PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT IMMUNE SYSTEM – is the body’s natural defense against any
disease.
LESSON 6: COPING WITH STRESS
STRESS AND STRESSORS
STRESSFUL EXPERIENCE – is cause by something that occurs
either within the individual or from the environment.
STRESS – is a natural response to the demands of our
environment. It can be considered either positive or negative
depending on one’s capacity to handle stressors. The term
“stress” is actually borrowed from the field of physics.
HOMEOSTATIC STATE –a term used to describe balance or
equilibrium in our body system.
HANS SELYE – an Australian-Canadian endocrinologist,
associates stress with mental, emotional, and physical states
produced within the organism in response to stimulus that is
perceived as threat.
WLTER CANNON – an American psychologist, calls it the
“fight or flight” syndrome.
FIGHT OR FLIGHT SYNDROME is our initial reaction to stress
and will be better explained in our discussion of the different
stages of adaptation.
CHRONIC AND SEVERE STRESS – is a threat to health.
SOURCE OF STRESS
STRESSOR – is but anything they induces a stress response.
PHYSICAL STRESSORS –may come in the form of pollution, a
congested place or a high level of noise.
MENTAL STRESSORS – include academic overload, reviewing
for exams, running after deadlines, or situations that call for
sustained mental effort.
SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESSORS – are
somehow interrelated because they involve relating with
other people.
ECONOMIC STRESSOR – involves one socio-economic
condition such as limited financial resources to meet our
essential needs in life.
SPIRITUALITY STRESSOR – involves loss of joy and peace or
disturbance of tranquility.
EFFECT OF STRESS – cannot be easily felt except in cases of
trauma where the incident happens quickly and intensely.
STRESS FACTORS
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS – when you stress out you felt
heart beat fast, your muscles got tense, your hands and feet
felt cold.
HANS SELYE – proposed the General Adaptation Syndrome
(GAS) – to explain our body’s response to stress. It consists of
three stages: A. alarm stage B. resistance stage,
C. exhaustion stage.
HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY-ADRENAL or HPA axis – is a
hormonal response system to stress. It involves the release of
stress hormones such as glucocorticoids and primarily cortisol
which are regulated to ensure that the body can react quickly
to stress and return to its normal state.
STRESS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS – psychological stress stems from
one’s own mental and emotional reactivity patterns to
environmental factors such as persons, places, or events.
BCOMMON SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF STRESS
COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS – Memory problems, Inability to
concentrate, Poor judgment, seeing only the negative,
Anxious or racing thoughts, Constant worrying.
EMMOTIONAL SYMPTOMS – Moodiness, Irritability or short
temper, Agitation, inability to relax, Feeling overwhelmed,
sense of loneliness and isolation, depression or general
unhappiness.
PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS – Headaches, Back pains, Diarrhea or
Constipation, Frequent colds, Rapid Heartbeat and Dizziness.
BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS – Eating more or less, Sleeping to
much or too little, Isolating oneself, Procrastinating,
Forgetting or neglecting obligations.
MANAGING STRESS
COPING STRATEGIES
RICHARD LAZARUS – an American psychologist and professor
defines coping as a cognitive or behavior response to stress
aimed at managing or reducing stress. There are component
of cognitive appraisal: 1. PRIMARY APPRAISAL – evaluates
the meaning of the situation and checks if it will affect him.
2. SECONDARY APPRAISAL - involves how one feels about the
situation.
EMOTION FOCUSED AND PROBLEM-FOCUSED COPING
EMOTION FOCUSED COPING – is used when a person has no
capacity to deal with the source of the problem.
PROBLEM FOCUSED COPING – deals with the stressors
directly in practical way. The alternative we use when we
think we can the problem after assessing it.
TWO TYPES OF COPING BEHAVIOR
EMOTION-FOCUSED COPING BEHAVIOR – Eating more or
eating less, Sleeping more or sleeping less, Excessive playing
or computer games, Crying, Shouting
PROBLEM-FOCUSED COPING BEHAVIOR – Talking with the
person concerned, Reaching about the topic, Talking with
friend about their opinion, Strategizing.
LESSON 7: EMOTIONS AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
EMOTIONS AND ITS COMPONENTS
BIOLOGICAL COMPONENT: PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL
– Arousal starts in the brain. It involves the activation of
the reticular activation system, the brain stem and the
autonomic nervous system. RETICULAR ACTIVATION
SYSTEM (RAS) – connects the primitive brain stem and
the cortex and affects sleeping-waking transitions.
EMOTIONAL AROUSAL - is also a process, which means
it happens as a sequence over time.
CANNON-BARD THEORY – Walter Bradford Cannon
and Philip Bard Cannon – explain the experience of
emotion as a physiological response of the thalamic
region of the brain. When emotions are provoked, the 5. SOCIAL SKILLS – this is usually referred to as ”people
physiological arousal happens concurrently, this is skills” because they can influence, communicate and
known as Cannon-Bard Theory. lead.

JAMES-LANGE THEORY – William James and Carl Lange LESSON 8: MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING IN
– developed this theory, which claims that emotions are ADOLESCENCE
our interpretation of the accompanying physiological
reactions. THE CONCEPT OF MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL BEING

TWO FACTOR THEORY – Stanley Schachter and Jerome
Singer – They proposed different theory, which state
that the experience of emotion depend on two factors:
the physiological arousal and the interpretation of that
arousal. The person uses the immediate environment
to search for emotional cues to label the physiological
arousal.
BEHAVIORAL COMPONENT: EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
– people recognize what we feel by our facial
expression. Facial expression communicates our
emotions. CHARLES DARWIN – an English naturalist and
geologist, popularly known by his theory of evaluation,
suggest that emotions their expressions are innate and
evolutionary adaptive. SELVAN SOLOMON TOMKINS –
suggest that emotion is the basis of human motivation
and the seat of emotion is the face. PAUL IKNAN AND
CARROLL IZARD – demonstrating cross cultural
agreement in judgments of emotion by face by people
in both literate and preliterate cultures. SEVEN
EMOTION THAT HAVE UNIVERSAL FACIAL EXPRESSIONS:
anger, contempt, disgust, fear, joy, sadness and
surprise. MACROEXPRESSIONS – typically last between
0.5 to 4 seconds and involve the entire face (Ekman,
2003). Emotions that we do not intend to hide and
occur whenever we are alone or with family and close
friends. MICROEXPRESSIONS – an expression that go on
and off the face in a fraction of a second, as fast as 1/30
of a second.
COGNITIVE COMPONENT: SUBJECTIVE LABELING –
studies done by RICHARD LAZARUS, have shown that
the experience of emotion depends on the manner one
appraises or evaluate an event.
MENTAL HEALTH – is defined as a state of emotional and
psychological well-being in which an individual is able to use
his/her cognitive and emotional capabilities, function in
society, and meet the ordinary demands of everyday life.
WELL-BEING – is defined as a subjective state that emerges
from a general feeling of satisfaction with oneself.
VARIOUS AREAS COVERED BY HAVINF A SENSE OF WELL
BEING: PHUSICAL, SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENT,
ECONOMIC, PSYCHOLOGICAL.
MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN ADOLESCENCE
EATING DISORDER – some teenagers are eating too much or
eating too little. This practice either leads to obesity or
malnourishment.
DEPRESSION – one of the most common mental health issues
experiences by adolescence today. Reasons vary from a sense
of personal failure, family conflict, inadequacy over school
performance, sexual orientation, lack of financial resources,
and social status compared to their peers.
SUICIDE – when depression becomes too severe, the
adolescent may attempt to commit suicide.
RISK FACTORS – there are certain factors that may increase
the risk of a person to develop mental illness.
RESILIENCE – one of the protective factors of the adolescent
in preventing the breakdown of mental health.
PREVENTION – to prevent a person from developing poor
mental health, one should check his self-

ELEMENTS AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE – is the ability of a person

to understand and express himself, to understand and
relate well to others.

THE FIVE COMPONETS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

1. SELF-AWARENESS – this is the ability of a person to

tune in to his own feelings.

2. SELF-REGULATION – this is the ability to control

disruptive impulses caused by negative emotions such
as anger, anxiety or depression.

3. MOTIVATION – an emotionally competent person

can motivate himself to work because he has a positive
attitude in life and knows how to set clear goals.

4. EMPATHY – this ability helps one to recognize and

understand how other people feel.