Bones

Osama Yousef &

Neveen Nazzal
05/11/2010
 Introducaiton
Bones
9th Lecture
B one is a specialized form of connective tissues
that has a calcified intracellular matrix. It supports fleshy
organs and protects Vital organs (such as those in the Cra-
nial and thoracic cavities). Also bones serve as a reservoir
Introducaiton..................................................................................2 of Calcium, phosphate, and other ions.They also form a
Osteoblasts..........................................................................................................3 system of livers that generate forces during skeletal muscle
Mineralization in bone matrix...............................................................4 contraction therefore bone has both metabolic and me-
Osteocytes................................................................................................................5 chanical functions to the skeleton.Bone is composed of :
Osteoclasts...................................................................................................................6 (a)Bone Matrix (intercellular material ) and (b) the three
Periosteum and endosteum Periosteum and endosteum...................................7
cells types : Osteocytes, Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts.
Types of bones............................................................................................................8
How laamellaes are organized.................................................................................9 Matrix : “Is the intercellular Material that is Impreg-
Bone Remodeling.....................................................................................................10 nated with Inorganic salt and its composed of Organic
Bone growth and repair..........................................................................................12 and Inorganic Material “. Inorganic material consists
Final word..................................................................................................................13 mainly of “Hydroxyapitite Crystals” whose cells is hydrat-
ed and facilitate the ion exchange between the crystal cell
and the intercellular fluid (Body Fluid). Other Ions are
available in the inorganic matrix like: Bicarbonate Citrate,
Magnesium,potassium,sodium and in addition to non-
crystalline Calcium phosphate (CaPO ). Organic Material
consists of “Type one (l) Collagen fiber, proteoglycan aggre-
gates and Multiadhesive glycoprotein(occur in the connec-
tive and cartilage tissue).
“The associations of minerals with collagen fibers give
the hardness and resistance of a bone, so removing the or-
ganic material will leave the bone fragile and can be easily
broken. “

2
 Osteoblasts Mineralization in bone matrix

There are some examples about From their ends adjacent to the matrix , osteoblasts secrete :
the bone we should know about they are : 1) Type l collagen.
Fibro-nekton: Example of connective tis- 2) Several glycoprotens
sue, Condo-nekton: Example of Cartilage 3) Proteoglycans
tissue and Osseo-nekton: Example of Bone 4) Osteocalcin and some certain glycoprotens, they do the fellowing things :
Matrix.Now lets talk more about the cells They bind Ca with high affinity thus >> increasing the local concentration of
types of the bones , we will start wth the first Calcium.
type which is the Osteoblasts cells.They are 5) ) Small membrane-enclosed matrix vessels with alkaline phosphate and
Cells that are arranged in one layer (some- other enzymes, they do the fellowing things :
what resembling an epithelium cells ).They These enzymes hydroliaze PO thus having high local concentration of PO.
are found in cavities (lacunae) between lay- When there is a high level of Ca (osteocalcin effect) + high level of PO
-
ers (lamellae) of bone matrix. They Synthe- (small matrix vessels effect) the following series happens:
size and Secrete the organic matrix of bone -High conc. Ca & PO >>formation of CaPO4 crystals on the matrix ves-
which then hardens by calcification. They figure 2 showng the location of Osteoblasts sels >> these crystals undergo further growing + they form small growing
synthesis type I collagen fibers , proteogly- masses of Hydroxyaptie >> this Hydroxyaptie surrounds the collagen fibers
cans and several glycoproteins which all and all other macromolecules >> as soon as the calcification of the matrix is
of them is needed in the process of “Bone completed the small masses merge as a conflict solid bony matrix .
Mineralization” (discussed shortly) .
Their activity is stimulated by para-
thyroid Hormone (PTH) . The shape of
theosteoblasts depends on their synthetic
Activity (PTH) , when they have high syn-
thetic activity the shape will be “ Cuboidal
to Columnar “ and basophilic cytoplasm. If
the synthetic activity is low then the shape
will be “Flattened “and there will be a de-
creases in plasmatic basophilia. Osteoblasts figure 3 showing of Osteoblasts , the Osteoid and Osteo-
are developed (derived) from mesenchymal cyte
cells.
Look at figure 2 here we have Osteo-
blasts (OB) and Osteocytes(O). OB are de-
rived from the mesenchymal cells nearby
and they appear as a simple row of cells . In
figure 3 we can see the relatonship of Osteo- figure 4 showing the mineralzation process n the bone
blasts , the Osteoid and Osteocyte.Osteoid matrix
is : “Newly formed, less staind bone matrix
that is not yet calcified”.

3 4

Osteocytes
The osteocytes are the Osteboblasts
that gradually become surrounded by
their own secretion and become Osteo-
cytes and they become enclosed singly
within spaces called Lacunae. In the pro-
cess of transforming the osteoblasts into
osteocytes the cells extend many long cy-
toplasmic process so an osteocyte and its
cytoplasmic process occupy two things,
Osteocytes occupy Lacuna and Cytoplas-
mic process occupy canaliculi. ** Note :
Canaliculi & Lacuna have the same name
of space in Chondrocytes Osteocytes with
Osteoid (classified osteoid).
Gap Junction (Nexus):
cytoplasmatic Processes of adjacent cells
make contact via these gaps. Molecules
also pass from cell to cell through it The
communication between osteocytes oc-
curs by gap junction (cytoplasmatic pro-
cess of the canaliculi communicate)
figure 5 showing the gap junctions
5
Look at figure 5 (a) This TEM section
shows the osteocyte with its ctytoplasmic
processes surrounded the by the matrix
you can see that this cell is inactive by
looking to it cytoplasm .There is no rough
endoplasmic reticulum (RER) neither is
there well-developedm Golgi apparatus.
(b) this is dried section; all organic ma-
trix is gone. Lacunae and Canaliculi ap-
pears dark and show the communication
between these structures where nutrients
derived from blood vessels passed from
cell to cell in this living bone
6
Osteoclasts
Osteoclasts are very large (giant multi-
nucleated).They are multi- nucleated and
very large because they are derived from
monocytes which are from the bone mar-
row.Look at figure 6 (a) and (b) this con-
cavity at the surface of the bone (ruffled
border) it’s modify the surface of osteo-
clasts.You can see can see an area of clear
zone this is the circumferential adhesion
zone from its name you can see that it is figure 6 showng Osteoclasts and thier cavities
for the adherence for the osteoclasts,to
the bone surface which is rich in actin
filament, you can also see an area of clear
zone rich of actin filaments Which is the
site of adhesion to the bone matrix “cir-
cumferential adhesion zone “as the name
indicate it source for the adhesion for os-
teoclasts to the bone surface
figure 6 showng Osteoclasts and thier cavities
 Periosteum and endosteum
Similar to the pericardium there is
something called “ periosteum (( peri :
means around or supporting the oste-
um bone )) remember that most these
connective tissue has “ Osteoprogenitor
cell “ that means that the cells have high
potential to synthesize and form bone.
The Osteoprogenitor cells is differenti-
ate into osteoblasts which synthesize
the bony matrix which then undergoes
calcification forming the bone .” Perios-
teum and Endosteum are both connective
tissue , they have blood vessels to provide
the bone with nutrition and have the
prominent role in bone growth and repair
because they contain the osteoprogenitor
cell.”
1) The periosteum is composed of 2
layers : (a) The outer layer >>> consists
of dense fibrous rich in collagen fibers
bundles and fibroblasts .Bundels of per-
iosteal collagen fibers called Perforatng
or (sharpe). (b)The Inner layer (Inner-
most layer ) >>> contains mesenchymal
stem cells called osteoprogenitor cells
, they play an important role n bone
growth and repair.
2) Endosteum(inside): A single thin
layer of connective tissue that surround
long bone that cover the internal & ex-
ternal surfaces of bone ( lines the inter-
nal narrow cavity ) they contain the os-
teoprogenitor cells and the osteoblasts.
Figure 7 shows the Periosteum and en-
dosteum P = Periosteum and E= Endos-
teum.
7 8
figure 7 showing Periosteum and endosteum
Types of bones
Look at figure 8 By looking at the bone
microscopy the gross observation shows
dense area without cavities it is called “Com-
pact bone “ the other type you can see that
it contains numerous cavity and it is called
Cancellous or (spongy ) bone. In living tissue
the compact bone is covered externally with
periosteum and all surface of cancellous bone
with endosteum .Now lets talk about the types
of bones we have.There is primary bone and fgure 9 shownig the primary bone
Secondary bone.
primary bone >>> Newly formed , im- Look at figure 9 This figure shows the
mature bone , rich in osteocytes.It is charac- primary ( Woven ) bone undergoes a
terized by 1) random disposition of fine col- repair process ,they are newly formed
lagen fibers and therefore it is called “Woven , immature bones , rich in osteocytes
bone” 2) ) lower mineral content 3) higher and with randomly arranged bundles
proportion of octeocytes than that in sec- of calcified collagen
ondary bones 4) due to not having the lamel-
lae ( will be discussed shortly ) thus we call it
the moving bone , there is just random dis-
position of fine collagen fibers without being
arranged in lamellae.5) it is temporary, it is
replaced by secondary bone tissue , (only few
placed like near the sutures , tooth sockets
and in the insertions of some tendons ).
figure 8 showing the compact and cancellous bone
 Secondary bone This type is usually
found in adults. And it is the permanent
bone type , it can be characterized as : 1)
having multiple layers of calcified matrix
referred to as lamellar bone. These laamel-
laes are quite organized they can be seen
either parallel to each other or concentri-
cally around a vascular canal.2) each com-
plex of concentric bony lamellae surround-
ing a small canal contains blood vessels ,
nerves and loose connective tissue is called
an Osteon; or haversian system.By look-
ing at figure 10 In this micrograph you can
see the secondary bone shows matrix or-
ganized as lamellae. Each complex of con-
centric-lamellae surrounding a small canal
containing blood vessels, nerves and loose
connective tissue is called Osteon ( Harver-
sian system ) Remember that secondary
bone is permanent Mature and major bone.
Looking at figure 11 we can see Secondary
bone shows many osteon(O) and the outer
boundary of each osteon is called cement
line( more collagen –rich layer.
figure 11 showing osteons
9 10 figure 12 shownig Intrambranous ossification
figure 10 showing the secondary bone
How laamellaes are organized
In compact bone ( beside forming
osteon ) , the lamellae exhibit a typical
organization of multiple External cir-
cumferential lamellae ( located beneath
the periosteum ) and the Inner circum-
ferential lamellae ( located around the
marrow cavity ) Among the osteons be-
tween the two circumferential systems
and irregularly shaped groups of paral-
lel lamellae called Interstitial Lamellae
The central canals communicate with
the marrow cavity and the peiosteum
and with one another through trans-
verse or oblique “Perforatng canals”
also known as Volkmann canals.
Bone Remodeling
Involves a combination of bone removal Intrambranous ossification
and synthesis. In secondary bone remode-
(figure 12) : This figure shows the
ling resorption part of old Osteons and pro-
intramembranous ossification, so first a
duce new ones in tunnel-like cavities having
cluster of mesenchymal cells differentiate
the approximate diameter of new Osteons
into osteoclasts remember that osteo-
you have population of Osteoclasts that cav-
clasts secrete the osteoid .You can notice
ity lining it and producing Osteoid , after
that groups of mesenchymals found in
that the Osteoid goes calcification and min-
a membrane ( sheet ) of the embryonic
eralization forming the bone.Remember
tissue producing osteoid . Oseoblasts
that bone remodeling involve bone resorp-
have cytoplasmatic process trapped in
tion by osteoclasts and forming osteoid .
bone which is called osteocytes instead of
Bone can be formed by two ways : 1) In-
osteoblasts you can see only the primary
tramembranous ossification >> from inside
bone .This woven bone is surrounded
the membranes that the bone formed 2)En-
by developing periosteum . Continuous
dochondral ossification >> The matrix of
remodeling produces two layer of com-
pre-existing hyaline cartilage is eroded and
pact lamellar bone with cancellous bone
replaced by osteoblasts producing osteoid.
in between which is characteristic of the
In both process ,the bone tissue that appears
flat bone .
first is primary or woven. Primary bone is
temporary and is soon replaced by the de-
finitive secondary lamellar bone During
bone growth , areas of primary bone , areas
of resorption , areas of secondary bone all
appear side by side.Most flat bone formed
by Intramembranous ossification but in the
short and long formed by Endochondral os-
sification .
 Endochondral (figure 13) : In this
figure you can notice the hyaline cartilage
that will give rise to form the bone , after that
you have the perichondrium that surrounded
the hyaline cartilage and become the perios-
teum >>producing the color of the bone ,the
collar impedes diffusion of oxygen and nu-
trient into the underlining cartilage promot-
ing the degenerative change , after that the
osteoblasts with the blood vessels degenerate
this area where the color of bone is formed
and followed by invasion.The osteoblasts se-
crete osteoid m, after that there will be min-
eralization and calcification . The area where
the ossification start the bone forming in di-
aphysis ( shift of bone ) is called the primary
ossification center. Later in development an-
other ossification center development in the
epiphyses of the cartilage model is called the
secondary ossification centers Between the
primary and the secondary you have the epi-
physeal plate ( growth plate ) that provides
the elongation of bone They stay at there ca-
pacity ( merge ) and there will be
figure 13 showing Endochondral ossification
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remodeling to bone to be longer and at the
end of growth both the ossification center
effuse & the epiphyseal plate ( growth plate Bone growth and repair
) disappear . Note : Bone collar is produced
By looking at fiugre 14 we can see pho-
by local osteoblasts activity within the sur-
tomicroscope of the epiphyseal plate with
rounding perichondrium .
its five zone.1)Resting zone : consists of
hyaline cartilage.2) Proliferative zone :
increase the number of cells.3) Hyper-
trophic cartilage zone : increase number
of sites of the cell.4) calcified cartilage
zone : happens the calcification.5) Ossifi-
cation zone. you can see from figure these
zones first the resting the second zone is
Proliferative(increase num of cells) then
the hypertrophic (blue color area ) then
the calcified and the ossification zone .
Bone repair Bone have high potential
cavity for repair regeneration because of
the presence of the osteoprogenitor stem
cells and extensive of blood supply both
are important for bone growth . The rate
of bone remodeling ( bone turnover ) is
very active and faster in young children
than in adult . Bone remodeling in adult is
not always related to bone Growth.
figure 14 showing epiphyseal growth plate.
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“Bone is very plastic and capacity for
changes in the structure due to remodeling
and according to various stresse. Synthe-
size of new bone . Example : can seen in
change of the teeth position of the ortho-
dontic treatment .”
THE END
-Neveen Nazzal : “Finally …. 5l9na W Sala-
me la kol al Dof3a Bs 7aba a7ke akm $a3’la
Tsnem ... Ur the best(TB) Ra3’s … I trust U
Do7a w Nada … Thnx 4 supporting me in
every Thing ,,, I’ll geel U “
-Osama Yousef : “I made the design of this
lecture diffrent from the others , here the
design is more like the textbook we read
enshallah you like it and enshllah I’ll make
more of the lectures in the near future.Mo-
hamed Al-Esayi , Majd Hdmi , Amr Alsade ,
Mohamed Haroon , Ali-Alqdsi and Ahamad
Kesate thank you all.And ofcourse thank you
Neveen for your writnig/editing this lecture.
Kepada rakan-rakan Malaysiaku, Semo-
ga Berjaya di dalam peperiksaan ini. Teruta-
ma kepada Ulya, Najib, Furqon, Azzam dan
Anur