De Moivre's Theorem and Roots of A Complex Number HL Questions With Mark Scheme - IB

5/27/2019 IB Questionbank
New test - May 26, 2019 [424 marks]
π
1a. Find the roots of z 24 = 1 which satisfy the condition 0 < arg (z) <
2
, expressing your answers in the form reiθ , where r, [5 marks]
θ ∈ R
+
.
https://questionbank.ibo.org/en/teachers/17281/questionbanks/7-dp-mathematics-hl/teacher_tests/689070 1/66
Markscheme
24
(r (cos θ + i sin θ)) = 1 (cos 0 + i sin 0)
use of De Moivre’s theorem (M1)
r
24
= 1 ⇒ r = 1 (A1)
πn
24θ = 2πn ⇒ θ =
12
, (n ∈ Z) (A1)
π
0 < arg (z) <
2
⇒ n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
πi 2πi 3πi 4πi 5πi
z = e
12
or e 12
or e 12
or e 12
or e 12
A2
Note: Award A1 if additional roots are given or if three correct roots are given with no incorrect (or additional) roots.
[5 marks]
1b. Let S be the sum of the roots found in part (a). [4 marks]
Show that Re S = Im S.
Markscheme
π 2π 3π 4π 5π
Re S = cos 12 + cos
12
+ cos
12
+ cos
12
+ cos
12
π 2π 3π 4π 5π
Im S = sin 12 + sin
12
+ sin
12
+ sin
12
+ sin
12
A1
Note: Award A1 for both parts correct.

5π π 4π 2π 3π 3π 2π 4π π 5π
but sin 12 = cos
12
, sin
12
= cos
12
, sin
12
= cos
12
, sin
12
= cos
12
and sin 12 = cos
12
M1A1
⇒ Re S = Im S AG
Note: Accept a geometrical method.
[4 marks]
π π π π √a+√b
1c. By writing 12
as ( 4 − ) , find the value of cos 12 in the form c
, where a, b and c are integers to be determined. [3 marks]
6
Markscheme
π π π π π π π
cos
12
= cos (
4
−
6
) = cos
4
cos
6
+ sin
4
sin
6
M1A1
√2 √3 √2 1
= +
2 2 2 2
√6+√2
=
4
A1
[3 marks]
1
1d. Hence, or otherwise, show that S = 2
(1 + √2) (1 + √3) (1 + i) . [4 marks]
Markscheme
5π π π π π π π
cos
12
= cos (
6
+
4
) = cos
6
cos
4
− sin
6
sin
4
(M1)
5π π π π
Note: Allow alternative methods eg cos 12 = sin
12
= sin (
4
−
6
) .
√3 √2 1 √2 √6−√2
=
2 2
−
2 2
=
4
(A1)
π 2π 3π 4π 5π
Re S = cos 12 + cos
12
+ cos
12
+ cos
12
+ cos
12
√2+√6 √3 √2 1 √6−√2
Re S = 4
+
2
+
2
+
2
+
4
A1
1
=
2
(√6 + 1 + √2 + √3) A1
1
= (1 + √2) (1 + √3)
2
S = Re(S)(1 + i) since Re S = Im S, R1

1
S= 2
(1 + √2) (1 + √3) (1 + i) AG
[4 marks]
π π
2a. Consider w = 2 (cos
3
+ i sin
3
) [3 marks]
Express w2 and w3 in modulus-argument form.
Markscheme
2π
w
2
= 4cis (
3
); w
3
= 8cis (π) (M1)A1A1
Note: Accept Euler form.
Note: M1 can be awarded for either both correct moduli or both correct arguments.
Note: Allow multiplication of correct Cartesian form for M1, final answers must be in modulus-argument form.
[3 marks]
2b. Sketch on an Argand diagram the points represented by w0 , w1 , w2 and w3. [2 marks]
Markscheme
A1A1
[2 marks]
2c. These four points form the vertices of a quadrilateral, Q. [3 marks]
21√3
Show that the area of the quadrilateral Q is 2
.
Markscheme
1
use of area = 2
ab sin C M1
1 π 1 π 1 π
2
× 1 × 2 × sin
3
+
2
× 2 × 4 × sin
3
+
2
× 4 × 8 × sin
3
A1A1
π
Note: Award A1 for C =
3
, A1 for correct moduli.
21√3
=
2
AG
Note: Other methods of splitting the area may receive full marks.
[3 marks]
π π
2d. Let z . The points represented on an Argand diagram by z 0 , form the vertices [6 marks]
+ 1 2 n
= 2 (cos n
+ i sin n
), n ∈ Z z , z , … , z
of a polygon Pn .
π
Show that the area of the polygon Pn can be expressed in the form a (bn − 1) sin n
, where a, b ∈ R .
Markscheme
1 π 1 π 1 π 1 π
2
× 2
0
× 2
1
× sin
n
+
2
× 2
1
× 2
2
× sin
n
+
2
× 2
2
× 2
3
× sin
n
+ … +
2
× 2
n−1
× 2
n
× sin
n
M1A1
Note: Award M1 for powers of 2, A1 for any correct expression including both the first and last term.
π 0 2 4 n−2
= sin n
× (2 + 2 + 2 + … + 2 )
identifying a geometric series with common ratio 22(= 4) (M1)A1

2n
1−2 π
=
1−4
× sin n
M1
Note: Award M1 for use of formula for sum of geometric series.

1 π
A1
n
= (4 − 1) sin
3 n
[6 marks]
3. Determine the roots of the equation (z + 2i)3 ,
= 216i z ∈ C , giving the answers in the form z = a√3 + bi where a, b ∈ Z . [7 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
π π
216i = 216 (cos
2
+ i sin
2
) A1
1
π π 3
z + 2i = √216(cos(
3
2
+ 2πk) = i sin(
2
+ 2πk)) (M1)
π 2πk π 2πk
z + 2i = 6 (cos(
6
+
3
) + i sin(
6
+
3
)) A1
π π √3
i
z1 + 2i = 6 (cos + i sin ) = 6( + ) = 3√3 + 3i
6 6 2 2
5π 5π −√ 3 i
z2 + 2i = 6 (cos + i sin ) = 6( + ) = −3√3 + 3i
6 6 2 2
3π 3π
z3 + 2i = 6 (cos
2
+ i sin
2
) = −6i A2
Note: Award A1A0 for one correct root.
so roots are z1 = 3√3 + i, z2 = −3√3 + i and z3 = −8i M1A1
Note: Award M1 for subtracting 2i from their three roots.
METHOD 2
3
(a√3 + (b + 2)i) = 216i
3 2
(a√3) + 3(a√3) (b + 2)i − 3 (a√3) (b + 2)

2
− i(b + 2)
3
= 216i M1A1
3 2
2 3
(a√3) − 3 (a√3) (b + 2) + i (3(a√3) (b + 2) − (b + 2) ) = 216i
3 2
(a√3) − 3 (a√3) (b + 2)
2
= 0 and 3(a√3) (b + 2) − (b + 2)
3
= 216 M1A1
2
a (a
2
− (b + 2) ) = 0 and 9a2 (b + 2) − (b + 2)3 = 216
a = 0 or a2 = (b + 2)
2
if a = 0, − (b + 2)
3
= 216 ⇒ b + 2 = −6
∴ b = −8 A1
(a, b) = (0, − 8)
if a2 2
= (b + 2) , 9(b + 2) (b + 2) − (b + 2)
2 3
= 216
3
8(b + 2) = 216
3
(b + 2) = 27
b + 2 = 3
b = 1
2
∴ a = 9 ⇒ a = ±3
∴ (a, b) = (±3, 1) A1A1
so roots are z1 = 3√3 + i, z2 = −3√3 + i and z3 = −8i
METHOD 3
3 3
(z + 2i) − (−6i) = 0
attempt to factorise: M1
5/27/2019
((z + 2i) − (−6i)) ((z + 2i)
2
+ (z + 2i)(−6i) + (−6i) ) = 0
2 IB Questionbank
A1
(z + 8i)(z
2
− 2iz − 28) = 0 A1
z + 8i = 0 ⇒ z = −8i A1
2i±√−4−(4×1×−28)
z
2
− 2iz − 28 = 0 ⇒ z =
2
M1
2i±√108
z =
2
2i±6√3
z =
2
z = i ± 3√ 3 A1A1
Special Case:
Note: If a candidate recognises that √216i (anywhere seen), and makes no valid progress in finding three roots, award A1
3
= −6i
only.
[7 marks]
z1
4a. Consider the complex numbers z1 = 1 + √3i, z2 = 1 + i and w = z2
. [3 marks]
By expressing z1 and z2 in modulus-argument form write down the modulus of w;
Markscheme
π π
z1 = 2cis (
3
) and z2 = √2cis (
4
) A1A1
Note: Award A1A0 for correct moduli and arguments found, but not written in mod-arg form.
|w| = √2 A1
[3 marks]
4b. By expressing z1 and z2 in modulus-argument form write down the argument of w. [1 mark]
Markscheme
π π
z1 = 2cis (
3
) and z2 = √2cis (
4
) A1A1
Note: Award A1A0 for correct moduli and arguments found, but not written in mod-arg form.
π
arg w =
12
A1
Notes: Allow FT from incorrect answers for z1 and z2 in modulus-argument form.
[1 mark]
4c. Find the smallest positive integer value of n, such that wn is a real number. [2 marks]
Markscheme
EITHER
πn
sin(
12
) = 0 (M1)
OR
n
arg(w ) = π (M1)
nπ
= π
12
THEN
∴ n = 12 A1
[2 marks]
5a. Solve 2 sin(x + 60 . [5 marks]

∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
) = cos(x + 30 ), 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 180
Markscheme
∘ ∘
2 sin(x + 60 ) = cos(x + 30 )
2(sin x cos 60
∘ ∘
+ cos x sin 60 ) = cos x cos 30
∘
− sin x sin 30
∘
(M1)(A1)
√3 √3
1 1
2 sin x ×
2
+ 2 cos x ×
2
= cos x ×
2
− sin x ×
2
A1
3 √3
⇒ sin x = − cos x
2 2
1
⇒ tan x = − M1
√3
A1
∘
⇒ x = 150
[5 marks]
1
5b. Show that sin 105 . [3 marks]
∘ ∘
+ cos 105 =
√2
Markscheme
EITHER
choosing two appropriate angles, for example 60° and 45° M1
sin 105
∘
= sin 60
∘
cos 45
∘
+ cos 60
∘
sin 45
∘
and
(A1)
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
cos 105 = cos 60 cos 45 − sin 60 sin 45
√3 √3
1 1 1 1 1 1
A1
∘ ∘
sin 105 + cos 105 = × + × + × − ×
2 √2 2 √2 2 √2 2 √2
1
= AG
√2
OR
attempt to square the expression M1

∘ ∘ 2 2 ∘ ∘ ∘ 2 ∘
(sin 105 + cos 105 ) = sin 105 + 2 sin 105 cos 105 + cos 105
A1
∘ ∘ 2 ∘
(sin 105 + cos 105 ) = 1 + sin 210
1
=
2
A1
1
AG
∘ ∘
sin 105 + cos 105 =
√2
[3 marks]
5c. Let z = 1 − cos 2θ − i sin 2θ, z ∈ C, 0 ⩽ θ ⩽ π . [9 marks]
Find the modulus and argument of z in terms of θ. Express each answer in its simplest form.
Markscheme
EITHER
z = (1 − cos 2θ) − i sin 2θ
2 2
|z| = √(1 − cos 2θ) + (sin 2θ) M1
A1
2 2
|z| = √1 − 2 cos 2θ + cos 2θ + sin 2θ
= √2√(1 − cos 2θ) A1
2
= √2(2sin θ)
= 2 sin θ A1
let arg(z) = α
sin 2θ
tan α = − M1
1−cos 2θ
−2 sin θ cos θ
= 2
(A1)
2sin θ
= − cot θ A1
π
arg(z) = α = − arctan(tan(
2
− θ)) A1
π
= θ −
2
A1
OR
z = (1 − cos 2θ) − i sin 2θ
M1A1
2
= 2sin θ − 2i sin θ cos θ
= 2 sin θ(sin θ − i cos θ) (A1)
= −2i sin θ(cos θ + i sin θ) M1A1

π π
= 2 sin θ (cos(θ −
2
) + i sin(θ −
2
)) M1A1
|z| = 2 sin θ A1
π
arg(z) = θ −
2
A1
[9 marks]
5d. Hence find the cube roots of z in modulus-argument form. [5 marks]
Markscheme
attempt to apply De Moivre’s theorem M1
π π
1 1 1 θ− +2nπ θ− +2nπ
A1A1A1
2 2
(1 − cos 2θ − i sin 2θ) 3 = 2 3 (sin θ) 3 [cos( ) + i sin( )]
3 3
Note: A1 for modulus, A1 for dividing argument of z by 3 and A1 for 2nπ.
Hence cube roots are the above expression when n = −1, 0, 1 . Equivalent forms are acceptable. A1
[5 marks]
6a. Let ω be one of the non-real solutions of the equation z 3 = 1 . [4 marks]
Determine the value of
(i) 1 + ω + ω
2
;
(ii) 1 + ω* + (ω*)
2
.
Markscheme
(i) METHOD 1
3
1−ω
1 + ω + ω
2
=
1−ω
= 0 A1
as ω ≠ 1 R1
METHOD 2
−1±√3i
solutions of 1 − ω3 = 0 are ω = 1, ω =
2
A1
verification that the sum of these roots is 0 R1
(ii) 1 + ω* + (ω*)
2
= 0 A2
[4 marks]
6b. Show that (ω − 3ω2 )(ω2 − 3ω) = 13 . [4 marks]
Markscheme
(ω − 3ω )(ω
2 2
− 3ω) = −3ω
4
+ 10ω
3
− 3ω
2
M1A1
EITHER
= −3ω (ω
2 2
+ ω + 1) + 13ω
3
M1
= −3ω
2
× 0 + 13 × 1 A1
OR
= −3ω + 10 − 3ω
2
= −3(ω
2
+ ω + 1) + 13 M1
= −3 × 0 + 13 A1
OR
−1±√3i
substitution by ω =
2
in any form M1
numerical values of each term seen A1
THEN
= 13 AG
[4 marks]
6c. Consider the complex numbers p = 1 − 3i and q = x + (2x + 1)i , where x ∈ R . [5 marks]
Find the values of x that satisfy the equation |p| = |q| .
Markscheme
2
(M1)(A1)
2 2
|p| = |q| ⇒ √1 + 3 = √x + (2x + 1)
2
5x
2
+ 4x − 9 = 0 A1
(5x + 9)(x − 1) = 0 (M1)

9
x = 1, x = −
5
A1
[5 marks]
2
6d. Solve the inequality Re(pq) + 8 < (Im(pq)) . [6 marks]
Markscheme
pq = (1 − 3i) (x + (2x + 1)i) = (7x + 3) + (1 − x)i M1A1
2
Re(pq) + 8 < (Im(pq)) ⇒ (7x + 3) + 8 < (1 − x)
2
M1
⇒ x
2
− 9x − 10 > 0 A1
⇒ (x + 1)(x − 10) > 0 M1
x < −1, x > 10 A1
[6 marks]
3
π π
7a. Use de Moivre’s theorem to find the value of (cos( 3 ) + i sin( 3 )) . [2 marks]
Markscheme
3
π π
(cos(
3
) + i sin(
3
)) = cos π + i sin π M1
= −1 A1
[2 marks]
7b. Use mathematical induction to prove that [6 marks]
n +
(cos θ − i sin θ) = cos nθ − i sin nθ for n ∈ Z .
Markscheme
show the expression is true for n = 1 R1
assume true for n = k, (cos θ − i sin θ)

k
= cos kθ − i sin kθ M1
Note: Do not accept “let n = k ” or “assume n = k ”, assumption of truth must be present.

k+1 k
(cos θ − i sin θ) = (cos θ − i sin θ) (cos θ − i sin θ)
= (cos kθ − i sin kθ)(cos θ − i sin θ) M1
= cos kθ cos θ − sin kθ sin θ − i(cos kθ sin θ + sin kθ cos θ) A1
Note: Award A1 for any correct expansion.
= cos((k + 1)θ) − i sin((k + 1)θ) A1
therefore if true for n true for n , true for n , so true for all n(∈ R1
+
= k = k + 1 = 1 Z )
Note: To award the final R mark the first 4 marks must be awarded.
[6 marks]
7c. Let z = cos θ + i sin θ . [2 marks]
Find an expression in terms of θ for (z)n where z* is the complex conjugate of z.

n +
+ (z*) , n ∈ Z
Markscheme
n n n n
(z) + (z*) = (cos θ + i sin θ) + (cos θ − i sin θ)
= cos nθ + i sin nθ + cos nθ − i sin nθ = 2 cos(nθ) (M1)A1
[2 marks]
7d. (i) Show that zz* = 1 . [5 marks]
(ii) Write down the binomial expansion of (z + z*)3 in terms of z and z*.
(iii) Hence show that cos 3θ 3

= 4cos θ − 3 cos θ .
Markscheme
(i) zz∗ = (cos θ + i sin θ)(cos θ − i sin θ)
A1
2 2
= cos θ + sin θ
= 1 AG
Note: Allow justification starting with |z| = 1 .

3
(ii) (z + z*)
3
= z
3 2
+ 3z z* + 3z(z )
∗ 2
+ (z*)3 (= z
3
+ 3z + 3z* + (z*) ) A1
(iii) (z + z*)
3
= (2 cos θ)
3
A1
z
3
+ 3z + 3z* + (z*)
3
= 2 cos 3θ + 6 cos θ M1A1
cos 3θ = 4cos θ − 3 cos θ

3
AG
Note: M1 is for using zz* = 1 , this might be seen in d(ii).
[5 marks]
7e. Hence solve 4cos3 θ − 2cos2 θ − 3 cos θ + 1 = 0 for 0 ⩽ θ < π . [6 marks]
Markscheme
3 2
4cos θ − 2cos θ − 3 cos θ + 1 = 0
3 2
4cos θ − 3 cos θ = 2cos θ − 1
cos(3θ) = cos(2θ) A1A1
Note: A1 for cos(3θ) and A1 for cos(2θ).
θ = 0 A1
or 3θ = 2π − 2θ (or 3θ = 4π − 2θ) M1
2π 4π
θ = , A1A1
5 5
Note: Do not accept solutions via factor theorem or other methods that do not follow “hence”.
[6 marks]
2π 2π
8a. Let w = cos
7
+ i sin
7
. [3 marks]
Verify that w is a root of the equation z 7 − 1 = 0, z ∈ C .
Markscheme
EITHER
7
2π 2π
w
7
= (cos
7
+ i sin
7
) (M1)
= cos 2π + i sin 2π A1
= 1 A1
so w is a root AG
OR
z
7
= 1 = cos(2πk) + i sin(2πk) (M1)
2πk 2π
z = cos(
7
) + i sin(
7
) A1
2π 2π
k = 1 ⇒ z = cos( ) + i sin( ) A1
7 7
so w is a root AG
[3 marks]
8b. (i) Expand (w − 1)(1 + w + w2 + w
3
+ w
4
+ w
5
+ w )
6
. [3 marks]
(ii) Hence deduce that 1 + w + w2 + w

3
+ w
4
+ w
5
+ w
6
= 0 .
Markscheme
(i) (w − 1)(1 + w + w
2
+ w
3
+ w
4
+ w
5
+ w )
6
= w + w
2
+ w
3
+ w
4
+ w
5
+ w
6
+ w
7
− 1 − w − w
2
− w
3
− w
4
− w
5
− w
6
M1
= w
7
− 1 (= 0) A1
(ii) w
7
− 1 = 0 and w − 1 ≠ 0 R1
so 1 + w + w2 + w
3
+ w
4
+ w
5
+ w
6
= 0 AG
[3 marks]
8c. Write down the roots of the equation z 7 − 1 = 0, z ∈ C in terms of w and plot these roots on an Argand diagram. [3 marks]
Markscheme
the roots are 1, w, w2 , w3 , w4 , w5 and w6
7 points equidistant from the origin A1
approximately correct angular positions for 1, w, w2 , w3 , w4 , w5 and w6 A1
Note: Condone use of cis notation for the final two A marks.
Note: For the final A mark there should be one root in the first quadrant, two in the second, two in the third, one in the fourth, and one
on the real axis.
[3 marks]
8d. Consider the quadratic equation z 2 + bz + c = 0 where b, c ∈ R, z ∈ C . The roots of this equation are α and α∗ where α∗ is [10 marks]
the complex conjugate of α.
(i) Given that α = w + w

2
+ w
4
, show that α∗ = w
6
+ w
5
+ w
3
.
(ii) Find the value of b and the value of c.
Markscheme
(i) α∗ = (w + w
2
+ w )∗
4
= w ∗ +(w ) ∗ +(w )∗
2 4
A1
since = 6
w∗ = w , (w )∗ = w
2 5
and (w4 )∗ = w
3
R1
⇒ α∗ = w
6
+ w
5
+ w
3
AG
(ii) b = −(α + α∗) (using sum of roots (or otherwise)) (M1)
b = −(w + w
2
+ w
3
+ w
4
+ w
5
+ w )
6
(A1)
= −(−1)
= 1 A1
c = αα∗ (using product of roots (or otherwise)) (M1)

2 4 6 5 3
c = (w + w + w )(w + w + w )
EITHER
= w
10
+ w
9
+ w
8
+ 3w
7
+ w
6
+ w
5
+ w
4
A1
= (w
6
+ w
5
+ w
4
+ w
3
+ w
2
+ w) + 3 M1
= 3 − 1 (A1)
OR
= w
10
+ w
9
+ w
8
+ 3w
7
+ w
6
+ w
5
+ w
4 4
(= w (1 + w + w )(w
3 3
+ w
2
+ 1)) A1
= w (w
4 6
+ w
5
+ w
4
+ w
2
+ w + 1 + 3w )
3
M1
4 6 5 4 3 2 3
= w (w + w + w + w + w + w + 1 + 2w )
4
= w (2w )
3
(A1)
THEN
= 2 A1
[10 marks]
8e. Using the values for b and c obtained in part (d)(ii), find the imaginary part of α, giving your answer in surd form. [4 marks]
Markscheme
−1±i√7
z
2
+ z + 2 = 0 ⇒ z =
2
M1A1
Im(w + w
2 4
+ w ) > 0 R1
√7
Im α =
2
A1
Note: Final A mark is independent of previous R mark.
[4 marks]
9a. Solve the equation z 3 = 8i, z ∈ C giving your answers in the form z = r(cos θ + i sin θ) and in the form z = a + bi where [6 marks]
a, b ∈ R .
Markscheme
Note: Accept answers and working in degrees, throughout.
π π
z
3
= 8 (cos(
2
+ 2πk) + i sin(
2
+ 2πk)) (A1)
attempt the use of De Moivre’s Theorem in reverse M1

π π 5π 5π
z = 2 (cos( ) + i sin( )) ; 2 (cos( ) + i sin( )) ;
6 6 6 6
9π 9π
2 (cos(
6
) + i sin(
6
)) A2
Note: Accept cis form.
z = ±√3 + i, − 2i A2
Note: Award A1 for two correct solutions in each of the two lines above.
[6 marks]
5/27/2019 π IB Questionbank
π
9b. Consider the complex numbers z1 = 1 + i and z2 = 2 (cos(
2
) + i sin(
6
)) . [11 marks]
(i) Write z1 in the form r(cos θ + i sin θ).
(ii) Calculate z1 z2 and write in the form z = a + bi where a, b ∈ R .

5π
(iii) Hence find the value of tan 12
in the form c + d√3, where c, d ∈ Z .
(iv) Find the smallest value p > 0 such that (z2 )p is a positive real number.
Markscheme
Note: Accept answers and working in degrees, throughout.
π π
(i) z1 = √2 (cos(
4
) + i sin(
4
)) A1A1
(ii) (z2 = (√3 + i))
z1 z2 = (1 + i) (√3 + i) M1
= (√3 − 1) + i (1 + √3) A1
π π π π
(iii) z1 z2 = 2√2 (cos(
6
+
4
) + i sin(
6
+
4
)) M1A1
Note: Interpret “hence” as “hence or otherwise”.
5π √3+1
tan
12
= A1
√3−1
= 2 + √3 M1A1
Note: Award final M1 for an attempt to rationalise the fraction.
pπ
(iv) (M1)
p p
z2 = 2 (cis ( ))
6
z2
p
is a positive real number when p = 12 A1
Note: Accept a solution based on part (a).
[11 marks]
Total [17 marks]
10a. Find three distinct roots of the equation 8z 3 + 27 = 0, z ∈ C giving your answers in modulus-argument form. [6 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
27 27
z
3
= −
8
=
8
(cos π + i sin π) M1(A1)
27
=
8
(cos(π + 2nπ) + i sin(π + 2nπ)) (A1)
3 π+2nπ π+2nπ
z =
2
(cos( ) + i sin( )) M1
3 3
3 π π
z1 =
2
(cos
3
+ i sin
3
) ,
3
z2 =
2
(cos π + i sin π) ,
3 5π 5π
z3 =
2
(cos + i sin ) . A2
3 3
π
Note: Accept − as the argument for z3 .
3
Note: Award A1 for 2 correct roots.
Note: Allow solutions expressed in Eulerian (reiθ ) form.
Note: Allow use of degrees in mod-arg (r-cis) form only.
METHOD 2
3
8z + 27 = 0
3
⇒ z = −
2
so (2z + 3) is a factor
Attempt to use long division or factor theorem: M1

3 2
⇒ 8z + 27 = (2z + 3)(4z − 6z + 9)
⇒ 4z
2
− 6z + 9 = 0 A1
Attempt to solve quadratic: M1

3±3√3i
z =
4
A1
3 π π
z1 =
2
(cos
3
+ i sin
3
) ,
3
z2 =
2
3 5π 5π
z3 =
2
(cos
3
+ i sin
3
) . A2
π
Note: Accept − 3 as the argument for z3 .
METHOD 3
3
8z + 27 = 0
Substitute z = x + iy M1
5/27/2019
8(x
3 2
+ 3ix y − 3xy
2 3
− iy ) + 27 = 0 IB Questionbank
⇒ 8x
3
− 24xy
2
+ 27 = 0 and 24x2 y − 8y 3 = 0 A1
Attempt to solve simultaneously: M1

2 2
8y(3x − y ) = 0
y = 0, y = x√3, y = −x√3
3 3 3√ 3
⇒ (x = −
2
, y = 0) , x =
4
, y = ±
4
A1
3 π π
z1 =
2
(cos
3
+ i sin
3
) ,
3
z2 =
2
3 5π 5π
z3 =
2
(cos
3
+ i sin
3
) . A2
π
Note: Accept − 3 as the argument for z3 .
[6 marks]
10b. The roots are represented by the vertices of a triangle in an Argand diagram. [3 marks]
27√3
Show that the area of the triangle is .
16
Markscheme
EITHER
1
Valid attempt to use area = 3(
2
ab sin C) M1
√3
1 3 3
= 3 ×
2
×
2
×
2
×
2
A1A1
Note: Award A1 for correct sides, A1 for correct sin C .
OR
1
Valid attempt to use area =
2
base × height M1
1 3 3 6√ 3
area =
2
× (
4
+
2
) ×
4
A1A1
Note: A1 for correct height, A1 for correct base.
THEN
27√3
=
16
AG
[3 marks]
Total [9 marks]
11a. (i) Use the binomial theorem to expand (cos θ + i sin θ)5 . [6 marks]
(ii) Hence use De Moivre’s theorem to prove

4 2 3 5
sin 5θ = 5cos θ sin θ − 10cos θsin θ + sin θ.
(iii) State a similar expression for cos 5θ in terms of cos θ and sin θ.
Markscheme
(i) (cos θ + i sin θ)
5
5 4 2 3 2
= cos θ + 5icos θ sin θ + 10i cos θsin θ+
3 2
10i cos θsin θ + 5i
3 4 4
cos θsin θ + i sin θ
5 5
A1A1
5 4 3 2
(= cos θ + 5icos θ sin θ − 10cos θsin θ−
2 3 4 5
10icos θsin θ + 5 cos θsin θ + isin θ)
Note: Award first A1 for correct binomial coefficients.
(ii) (cisθ)
5
= cis5θ = cos 5θ + i sin 5θ M1
5 4 3 2 2 3
= cos θ + 5icos θ sin θ − 10cos θsin θ − 10icos θsin θ+
A1
4 5
5 cos θsin θ + isin θ
Note: Previous line may be seen in (i)
equating imaginary terms M1
AG
4 2 3 5
sin 5θ = 5cos θ sin θ − 10cos θsin θ + sin θ
(iii) equating real terms
A1
5 3 2 4
cos 5θ = cos θ − 10cos θsin θ + 5 cos θsin θ
[6 marks]
11b. Let z = r(cos α + i sin α) , where α is measured in degrees, be the solution of z 5 − 1 = 0 which has the smallest positive [4 marks]
argument.
Find the value of r and the value of α.
Markscheme
(rcisα)
5 5
= 1 ⇒ r cis5α = 1cis0 M1
r
5
= 1 ⇒ r = 1 A1
5α = 0 ± 360k, k ∈ Z ⇒ a = 72k (M1)
A1
∘
α = 72
Note: Award M1A0 if final answer is given in radians.
[4 marks]
11c. Using (a) (ii) and your answer from (b) show that 16sin . [4 marks]
4 2
α − 20sin α + 5 = 0
Markscheme
use of sin(5 × 72) = 0 OR the imaginary part of 1 is 0 (M1)
A1
4 2 3 5
0 = 5cos α sin α − 10cos αsin α + sin α
sin α ≠ 0 ⇒ 0 = 5(1 − sin α)

2 2 2 2
− 10(1 − sin α)sin α + sin α
4
M1
Note: Award M1 for replacing cos2 α.
A1
2 4 2 4 4
0 = 5(1 − 2sin α + sin α) − 10sin α + 10sin α + sin α
Note: Award A1 for any correct simplification.
so 16sin AG
4 2
α − 20sin α + 5 = 0
[4 marks]
5/27/2019 √a+b√c
IB Questionbank
11d. Hence express sin 72∘ in the form where a, b, c, d ∈ Z . [5 marks]
d
Markscheme
20±√400−320
M1A1
2
sin α =
32
20±√80
sin α = ±√
32
±√10±2√5
sin α =
4
A1
Note: Award A1 regardless of signs. Accept equivalent forms with integral denominator, simplification may be seen later.
√3
as 72 ,
> 60 sin 72 >
2
= 0.866 … we have to take both positive signs (or equivalent argument) R1
Note: Allow verification of correct signs with calculator if clearly stated
√10+2√5
sin 72 =
4
A1
[5 marks]
Total [19 marks]
2 cos nθ
12a. (i) Show that (1 + i tan θ)n + (1 − i tan θ)
n
= n
cos θ
, cos θ ≠ 0 . [10 marks]
3π
(ii) Hence verify that i tan 8
is a root of the equation (1 + z)4 + (1 − z)
4
= 0, z ∈ C .
(iii) State another root of the equation (1 + z)4 + (1 − z)

4
= 0, z ∈ C .
Markscheme
(i) METHOD 1
n n
sin θ sin θ
(1 + i tan θ)
n
+ (1 − i tan θ)
n
= (1 + i
cos θ
) + (1 − i
cos θ
) M1
n n
cos θ+i sin θ cos θ−i sin θ
= ( ) + ( ) A1
cos θ cos θ
by de Moivre’s theorem (M1)

n
cos θ+i sin θ cos nθ+i sin nθ
(
cos θ
) = n
cos θ
A1
recognition that cos θ − i sin θ is the complex conjugate of cos θ + i sin θ (R1)
use of the fact that the operation of complex conjugation commutes with the operation of raising to an integer power:
n
cos θ−i sin θ cos nθ−i sin nθ
(
cos θ
) = n
cos θ
A1
2 cos nθ
(1 + i tan θ)
n
+ (1 − i tan θ)
n
=
cos θ
n
AG
METHOD 2
n
(1 + i tan θ)
n
+ (1 − i tan θ)
n
= (1 + i tan θ)
n
+ (1 + i tan(−θ)) (M1)
n n
(cos θ+i sin θ) (cos(−θ)+i sin(−θ))
= n
+ n
M1A1
cos θ cos θ
Note: Award M1 for converting to cosine and sine terms.
use of de Moivre’s theorem (M1)

1
= n
cos θ
(cos nθ + i sin nθ + cos(−nθ) + i sin(−nθ)) A1
2 cos nθ
= 2
as cos(−nθ) = cos nθ and sin(−nθ) = − sin nθ R1AG
cos θ
3π
4 4 2 cos(4× )
3π 3π 8
(ii) (1 + i tan
8
) + (1 − i tan
8
) = 3π
(A1)
4
cos
8
3π
2 cos
A1
2
= 3π
4
cos
8
3π
= 0 as cos
2
= 0 R1
Note: The above working could involve theta and the solution of cos(4θ) = 0 .
3π
so i tan is a root of the equation AG
8
3π π π
(iii) either −i tan or − i tan or i tan A1
8 8 8
5π 7π
Note: Accept i tan 8
or i tan
8
.
Accept − (1 + √2) i or (1 − √2) i or (−1 + √2) i .
[10 marks]
5/27/2019 2 tan θ IB Questionbank
π
12b. (i) Use the double angle identity tan 2θ = 2
to show that tan 8
√= 2 − 1 . [13 marks]
1−tan θ
(ii) Show that cos 4x 4

= 8cos x − 8cos x + 1
2
.
π
2 cos 4x
(iii) Hence find the value of ∫0 8
2
cos x
dx .
Markscheme
π
2 tan
π
(i) (M1)
8
tan = 2 π
4
1−tan
8
π π
tan
2
8
+ 2 tan
8
− 1 = 0 A1
π
let t = tan
8
attempting to solve t2 + 2t − 1 = 0 for t M1
t = −1 ± √2 A1
π
8
is a first quadrant angle and tan is positive in this quadrant, so
π
tan
8
> 0 R1
π
tan
8
= √2 − 1 AG
(ii) cos 4x = 2cos 2x − 1

2
A1
2
= 2(2cos x − 1)
2
− 1 M1
= 2 (4cos x − 4cos x + 1) − 1
4 2
A1
= 8cos x − 8cos x + 1
4 2
AG
Note: Accept equivalent complex number derivation.
π π
4 2
2 cos 4x 8cos x−8cos x+1
(iii) ∫
0
8
2
dx = 2 ∫
0
8
2
dx
cos x cos x
= 2∫
0
8 2
8cos x − 8 + sec xdx
2
M1
Note: The M1 is for an integrand involving no fractions.
1
use of cos2 x =
2
(cos 2x + 1) M1
π
= 2∫
0
8
4 cos 2x − 4 + sec xdx
2
A1
π
= [4 sin 2x − 8x + 2 tan x]
8
0
A1
= 4√ 2 − π − 2 (or equivalent) A1
[13 marks]
Total [23 marks]
13a. Consider the complex number z = cos θ + i sin θ . [2 marks]
Use De Moivre’s theorem to show that z n + z

−n
= 2 cos nθ, n ∈ Z
+
.
Markscheme
z
n
+ z
−n
= cos nθ + i sin nθ + cos(−nθ) + i sin(−nθ) M1
= cos nθ + cos nθ + i sin nθ − i sin nθ A1
= 2 cos nθ AG
[2 marks]
4
13b. Expand (z + z −1 ) . [1 mark]
Markscheme
4 1 1 1 1
(b) (z + z
−1
) = z
4
+ 4z
3
(
z
) + 6z
2
( 2
) + 4z ( 3
) + 4
A1
z z z
4
Note: Accept (z + z −1 ) = 16cos θ
4
.
[1 mark]
13c. Hence show that cos4 θ = p cos 4θ + q cos 2θ + r , where p, q and r are constants to be determined. [4 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
4 1 1
(z + z
−1
) = (z
4
+ 4
) + 4 (z
2
+ 2
) + 6 M1
z z
(2 cos θ)
4
= 2 cos 4θ + 8 cos 2θ + 6 A1A1
Note: Award A1 for RHS, A1 for LHS, independent of the M1.
1 1 3
4
cos θ =
8
cos 4θ +
2
cos 2θ +
8
A1
1 1 3
(or p = , q = , r = )
8 2 8
METHOD 2
2
cos 2θ+1
4
cos θ = (
2
) M1
1
=
4
2
(cos 2θ + 2 cos 2θ + 1) A1
1 cos 4θ+1
=
4
(
2
+ 2 cos 2θ + 1) A1
1 1 3
4
cos θ =
8
cos 4θ +
2
cos 2θ +
8
A1
1 1 3
(or p = , q = , r = )
8 2 8
[4 marks]
1 3 15 5
13d. Show that cos6 θ =
32
cos 6θ +
16
cos 4θ +
32
cos 2θ +
16
. [3 marks]
Markscheme
6 1 1 1 1 1 1
(z + z
−1
) = z
6
+ 6z
5
(
z
) + 15z
4
( 2
) + 20z
3
( 3
) + 15z
2
( 4
) + 6z ( 5
) + 6
M1
z z z z z
6 1 1 1
−1 6 4 2
(z + z ) = (z + 6
) + 6 (z + 4
) + 15 (z + 2
) + 20
z z z
(2 cos θ)
6
= 2 cos 6θ + 12 cos 4θ + 30 cos 2θ + 20 A1A1
Note: Award A1 for RHS, A1 for LHS, independent of the M1.
1 3 15 5
6
cos θ =
32
cos 6θ +
16
cos 4θ +
32
cos 2θ +
16
AG
Note: Accept a purely trigonometric solution as for (c).
[3 marks]
13e. Hence find the value of ∫0 2

cos θdθ
6
. [3 marks]
Markscheme
π π
1 3 15 5
2 6 2
∫ cos θdθ = ∫ ( cos 6θ + cos 4θ + cos 2θ + ) dθ
0 0 32 16 32 16
1 3 15 5 2
= [
192
sin 6θ +
64
sin 4θ +
64
sin 2θ +
16
θ] M1A1
0
5π
= A1
32
[3 marks]
13f. The region S is bounded by the curve y = sin xcos x

2
and the x-axis between x = 0 and x =
π
. [4 marks]
2
S is rotated through 2π radians about the x-axis. Find the value of the volume generated.
Markscheme
π
V = π∫
0
2 2
sin xcos xdx
4
M1
π π
= π∫
0
2 4
cos xdx − π ∫
0
2 6
cos xdx M1
π
3π
∫
0
2
cos xdx =
4
16
A1
2 2 2
3π 5π π
V =
16
−
32
=
32
A1
Note: Follow through from an incorrect r in (c) provided the final answer is positive.
2k
13g. (i) Write down an expression for the constant term in the expansion of (z + z −1 ) , k ∈ Z
+
. [3 marks]
π
(ii) Hence determine an expression for ∫0 2

cos
2k
θdθ in terms of k.
Markscheme
2k (2k)! (2k)!
(i) constant term = ( A1
2k
) = = 2
(accept C )
k!k! k
(k!)
k
π
(2k)!π π
(ii) 2
2k
∫
0
2
cos
2k
θdθ = 2
2
A1
(k!)
2k
( )π
π ⎛ ⎞
(2k)!π k
∫
0
2
cos
2k
θdθ = 2k+1 2 ⎜or 2k+1 ⎟ A1
2 (k!) 2
⎝ ⎠
[3 marks]
14a. If w = 2 + 2i , find the modulus and argument of w. [2 marks]
Markscheme
modulus = √8 A1
π
argument = 4
(accept 45°) A1
Note: A0 if extra values given.
[2 marks]
5π 5π
14b. Given z = cos(
6
) + i sin(
6
) , find in its simplest form w4 z 6 . [4 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
w z
4 6
− 64e
πi
× e
5πi
(A1)(A1)
Note: Allow alternative notation.
= 64e
6πi
(M1)
= 64 A1
METHOD 2
w
4
= −64 (M1)(A1)
z
6
= −1 (A1)
w z
4 6
= 64 A1
[4 marks]
15a. (i) Express each of the complex numbers z1 = √3 + i, z2 = −√3 + i and z3 = −2i in modulus-argument form. [9 marks]
(ii) Hence show that the points in the complex plane representing z1 , z2 and z3 form the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
(iii) Show that z3n

1
+ z
3n
2
= 2z
3n
3
where n ∈ N .
Markscheme
π 5π π 3π
(i) z1 = 2cis (
6
) , z2 = 2cis (
6
) , z3 = 2cis (−
2
) or 2cis (
2
) A1A1A1
Note: Accept modulus and argument given separately, or the use of exponential (Euler) form.
Note: Accept arguments given in rational degrees, except where exponential form is used.
(ii) the points lie on a circle of radius 2 centre the origin A1

2π
differences are all 3
( mod 2π) A1
⇒ points equally spaced ⇒ triangle is equilateral R1AG
Note: Accept an approach based on a clearly marked diagram.
nπ 5nπ
(iii) M1
3n 3n 3n 3n
z + z = 2 cis ( ) + 2 cis ( )
1 2 2 2
nπ
= 2 × 2
3n
cis (
2
) A1
9nπ nπ
2z
3n
3
= 2 × 2
3n
cis (
2
) = 2 × 2
3n
cis (
2
) A1AG
[9 marks]
15b. (i) State the solutions of the equation z 7 = 1 for z ∈ C , giving them in modulus-argument form. [9 marks]
(ii) If w is the solution to z 7 = 1 with least positive argument, determine the argument of 1 + w. Express your answer in terms of π.
2π
(iii) Show that z 2 − 2z cos( ) + 1 is a factor of the polynomial z 7 − 1 . State the two other quadratic factors with real coefficients.
7
Markscheme
(i) attempt to obtain seven solutions in modulus argument form M1
2kπ
z = cis (
7
) , k = 0, 1 … 6 A1
2π
(ii) w has argument 7
and 1 + w has argument ϕ,
2π
sin( )
7
then tan(ϕ) =
2π
M1
1+cos( )
7
π π
2 sin( ) cos( )
7 7
= A1
π
2
2cos ( )
7
π π
= tan(
7
) ⇒ ϕ =
7
A1
Note: Accept alternative approaches.
(iii) since roots occur in conjugate pairs, (R1)

2π 2π
z
7
− 1 has a quadratic factor (z − cis ( 7
)) × (z − cis (−
7
)) A1
2π
= z
2
− 2z cos(
7
) + 1 AG
4π
other quadratic factors are z 2 − 2z cos(
7
) + 1 A1
6π
and z 2 − 2z cos(
7
) + 1 A1
[9 marks]
16a. Consider the complex numbers [3 marks]

3π
z1 = 2√3cis
2
and z 2 = −1 + √3i .
(i) Write down z1 in Cartesian form.
(ii) Hence determine (z1 + z2 )

∗
in Cartesian form.
Markscheme
3π
(i) z1 = 2√3cis
2
⇒ z1 = −2√3i A1
(ii) z1 + z2 = −2√3i − 1 + √3i = −1 − √3i A1
(z1 + z2 )
∗
= −1 + √3i A1
[3 marks]
16b. (i) Write z2 in modulus-argument form. [6 marks]
(ii) Hence solve the equation z 3 = z2 .
Markscheme
(i) |z2 | = 2
tan θ = −√3 (M1)

z2 lies on the second quadrant
2π
θ = arg z2 =
3
2π
z2 = 2cis
3
A1A1
(ii) attempt to use De Moivre’s theorem M1

2π
+2kπ
3 3
z = √2 cis , k = 0, 1 and 2
3
2π 8π 14π −4π
z = √2 cis
3
9
, √2 cis
3
9
3
, √2 cis
9
3
(= √2 cis (
9
)) A1A1
Note: Award A1 for modulus, A1 for arguments.
Note: Allow equivalent forms for z .
[6 marks]
16c. Let z = r cisθ , where r ∈ R

+
and 0 ⩽ θ < 2π . Find all possible values of r and θ , [6 marks]
(i) if z 2 = (1 + z2 )
2
;
1
(ii) if z = −
z2
.
Markscheme
(i) METHOD 1
2
z
2
= (1 − 1 + √3i) = −3 (⇒ z = ±√3i) M1
π 3π −π
z = √3 cis
2
or z1 = √3 cis
2
(= √3 cis (
2
)) A1A1
π 3π −π
so r = √3 and θ =
2
or θ =
2
(=
2
)
Note: Accept r cis(θ) form.
METHOD 2
2
z
2
= (1 − 1 + √3i) = −3 ⇒ z
2
= 3cis ((2n + 1)π) M1
r
2
= 3 ⇒ r = √3 A1
π 3π
2θ = (2n + 1)π ⇒ θ =
2
or θ =
2
(as 0 ⩽ θ < 2π) A1
Note: Accept r cis(θ) form.
(ii) METHOD 1
1 cisπ
z = − 2π
⇒ z = 2π
M1
2cis 2cis
3 3
1 π
⇒ z = cis
2 3
1 π
so r =
2
and θ =
3
A1A1
METHOD 2
1 −1−√3i
z1 = − ⇒ z1 = − M1
−1+√3i
(−1+√3i)(−1−√3i)
1+√3i 1 π
z = ⇒ z = cis
4 2 3
1 π
so r =
2
and θ =
3
A1A1
[6 marks]
n
z1
16d. Find the smallest positive value of n for which ( z . [4 marks]
+
) ∈ R
2
Markscheme
z1 5π
z2
= √3 cis
6
(A1)
n
z1 n
5nπ
(
z2
) = √3 cis
6
A1
equating imaginary part to zero and attempting to solve M1
obtain n = 12 A1
Note: Working which only includes the argument is valid.
[4 marks]
17a. Given that (x + iy)2 = −5 + 12i, x, y ∈ R . Show that [2 marks]
(i) x
2
− y
2
= −5 ;
(ii) xy = 6 .
Markscheme
(i) (x + iy)
2
= −5 + 12i
x
2
+ 2ixy + i y
2 2
= −5 + 12i A1
(ii) equating real and imaginary parts M1
x
2
− y
2
= −5 AG
xy = 6 AG
[2 marks]
17b. Hence find the two square roots of −5 + 12i . [5 marks]
Markscheme
substituting M1
EITHER
2 36
x − 2
= −5
x
x
4
+ 5x
2
− 36 = 0 A1
x
2
= 4, −9 A1
x = ±2 and y = ±3 (A1)
OR
36 2
2
− y = −5
y
y
4
− 5y
2
− 36 = 0 A1
y
2
= 9, −4 A1
y
2
= ±3 and x = ±2 (A1)
Note: Accept solution by inspection if completely correct.
THEN
the square roots are (2 + 3i) and (−2 − 3i) A1
[5 marks]
17c. For any complex number z , show that (z ∗ )2 = (z )

2 ∗
. [3 marks]
Markscheme
EITHER
consider z = x + iy
∗
z = x − iy
(z )
∗ 2
= x
2
− y
2
− 2ixy A1
(z ) = x
2 2
− y
2
+ 2ixy A1
(z )
2 ∗
= x
2
− y
2
− 2ixy A1
(z )
∗ 2
= (z )
2 ∗
AG
OR
∗ −iθ
z = re
(z )
∗ 2
= r e
2 −2iθ
A1
z
2
= r e
2 2iθ
A1
(z )
2 ∗
= r e
2 −2iθ
A1
(z )
∗ 2
= (z )
2 ∗
AG
[3 marks]
17d. Hence write down the two square roots of −5 − 12i . [2 marks]
Markscheme
(2 − 3i) and (−2 + 3i) A1A1
[2 marks]
17e. The graph of a polynomial function f of degree 4 is shown below. [2 marks]
Explain why, of the four roots of the equation f (x) = 0 , two are real and two are complex.
Markscheme
the graph crosses the x-axis twice, indicating two real roots R1
since the quartic equation has four roots and only two are real, the other two roots must be complex R1
[2 marks]
17f. The curve passes through the point (−1, −18) . Find f (x) in the form [5 marks]
f (x) = (x − a)(x − b)(x

2
+ cx + d), where a, b, c, d ∈ Z .
Markscheme
f (x) = (x + 4)(x − 2)(x
2
+ cx + d) A1A1
f (0) = −32 ⇒ d = 4 A1
Since the curve passes through (−1, −18) ,
−18 = 3 × (−3)(5 − c) M1
c = 3 A1
Hence f (x) = (x + 4)(x − 2)(x

2
+ 3x + 4)
[5 marks]
17g. Find the two complex roots of the equation f (x) = 0 in Cartesian form. [2 marks]
Markscheme
−3±√9−16
x =
2
(M1)
3 √7
⇒ x = −
2
± i
2
A1
[2 marks]
17h. Draw the four roots on the complex plane (the Argand diagram). [2 marks]
Markscheme
A1A1
Note: Accept points or vectors on complex plane.
Award A1 for two real roots and A1 for two complex roots.
[2 marks]
17i. Express each of the four roots of the equation in the form reiθ . [6 marks]
Markscheme
real roots are 4eiπ and 2ei0 A1A1
√7
3
considering − 2 ± i
2
9 7
r = √
4
+
4
= 2 A1
√7
finding θ using arctan( 3
) M1
√7 √7
θ = arctan(
3
) + π or θ = arctan(−
3
) + π A1
√7 −√7
i(arctan( )+π) i(arctan( )+π)
⇒ z = 2e
3
or ⇒ z = 2e
3
A1
Note: Accept arguments in the range −π to π or 0 to 2π .
Accept answers in degrees.
[6 marks]
18. Find the cube roots of i in the form a + bi, where a, b ∈ R . [6 marks]
Markscheme
π π
i = cos
2
+ i sin
2
(A1)
1
1
π π 3 π π √3
1
z1 = i 3 = (cos
2
+ i sin
2
) = cos
6
+ i sin
6
(=
2
+
2
i) M1A1
5π 5π √3
1
z2 = cos
6
+ i sin
6
(= −
2
+
2
i) (M1)A1
π π
z3 = cos(−
2
) + i sin(−
2
) = −i A1
Note: Accept exponential and cis forms for intermediate results, but not the final roots.
Note: Accept the method based on expanding (a + b)3 . M1 for attempt, M1 for equating real and imaginary parts, A1 for finding a = 0
1
and b =
2
, then A1A1A1 for the roots.
[6 marks]
3
19a. Write down the expansion of (cos θ + i sin θ) in the form a + ib , where a and b are in terms of sin θ and cos θ . [2 marks]
Markscheme
3 2 3
(cos θ + i sin θ)
3 2
= cos θ + 3cos θ (i sin θ) + 3 cos θ(i sin θ) + (i sin θ) (M1)
3
= cos θ − 3 cos θsin θ + i (3cos θ sin θ − sin θ)
2 2 3
A1
[2 marks]
19b. Hence show that cos 3θ 3

= 4cos θ − 3 cos θ . [3 marks]
Markscheme
from De Moivre’s theorem
3
(cos θ + i sin θ) = cos 3θ + i sin 3θ (M1)
3 2 2 3
cos 3θ + i sin 3θ = (cos θ − 3 cos θsin θ) + i (3cos θ sin θ − sin θ)
equating real parts M1

3 2
cos 3θ = cos θ − 3 cos θsin θ
3
= cos θ − 3 cos θ (1 − cos θ)
2
A1
3 3
= cos θ − 3 cos θ + 3cos θ
3
= 4cos θ − 3 cos θ AG
Note: Do not award marks if part (a) is not used.
[3 marks]
19c. Similarly show that cos 5θ 5

= 16cos θ − 20cos θ + 5 cos θ
3
. [3 marks]
Markscheme
5
(cos θ + i sin θ) =
2 3 4 5
5 4
cos θ + 5cos θ (i sin θ) + 10cos θ(i sin θ)
3 2
+ 10cos θ(i sin θ) + 5 cos θ(i sin θ) + (i sin θ) (A1)
from De Moivre’s theorem
M1
5 3 2 4
cos 5θ = cos θ − 10cos θsin θ + 5 cos θsin θ
2
5 3 2
= cos θ − 10cos θ (1 − cos θ) + 5 cos θ(1 − cos θ)
2
A1
5 3 5 3 5
= cos θ − 10cos θ + 10cos θ + 5 cos θ − 10cos θ + 5cos θ
5
∴ cos 5θ = 16cos θ − 20cos θ + 5 cos θ
3
AG
Note: If compound angles used in (b) and (c), then marks can be allocated in (c) only.
[3 marks]
π π
19d. Hence solve the equation cos 5θ + cos 3θ + cos θ = 0 , where θ ∈ [−
2
,
2
] . [6 marks]
Markscheme
cos 5θ + cos 3θ + cos θ
5 3
= (16cos θ − 20cos θ + 5 cos θ) + (4cos θ − 3 cos θ) + cos θ = 0
3
M1
5
16cos θ − 16cos θ + 3 cos θ = 0
3
A1
4 2
cos θ (16cos θ − 16cos θ + 3) = 0
2
cos θ (4cos θ − 3) (4cos θ − 1) = 0
2
A1
√3
1
∴ cos θ = 0 ± ; 2
;±2 A1
π π π
∴ θ = ±
6
;±3;±2 A2
[6 marks]
5+√5
19e. By considering the solutions of the equation cos 5θ [8 marks]
π 7π
= 0 , show that cos 10
= √
8
and state the value of cos 10
.
Markscheme
cos 5θ = 0
π 3π 5π 7π
5θ =. . .
2
;( 2
;
2
) ; 2
; ... (M1)
π 3π 5π 7π
θ =. . .
10
; ( 10 ; 10
) ; 10
; ... (M1)
Note: These marks can be awarded for verifications later in the question.
now consider 16cos5 θ − 20cos3 θ + 5 cos θ = 0 M1

4 2
cos θ (16cos θ − 20cos θ + 5) = 0
20±√400−4(16)(5)
2
cos θ =
32
; cos θ = 0 A1
20±√400−4(16)(5)
cos θ = ±√
32
π 20+√400−4(16)(5)
cos
10
= √
32
since max value of cosine ⇒ angle closest to zero R1
4.5+4√25−4(5) 5+√5
π
cos
10
= √
4.8
= √
8
A1
7π 5−√5
cos
10
= −√
8
A1A1
[8 marks]
20. (a) Solve the equation z 3 = −2 + 2i , giving your answers in modulus-argument form. [7 marks]
(b) Hence show that one of the solutions is 1 + i when written in Cartesian form.
Markscheme
3πi
(a) z
3
= 2√2e 4 (M1)(A1)
πi
z1 = √2e 4
A1
2πi
adding or subtracting 3
M1
πi 2πi 11πi
z2 = √2e 4
+
3
= √2e 12
A1
πi 2πi 5πi
−
z3 = √2e 4 3
= √2e
−
12
A1
19πi
Notes: Accept equivalent solutions e.g. z3 = √2e 12
Award marks as appropriate for solving (a + bi)3 = −2 + 2i .
Accept answers in degrees.
πi
1 i
(b) √2e 4
(= √2 ( + )) A1
√2 √2
=1+i AG
Note: Accept geometrical reasoning.
[7 marks]
21a. Let z = x + iy be any non-zero complex number. [8 marks]
1
(i) Express z
in the form u + iv .
1
(ii) If z + z
= k ,k ∈ R , show that either y = 0 or x2 + y
2
= 1 .
(iii) Show that if x2 + y

2
= 1 then |k| ⩽ 2 .
Markscheme
1 1 x−iy y
x
(i) z
=
x+iy
×
x−iy
= 2
x +y
2
− i 2
x +y
2
(M1)A1
1 x y
(ii) z +
z
= x + 2
x +y
2
+ i (y − 2
x +y
2
) = k (A1)
y
for k to be real, y − 2
x +y
2
= 0 ⇒ y(x
2
+ y
2
− 1) = 0 M1A1
hence, y = 0 or x
2
+ y
2
− 1 = 0 ⇒ x
2
+ y
2
= 1 AG
1
(iii) when x2 + y
2
= 1, z +
z
= 2x (M1)A1
|x| ⩽ 1 R1
⇒ |k| ⩽ 2 AG
[8 marks]
21b. Let w = cos θ + i sin θ . [14 marks]
(i) Show that wn + w

−n
= 2 cos nθ ,n ∈ Z .
(ii) Solve the equation 3w2 − w + 2 − w

−1
+ 3w
−2
= 0 , giving the roots in the form x + iy .
Markscheme
(i) w
−n
= cos(−nθ) + i sin(−nθ) = cos nθ − i sin nθ M1A1
⇒ w
n
+ w
−n
= (cos nθ + i sin nθ) + (cos nθ − i sin nθ) = 2 cos nθ M1AG
(ii) (rearranging)
3(w
2
+ w
−2
) − (w + w
−1
) + 2 = 0 (M1)
⇒ 3(2 cos 2θ) − 2 cos θ + 2 = 0 A1
⇒ 2(3 cos 2θ − cos θ + 1) = 0
2
⇒ 3(2cos θ − 1) − cos θ + 1 = 0 M1
2
⇒ 6cos θ − cos θ − 2 = 0 A1
⇒ (3 cos θ − 2)(2 cos θ + 1) = 0 M1

2 1
∴ cos θ =
3
, cos θ = −
2
A1A1
√5
2
cos θ =
3
⇒ sin θ = ±
3
A1
1 √3
cos θ = −
2
⇒ sin θ = ±
2
A1
2 i √5 1 i √3
∴ w =
3
±
3
,−
2
±
2
A1A1
Note: Allow FT from incorrect cos θ and/or sin θ .
[14 marks]
22. The complex number z is defined as z = cos θ + i sin θ . [22 marks]
(a) State de Moivre’s theorem.

1
(b) Show that z n −
z
n = 2i sin(nθ) .
5
1
(c) Use the binomial theorem to expand (z − z
) giving your answer in simplified form.
(d) Hence show that 16sin5 θ = sin 5θ − 5 sin 3θ + 10 sin θ .

π
(e) Check that your result in part (d) is true for θ =
4
.
π
(f) Find ∫0 2 5
sin θdθ .
π
(g) Hence, with reference to graphs of circular functions, find ∫0 2 5

cos θdθ , explaining your reasoning.
Markscheme
(a) any appropriate form, e.g. (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ) A1
[1 mark]
(b) z
n
= cos nθ + i sin nθ A1
1
z
n = cos(−nθ) + i sin(−nθ) (M1)
= cos nθ − i sin(nθ) A1
1
therefore z n −
z
n = 2i sin(nθ) AG
[3 marks]
5 2 3 4 5
1
5 1
5 1
5 1
5 1 1
(c) (z −
z
) = z
5
+ ( )z
4
(−
z
) + (
3
) z (−
z
) + (
2
) z (−
z
) + ( ) z(−
z
) + (−
z
) (M1)(A1)
1 2 3 4
10 5 1
= z
5
− 5z
3
+ 10z − z
+ 3
− 5
A1
z z
[3 marks]
5
1 1 1 1
(d) (z −
z
) = z
5
−
z
5
− 5 (z
3
−
z
3
) + 10 (z −
z
) M1A1
(2i sin θ)
5
= 2i sin 5θ − 10i sin 3θ + 20i sin θ M1A1
5
16sin θ = sin 5θ − 5 sin 3θ + 10 sin θ AG
[4 marks]
(e)
5
16sin θ = sin 5θ − 5 sin 3θ + 10 sin θ
5
π
LHS = 16(sin )
4
5
√2
= 16( )
2
4
= 2√ 2 (= ) A1
√2
5π 3π π
RHS = sin( ) − 5 sin( ) + 10 sin( )
4 4 4
√2 √2 √2
= −
2
− 5(
2
) + 10 (
2
) M1A1
Note: Award M1 for attempted substitution.
4
= 2√ 2 (= ) A1
√2
π
hence this is true for θ =
4
AG
[4 marks]
π π
1
(f) ∫
0
2
sin θdθ =
5
16
∫
0
2
(sin 5θ − 5 sin 3θ + 10 sin θ)dθ M1
π
1 cos 5θ 5 cos 3θ 2
=
16
[−
5
+
3
− 10 cos θ] A1
0
1 1 5
=
16
[0 − (−
5
+
3
− 10)] A1
8
=
15
A1
[4 marks]
π
5/27/2019
(g) ∫
2 5
cos θdθ =
8 IB Questionbank
, with appropriate reference to symmetry and graphs. A1R1R1
0 15
Note: Award first R1 for partially correct reasoning e.g. sketches of graphs of sin and cos.
Award second R1 for fully correct reasoning involving sin5 and cos5 .
[3 marks]
Total [22 marks]
23a. (a) Use de Moivre’s theorem to find the roots of the equation z 4 = 1 − i . [12 marks]
(b) Draw these roots on an Argand diagram.

z2
(c) If z1 is the root in the first quadrant and z2 is the root in the second quadrant, find z1
in the form a + ib .
Markscheme
1
(a) z = (1 − i) 4
Let 1 − i = r(cos θ + i sin θ)
⇒ r = √2 A1
π
θ = −
4
A1
1
π π 4
z = (√2 (cos(−
4
) + i sin(−
4
))) M1
π π 4
= (√2 (cos(− + 2nπ) + i sin(− + 2nπ)))

4 4
1
π nπ π nπ
= 2 8 (cos(−
16
+
2
) + i sin(−
16
+
2
)) M1
1
π π
= 2 8 (cos(− ) + i sin(− ))
16 16
Note: Award M1 above for this line if the candidate has forgotten to add 2π and no other solution given.
1
7π 7π
= 2 8 (cos( ) + i sin( ))
16 16
1
15π 15π
= 2 8 (cos( ) + i sin( ))
16 16
1
9π 9π
= 2 8 (cos(−
16
) + i sin(−
16
)) A2
Note: Award A1 for 2 correct answers. Accept any equivalent form.
[6 marks]
(b)
A2
Note: Award A1 for roots being shown equidistant from the origin and one in each quadrant.
A1 for correct angular positions. It is not necessary to see written evidence of angle, but must agree with the diagram.
[2 marks]
1
15π 15π
2 8 ((cos )+i sin( ))
z2 16 16
(c) z1
= 1
M1A1
7π 7π
2 8 ((cos )+i sin( ))
16 16
π π
= cos
2
+ i sin
2
(A1)
= i A1 N2
( ⇒ a = 0, b = 1)
[4 marks]
23b. (a) Expand and simplify (x − 1)(x4 + x

3
+ x
2
+ x + 1) . [13 marks]
(b) Given that b is a root of the equation z 5 − 1 = 0 which does not lie on the real axis in the Argand diagram, show that
1 + b + b + b + b = 0 .
2 3 4
(c) If u = b + b
4
and v = b
2
+ b
3
show that
(i) u + v = uv = −1;
(ii) u − v = √5 , given that u − v > 0 .
Markscheme
(a) (x − 1)(x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1)
= x
5
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x − x
4
− x
3
− x
2
− x − 1 (M1)
= x
5
− 1 A1
[2 marks]
(b) b is a root
f (b) = 0
b
5
= 1 M1
b
5
− 1 = 0 A1
4 3 2
(b − 1)(b + b + b + b + 1) = 0
b ≠ 1 R1
1 + b + b
2
+ b
3
+ b
4
= 0 as shown. AG
[3 marks]
(c) (i) u + v = b
4
+ b
3
+ b
2
+ b = −1 A1
uv = (b + b )(b
4 2
+ b ) = b
3 3
+ b
4
+ b
6
+ b
7
A1
Now b 5
= 1 (A1)
Hence uv = b
3
+ b
4
+ b + b
2
= −1 A1
Hence u + v = uv = −1 AG
(ii) (u − v)
2
= (u
2
+ v ) − 2uv
2
(M1)
2 2
= ((u + v) − 2uv) − 2uv (= (u + v) − 4uv) (M1)A1
Given u − v > 0
2
u − v = √(u + v) − 4uv
2
= √(−1) − 4(−1)
= √1 + 4 A1
= √5 AG
Note: Award A0 unless an indicator is given that u − v = − √5 is invalid.
[8 marks]
Total [13 marks]
2π 2π
24. Let w = cos
5
+ i sin
5
. [12 marks]
(a) Show that w is a root of the equation z 5 − 1 = 0 .
(b) Show that (w − 1)(w4 + w

3
+ w
2
+ w + 1) = w
5
− 1 and deduce that w4 + w
3
+ w
2
+ w + 1 = 0 .
2π 4π 1
(c) Hence show that cos 5
+ cos
5
= −
2
.
Markscheme
(a) EITHER
5
2π 2π
w
5
= (cos
5
+ i sin
5
) (M1)
= cos 2π + i sin 2π A1
= 1 A1
Hence w is a root of z 5 − 1 = 0 AG
OR
Solving z 5 = 1 (M1)
2π 2π
z = cos
5
n + i sin
5
n , n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 . A1
2π 2π
n = 1 gives cos
5
+ i sin
5
which is w A1
[3 marks]
(b) (w − 1)(1 + w + w
2
+ w
3 4
+ w ) = w + w
2
+ w
3
+ w
4
+ w
5
− 1 − w − w
2
− w
3
− w
4
M1
= w
5
− 1 A1
Since w 5
− 1 = 0 and w ≠ 1 , w
4
+ w
3
+ w
2
+ w + 1 = 0 . R1
[3 marks]
(c) 1 + w + w
2
+ w
3
+ w
4
=
2 3 4
2π 2π 2π 2π 2π 2π 2π 2π
1 + cos
5
+ i sin
5
+ (cos
5
+ i sin
5
) + (cos
5
+ i sin
5
) + (cos
5
+ i sin
5
) (M1)
2π 2π 4π 4π 6π 6π 8π 8π
= 1 + cos
5
+ i sin
5
+ cos
5
+ i sin
5
+ cos
5
+ i sin
5
+ cos
5
+ i sin
5
M1
2π 2π 4π 4π 4π 4π 2π 2π
= 1 + cos
5
+ i sin
5
+ cos
5
+ i sin
5
+ cos
5
− i sin
5
+ cos
5
− i sin
5
M1A1A1
Note: Award M1 for attempting to replace 6π and 8π by 4π and 2π .
Award A1 for correct cosine terms and A1 for correct sine terms.
4π 2π
= 1 + 2 cos
5
+ 2 cos
5
= 0 A1
Note: Correct methods involving equating real parts, use of conjugates or reciprocals are also accepted.
2π 4π 1
cos
5
+ cos
5
= −
2
AG
[6 marks]
Note: Use of cis notation is acceptable throughout this question.
Total [12 marks]
25. z1 = (1 + i√3)
m
and z2 = (1 − i)
n
. [14 marks]
(a) Find the modulus and argument of z1 and z2 in terms of m and n, respectively.
(b) Hence, find the smallest positive integers m and n such that z1 = z2 .
Markscheme
(a) ∣1 + i√3∣ = 2 or |1 − i| = √2
∣ ∣ (A1)
π π 7π
arg(1 + i√3) =
3
or arg(1 − i) = −
4
(accept
4
) (A1)
A1
m
|z1 | = 2
n
|z2 | = √2 A1
π
arg(z1 ) = m arctan √3 = m
3
A1
−π 7π
arg(z2 ) = n arctan(−1) = n
4
(accept n
4
) A1 N2
[6 marks]
n
(b) 2
m
= √2 ⇒ n = 2m (M1)A1
π −π
m
3
= n
4
+ 2πk , where k is an integer M1A1
π π
⇒ m + n = 2πk
3 4
π π
⇒ m + 2m
4
= 2πk (M1)
3
5
mπ = 2πk
6
12
⇒ m =
5
k A1
The smallest value of k such that m is an integer is 5, hence
m =12 A1
n = 24. A1 N2
[8 marks]
Total [14 marks]
26a. The complex number z = −√ 3 + i . [2 marks]
Find the modulus and argument of z , giving the argument in degrees.
Markscheme
mod (z) = 2, arg(z) = 150
∘
A1A1
[2 marks]
26b. Find the cube root of z which lies in the first quadrant of the Argand diagram, giving your answer in Cartesian form. [2 marks]
Markscheme
1 1
z 3
= 2 3 (cos 50
∘ ∘
+ i sin 50 ) (M1)
= 0.810 + 0.965i A1
[2 marks]
26c. Find the smallest positive integer n for which z n is a positive real number. [2 marks]
Markscheme
we require to find a multiple of 150 that is also a multiple of 360, so by any method, M1
n = 12 A1
Note: Only award 1 mark for part (c) if n = 12 is based on arg(z) = −30 .
[2 marks]
© International Baccalaureate Organization 2019

International Baccalaureate® - Baccalauréat International® - Bachillerato Internacional®
Terms and conditions (https://www.ibo.org/en/terms-and-conditions/) | Privacy policy (https://www.ibo.org/terms-and-conditions/privacy-policy/)
Printed for Prep Zone

De Moivre's Theorem and Roots of A Complex Number HL Questions With Mark Scheme - IB

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

De Moivre's Theorem and Roots of A Complex Number HL Questions With Mark Scheme - IB

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

5/27/2019 IB Questionbank

New test - May 26, 2019 [424 marks]

use of De Moivre’s theorem (M1)

Show that Re S = Im S.

Note: Award A1 for both parts correct.

Note: Accept a geometrical method.

S = Re(S)(1 + i) since Re S = Im S, R1

Express w2 and w3 in modulus-argument form.

Note: Accept Euler form.

2c. These four points form the vertices of a quadrilateral, Q. [3 marks]

identifying a geometric series with common ratio 22(= 4) (M1)A1

Note: Award M1 for use of formula for sum of geometric series.

Note: Award A1A0 for one correct root.

so roots are z1 = 3√3 + i, z2 = −3√3 + i and z3 = −8i M1A1

Note: Award M1 for subtracting 2i from their three roots.

(a√3 + (b + 2)i) = 216i

(a√3) + 3(a√3) (b + 2)i − 3 (a√3) (b + 2)

(a, b) = (0, − 8)

∴ (a, b) = (±3, 1) A1A1

so roots are z1 = 3√3 + i, z2 = −3√3 + i and z3 = −8i

By expressing z1 and z2 in modulus-argument form write down the modulus of w;

Notes: Allow FT from incorrect answers for z1 and z2 in modulus-argument form.

5a. Solve 2 sin(x + 60 . [5 marks]

choosing two appropriate angles, for example 60° and 45° M1

attempt to square the expression M1

z = (1 − cos 2θ) − i sin 2θ

= √2√(1 − cos 2θ) A1

z = (1 − cos 2θ) − i sin 2θ

= 2 sin θ(sin θ − i cos θ) (A1)

= −2i sin θ(cos θ + i sin θ) M1A1

Note: A1 for modulus, A1 for dividing argument of z by 3 and A1 for 2nπ.

Determine the value of

verification that the sum of these roots is 0 R1

numerical values of each term seen A1

Find the values of x that satisfy the equation |p| = |q| .

(5x + 9)(x − 1) = 0 (M1)

⇒ (x + 1)(x − 10) > 0 M1

x < −1, x > 10 A1

assume true for n = k, (cos θ − i sin θ)

Note: Do not accept “let n = k ” or “assume n = k ”, assumption of truth must be present.

= (cos kθ − i sin kθ)(cos θ − i sin θ) M1

= cos kθ cos θ − sin kθ sin θ − i(cos kθ sin θ + sin kθ cos θ) A1

Note: Award A1 for any correct expansion.

= cos((k + 1)θ) − i sin((k + 1)θ) A1

Find an expression in terms of θ for (z)n where z* is the complex conjugate of z.

= cos nθ + i sin nθ + cos nθ − i sin nθ = 2 cos(nθ) (M1)A1

7d. (i) Show that zz* = 1 . [5 marks]

(iii) Hence show that cos 3θ 3

Note: Allow justification starting with |z| = 1 .

cos 3θ = 4cos θ − 3 cos θ

Note: M1 is for using zz* = 1 , this might be seen in d(ii).

7e. Hence solve 4cos3 θ − 2cos2 θ − 3 cos θ + 1 = 0 for 0 ⩽ θ < π . [6 marks]

cos(3θ) = cos(2θ) A1A1

Note: A1 for cos(3θ) and A1 for cos(2θ).

Verify that w is a root of the equation z 7 − 1 = 0, z ∈ C .

(ii) Hence deduce that 1 + w + w2 + w

7 points equidistant from the origin A1

the complex conjugate of α.

(i) Given that α = w + w

(ii) Find the value of b and the value of c.

(ii) b = −(α + α∗) (using sum of roots (or otherwise)) (M1)

c = αα∗ (using product of roots (or otherwise)) (M1)

Note: Final A mark is independent of previous R mark.