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Satish Lele
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CODES and STANDARDS Piping
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For Piping Systems proper selection of Material of Construction along with Specifications, P&I Diagrams
Adherence to Codes and Standards is essential. Standardization reduces cost, confusion 2D Piping
and inconvenience. Standards are published by Professional Societies, Committees and 3D Piping
Trade Organizations. It is also accepted by Governments. The main objective is to have Models
Standardization and Safety.
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 CODE : A group of general rules or systematic procedures for Design, Fabrication, Piping Training
Installation and Inspection methods prepared in such a manner that it can be
adopted by legal jurisdiction and made into a law. Design Info
 STANDARDS : Documents prepared by a Professional group or Committee which Tubular
are believed to be good and proper Engineering Practices and which contain Exchanger
mandatory requirement. Agitator / Mixer
 RECOMMENDED PRACTICES : Documents prepared by professional group or
committee indicating Good Engineering Practices but which are optional. Design &
Drawings
Companies also develop Guides in order to have consistency in the documentation. These Tubular
cover various engineering methods which are considered good practices, without specific Exchanger
recommendations or requirements. Agitator / Mixer
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Codes and Standards, besides being regulations, might also be considered as Design Aids Filter
since they provide guidance from experts. Process Vessel
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Each country has its own Codes and Standards. On global basis, American National
Standards are the most widely used and compliance with those requirements are accepted About Me
world over. In India, other than American Standards, British and Indian Standards are also My Resume
used for design and selection of Piping Systems. Contact Me

1. AMERICAN STANDARDS : Cross Country

Not all American Standards are issued directly by American National Standards Piping
Institute. The Material Standards are covered under ASTM (American Society for
Testing and Materials) and Dimension Standards under ANSI (American National
Standards Institute). Most of these Standards are adapted by ASME (American
Society for Mechanical Engineers).
The American Standards referred by Piping Engineers are:
o The American Petroleum Institute (API) : The Standards referred by Piping
Engineers are:
1. API 5L - Specification for Line Pipe
2. API 6D - Pipe Line Valves, End Closures, Connectors and Swivels
3. API 6F - Recommended Practice for Fire Test for valves
4. API 593 - Ductile Iron Plug Valves - Flanged Ends
5. API 598 - Valve Inspection and Test
6. API 600 - Steel Gate Valves
7. API 601 - Metallic Gaskets for Refinery Piping
 8. API 602 - Compact Design Carbon Steel Gate Valves
9. API 604 - Ductile Iron Gate Valves - Flanged Ends
10. API 605 - Large Diameter Carbon Steel Flanges
11. API 607 - Fire Test for Soft Seated Ball Valves
12. API 609 - Butterfly Valves
13. API 1104 - Standard for Welding Pipeline and Facilities
o The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) : These specify the material by
its Chemical and Physical properties. When specific model of manufacture
of the element is not to be specified, then the material can be identified by
ANSI Standards. The most commonly used AISI specifications are :
1. AISI 410 - 13% Chromium Alloy Steel
2. AISI 304 - 18/8 Austenitic Stainless Steel
3. AISI 316 - 18/8/3 Austenitic Stainless Steel
o American National Standard Institute (ANSI) and The American Society for
Mechanical Engineers (ASME) : The American National Standards
Institute's standards used in the design of the Piping Systems are :
1. B31.1 - 2001 - Power Piping: Piping for industrial plants and marine
applications. This code prescribes minimum requirements for the
design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, and inspection of power
and auxiliary service piping systems for electric generation stations,
industrial institutional plants, central and district heating plants.
The code covers boiler external piping for power boilers and high
temperature, high pressure water boilers in which steam or vapor is
generated at a pressure of more than 15 pounds per square inch
(PSIG) or 1 Kg per square centimeters, and high temperature water
is generated at pressures exceeding 160 pounds per square inch
(PSIG) or 12.5 Kg per square centimeters and / or temperatures
exceeding 250 degrees F. (120 degrees C.)
2. B31.2 - 1968 - Fuel Gas Piping : This has been withdrawn as a
National Standard and replaced by ANSI/NFPA Z223.1, but B31.2
is still available from ASME and is a good reference for the design
of gas piping systems (from the meter to the appliance).
3. B31.3 - 2002 - Process Piping : Design of chemical and petroleum
plants and refineries processing chemicals and hydrocarbons, water
and steam. This Code contains rules for piping typically found in
petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper,
semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants
and terminals.
This Code prescribes requirements for materials and components,
design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and
testing of piping. This Code applies to piping for all fluids including:
 Raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals
 Petroleum products
 Gas, steam, air and water
 Fluidized solids
 Refrigerants
 Cryogenic fluids

Also included is piping which interconnects pieces or stages within a

packaged equipment assembly.
The principal design codes used for piping design are the
 ANSI/ASME B31.1(Code for Power Piping) and ANSI/ASME
B31.3 (Code for Process Piping). Complementing these codes are
ASME VIII (Code for Pressure Vessel) and British Standard
BS5500 for unfired fusion welded pressure vessel.
The basic consideration of B31.1 Code is safety. It includes:
a. Material and component standards
b. Designation of dimensional standards for elements of piping
system
c. Requirements for design of components, including supports
d. Requirements for evaluation and limitation of stresses, reactions
and movements associated with pressure, temperatures and external
forces
e. Requirements for fabrication, assembly and erection
f. Requirements for testing and inspection before and after assembly.
Pipes: For pipes, the materials used in geothermal application are
normally A53-B, A106-B and API 5L-B pipe , with mill tolerance.
Commercial available pipes normally have a mill tolerance of 12.5%
and pipe schedule numbers based in B36.10.
Fittings: For elbows, tees, and reducers, the material used in
geothermal application is normally A234 WPB. All dimensions are
in accordance with B16.9. Flanges and valves rating Flanges are
rated to ANSI B16.5 standard, For those up to 24” diameter, they are
rated to ANSI 150, ANSI 300, ANSI 600 and ANSI 900. For flanges
of 26” and bigger , ANSI B16.47 applies. The flanges are usually
classified series A and series B. The material used for these flanges
are A181 grade I and A105 grade I. Valve rating is similar to the
flange rating selected for the pipe.

4. B31.4 - 2002 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid

Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids : This Code prescribes
requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly,
inspection, and testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude
oil, condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied
petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous
ammonia and liquid petroleum products between producers' lease
facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing plants, refineries,
stations, ammonia plants, terminals (marine, rail and truck) and
other delivery and receiving points.
Piping consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief
devices, fittings and the pressure containing parts of other piping
components. It also includes hangers and supports, and other
equipment items necessary to prevent overstressing the pressure
containing parts. It does not include support structures such as
frames of buildings, buildings stanchions or foundations.
5. B31.5 - 2001 - Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components :
This Code prescribes requirements for the materials, design,
fabrication, assembly, erection, test, and inspection of refrigerant,
heat transfer components, and secondary coolant piping for
temperatures as low as -320 deg F (-196 deg C), whether erected on
the premises or factory assembled, except as specifically excluded in
the following paragraphs.
 Users are advised that other piping Code Sections may provide
requirements for refrigeration piping in their respective jurisdictions.
This Code shall not apply to:
1. any self- contained or unit systems subject to the
requirements of Underwriters Laboratories or other
nationally recognized testing laboratory.
2. water piping
3. piping designed for external or internal gage pressure not
exceeding 15 psi (105 kPa) regardless of size
4. pressure vessels, compressors, or pumps, but does include all
connecting refrigerant and secondary coolant piping starting
at the first joint adjacent to such apparatus.
6. B31.8 - 2003 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems :
This Code covers the design, fabrication, installation, inspection,
and testing of pipeline facilities used for the transportation of gas.
This Code also covers safety aspects of the operation and
maintenance of those facilities.
7. B31.8S-2001 - 2002 - Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines :
This Standard applies to on-shore pipeline systems constructed with
ferrous materials and that transport gas. Pipeline system means all
parts of physical facilities through which gas is transported,
including pipe, valves, appurtenances attached to pipe, compressor
units, metering stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders
and fabricated assemblies. The principles and processes embodied in
integrity management are applicable to all pipeline systems. This
Standard is specifically designed to provide the operator (as defined
in section 13) with the information necessary to develop and
implement an effective integrity management program utilizing
proven industry practices and processes. The processes and
approaches within this Standard are applicable to the entire pipeline
system.
8. B31.9 - 1996 - Building Services Piping : This Code Section has
rules for the piping in industrial, institutional, commercial and
public buildings, and multi-unit residences, which does not require
the range of sizes, pressures, and temperatures covered in B31.1.
This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials,
fabrication, installation, inspection, examination and testing of
piping systems for building services. It includes piping systems in
the building or within the property limits.
9. B31.11 - 2002 - Slurry Transportation Piping Systems : Design,
construction, inspection, security requirements of slurry piping
systems. Covers piping systems that transport aqueous slurries of no
hazardous materials, such as coal, mineral ores and other solids
between a slurry processing plant and the receiving plant.

Of the above, the most commonly used code is ASME B 31.3. Refineries
and Chemical Plants are designed based on the same. All Power Plants are
designed as per ASME B31.1. Other major ANSI / ASME Standards
refereed for the piping elements are :

10. ANSI B 1.1 - Unified Inch Screw Threads

 11. ANSI / ASME B 1.20.1 - Pipe threads for general purposes
12. ANSI / ASME B 16.1 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
13. ANSI / ASME B 16.3 - Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
14. ANSI / ASME B 16.4 - Cast Iron Threaded Fittings
15. ANSI / ASME B 16.5 - Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
16. ANSI / ASME B 16.9 - Steel Butt Welding Fittings
17. ANSI / ASME B 16.10 - Face to Face and End to End dimensions of
Valves
18. ANSI / ASME B 16.11 - Forged Steel Socket Welding and Threaded
fittings
19. ANSI B 16.20 - Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges - ring joint, spiral
wound
20. ANSI / ASME B 16.21 - Non Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
21. ANSI / ASME B 16.25 - Butt Welding Ends
22. ANSI / ASME B 16.28 - Short Radius Elbows and Returns
23. ANSI / ASME B 16.34 - Steel Valves, Flanged and butt welding
ends
24. ANSI / ASME B 16.42 - Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged
Fittings - Class 150# and 300#
25. ANSI / ASME B 16.47 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges - NPS - 26"
to 60"
26. ANSI / ASME B 18.2 1 and 2 - Square and Hexagonal head Bolts
and Nuts (Inch and mm)
27. ANSI / ASME B 36.10 - Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipes
28. ANSI / ASME B 36.19 - Welded and Seamless Austinitic Stainless
Steel Pipe
o American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) : These consist of 16
sections on definitions and classifications of materials of construction and
Test methods. Most of the ASTM Standards are adapted by ASME and are
specified in ASME Section II. The Section II has four parts.
 Part A - Ferrous Materials
 Part B - Non-Ferrous Materials
 Part C - Welding Materials
 Part D - Properties of Materials

In Section II, the materials are listed in the index based on the available
forms such as plates, castings, tubes etc., and also on the numerical index.
The selection of ASTM Specification depends on the manufacturer, form of
material, its mechanical strength and corrosion properties.
The specification number is given an Alphabetical prefix "A" for ferrous
and "B" for non-ferrous materials.
ASTM also specifies standard practice for numbering metal and alloys as
Unified Numbering System.
Unified Numbering System (UNS) establishes 18 series numbers of metals
and alloys. Each UNS number consists of a single letter prefix followed by
5 digits. In most cases the alphabet is suggestive of the family of the metal
identified.

 A00001 - A99999 - Aluminum and Aluminum alloys

 C00001 - C99999 - Copper and Copper Alloys
 E00001 - E99999 - Rare earth and rare earth like metals and alloys
  L00001 - L99999 - Low Melting metals and alloys
 M00001 - M99999 - Miscellaneous non-ferrous metals and alloys
 N00001 - N99999 - Nickel and Nickel Alloys
 P00001 - P99999 - Precious Metals and Alloys
 R00001 - R99999 - Reactive and Refractory metals and alloys
 Z00001 - Z99999 - Zinc and zinc alloys
 D00001 - D99999 - Specified mechanical properties of Steel
 F00001 - F99999 - Cast Iron and Cast Steel
 G00001 - G99999 - AISI and ASE Carbon and alloy steels
 H00001 - H99999 - AISI H Steels
 J00001 - J99999 - Cast Steel
 K00001 - K99999 - Miscellaneous Steels and Ferrous alloys
 S00001 - S99999 - Stainless Steel
 T00001 - T99999 - Tool Steel
 W00001 - W99999 - Welding Filler Metals and Electrodes
o American Welding Society (AWS) : These standards provide information
on the welding fundamentals, weld design, welder's training qualifications,
testing and inspection of the welds and guidance on the application and use
of welds. Individual electrode manufacturers have given their own brand
names for the various electrodes and the same are sold under these names.
o American Water Works Association (AWWA) : These standards refer to the
piping elements required for low pressure water services. These are less
stringent than other standards. Valves, Flanges etc., required for large
diameter water pipelines are covered under this standard and are refereed
rarely by piping engineers.
 C-500 : Gate Valves for Water and sewage system
 C-504 : Rubber Seated Butterfly Valves
 C-507 : Ball Valves 6" to 48"
 C-508 : Swing Check Valves 2" to 24"
 C-509 : Resilient Seated Gate Valves for water and sewage
 C-510 : Cast Iron Sluice Gate Valves
o The manufacturers Standardization Society of Valves and Fitting Industry -
Standard Practices (MSS-SP) : In addition to the above standards and
material codes, there are standard practices followed by manufacturers.
These are published as advisory standards and are widely followed. The
most common MSS-SP standards referred for piping are :
 MSS-SP-6 : Standard Finishes for contact surface for flanges
 MSS-SP-25 : Standard marking system for valves, fittings, flanges
 MSS-SP-42 : Class 150 corrosion resistant gate, globe and check
valves
 MSS-SP-43 : Wrought stainless steel butt weld fittings
 MSS-SP-56 : Pipe hanger supports - Material, design and
manufacture
 MSS-SP-61 : Pressure testing of valves
 MSS-SP-67 : Butterfly Valves
 MSS-SP-68 : High Pressure off seat butterfly valves
 MSS-SP-69 : Pipe hanger supports - selection and applications
 MSS-SP-70 : Cast iron gate valves
 MSS-SP-71 : Cast iron check valves
 MSS-SP-72 : Ball Valves
 MSS-SP-78 : Cast iron plug valves
  MSS-SP-80 : Bronze gate, globe and check valves
 MSS-SP-81 : Stainless steel bonnet-less knife gate valves
 MSS-SP-83 : Pipe unions
 MSS-SP-85 : Cast iron globe valves
 MSS-SP-88 : Diaphragm valves
 MSS-SP-89 : Pipe hangers and supports - fabrication and installation
practices
 MSS-SP-90 : Pipe hangers and supports - guidelines on terminology
 MSS-SP-92 : MSS valves user guide
 MSS-SP-108 : Resilient seated eccentric CI plug valves
2. BRITISH STANDARDS : In many instances, it is possible to find a British
Standard which may be substitutes for American Standards. For example, BS 2080
(British Standard for Face to Face or End to End dimensions of valves) is identical
to ANSI/ASME B16.10. Similarly BS 3799 and ANSI/ASME B 16.11 also
compare.
There are certain British Standards referred by Indian Manufacturers for Piping and
Valves. The most commonly referred British Standards in the Piping Industry are :
o BS 10 : Flanges
o BS 806 : Pipes and Fittings for Boilers
o BS 916 : Black Bolts, Nuts and Screws
o BS 970 : Steel for Forging, Bars, Rods, valve steel, etc.
o BS 1212 : Specification for Float Operated Valves
o BS 1306 : Copper and Copper alloy pressure piping system
o BS 1414 : Gate Valves for Petroleum Industry
o BS 1560 : Steel Pipe Flanges
o BS 1600 : Dimensions of Steel Pipes
o BS 1640 : Butt Welding Fittings
o BS 1740 : Wrought Steel screwed pipe fittings
o BS 1868 : Steel Check Valves for Petroleum Industry
o BS 1873 : Steel Globe and Check Valves for Petroleum Industry
o BS 1965 : Butt welding pipe fittings
o BS 2080 : Face to Face / End to End dimensions of Valves
o BS 2598 : Glass Pipelines and Fittings
o BS 3059 : Boiler and Super-heater Tubes
o BS 3063 : Dimensions of Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
o BS 3381 : Metallic Spiral Wound Gaskets
o BS 3600 : Dimensions of Welded and Seamless Pipes and Tubes
o BS 3601 : C.S. Pipes and Tubes for pressure purposes at room
temperature
o BS 3602 : C.S. Pipes and Tubes for pressure purposes at high
temperature
o BS 3603 : C.S. and Alloy Steel Pipes and Tubes for pressure
purposes at low temperature
o BS 3604 : Alloy Steel Pipes and Tubes for high temperature
o BS 3605 : SS Pipes and Tubes for pressure purposes
o BS 3799 : Socket Weld / Screwed Fittings
o BS 3974 : Pipe hangers, Slides and Roller type supports
o BS 4346 : PVC pressure pipe - joints and fittings
o BS 4504 : Steel, Cast Iron and Copper alloy fittings
o BS 5150 : Cast Iron Wedge and Double Disc Gate Valves for
general purposes
 o BS 5151 : Cast Iron Gate (parallel slide) Valves for general purposes
o BS 5152 : Cast Iron Globe and Check Valves for general purposes
o BS 5153 : Cast Iron Check Valves for general purposes
o BS 5154 : Copper alloy Globe, Gate and Check Valves
o BS 5155 : Cast Iron and Cast Steel Butterfly Valves for general
purposes
o BS 5156 : Diaphragm Valves for general purposes
o BS 5157 : Steel Gate (parallel slide) Valves for general purposes
o BS 5158 : Cast Iron and Cast Steel Plug Valves for general purposes
o BS 5159 : Cast Iron and Cast Steel Ball Valves for general purposes
o BS 5160 : Flanged Steel Globe and Check Valves for general
purposes
o BS 5163 : Flanged Cast Iron Wedge Gate Valves for general
purposes
o BS 5351 : Steel Ball Valves for Petroleum Industry
o BS 5352 : Steel Gate, Globe and Check Valves, smaller than 2" NB
o BS 5353 : Specifications for Plug Valves
o BS 5391 : Specifications for ABS pressure pipes
o BS 5392 : Specifications for ABS fittings
o BS 5433 : Specifications for underground stop valves for water
services
o BS 5480 : Specifications for GRP pipes and fittings
o BS 6364 : Specifications for Valves for Cryogenic services
o BS 6755 : Testing of Valves
o BS 6759 : Safety Valves
3. INDIAN STANDARDS : Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) have so far not
developed an Indian Standard for the design of Piping Systems. Hence, ANSI
Standards ASME 31.1 and 31.3 are widely used for the design. These standards
also accept materials covered in other standards. Unlike American Standards,
Indian Standards cover dimensions and material specifications under the same
standard number. There are no groupings based on branch of engineering. Some of
the most commonly referred Indian Standards by Piping Engineers are :
o IS 210 : Grey Iron Castings
o IS 226 : Structural Steel (superseded by IS 2062)
o IS 554 : Dimensions of Pipe Threads
o IS 778 : Specification for Copper Alloy Gate, Globe and Check Valves
o IS 780 : Specification for Sluice Valves - 50 NB to 300 NB
o IS 1239 (Part I and II) : Specification for Mild Steel tubes and fittings
o IS 1363 : Hexagonal Bolts, Screws and nuts - Grade C
o IS 1364 : Hexagonal Bolts, Screws and nuts - Grade A and B
o IS 1367 : Technical supply conditions for threaded steel fastners
o IS 1536 : Centrifugally Cast Iron Pipes
o IS 1537 : Vertically Cast Iron Pipes
o IS 1538 : Cast Iron Fittings
o IS 1870 : Comparison of Indian and Overseas Standards
o IS 1879 : Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings
o IS 1978 : Line Pipe
o IS 1979 : High Test Line Pipe
o IS 2002 : Steel Plates
o IS 2016 : Plain Washers
o IS 2041 : Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels used at moderate and low
temperature
o IS 2062 : Steel for general structural purposes
o IS 2379 : Color Code for Identification of Pipelines
o IS 2712 : Compressed Asbestos Fiber Jointing
o IS 2825 : Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels
o IS 2906 : Specification for Sluice Valves - 350 NB to 1200 NB
o IS 3076 : Specification for LDPE Pipes
o IS 3114 : Code of Practice for laying pipes
o IS 3516 : Cast Iron flanges and flanged fittings for Petroleum Industry
o IS 3589 : Seamless or ERW Pipes (150 NB to 2000 NB)
o IS 4038 : Specifications for Foot Valves
o IS 4179 : Sizes for pressure vessels and leading dimensions
o IS 4853 : Radiographic Examination of Butt Weld Joints in pipes
o IS 4864 to IS 4870 : Shell Flanges for vessels and equipments
o IS 4984 : Specification for HDPE Pipes
o IS 4985 : Specification for PVC Pipes
o IS 5312 : Specification for Check Valves
o IS 5572 : Classification of Hazardous area for Electrical Installation
o IS 5822 : Code of practice for laying welded steel pipes
o IS 6157 : Inspection and Testing of Valve
o IS 6286 : Seamless and Welded pipes for Subzero temperatures
o IS 6392 : Steel Pipe Flanges
o IS 6630 : Seamless alloy steel pipes for high temperature service
o IS 6913 : Stainless Steel tubes for food and beverage industry
o IS 7181 : Horizontally cast iron pipes
o IS 7240 : Code of Practice for Cold Insulation
o IS 7413 : Code of Practice for Hot Insulation
o IS 7719 : Metallic spiral wound gaskets
o IS 7806 : Stainless Steel Castings
o IS 7899 : Alloy Steel castings for pressure services
o IS 8008 : Specification for molded HDPE Fittings
o IS 8360 : Specification for fabricated HDPE Fittings
o IS 9890 : Ball Valves for general purposes
o IS 10221 : Code of Practice for coating and wrapping of underground MS
pipelines
o IS 10592 : Eye wash and safety showers
o IS 10605 : Steel Globe Valves for Petroleum Industries
o IS 10611 : Steel Gate Valves for Petroleum Industries
o IS 10711 : Size of Drawing Sheets
o IS 10805 : Foot Valves
o IS 10989 : Cast / Forged Steel Check Valves for Petroleum Industry
o IS 10990 : Technical drawings - Simplified representation of pipelines
o IS 11790 : Code of Practice for preparation of Butt welding ends for valves,
flanges and fittings
o IS 11791 : Diaphragm Valves for general purposes
o IS 11792 : Steel Ball Valves for Petroleum Industry
o IS 12709 : Specifications for GRP pipes
o IS 13049 : Specifications for Diaphragm type float operated valves
o IS 13095 : Butterfly Valves
 o IS 13257 : Ring type joint gasket and grooves for flanges

There are certain other international standards, which are also referred in Piping
Industry. These are DIN standards of Germany and JIS standards of Japan. DIN
standards are more popular and equivalent.
Periodic review of the standards by the committee are done and these are revised to
incorporate the modified features based on the research and feedback from
industry. It is, hence, necessary that the latest editions of the codes and standards
are referred for the design.