids and the lubrication techniques used in machining using
textured cutting tools.
5.1.4. Cutting fluids and lubrication techniques
In today's world the use of cutting fluid has become one of the major
problems in terms of both the environment and health of the em-
ployees. But we cannot ignore the advantages of cutting fluids, because
the use of cutting fluids causes the economy of tools and it also helps in
maintaining the surface properties of workpiece without any damage.
Because of these benefits of cutting fluids, some alternatives have to be
found out by minimizing the utilization of cutting fluid in various
machining operations. Some of the alternatives are the use of Minimum
65
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73
Quantity Lubrication (MQL) and solid lubricants. MQL refers to appli-
cation of very small amount of cutting fluid normally in the range of
50–500 ml/h in form of mist to the machining point as stated in lit-
erature [144]. Various authors have used different MQL setups and
solid lubricants in order to improve the machining performances. Ka-
wasegi et al. [96] used MQL by supplying daphne cut eco oil in mist
form at a flow rate of 40 cc/h and observed an improvement in fric-
tional properties by application of textured tool in MQL conditions.
Jianxin et al. [12] created micro-holes on the flank and rake surface of
the cutting tool and filled these micro-holes with molybdenum dis-
ulphide (MoS2) solid lubricants. The authors observed an improvement
in friction coefficient and cutting forces due to the formation of a self-
lubricating film between the sliding surfaces.
Wenlong et al. [45] created four micro-holes on the rake face of
cutting tool and finally these micro-holes were filled with three dif-
ferent solid lubricants such as graphite, MoS2 and CaF2 The authors
observed a reduction in the tool wear properties and cutting forces in
comparison to non-textured and unlubricated tools. Ze et al. [99] used
MoS2 solid lubricant to fill the textured grooves in order to create a self-
lubricating tool and observed an improvement in cutting temperature
and forces. Sivaiah et al. [145] performed turning on 17-4 Precipitation
hardening stainless steel using TiAlN coated WC/Co carbide inserts.
Cutting experiments were performed in both wet and cryogenic con-
ditions to compare the performance characteristics in turning such as
cutting forces, chip morphology, flank wear and cutting temperatures.
The authors noticed that cryogenic machining considerably improved
the machining performance and quality of products compared to wet
machining.
Sharma et al. [136] used CaF2 solid lubricant in order to make the
cutting tool as self-lubricating tool and observed the effects of these
self-lubricating tools on chip thickness ratio, cutting forces and surface
roughness of workpiece obtained after machining. Song et al. [146]
used self-lubricating tool in which graphite was used as solid lubricant
and observed the effects of these micro-textured self-lubricated tool on
tool wear and cutting temperature.
Dinesh et al. [147] performed orthogonal machining of ZK60
magnesium alloy using the uncoated textured cutting tool both in dry
and liquid nitrogen (LN2) cooling conditions. The authors studied the
effects of texturing and LN2 cooling on the surface roughness, cutting
forces, tool wear and cutting temperatures. It was noticed that in the
case of cryogenic machining, textured tool witnessed a significant im-
provement in machinability such as improved surface finish and re-
duced cutting forces. Sharma et al. [148] created hybrid textures on the
rake surface of carbide inserts using CaF2 as the solid lubricant to study
the effects of different orientation textured cutting inserts during ma-
chining of 4340 hardened steel. They observed that the hybrid textured
tool showed a less chip saw tooth phenomenon resulting in more stable
cutting in comparison to un-textured cutting tools. After discussing the
various machining subsystems such as tool material, work material, tool
coatings, cutting fluids. The next very important machining subsystem
is the process parameters as these parameters directly affects the quality
of the products, tool life, etc. So the next section gives the review of the
various process parameters which have been used in machining of
variety of materials.
5.1.5. Cutting parameters
Process parameters are one of the vital factors which affect the
quality of products, cutting tool life and finally the production rate.
These process parameters are selected on the basis of workpiece and
tool materials. From the literature survey it has been observed that the
main cutting parameters in machining are feed, cutting speed and depth
of cut. Various authors have used different workpieces and textured
cutting tool materials at different process parameters under different
machining conditions are summed up in Table 2.
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73

Table 2
Summary of various tool material, work material and cutting parameters used in machining via micro-textured tool.
Author Tool materials Work material Cutting parameters (cutting speed, V (m/min), Lubricants Machining
depth of cut, d (mm), feed, f (mm/rev)) process

Kawasegi et al. [96] WC/Co cemented carbide Aluminium alloy V = 60–600 MQL (Daphne cut Eco) Turning
A5052 d = 0.2
f = 0.1
Lei et al. [95] Tunsten carbide (WC) 1045 steel V = 120 Water based cutting fluid, Turning
d=1 cutting oil, solid powder WS2
f = 0.3
Sugihara et al. Cemented carbide Aluminium alloy V = 380 Dry and wet emulsion type Face milling
[106] A5052 d=3 (JIS A1)
f = 0.12
Enomoto et al. [32] Cemented carbide Aluminium alloy V = 380 Emulsion type, finecut CFS- Face milling
A5052 d=3 100
f = 0.12
Wenlong et al. [45] Cemented carbide 45# hardened steel V = 60–140 MoS2, CaF2 and graphite solid Turning
d = 0.2 lubricant
f = 0.1
Koshy et al. [47] T-15 grade HSS 1045 steel and V = 2–75 Light duty cutting oil Turning
A6061 d=3 (ChemEcol 250A)
f = 0.025–0.1
Enomoto et al. [35] Cemented carbide K10 Carbon steel S53C V = 200 Emulsion type, finecut CFS- Face milling
d=2 100
f = 0.20
Ze et al. [99] WC/Co cemented carbide Ti–6Al–4V V = 60–180 MoS2 solid lubricant Turning
d = 0.2
f = 0.05–0.3
Fatima et al. [135] Cemented carbide 4140 high tensile V = 283 Trefolex cutting oil Turning
alloy steel d = 2.5
f = 0.1
Da silva et al. [129] WC/Co cemented carbide AISI 1050 carbon V = 350 Vegetable based emulsion Turning
steel d=2
f = 2.5
Ling et al. [39] High strength steel Ti–6Al–4V V = 245 rpm Boelube 70104 lubricant Drilling
f = 24.9 m/min
Xing et al. [140] WS2/Zr coated Al2O3/TiC AISI 1045 hardened V = 30–150 Dry machining Turning
ceramic steel d = 0.5
f = 0.1
Wu et al. [109] WC/Co cemented carbide Ti–6Al–4V V = 60–180 MoS2 solid lubricant Turning
d = 0.5 mm
f = 0.3
Xing et al. [113] Al2o3/TiC ceramic AISI 1045 hardened V = 80–260 MoS2 solid lubricant Turning
steel d = 0.2
f = 0.2
Ma et al. [97] WC/Co cemented carbide AISI 1045 V = 120 Dry machining Turning
d=1
f = 0.3
Fatima et al. [115] Cemented carbide AISI 4140 V = 100, 198, 394 Ambient air Turning
d = 2.5
f = 0.1
Kim et al. [9] Cubic boron nitride (cBN) AISI 52100 V = 182 Dry machining Turning
d = 0.203
f = 0.152
Sun et al. [116] WC/Co cemented carbide AISI 1045 V = 60–120 MoS2 solid lubricant Turning
d = 0.2
f = 0.1
Xing et al. [149] Cemented carbide A6061 V = 54.9–439.2 Dry machining Turning
d=2
f = 0.05
Ma et al. [150] WC/Co cemented carbide Ti–6Al–4V V = 100 Dry machining Turning
d=2
f = 0.1
Li et al. [131] Uncoated cemented Ti–6Al–4V V = 50 Dry machining Turning
carbide d=2
f = 0.3
Su et al. [138] Polycrystalline diamond Ti–6Al–4V V = 16.485–125.6 Dry machining Turning
(PCD) d=2
f = 0.19
Vasumathy et al. Uncoated cemented AISI 316 V = 150 Dry machining Turning
[130] carbide d=1
f = 0.16
Sugihara et al. WC/Co cemented carbide Medium carbon steel V = 200 Emulsion type cutting fluid Face milling
[106] d=2
f = 0.20
(continued on next page)

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P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73

Table 2 (continued)

Author Tool materials Work material Cutting parameters (cutting speed, V (m/min), Lubricants Machining
depth of cut, d (mm), feed, f (mm/rev)) process

Kumar et al. [134] Al2o3/TiCN ceramic tool AISI 52100 At constant f = 0.12, V = 110–180 Dry machining Turning
d = 0.5
At constant V = 110, f = 0.12–0.2, d = 0.5
Mishra et al. [132] Plain cemented carbide Ti–6Al–4V V = 80 Dry machining Turning
insert d=1
f = 0.1
Niketh et al. [107] Carbide drills Ti–6Al–4V V = 30–60 Dry machining Drilling
f = 0.04–0.07

5.1.6. Texture dimensions, geometry and orientation
The improvement in the performance of machining through a tex-
tured tool basically depends on the dimensions of the texture created
such as texture depth, width, pitch, diameter, etc. It also depends on the
geometry of the texture such as micro-holes, micro-grooves, micro-
square pits, wavy grooves, etc. Texture orientation is another important
factor which affects the cutting performance of textured tool. The or-
ientation of textures can be in direction parallel/perpendicular to the
principal cutting edge or in the actual direction of chip flow. Various
authors have created textures of different dimensions, geometry and
orientation either on the flank surface or the rake surface of the cutting
tool which has been summarized in Table 3.
For the better understanding of cutting mechanism of the textured
tool, it is essential to construct a model for understanding the effect of
various process parameters on the machining characteristics. The next
section gives the detailed information regarding the various modelling
and simulation techniques useful in understanding the mechanism of
cutting through textured tool.
6. Modelling and simulation
In order to understand the cutting mechanism of micro-textured
tools, it is essential to construct a mathematical or numerical model in
order to study the effects of various parameters on output responses.
These modelling techniques provide the insight information of the
microscopic phenomenon occurring in real life situations of metal
cutting using micro-textured tools. Various authors have used different
modelling techniques such as Theoretical modelling, Finite element
modelling (FEM) and Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model the
effect of texturing on the machining performances. In the recent years,
FEM has become very popular in almost all fields including simulation
of metal cutting because of high precision, freedom in choices of
making complex shapes and ease of modelling as stated in literature
[151]. Various authors have used FEM techniques to get an insight of
the actual cutting mechanism. Chen et al. [152] performed metal cut-
ting simulation using Advantedge FEM software. They created five
different sizes of micro-grooves to study the relationship between
parameters of textures and anti-friction behaviour. They observed that
the smaller texture sized cutting tool effectively reduced the cutting
forces, cutting temperatures. Ma et al. [153] investigated the perfor-
mance of micro-textured tool in a dry orthogonal turning of AISI 1045.
The authors used FEM Advantedge software to investigate the effects of
micro-grooves tools on cutting forces and observed a significant re-
duction in cutting and thrust forces under particular combinations of
micro-groove parameters such as groove edge distance, depth, and
width.
Fang et al. [139] performed turning of Inconel 718 using flank face
micro textured cutting tool in the presence of high pressure jet coolant.
The authors observed a reduction in tool wear and temperature gen-
erated during the operation. They further performed CFD analysis of the
coolant flow on the flank surface of the textured cutting tool. The au-
thors observed a difference in the flow speed of the coolant outside and
inside of the micro-textures resulting in formation of local eddies which
finally results in enhancement of heat transfer from the cutting tool to
the coolant.
Ma et al. [154] investigated the effects of micro-grooved textured
tools in the dry cutting of Ti–6Al–4V using Advantedge FEM simulation
software. Fig. 27 shows a FEM turning model using conventional cut-
ting tool. They investigated the effects of the micro-groove parameters
(micro-groove width to depth ratio, edge distance, and micro-groove
width) on the chip morphology and cutting forces. The authors ob-
served that on increasing the width of micro-grooves in the range of
40–120 μm the cutting forces first decreased and then increased and
50 μm was the optimum width in which the cutting force component
was minimum. Finally the author stated that the optimal condition can
only be found out by taking in consideration of all the three texture
parameters simultaneously. Ma et al. [97] used Advantedge FEM soft-
ware to model and simulate the effects of micro-grooved tools in the dry
turning of AISI 1045. Firstly they validated their FEM model by com-
paring the results of model predictions with the experimental results.
They observed that simulation results were well capturing the effects of
micro-grooves compared to experimental results as shown in Fig. 28.
Further, they investigated the effects of the micro-groove parameters on
tool wear and friction coefficient on both flank face and rake face of the
cutting tool.
Gajrani et al. [66] performed structural analysis of both conven-
tional and micro-textured tool using ANSYS workbench as shown in
Fig. 29 and observed that the vonmises stress and strain of both con-
ventional and textured cutting tools were almost same indicating that
surface texturing has no any effect in decreasing the strength of the
cutting tool.
Orra et al. [137] developed micro level textures on the rake surface
of ceramic tool to improve the cutting performance during the ma-
chining of AISI 4340. The authors also developed a theoretical model to
estimate friction coefficient on the rake surface of the cutting tool. They
further observed that the experimental results showing the variation of
cutting velocity on the chip reduction coefficient were in good agree-
ment with the results obtained theoretically with an approximate error
of around 5%. Kim et al. [9] developed a 3D turning model using the
commercial Deform 3D software. They created three different orienta-
tion textures such as parallel, perpendicular and rectangular on the rake
surface of the tool in the chip flow direction and studied the effects of
these different orientation textures on-chip flow angle, cutting forces
and effective friction coefficient. They reported a maximum reduction
of 25% in the effective friction coefficient and 6% in the cutting force
using a perpendicular orientation textured tool in comparison to the
conventional/non-textured tool.
Arulkirubakaran et al. [120] used Deform 3D commercial software
to simulate machining of Ti–6Al–4V alloy using uncoated, TiN and
TiAlN coated cutting tools which were created in the perpendicular and
parallel direction of the chip flow. The authors observed the effects of
these textures on chip morphology, cutting forces and temperature
distribution. It was noticed that the perpendicular textured tool showed
better machinability in comparison to parallel and non-textured tool.
Fig. 30 indicates the variation of main cutting forces using parallel,
perpendicular, cross textured and non-textured coated tool and it has

67
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
Table 3
Various texture generation techniques along with groove dimensions and geometry.
Author
Jianxin et al. [12]
Enomoto et al. [34]
Chang et al. [33]
Obikawa et al. [133]
Sugihara et al. [118]
Xing et al. [36]
Jianxin et al. [98]
Deng et al. [123]
Lian et al. [100]
Arulkirubakran et al. [49]
Gajrani et al. [65]
Kim et al. [48]
Fang et al. [139]
Sharma et al. [136]
Thomas et al. [64]
Feng et al. [125]
Sugihara et al. [106]
Sasi et al. [114]
Liu et al. [119]
Song et al. [146]
Kawasegi et al. [78]
Arulkirubakran et al. [120]
Dinesh et al. [147]
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73
Groove pattern direction Groove dimensions Texture generation technique
•Micro-holes Dia = 200–250 μm Micro EDM
Depth = 250 μm
•Micro/nano grooves parallel to principle cutting edge Depth = 100–150 nm Ti sapphire laser system
Spacing = 700 nm
•Grooves in direction of horizontal to cutting edge Width = 4.5 μm Focussed ion beam milling
•Grooves in direction perpendicular to principle cutting Depth = 7.5 μm
edge Pitch = 4.5 μm
•Grooves in direction at 45° to cutting edge
•Directional groove perpendicular to principle cutting Width = 25, 50 μm Photolithography
edge Height = 0.5, 1.0, 1.2 μm
•Directional groove parallel to principle cutting edge
•Matrix of square pits
•Matrix of square dots
• Micro-stripe parallel to the principle cutting edge Depth = 5 μm Femtosecond laser
• Micro-stripe orthogonal to the principle cutting edge Spacing = 20 μm
•Micro-holes Distance between microgrooves = 100–200 μm Nd:YAG laser system
•Linear-grooves Width = 50 μm
•Wavy-grooves Depth = 30–50 μm
•Grooves parallel to principle cutting edge Width = 50 μm Laser machining
•Elliptical grooves Depth = 200 μm
•Grooves inclined to principle cutting edge
•Wavy-groove Depth = 200 nm Femtosecond laser
Width = 600–650 nm
•Grooves inclined 30° to main cutting edge Depth = 200 nm Femtosecond laser
Width = 300 nm
•Perpendicular texture Width = 250 μm Wire EDM
•Parallel texture Depth = 200 μm
•Cross texture
•Conical micro-dimples on rake face Depth = 52 μm Rockwell hardness tester
Dia = 150.45 μm
•Line pattern parallel to chip flow direction Width = 110 μm Layer by layer micro EDM
Depth = 50 μm
•Plate fin array in parallel and perpendicular to main Width = 50 μm Femtosecond laser
cutting edge Depth = 10, 20 μm
•Pit fin array Interval = 50 μm
•Pin fin array (dot and cross hatch)
•Circular pits created between the pitch distance Distance from cutting edge = 50–150 μm Nd:YAG femtosecond laser
Width of rectangle = 80–120 μm
Pitch = 240–360 μm
Dia of dimple = 80–120 μm
Depth of texture = 100–140 μm
•Diamond indenter of square shape used in Vickers – •Vickers hardness tester
hardness tester •Rockwell hardness tester
•Conical dimple using Rockwell hardness tester •Diamond dresser
•Scratches made parallel to cutting edge using diamond
dresser
•Transverse texture perpendicular to direction of chip Width = 100 μm In situ forming method
flow Depth = 50 μm
•Transverse texture longitudinal to direction of chip Pitch = 100 μm
flow
•Rectangular grooves parallel to principle cutting edge Depth = 5 μm Femtosecond laser
•Rectangular grooves orthogonal to principle cutting Width and separation = 20 μm
edge
•Rectangular grooves orthogonal to cutting edge, placed
30 mm away from cutting edge
•Dimples on rake face Dia = 38 μm Nd:YAG laser machining
Pitch = 425 μm
•Grooves parallel to the principle cutting edge on flank Depth = 30–100 μm Fiber laser
face Width = 20–50 μm
•Grooves perpendicular to principle cutting edge Spacing = 100–300 μm
•Grooves inclined at 45 degree
•Micro-holes on rake face Dia = 140–160 μm Micro EDM
Depth = 190–210 μm
•Linear texture parallel to principle cutting edge Depth = 43 nm Focussed ion beam followed by heat
•Linear texture perpendicular to principle cutting edge Width = 1.8 μm treatment
•Linear grooves parallel to chip flow direction on rake Width = 250 μm Wire EDM
face Depth = 100 μm
•Linear grooves perpendicular to chip flow direction
•Cross texture grooves
•Linear texture parallel to the chip flow direction on the Peak width = 160–170 μm Nd:YAG solid state nanoescond laser
rake face Peak height = 75–85 μm
•Linear texture perpendicular to chip flow direction Groove width = 120–130 μm
(continued on next page)
68
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
Table 3 (continued)
Author Groove pattern direction
Duan et al. [126] •Linear texture parallel to main cutting edge
Wei et al. [68] •Areal texture with numerous surface asperities
Gajrani et al. [66] •Micro-textures
Orra et al. [137] •Vertical micro texture in chip flow direction
•Horizontal texture in chip flow direction
•Elliptical texture in direction of chip flow
Fig. 27. 3D FEM machining model of a conventional tool [154].
Fig. 28. Validation of simulated cutting force results with the experimental
results [97].
been observed that the TiAlN coated perpendicular textured tool has a
maximum reduction in the cutting forces compared to the non-textured
tool. The authors further analysed that on increasing the cutting speed,
the reduction in cutting force is more because on increasing the cutting
speed thermal softening takes place in the work material causing the
reduction in the cutting forces.
Olleak et al. [155] designed a three-dimensional simulation for
turning of Ti–6Al–4V alloy using Deform 3D FE software to investigate
the effects of different texture orientations on tool wear, cutting force
and cutting temperature. They observed that perpendicular and diag-
onal textured tool showed the maximum cutting force reduction in
comparison to non-textured tools. Mishra et al. [151] performed three
dimensional FE simulations using different shaped textured tool with
varying depth and texture area density to investigate the effect of these
texture shapes on tool-chip contact length and cutting forces while
machining Ti–6Al–4V alloy. They observed that textured tools could be
69
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73
Groove dimensions Texture generation technique
Width = 50 μm Nd:YAG solid state laser
Depth = 35 μm
Edge distance = 150–350 μm
Edge distance = 100 μm Micro abrasive blasting
Width = 200 μm Vickers hardness tester
Width = 200, 215 μm Epilog laser
Pitch = 150–222 μm
used for machining Ti–6Al–4V alloy in dry conditions but at higher
speeds and feeds the effectiveness of textured surfaces was lost.
7. Future work
There are various sustainable techniques available nowadays for
improving the cutting tool performances such as MQL, cryogenic
cooling and air/gas cooling. But every technique has some dis-
advantages like MQL requires special setup and the mist formed during
operation is harmful for human health, overcooling leads to embrit-
tlement of work material in cryogenic cooling and air/gas cooling lacks
lubrication properties. Thus creation of texture on the surface of cutting
tool is one of the promising techniques in metal cutting to enhance the
machinability of various difficult to cut materials. It is acheived by
effectively controlling the direction of the chip flow and reducing the
cutting force, wear, temperature and Built Up Edge (BUE) formation.
But this technique also has some drawbacks, i.e., costly machining
setups are required for the generation of surface textures, but if these
techniques are adopted at the time of insert manufacturing, then it
would become environmentally friendly. Surface textured tool reduces
the friction by reducing the contact length between the tool–chip in-
terfaces and by acting as a reservoir for the lubricants.
Thus the use of textured tool helped in improving the machining
performance but still a lot of work has to be done. The future research
can be focussed in following directions:
• Optimization of size and shape of the textures as it will leads to
improvement in machining characteristics.
• It has been observed that textures on the cutting tools have been
created by using processes which involves heat while creating tex-
tures on the cutting tool like laser surface texturing, electric dis-
charge machining, focussed ion beam machining, etc., and it leads
to formation of thermal stresses and finally deformation of tool. So
one need to focus on mechanical methods which involve mechanical
forces and no thermal stresses such as Vickers hardness tester, micro
grinding, etc.
• Mimicking nature inspired design on the surface of cutting tool as it
helped a lot in improving the machining characteristics.
• There is the scope of development of theoretical model in order to
evaluate optimum shape, size and orientation of texture as re-
searchers are using trial and discovery approach to find the op-
timum parameters for texturing.
• The research can be focussed in the area of improvement in ma-
chining characteristics using a textured drilling tool in dry cutting
conditions.
• The research can be directed in the area of studying the effectiveness
of these textures on the cutting tool over a longer duration of ma-
chining as it is observed that the effectiveness of textures decreases
with time.
8. Conclusions
The current review paper presents the work done by various re-
searchers in improving the tribological properties between the
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
Fig. 29. Comparative study of Vonmises stress field in (a) conventional tool and (b) micro-textured tool [66].
Fig. 30. Effects of different orientation of textures on the cutting forces in simulated conditions for different types of coating materials. (a) 60 m/min and (b) 90 m/
min [120].
contacting surfaces in the cutting tools by creating micro/nano textures
on the rake/flank face. The article highlights the different techniques
along with its advantages and disadvantages involved in creating tex-
tures and its effect in improving the cutting performances such as
cutting temperature, cutting forces, surface finish, and tool wear. It
indicated the effect of self-lubricating tools in improving the machining
performances. It also highlighted the areas in which future work can be
concentrated. The benefits of using textured tool in enhancing the
machinability of difficult to cut materials are as follows:
a) Textured tool helps in reduction of cutting forces due to reduction in
the contact area between the chip and tool interface.
b) It also resulted in reduction of variability in the cutting forces.
c) Textured tools help in enhancing the wear resistance of cutting tools
by reducing the adhesion between the chip–tool interfaces.
d) Nano textured tool performs better in comparison to micro-textured
because of lesser adherability of the work material with the textured
tool.
70
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 43 (2019) 47–73
e) Texturing helps in reduction of cutting temperature because tex-
turing causes an increase in the heat radiating area resulting in
better heat dissipation.
f) There is no any effect on the strength of cutting edge by creating
micro-textures on the rake surface of the cutting tool.
g) The textured tool filled with the solid lubricant helps in improving
the lubricity between the chip–tool interface and thus improving the
cutting performances.
h) The texturing parameters such as edge distance, depth, width, shape
and orientation of texture has significant effect in improving the
cutting performance of the cutting tool.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
P. Ranjan and S.S. Hiremath
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