ARTICLE 6 d) able to read and write

e) bona fide member of the party/org for ≥ 90 days (preceding the day of
Congress of the Philippines the election)
= legislative power f) ≥ 25 y/o (on the day of the election)
= consist of: g) Youth sector: 25 y/o > x ≥ 30 y/o (on the day of the election)
1. Senate  Term: 3 years
- 24 senators o Commence at noon on June 30 (next following their election)
 Elected at large by qualified voters o UNLESS otherwise provided by law
o As may be provided by law  Not serve for ≤ 3 consecutive terms
 Qualifications:  Voluntary renunciation not considered as interruption of service
a) natural-born citizen 3. EXCEPT: provision on initiative and referendum
b) ≥ 35 y/o (on the day of the election) = Election : 2nd Monday of May (UNLESS otherwise fixed by law)
c) able to read and write = Vacancy : special election
d) registered voter  Manner prescribed by law
e) resident of the Philippines for > 2 years (immediately preceding the day  Serve for unexpired term
of the election) = Salary : determined by law
 Term: 6 years  No increase in compensation until after expiration of full term of representatives
o Commence at noon on June 30 (next following their election) approving such increase
o UNLESS otherwise provided by law  Senate President and Speaker : 240, 000php
 Not serve for ≤ 2 consecutive terms  Senators and Members of HR : 204, 000php
 Voluntary renunciation not considered as interruption of service = Privileged from arrest
2. House of Representatives  Offenses punishable by ≤ 6 years imprisonment
- not more than 250 members (UNLESS otherwise fixed by law)  Congress is in session
 Elected from legislative districts  Not questioned nor held liable
o UNLESS otherwise fixed by law - any speech or debate
o Apportioned among the provinces, cities and the Metropolitan Manila - in Congress or any committee
area = Full disclosure of financial and business interests
o In accordance with the number of inhabitants  Upon assumption of office
o On the basis of a uniform and progressive ratio  Notify the House concerned of a potential conflict of interest
o Comprise as far as practicable… territory - filing of a proposed legislation they are authors
 Contiguous = Not hold any other office or employment
 Compact  in the government, subdivision, agency or instrumentality
 Adjacent  government-owned or controlled corporations or subsidiaries
o City/province with ≥ 250, 000 population = ≥1 representative  during his term
o Within 3 years following the return of census = reapportionment  forfeit his seat
 Elected through a party-list system  appointed to any office
o Registered national, regional and sectoral parties/orgs - created or emoluments increased
o 20% of the total number of representatives - during his term
o 3 consecutive terms after ratification of Constitution, ½ of the seats = Not personally appear as counsel
allocated  any court of justice, Electoral Tribunal, or quasi-judicial and other administrative
 As provided by law bodies
 Selection or election  interested financially in any contract, franchise, special privilege granted by the
 Labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural government, subdivision, agency, or instrumentality
communities, women, youth, other sectors - directly or indirectly
 EXCEPT religious sector - include government-owned or controlled corporation or subsidiary
 Qualification of legislative representative: - during his term of office
a) natural-born citizen  not intervene in any matter before any office of the government
b) ≥ 25 y/o (on the day of the election) - for pecuniary benefit
c) able to read and write - called upon to act on account of his office
d) registered voter in the district = Sessions:
e) resident of district for > 1 year (immediately preceding the day of the  Convene once every 4th Monday of July
election) - regular session
 Qualification of party-list representative: - UNLESS a different date is fixed by law
a) natural-born citizen  Continue to be in session
b) registered voter - number of days as it may determine
c) resident of the Philippines for > 1 year (immediately preceding the day - until 30 days before opening of next regular session
of the election) - exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays
  Special session : called by President (any time)  By own initiative, with consent of President, OR upon request of either House
= Election:  Written questions submitted to Senate President/Speaker ≥ 3 days before scheduled
 Officers (by majority vote): appearance
1) Senate President  Interpellations : written questions and other matters
2) Speaker of HR  Executive session :
3) Other officers deemed necessary - security of the State
 Quorum : majority of each house (to do business) - public interest so requires
- smaller number adjourn from day to day - President states in writing
- compel the attendance of absentees = In times of war or other national emergency:
- manner and penalties – as such House may provide  Sole power to declare the existence of a state of war
 Each House determine: - by a vote of 2/3 of both Houses
- rules of proceedings - in joint session assembled
- punish members for disorderly behavior - voting separately
- suspend/expel member (concurrence of 2/3 of all) – suspension not exceed 60  Exemption to non-delegative power1 : Authorize the President
days - by law
 Each House keep a Journal of its proceedings - limited period
- published from time to time - subject to restrictions as it may prescribe
- excepting parts affecting national security - exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a declared national policy
- yeas and nays entered – request of 1/5 members present - powers cease upon adjournment of Congress (UNLESS withdrawn by resolution)
 Not adjourn for without consent of other House = Bills originate exclusively from HR (but Senate concur/propose amendments)
- Congress is in session  appropriations
- More than 3 days  revenue/tariff bill
- Other place  bill authorizing increase of public debt
= Electoral Tribunal:  bill of local application
 Sole judge of all contests relating to elections, returns, and qualifications of their  private bill
respective members = Appropriations:
 Composition: 9 members  Cannot increase appropriations recommended by the President
- 3 : Justices of SC (designated by CJ) - for the operation of the government
- 6 : Members of Senate/HR - as specified in the budget
- Chosen on the basis of proportional representation from the political parties and - prescribed by the law : form, content and manner of preparation
parties/orgs registered under the PL system  Provisions or enactment must relate specifically to some particular appropriation
- Chairman: senior justice - limited in operation to the appropriation to which it relates
= Commission on Appointments:  Strictly follow procedure for approving appropriations for other departments and
 Composition: 13 members agencies
- Ex officio chairman : Senate President  Special appropriations bill
- 12 Senators - specify intended purpose
- 12 Members of HR - supported by funds actually available (National Treasurer OR raised by revenue
 Elected by each house proposal)
- basis of proportional representation  No law passed authorizing transfer of appropriations
- from political parties and parties/orgs registered under PL system
 Authorized (by law) to augment any item in general appropriations law
 Chairman not vote (EXCEPT in case of tie) - President
 Act on all appointments submitted to it - Senate President
- within 30 session days - Speaker of the House
 Rule by majority vote of all - Chief Justice of SC
 Meet only when - Heads of Constitutional Commissions
1) Congress is in session  Discretionary funds
2) At the call of its Chairman/majority - appropriated for particular officials
= ET and CoA constituted within 30 days after Congress organized - disbursed only for public purposes
= Records and books of accounts - supported by appropriate vouchers
 Preserved and open to the public in accordance with law - subject to guidelines prescribed by law
 Audited by Commission on Audit  Reenact the general appropriations law for the preceding fiscal year
 Publish annually an itemized list of amounts paid to and expenses of each Member - Failure to pass the general appropriations bill (end of any fiscal year)
= Conduct inquiries in aid of legislation - Remain in force until general appropriations bill passed by Congress
 In accordance with duly published rules of procedure = Rules on bills passed:
 Rights of people appearing in or affected shall be respected  One subject-One title
= Heads of departments appear before and be heard by such House  Become a law after
 Any matter pertaining to their department 1) ,3 readings on separate days
 2) Distributed printed copies of final form 3 days before passage - ≥ 3% of registered voters in legislative districts
 EXCEPTION : President certifies necessity of immediate enactment ARTICLE 7
- public calamity or emergency
 Last reading: President of the Philippines
- no amendment allowed = Executive power
- vote immediately = Qualification:
- yeas and nays entered in Journal 1. natural-born citizen
 Presented to the President for approval 2. registered voter
- approve : sign 3. able to read and write
- disapprove : veto and return objections to House of origination (within 30 days 4. ≥ 40 y/o (on the day of the election)
after date of receipt) 5. resident of the Philippines for ≥ 10 years (immediately preceding election)
- power to veto : appropriation, revenue or tariff bill = Not eligible for reelection
- veto not affect the item/s which he does not object  succeed President and served > 4 years = not qualified for reelection
 Vetoed bill: = Have own official residence
- enter President’s objection in the Journal = Inability to discharge powers and duties of Office
- proceed to reconsider  President transmits to Senate President and Speaker of HR written declaration
- 2/3 of all members agree to pass – sent to other House (w/ objections) to - UNTIL he transmits written declaration to the contrary = VP as Acting President
reconsider and 2/3 vote to approve  Majority of all Members of the Cabinet transmit to Senate President and Speaker of
- Votes determined by yeas and nays HR written declaration
- Names of members voting entered in the Journal - VP as Acting President
= Rule of taxation : uniform, equitable and progressive  President transmits to Senate President and Speaker of HR written declaration no
= Exemption to non-delegative power2 :Authorize the President inability exists
 by law - Reassume powers and duties of office
 fix within specified limits - Majority of all Members of Cabinet transmit to Senate President and Speaker of
 subject to limitations and restrictions it may impose HR written declaration to the contrary
1) tariff rates 1) within 5 days
2) import and export quotas 2) Congress decide issue
3) tonnage and wharfage dues 3) Congress convene within 48 hours = not in session
4) other duties or imposts within the framework of the national development  Congress declares President’s inability
program - Within 10 days after receipt of last declaration
= Exempted from taxation: - Within 12 days after required to assemble = not in session
 charitable institutions - By 2/3 vote of both House = voting separately
 churches and parsonages/convents - VP as President
 mosques = In case of serious illness
 non-profit cemeteries  Inform public of state of his health
 lands, buildings, and improvements  Have access to President:
- actually, directly and exclusively used 1) Members of Cabinet – national security and foreign relations
- for religious, charitable or educational purpose 2) Chief of Staff of AFP
 no law passed without concurrence of majority of all members of Congress = Appointing power:
= Money paid out of Treasury in pursuance of appropriation made by law 1. With consent of Commission on Appointments
= No public money or property - heads of the executive departments
- ambassadors
 appropriated, applied, paid or employed
- other public ministers and consuls
 directly or indirectly
- officers of the armed forces = from rank of colonel or naval captain
 for use, benefit or support - other officers = appointments vested in him in the constitution
 any sect, church, denomination, sectarian institution, system of religion 2. Other officers of the government
 EXCEPTION : priest, minister or dignitary assigned to the armed forces, penal - appointments not provided by law
institution, or government orphanage/leprosarium 3. Those whom the President may be authorized by law to appoint
= Money collected on any tax levied for a special purpose 4. Officers lower in rank
 Treated as a special fund - appointments vested by Congress to President alone = by law
 Paid out for such purpose only 5. Appointments during the recess of Congress
 Abandoned/fulfilled purpose -- balance transferred to general funds - called interim appointments
= No law passed to increase appellate jurisdiction of SC - voluntary or compulsory
= No law grants title of royalty/nobility - effective only until disapproved by Commission on Appointments OR next
= Initiative and referendum: adjournment of Congress
 directly propose and enact laws = Control of all executive departments, bureaus and offices
 approve/reject act or law passed by Congress/local legislative body = Ensure laws be faithfully executed
 signed by ≥ 10% of total number of registered voters
 - SC en banc : sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns and
= Commander-in-chief of AFP qualifications
 call out armed forces to prevent or suppress ◘ Promulgate own rules
- lawless violence, invasion or rebellion  Salary:
- whenever it becomes necessary - determined by law (P : 300, 000php; VP : 240, 000php)
 suspend privilege of the writ of habeas corpus or declare martial law - not decreased during tenure
- in case of invasion or rebellion - No increase in compensation until after expiration of full term of incumbent during
- when the public safety requires it such increase was approved
- for a period not exceeding 60 days - Not receive any emolument during tenure
- (for martial law) Philippines or any part  President-elect and Vice-President-elect assume office at the beginning of term
- Within 48 hours, President submit a report to Congress - President fails to qualify – VP-elect act as President (until P qualifies)
1) in person - President not chosen – VP-elect acts as President (until P chosen and qualified)
2) in writing - President-elect died/permanently incapacitated – VP-elect become President
- Congress may revoke such proclamation/suspension ◘ At the beginning of the term
1) voting jointly - No President and Vice-President chosen/qualified or died/permanently incapacitated –
2) vote of at least a majority of all its members (regular/special session) Senate President (until P or VP chosen and qualified)
3) cannot be set aside by President ◘ In case of inability, Speaker of HR
- Congress may extend such proclamation/suspension - Congress provide manner in selection of Acting President
1) upon initiative of President ◘ By law
2) period determined by Congress ◘ Until a P or VP have qualified
3) invasion or rebellion persist ◘ In case of death, permanent disability or inability of Senate President and
4) public safety requires it Speaker of HR
- Congress convene  Death, permanent disability, removal from office, resignation (middle of term):
1) within 24 hours = if not in session - President – VP become President
2) in accordance with its rules - President and Vice-President – Senate President
3) without need of a call ◘ until P or VP elected and qualified
- ◘ In case of inability, Speaker of HR
 - Congress provide who shall serve as President
◘ By law
Vice-President of the Philippines ◘ In case of death, permanent disability or resignation of Acting President
= same qualifications and term of office as President ◘ Until P or VP elected and qualified
= elected with and same manner as President ◘ Subject to same restrictions of powers and disqualifications as Acting
= remove in the same manner as President President
= may be appointed as Member of Cabinet (no confirmation!)  Vacancy in the Office of the President and Vice-President
= not serve > 2 successive terms - 10am, 3rd day of vacancy – Congress convene
= vacancy in office : President nominate from members of Congress ◘ In accordance with its rules
 assume office upon confirmation of Congress ◘ Without a need of a call
- majority vote of all members of both House ◘ Within 7 days = enact a law for a special election
- voting separately ◘ Cannot be suspended/postponed
- Bill calling for special election:
 Elected by direct vote of the people ◘ Held 45 days > x > 60 days from time of call
 Term : 6 years ◘ Certified under par.2, sec. 26, Art. 6
- commence at noon on June 30 (next following the day of the election) ◘ Become law upon 3rd reading by Congress
- end at noon on June 30 (6 years after) ◘ Appropriations:
 Voluntary renunciation not considered as interruption of service 1) charged against current appropriations
 Regular election : 2nd Monday of May (UNLESS otherwise provided by law) 2) exempt from requirements of par.4, sec.25, art.6
 Returns of election: - No special election within 18 months before next presidential elections
- duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province/city  Cannot hold any other office or employment during their tenure
- transmitted to Congress - President, Vice-President, Members of the Cabinet, deputies or assistants
- directed to Senate President - UNLESS otherwise provided in the Constitution
- not later than 30 days after election, Senate President open COC in the presence of - Avoid conflict of interest
Congress (joint public session) ◘ Directly or indirectly
- Congress canvass votes ◘ Practice any other profession
- Highest number of votes : proclaimed elected ◘ Participate in any business
- 2 or more equal and highest number of votes : chosen by vote of majority of all ◘ Financially interested
members of both Houses (vote separately!) 1) Contract
- Congress promulgate own rules for canvassing 2) Franchise
3) Special privilege granted by the government
 4) Subdivision
5) Agency
6) Instrumentality
7) Including government-owned or controlled corporations or subsidiaries
- Spouse and relatives by consanguinity or affinity within the 4th civil degree
◘ Not appointed during his tenure
1) Members of the Constitutional Commission
2) Office of the Ombudsman
3) Secretaries
4) Undersecretaries
5) Chairmen/heads of bureaus/offices
6) Including government-owned or controlled corporations or subsidiaries
 Appointments extended by Acting President remain effective
- UNLESS revoked by elected President
◘ Within 90 days from assumption/reassumption of office
 President or Acting President not make appointments
- 2 months immediately before next presidential elections and up to end of term
- EXCEPT temporary appointments to executive positions
◘ Prejudice public service
◘ Endanger public safety


ARTICLE 8

ARTICLE 9

ARTICLE 10

ARTICLE 11

ARTICLE 12

ARTICLE 16

ARTICLE 17