IFE Rocesses

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6 LIFE PROCESSES
TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS AND THEIR ANSWERS

Q.1. How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?
Ans. The inner lining of the small intestine has a number of finger-
like projections called villi. Each villus is covered by a single
layer of epithelium and contains blood capillaries and a small
lymph vessel. The villi increase the surface area for absorption.
Q.2. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement
of multicellular organisms like human?
Ans. In unicellular organisms, oxygen requirement is fulfilled by
the process of diffusion. This is possible because in unicellular
organisms each cell is in direct contact with the surrounding
environment. But in multicellular organisms, each cell is not
in direct contact with the surrounding environment. Thus, by
the process of diffusion all the cells of multicellular organism
will not get sufficient oxygen.
Q.3. Which criteria do we decide whether something is alive.
Ans. Movement is an important criteria which decides whether
something is alive or not. Movement in living beings may be
of three different types.
(i) Locomotion – It involves change of place.
(ii) Growth related movements.
(iii) Molecular movements.
Q.4. What are outside raw materials used for by an organism?
Ans. Various raw materials used by an organism that obtained from
outside are :
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(i) Food :– It provides energy, body building substances,
minerals, vitamins for working, maintenance and growth
of cells and tissues.
(ii) Oxygen :– Oxygen break down complex substances present
in the food into simple one to release energy.
(iii) Water :– It is essential because, it provides medium to
carry out all metabolic reactions essential for life.
Q.5. What processes would you consider essential for
maintaining life?
Ans. To maintain life, following processes are essential.
(i) Nutrition (ii) Respiration
(iii) Transportation (iv) Excretion
Q.6. What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and
heterotrophic nutrition?
Ans. Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition
1. This type of nutrition 1. It occurs in animals and
takes place in green fungi.
plants.
2. In this type of nutrition 2. In this type of nutrition
carbon dioxide and complex food is broken
water is converted into down into simple
complex carbohydrates. substances.
3. Sunlight and chlorophyll 3. Sunlight and chlorophyll
is essential for is not essential.
autotrophic nutrition.
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Q.7. Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for
photosynthesis?
Ans. Raw materials essential for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide,
water, sunlight, and chlorophyll.
(i) Carbon dioxide – Plants get carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere through stomata.
(ii) Water – Roots of the plants absorb water from the soil.
(iii) Sunlight – Sunlight is obtained from the sun.
(iv) Chlorophyll – It is present in chloroplast with in the cells
of green plants.
Q.8. What is the role of acid in our stomach?
Ans. Hydrochloric acid is secreted by the gastric glands present in
stomach. It performs dual functions.
(i) It creates acidic medium which is necessary for the action
of enzyme pepsin.
(ii) It kills germs that may be present in food.
Q.9. What is the function of digestive enzymes?
Ans. Food contains complex substances that can not be absorbed by
the walls of intestine. Digestive enzymes convert complex
molecules into simpler one so that it can be absorbed by the
walls of intestine.
Q.10. What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial
organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for
respiration?
Ans. All aquatic organisms use oxygen dissolved in water. The
amount of dissolved oxygen in water is fairly low as compared
to the amount of oxygen in air. Hence, the rate of breathing in
aquatic organisms is much faster than the terrestrial organisms.
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Q.11. What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidised to
provide energy in various organisms?
Ans. Breakdown of glucose involves two steps. In first step, which
is similar in all organism, glucose is broken-down into pyruvate.
This pyruvate is converted into ultimate respiratory product by
one of the three different ways.
(i) Aerobic Respiration – In this type of oxidation of glucose,
pyruvate in presence of oxygen is converted into carbon
dioxide and water with the release of energy.
(ii) Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast – In yeast, pyruvate in
absence of oxygen converts into ethanol, carbondioxide
and energy.
(iii) Anaeorbic Respiration in Muscles : In muscles,; pyruvate
in absence of oxygen is converted into lactic acid and energy.
Q.12. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human

beings?
Ans. Both the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported
with the help of blood. In the Red Blood Corpuscles a red
coloured pigment called haemoglobin is present. Haemoglobin
is having very high affinity for oxygen and thus it helps in
transport of oxygen from lungs to cells are deficient in oxygen.
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Carbon dioxide being more soluble in water is mostly
transported in the dissolved form in our blood plasma.
Q.13. How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximise
the area for exchange of gases?
Ans. Within the lungs, each bronchus divides into smaller and smaller
tubes called bronchiole. Each bronchiole terminates in balloon-
like structures called alveoli. The alveoli provide a surface
where the exchange of gases can take place.
Q.14. What are the components of the transport system in human
beings? What are the functions of these components?
Ans. Transport system in human beings consists of three components
(i) Heart, (ii) Blood vessels, (iii) Blood.
(i) Heart – It is a muscular organ. It pumps the blood to
whole body.
(ii) Blood vessels – These are tubular structures in which blood
flows. These are of three types viz, arteries, veins and
capillaries. Arteries contain oxygen-rich blood, whereas
veins contain carbon dioxide rich blood. Capillaries are
thin walled vessels that help in exchange of various
substances between blood and cells.
(iii) Blood – Blood is a fluid connective tissue. It helps in
transport of gases, digested food, hormones and nitrogenous
waste material.
Q.15. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
Ans. Mammals and birds both are warm blooded animals. They
maintain their body temperature irrespective of environmental
temperature. To maintain their body temperature high energy
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is required. To fulfill high energy requirement, a highly efficient
supply of oxygen is required. This can be achieved by separating
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the body.
Q.16. What are the components of the transport system is highly
organised plants?
Ans. In highly organised plants following components of transport
system are present.
(i) Xylem – It consists of vessels, tracheids, parenchyma and
xylem fibre. Xylem conducts water and minerals obtained
from the soil.
(ii) Phloem – It consists of sieve tube, companion cell, phloem
parenchyma and phloem fibre. It transports product of
photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of plant.
Q.17. How are water and minerals transported in plants?
Ans. Due to the difference in ionic concentration between root and
soil, water moves into the root from the soil. This absorbed
water along with minerals is transported to different parts of
plant through the vessels and tracheids present in xylem.
Transpiration also helps in upward movement of water and
dissolved minerals by creating a suction which pulls water
from xylem cells of root.
Q.18. How is food transported in plants?
Ans. The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is called
translocation. It occurs in the part of vascular tissues known as
phloem. Translocation occurs in both the direction i.e. upward
and downward. Translocation is achieved by utilising energy
form ATP. In phloem sieve tubes, osmotic pressure increases
due to the transferred sucrose. High osmotic pressure causes
water to move into sieve tubes from the adjacent cells. Now this
soluble sucrose move from high osmotic pressure to low pressure.
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Q.19. Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons?
Ans. Structure of Nephron – Nephron is the filteration unit of
kidney. It consists of a tubule which is connected with collecting
duct at one end and a cup-shaped structure at the other end.
The cup-shaped structure is called bowman’s capsule. A
capillary cluster called glomerulus is present in each bowman’s
capsule.
Functioning of Nephron – The blood that reaches the

glomerulus is filtered in bowman’s capsule. The filterate passes
into the tubular part of nephron. This filterate contains glucose,
amino acids salts and a major amount of water. These substances
are selectively reabsorbed as the urine flows along the tube
and it get collect in collecting duct.
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Q.20. What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory
products?
Ans. Plants use different strategies for excretion.
(i) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are released out through the
stomata.
(ii) Plants get rid of excess water by transpiration.
(iii) Many waste products as resins and gums may be stored in
dead cell.
(iv) Vacuoles also store cellular waste products.
(v) Plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil
around them.
Q.21. How the amount of urine produced regulated?
Ans. The amount of urine produced depends upon amount of water
reabsorbed in nephron. In turn the amount of water reabsorbed
depends on
(i) amount of excess water present in the body.
(ii) amount of nitrogenous waste that has to be excreted.
Q.22. The kidney in human beings are a part of the system for
(a) nutrition (b) respiration
(c) excretion (d) transportation
Ans. (c) excretion
Q.23. The xylem in plants are responsible for
(a) transport of water (b) transport of food
(c) transport of amino acids (d) transport of oxygen
Ans. (a) transport of water.
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Q.24. The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires
(a) carbon dioxide (b) chlorophyll
(c) sunlight (d) all of the above
Ans. (d) all of the above.
Q.25. The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, and
energy takes place in
(a) cytoplasm (b) mitochondria
(c) chloroplast (d) nucleus
Ans. (b) mitochondria.
Q.26. How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process
take place?
Ans. The digestion of fat takes place in small intestine. Bile salts
secreted by liver emulsify the large fat globules by break them
down into smaller one. Now lipase enzyme present in pancreatic
juice break down the emulsified fat. The enzyme present in
intestinal juice situated by the wall of small intestine finally
converts broken down fat into fatty acids and glycerol.
Q.27. What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
Ans. Saliva is secreted by the salivary glands. Saliva helps in
digestion. Saliva contains an enzyme salivary amylase that
breaks down starch into smaller molecules of maltose. Saliva
also moisten the food so that it can be swallowed easily.
Q.28. What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition
and what are its byproducts?
Ans. Following conditions are essential for autotrophic nutrition.
(i) Presence of chlorophyll.
(ii) Availability of sufficient sunlight.
(iii) Presence of water and carbon dioxide.
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During the process of autotrophic nutrition main product formed
in carbohydrate that is utilized as food by autotrophic organisms.
In addition to this, oxygen is also liberated during the process
of photosynthesis.
Q.29. What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic
respiration? Name some organisms that use the anaerobic
mode of respiration.
Ans. Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
1. Aerobic respiration 1. Anaerobic respiration
takes place in presence takes place in absence
of oxygen. of oxygen.
2. In aerobic respiration 2. In anaerobic respiration
complete oxidation partial oxidation of
of glucose takes place. glucose takes place.
3. End product of aerobic 3. End product of
respiration are carbon anaerobic respiration are
dioxide, water and energy. either ethyl alcohol,
carbon dioxide or lactic
acid.
4. Large amount of 4. Small amount of energy
energy is released is released during
during aerobic respiration. anaerobic respiration.
5. First step of 5. Whole process
aerobic respiration of anaerobic
takes place in respiration takes
cytoplasm but second place in cytoplasm.
step takes place
in mitochondria.
Anaerobic respiration takes place in yeast and in some bacteria.
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Q.30. How are alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases?
Ans. Alveoli are balloon-shaped structures that provide surface
where the exchange of gases can take place. Each alveolus
consists of very thin wall that contain an extensive network of
blood vessels. These two conditions maximise the exchange
of gases.
Q.31. What could be consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin
in our bodies?
Ans. Haemoglobin is a red coloured pigment that is present in red
blood corpuscles. Haemoglobin helps in transport of oxygen
form lungs to whole body. In case of haemoglobin deficiency,
all the cells of body will not get sufficient amount of oxygen
and hence sufficient amount of energy will not be produced
by the cells.
Q.32. Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it
necessary?
Ans. Double Circulation - In four chambered heart, such as in
human, separate paths are present for oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood. Thus, blood goes through heart twice
during each cycle. This is known as double circulation. Double
circulation allows separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood and hence results in highly efficient supply of oxygen
to the body. This is useful in animals that have high energy
needs, such as birds and mammals which constantly use energy
to maintain their body temperature.
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Q.33. What are the differences between the transport of materials
in xylem and phloem?
Ans. Transport in xylem Transport in phloem
1. In xylem transport of 1. In phloem transport of
water and minerals takes photosynthetic products
place. and amino acids takes
place.
2. In xylem, unidirectional 2. In phloem, bidirectional
transport takes place. transport takes place.
3. In xylem, transport does 3. In phloem substances
not involve energy. are transferred by using
energy from ATP.
Q.34. Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and
nephrons in the kidneys.
Ans. Alveloli Nephrons
In lungs, only gases In nephron a solution
can be exchanged of water, salts, glucose
between alveoli in filtered through
and blood capillary. bowman’s capsule
to form urine.
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TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS AND THEIR ANSWERS

Q.12. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human

Functioning of Nephron – The blood that reaches the

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