The Feasibility of Fat Oil as an Alternative Kerosene

Mona Veronica J. Deja

Researcher

Deniah Carmen C. Paqueo

Research Adviser

Surigao Del Norte National High School

Surigao City
 ABSTRACT

The study entitled “The Feasibility of Fat Oil as an Alternative Kerosene”

aims to produce an Alternative Kerosene using Fat Oils. To isolate the fat oil from
the meat, pork fats is collected from the neighborhood and some other food
canteens that throw the fats of the pork in there foods. All the pork fats that were
collected were put inside a big container. After getting the right amount of the pork
fats, the pork fats were extracted to form an oil texture. Before applying the
Alternative Kerosene and the Commercial Kerosene into the lamps, the researcher
made sure that the lamps are in good condition and functioning well. This is to
ensure that there is equilibrium among the lamps to gather authentic data necessary
for the formation of a conclusion. There are two tables for the results. The tables
include three trials, the first table is the result for Commercial Kerosene in terms of
the time range and the second table is the result for Fat Oil Alternative Kerosene in
terms of time range.

Based on the result, the quality of Fat Oil is comparable to the quality of
Commercial Kerosene in the production of Alternative Kerosene and the content of
Fat Oil is also comparable to the content of a Commercial Kerosene. t Test Paired
Two Samples For Means revealed that the Fat Oil which can produce Alternative
Kerosene is not significantly different when it comes to the properties and quality
to the Commercial Kerosene in making Alternative Kerosene. Therefore, the Fat
Oil can be used in the production of Alternative Kerosene.
Background of the Study
Kerosene, also known as paraffin, lamp oil, and coal oil (an obsolete term),
is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid which is derived from petroleum. It is widely
used as a fuel in industry as well as households. The problem with the occurrence
of this kerosene is already highly-priced that’s why the consumers spend a lot of
money to buy kerosene. Kerosene is widely used to power jet engines of aircraft
(jet fuel) and some rocket engines and is also commonly used as a cooking and
lighting fuel and for fire toys such as poi. In parts of Asia, kerosene is sometimes
used as fuel for small outboard motors or even motorcycles.

Fat is one of the three main macronutrients, along with carbohydrate and
protein. Fat is also known as triglycerides, are esters of three fatty acid chains and
the alcohol glycerol. Fat is an important foodstuff for many forms of life and fats
serve both structural and metabolic functions. They are a necessary part of the diet
of most heterotrophs (including humans). Some fatty acids that are set free by the
digestion of fats are called essential because they cannot be synthesized in the body
from simpler constituents.

Thereupon, the researcher decided to investigate the feasibility of fat oil in

response of the expensiveness of kerosene and hopefully reduce the multiple cases
of people dying because of cholesterol and heart disease.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the feasibility of Fat Oil as an Alternative
Kerosene. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1.) What are the elements present in Fat Oil that makes it possible alternative
kerosene?

2.) Does the Fat Oil have the potential to be alternative kerosene?

3.) Is there a significant difference between Fat Oil alternative kerosene and
commercial kerosene when used as alternative kerosene in producing light?
Objectives of the Study
The study aims to determine the Feasibility of Fat Oil as an Alternative
Kerosene. Specifically, it seeks to:

1.) Determine the elements present in the Fat Oil that makes it possible
alternative kerosene.

2.) Test if the Fat Oil has the potential to be alternative kerosene.

3.) Determine the significant differences between Fat Oil alternative kerosene
and Commercial kerosene when used as alternative kerosene in producing light.

Hypotheses
Based on the foregoing research problem, the researcher formulated the
following hypotheses:

1.) There are no elements present in the Fat Oil that makes it possible
alternative kerosene.

2.) The Fat Oil has the potential to be alternative kerosene.

3.) There are no significant difference between Fat Oil alternative kerosene
and Commercial kerosene when used as alternative kerosene in producing light.

Significance of the Study

This research has the significant benefits that can bring advantage to
humans. Cholesterol and heart diseases are commonly because by eating too much
fat. So to reduce the cases of people dying because of these diseases, this study will
utilize these fat oils into something new that provides an environmental solution
that will increase our supply of kerosene here in our country. By doing these, the
people won’t buy expensive kerosene for their daily use. This appertains to the
application of Fat Oil as alternative kerosene which is simply one way of achieving
quality and enduring condition of the said machines where we will apply the
alternative kerosene.
Scope and Limitations
The study entitled “The Feasibility of Fat Oil as an Alternative Kerosene”
focused on the study of the feasibility of Fat Oil in the improvement of the
endurance and the potent quality of the lamps, where we will apply the alternative
kerosene. The conduction of this experiment is limited only on the feasibility of the
Fat Oil to some materials.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Kerosene, also known

as paraffin, lamp oil, and coal
oil (an obsolete term), is
a combustible hydrocarbon liquid
which is derived from petroleum. It
is widely used as a fuel in industry
as well as households. Its name
derives from Greek: κηρός (keros)
meaning wax, and was registered
as a trademark
by Canadian geologist and inventor Abraham Gesner in 1854 before evolving into
a genericized trademark. It is sometimes spelled kerosene in scientific and
industrial usage. The term lamp oil, or the equivalent in the local languages, is
common in the majority of Asia. Liquid paraffin (called mineral oil in the US) is a
more viscous and highly refined product which is used as a laxative. Paraffin
wax is a waxy solid extracted from petroleum.

Kerosene is widely used to

power jet engines of aircraft (jet
fuel) and some rocket engines and
is also commonly used as a
cooking and lighting fuel and for
fire toys such as poi. In parts of
Asia, kerosene is sometimes used
as fuel for small outboard
motors or even motorcycles. World
total kerosene consumption for all
purposes is equivalent to about 1.2 million barrels (50 million U.S. gallons;
42 million imperial gallons; 190 million liters) per day.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene)

Fat is an important foodstuff for many forms of life and fats serve both
structural and metabolic functions. They are a necessary part of the diet of
most heterotrophs (including humans). Some fatty acids that are set free by the
digestion of fats are called essential because they cannot be synthesized in the body
from simpler constituents. There are two essential fatty acids (EFAs) in human
nutrition: alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-
6 fatty acid). Other lipids needed by the body can be synthesized from these and
other fats. Fats and other lipids are broken down in the body by enzymes
called lipases produced in the pancreas.

Thus acid is called

an omega-3 fatty acid because the
3rd carbon from that end is the first
double bonded carbon in the chain
counting from that end. Some oils
and fats have multiple double
bonds and are therefore
called polyunsaturated fats.
Unsaturated fats can be further
divided into cist fats, which are the
most common in nature, and trans
fats, which are rare in nature. Unsaturated fats can be altered by reaction with
hydrogen affected by a catalyst. This action, called hydrogenation, tends to break
all the double bonds and makes a fully saturated fat. To make vegetable shortening,
then, liquid cis-unsaturated fats such as vegetable oils are hydrogenated to produce
saturated fats, which have more desirable physical properties e.g., they melt at a
desirable temperature (30–40 °C), and store well, whereas polyunsaturated oils go
rancid when they react with oxygen in the air. However, Trans fats are generated
during hydrogenation as contaminants created by an unwanted side reaction on the
catalyst during partial hydrogenation.

Saturated fats can stack themselves in a closely packed arrangement, so they

can solidify easily and are typically solid at room temperature. For example,
animal fats tallow and lard are high in saturated fatty acid content and are solids.
Olive and linseed oils on the other hand are unsaturated and liquid. Fats serve both
as energy sources for the body, and as stores for energy in excess of what the body
needs immediately. Each gram of fat when burned or metabolized releases about
9 food calories (37 kJ = 8.8 kcal).[3] Fats are broken down in the healthy body to
release their constituents, glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol itself can be converted
to glucose by the liver and so become a source of energy.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat)
Definition of Terms
Kerosene - Paraffin wax is a waxy solid extracted from petroleum. Kerosene is
widely used to power jet engines of aircraft (jet fuel) and some rocket engines and
is also commonly used as a cooking and lighting fuel and for fire toys such as poi.

Fat - Fat is one of the three main macronutrients, along with carbohydrate and
protein. Fats, also known as triglycerides, are esters of three fatty acid chains and
the alcohol glycerol.

Oil - An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is a viscous liquid at ambient
temperatures and is both hydrophobic (does not mix with water, literally "water
fearing") and lipophilic (mixes with other oils, literally "fat loving").

Fatty acid - a carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal

carboxyl group, especially any of those occurring as esters in fats and oils.

Calories- the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water

through 1 °C, equal to one thousand small calories and often used to measure the
energy value of foods.

Saturated fats - a type of fat containing a high proportion of fatty acid

molecules without double bonds, considered to be less healthy in the diet than
unsaturated fat.

Nomenclature - the body or system of names in a particular field.

Polyunsaturated- (of an organic compound, especially a fat or oil molecule)
containing several double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. Polyunsaturated
fats, which are usually of plant origin, are regarded as healthier in the diet than
saturated fats.

Linseed oils- a pale yellow oil extracted from linseed, used especially in paint
and varnish.

Glycerol - a colorless, sweet, viscous liquid formed as a byproduct in soap

manufacture. It is used as an emollient and laxative, and for making explosives and
antifreeze.
 CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY
Materials and Equipment

6 Lamps

Gloves

Filter

Pork (belly part)

Glass jar

Big container

Masks

Timer

Research Design

The study selects a lamp or “lampara” as the test specimen through each set-
up. They were then subjected to treatment and observation, three tables
(Commercial Kerosene (serves as the standard), Alternative (Fat Oil and Methanol)
Kerosene and Difference) were designed to record the data gathered.

COMMERCIAL KEROSENE

TRIAL 1
(200mL)
TRIAL 2
(200mL)
TRIAL 3
(200mL)
Average:
 FAT OIL ALTERNATIVE KEROSENE

TRIAL 1
(200mL)
TRIAL 2
(200mL)
TRIAL 3
(200mL)
Average:

I. Procedure
A. Preparation of the component

COLLECTION
The raw material, pork fats is collected from the neighborhood and some
other food canteens that throw the fats of the pork in there foods. All the pork fats
that were collected were put inside a big container.

PREPARATION OF INOCULANTS AND THE LAMP

After getting the right amount of the pork fats, the pork fats were extracted
to form an oil texture. Prepare 6 lamps which 3 lamps in each kind of Kerosene
namely (1) Fat Oil Kerosene and (2) the Commercial Kerosene that serves as the
standard of this study. The researcher labeled each jar according to their number of
trial to ensure that there will be no confusion during the data collection.
 SELECTION OF TESTING ORGANISM
Before applying the Alternative Kerosene and the Commercial Kerosene
into the lamps, the researcher made sure that the lamps are in good condition and
functioning well. This is to ensure that there is equilibrium among the lamps to
gather authentic data necessary for the formation of a conclusion.

TREATMENTS/APPLICATION
After an hour of conditioning the lamp, the commercial and alternative fat
oil kerosene were then applied. The commercial kerosene was the standard of this
study.

DATA GATHERING
In the gathering the data after the application of the commercial and
alternative kerosene, the researchers used one measuring tool only, a timer. The
timer was used to take the number of hours that the lamp lasted using the
commercial and the alternative kerosene. After getting the needed data, the data in
each type of kerosene was differentiate.

DISPOSAL
After the experiment, the test materials, fats oils and methanol were properly
disposed. The materials and apparatuses were washed and were returned in the
laboratory.

B. STATISTICAL TOOL
The study needs a statistical tool that determines which of the set-up is
greater than the other. Thus, the only tool applicable for this situation is the t-Test:
Paired Two Sample for Means.
 Flow Chart and General Procedure

Preparation of Lamps and Fat Oils

Procurement of Materials

Making the Alternative Kerosene (Fat Oil)

Getting the data of the lamp using the Commercial Kerosene

Getting the data of the lamp using the Alternative Kerosene

Comparing the data of the two application

Proper disposal of the Materials used and the tested organism

 CHAPTER III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1. Time results of Commercial Kerosene produced light.

COMMERCIAL KEROSENE
TRIAL 1 50 minutes
(200mL)
TRIAL 2 52 minutes
(200mL)
TRIAL 3 55 minutes
(200mL)
Average: 52 minutes

Table 2. Time results of Fat Oil Alternative Kerosene produced light.

FAT OIL ALTERNATIVE KEROSENE

TRIAL 1 55 minutes
(200mL)
TRIAL 2 52 minutes
(200mL)
TRIAL 3 56 minutes
(200mL)
Average: 54 minutes
Table 3. Results shown as graph.

57

56

55

54

53

52 Commercial Kerosene
Fat Oil Alternative Kerosene
51

50

49

48

47
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

Table 3 shows the results between Commercial Kerosene and Fat Oil
Alternative Kerosene in graph form. As can be seen in the graph, in Trial 1, the Fat
Oil Alternative Kerosene (55 minutes) has a higher time than the Commercial
Kerosene (50 minutes). In Trial 2, both Commercial Kerosene (52 minutes) and
Fat Oil Alternative Kerosene (52 minutes) has the same time. And in Trial 3, the
Fat Oil Alternative Kerosene (56 minutes) has the higher time than the
Commercial Kerosene (55 minutes).
Table 4. Comparison between the time the Commercial Kerosene and Fat Oil
Alternative Kerosene produced light.

t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 52.33333 54.33333
Variance 6.333333 4.333333
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation 0.349957
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 2
t Stat -1.30931
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.160317
t Critical one-tail 2.919986
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.320634
t Critical two-tail 4.302653

Table 4 shows the Comparison between the time the Commercial Kerosene
and Fat Oil Alternative Kerosene produced light. As can be seen in the table, the
computed t Stat (-1.30931) is less than the t Critical two-tail (4.302653), therefore
the third hypothesis which states that there are no significant difference between
Fat Oil alternative kerosene and Commercial kerosene when used as alternative
kerosene in producing light is accepted.
 CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSIONS
The summary of research findings and the consequent conclusion drawn
from them are hereby enumerated:

1. There are properties present in the Fat Oil that makes it ideal for making
an Alternative Kerosene.
2. There are no significant differences in the properties of Fat Oil to the
properties of the Commercial Kerosene.
3. The quality of Fat Oil does not significantly differ to the quality of the
Commercial Kerosene in the production of light in the lamps.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the results of the study, the researcher would like to recommend
the following:

1. To test further the presence of other important components present in the

Fat Oil that are important in making Alternative Kerosene.
2. To test the quantitative values of the important components present in
the Fat Oil that are important in making Alternative Kerosene.
3. To know further the effectiveness of the sample, the researcher
recommend the use of other parts of the meat such as legs part or the
blade part.
 ACKNOLEDGEMENT
No one could make and conduct an investigatory project alone. This subject
is far too broad for anyone to be an expert in even fraction of the areas that
constitute it. The researcher needed and received help from many people to whom
the researcher owned heartfelt gratitude.

To our Almighty Father for the daily blessings, guidance, love and peace of
mind. For gracing the researcher with wisdom and good health.

To the researcher’s family for their never ending love and moral support. For
the care they showed.

To the researcher’s adviser, Mrs. Deniah Carmen C. Paqueo, for the

guidance, patience and untiring support.

To all the individuals in one way or another has helped the researcher in
making the project a resounding one. Thank you.

Researcher
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat
 https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Kerosene
 https://www.hunker.com/13412765/substitutes-for-kerosene
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237016300778
 https://www.pistonheads.com/gassing/topic.asp?h=0&f=141&t=516670
 https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/fats-and-oils
 https://healthyeating.sfgate.com › Diet › Fat