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MISSION STATEMENT
It is CTI’s objective to: 1) Maintain and
expand a broad base membership of
Feature Articles
individuals and organizations 8 Investigation on Fan Noise Generation and its Reduction
interested in Evaporative Heat
Transfer Systems (EHTS), 2) Identify Carlo Gallina
and address emerging and evolving
issues concerning EHTS, 3) Encour- 14 A New Method to Measure Viable Legionella and Total
age and support educational
programs in various formats to Heterotrophic Aeriobic Bacteria
enhance the capabilities and
competence of the industry to realize
WIilliam F. McCoy, Erin L. Downes, Teresa M. Lasko, Michael
the maximum benefit of EHTS, 4) J. Neville, Melissa F. Cains
Encourge and support cooperative
research to improve EHTS Technology 34 Crossflow Cooling Tower Performance Calculations
and efficiency for the long-term
benefit of the environment, 5) Assure Robert Fulkerson
acceptable minimum quality levels
and performance of EHTS and their 58 A Simplified Method to Evaluate Cooling Tower and Con-
components by establishing standard
specifications, guidelines, and denser Performance Using the CTI Toolkit©
certification programs, 6) Establish
standard testing and performance
Natasha Peterson & Dr. Luc De Backer
analysis systems and prcedures for
EHTS, 7) Communicate with and 64 Intermittent Feeding of Aseptrol® Tablets Redefines the
influence governmental entities
regarding the environmentally
Role of Chlorine Dioxide in Small and Mid-sized Cooling
responsible technologies, benefits, Water Systems
and issues associated with EHTS, and
8) Encourage and support forums and Keith Hirsch, John Byrne, Barry Speronello
methods for exchanging technical
information on EHTS. 70 Construction Productivity Guidelines for Field Erected
LETTERS/MANUSCRIPTS Cooling Towers
Letters to the editor and manuscripts
for publication should be sent to: The
Jess Seawell, P.E., Jim Baker
Cooling Technology Institute, PO Box
73383, Houston, TX 77273.
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PUBLICATION DISCLAIMER
CTI has compiled this publication 02 Meeting Calendar
with care, but CTI has not Investi-
gated, and CTI expressly disclaims 04 View From the Tower
any duty to investigate, any product,
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or the like that may be described
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does not necessarily agree with any see.......page 58
statement or opinion in this
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CTI
2009 by Journal, Vol. 30,AllNo.
the CTI Journal. 1
rights see.......page 14 1
reserved.
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Press Release
Contact: Chairman, CTI Multi-Agency
Testing Committee
Houston, Texas
1-January-2009
The Cooling Technology Institute announces its
annual invitation for interested thermal testing
agencies to apply for potential Licensing as CTI
Thermal Testing Agencies. CTI provides an inde-
pendent third party thermal testing program to
service the industry. Interested agencies are re-
quired to declare their interest by March 2, 2009,
at the CTI address listed.
SUMMARY
Simply speaking, noise generated by
fans takes place because of turbu-
lence generated by blades rotation.
Being the noise generated is by fans
strictly connected to the airflow tur-
bulence around the blades, it is im-
Carlo Gallina
portant to understand, mainly experi-
mentally, how the blade shape affects the amount of turbulence
produced and, consequently, the noise. Scope of the present work
is first to make a little survey of the theoretical sources of noise
generated by fans, and second to show some results in terms of Figure 1 : airflow around a blade section
experimental tests.
The flowlines are generated by smoke pulses, and the pulses were
FAN NOISE GENERATION released all at the same time. From this picture it is possible to
Human ear noise perception observe that the speed of the air on the top of the airfoil is higher
The human ear noise perception is an elaboration of the sound than the speed to the bottom. In fact the distance between the
pressure generated by vibrations or turbulence. It is therefore not a smoke spots is higher on the top of the airfoil.
physical noise measurement: in fact given a value of pressure level, The difference in speed from top to bottom results, according to
the “noise” perceived by the human ear is strongly dependant on Bernoulli principle, in different static pressure from top to bottom
the frequency of the emitted noise. and consequently in an aerodynamic force having a big compo-
Also the sensibility to noise changes from person to person. nent in the transverse to flow direction. The result of this flow
behavior around a profile is also the shearing of the two layers of
Statistically speaking it is observed that the sensibility to noise is air at the trailing edge, and hence a vortex. This vortex is a direct
higher in the frequency range from 2 to 5 kHz. A solution to noise unavoidable consequence of the lift generation. This mechanism is
reduction to be really effective has to work mainly in this frequency shown also in the Figure 2.
range.
We can therefore say that axial fans produce noise because they
Why fan generates noise produce an aerodynamic axial load.
Cofimco axial fans are used in those application where a high flow The vortex generated to produce lift is not the only responsible of
rate is required like heat exchangers to cool a fluid (water or oil) or noise produced by fans.
steam; the typical heat exchangers are Process Air Cooler, Air Cooled
Condenser, Cooling Tower.
The aim of a fan is to generate an airflow through the obstacles
present in the heat exchangers, i.e. fin tubes, grids, and so on. In
order to win the resistance given by the obstacles the fan has to
produce a static pressure, and that means, from an aerodynamic
point of view, that a lift has to be produced, exactly like the airplane
wing. In the same way of the wings, the blades of axial fans produce
vortexes as well, which is a necessary condition to have a lift in air.
Looking a little bit more in detail at the airflow around a blade sec-
tion, it appears like in the following picture:
Figure 1. The PVT field sampler consists of a sterile plastic screw-capped container (A) within which is held a
paddle (B) containing buffered charcoal yeast extract agar enriched with α ketoglutarate (BCYEα α ) on one side
and on the other side of the paddle, BCYEα
α agar plus the selective supplements glycine, vancomycin, polymyxin
B, and cycloheximide (GVPC).
Figure 2
Cooling Tower Performance prediction
Figure 1 The following parameters are required to design a mechanical draft
cooling tower:
In the most common configuration as shown in Figure 1, exhaust
steam from the low pressure steam turbine is condensed in the • Cooling water flow rate entering the cooling tower
steam condenser using cold water from the cooling tower. The heat • Hot water temperature entering the cooling tower
of condensation will be absorbed by the cooling water and will • Cold water temperaturen leaving the cooling tower
result in a temperature rise in the circulating water. The hot circulat- • Design wet bulb temperature
ing water is sent to the mechanical draft cooling tower, where it is • Barometric pressure or altitude
cooled by evaporative cooling using ambient air. The cold water
The efficiency of a cooling tower is characterized by the Merkel
temperature (CWT) leaving the cooling tower will vary with the
number (KaV/L) which is a function of Liquid to Gas ratio (L/G).
ambient wet bulb temperature (WBT) and this will have an impact
The relationship between KaV/L and L/G is usually described with
on the condenser pressure which is directly related to the steam
= Ratio of water mass flow rate to dry air mass flow 4. Using an iterative procedure and various psychrometric
rate at off-design wet bulb properties obtained from the Toolkit© , at off-design
= Ratio of water mass flow rate to dry air mass flow conditions is calculated using equations 3 and 5.
rate at design conditions
5. The ‘Demand Curve’ tab of the Toolkit is used to determine
the approach at off design conditions.
Q ' , Q d = Off-design and design circulating water flow rate,
respectively Steam Surface Condenser performance
W W ', d = Fan driver output power at off-design and design prediction
conditions, respectively The heat duty (P) that is rejected by the steam in the condenser can
ρ , ρ = Off-design and design air density, respectively
' d be written as:
υ ' ,υ d = Specific volume of air, either off-design (υ’), or P = M′steam.(hST,out - hcond) 6
design (υd)
Figure 4
Once the tube material and thickness is selected and the heat ex-
change surface area has been calculated, A and Fmat are known
constants and with all circulating water pumps running at full ca-
pacity, it is reasonable to assume that the uncorrected heat transfer Figure 5
Figure 6
* Type A license is for the use of mercury in glass thermometers typically used for smaller towers.
Type B license is for the use of remote data acquisition devices which can accommodate multiple measurement locations required by larger towers.
AONE E&C Corporation, Ltd. – ACT-R and -RU Series Cooling Tower Line
CTI Certification Validation Number 05-28-01 – September 29, 2006 (Revision 1)
(18 cross-flow, induced-draft models)
CTI Model Listing: http://www.cti.org/towers/aone.pdf
Information (General): http://www.a-oneenc.co..kr/product_sub01.html
Information (ACT-R Models): http://www.a-oneenc.co.kr/crossflowtype01.html
Information (ACT-RU Models): http://www.a-oneenc.co.kr/crossflowtype02.html
Selection: http://a-oneenc.co.kr/bbs/data/pds/SELECTION_TABLE(1).jpg
Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc. – FXV Closed Circuit Cooling Tower Line
CTI Certification Validation Number 98-11-09 – April 11, 2007 (Revision 6)
(222 closed-circuit, induced-draft models)
CTI Model Listing: http://www.cti.org/towers/BAC-FXV/pdf
Information: http://www.baltimoreaircoil.com/english/products/cccs/fxv/index.html
Selection: http://www.baltimoreaircoil.com/english/info_center/pss/index.html
Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc. – Series V Closed Circuit Cooling Tower Line
CTI Certification Validation Number 00-11-10 – September 15, 2000 (Revision 0)
(265 VF1 & 103 VFL closed-circuit, forced-draft models)
CTI Model Listing: http://www.cti.org/towers/BAC-closed.pdf
Information VF1: http://www.baltimoreaircoil.com/english/products/cccs/vccct/index.html
Information VFL: http://www.baltimoreaircoil.com/english/products/cccs/vccct/lowprofile.html
Selection: http://www.baltimoreaircoil.com/english/info_center/pss/index.html
Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc. – Series 3000A, C, & D Cooling Tower Line
CTI Certification Validation Number 92-11-06 – November 2, 2007 (Revision 8)
(183 cross-flow, induced-draft models)
CTI Model Listing: http://www.cti.org/towers/BAC-3000.pdf
Information: http://www.baltimoreaircoil.com/english/products/ct/s3000/index.html
Selection: http://www.baltimoreaircoil.com/english/info_center/pss/index.html
Fabrica Mexicana De Torres, S. A., Reymsa Cooling Towers – GHR Cooling Tower Line
CTI Certification Validation Number 00-22-02 – July 5, 2000 (Revision 1)
(168 counter-flow, induced-draft models)
CTI Model Listing: http://www.cti.org/towers/Fabrica-GHR.pdf
Information: http://www.reymsa.com/images/ghrfg.pdf
Selection: http://www.reymsa.com/images/ghrfg.pdf
Fabrica Mexicana De Torres, S. A., Reymsa Cooling Towers – HR Cooling Tower Line
CTI Certification Validation Number 04-22-03 – July 14, 2008 (Revision 1)
(53 counter flow, induced draft models)
CTI Model Listing: http://www.cti.org/towers/Fabrica-HR.pdf
Information: http://www.reymsa.com/images/hrfg.pdf
Selection: http://www.reymsa.com/images/hrfg.pdf
KIMCO (Kyung In Machinery Company, Ltd.) – CKL Line of Closed Circuit Cooling Towers
CTI Certification Validation Number 05-18-02 – June 22, 2007 (Revision 1)
(10 closed-circuit, induced-draft models)
CTI Model Listing: http://www.cti.org/towers/KIMCO-CKL.pdf
Information: http://www.kyunginct.co.kr/eng/prod1.htm
Selection: http://www.kyunginct.co.kr/eng/webcal1.htm
SPX Cooling Technologies (Marley) – MCF Series of Closed Circuit Fluid Cooler Line
CTI Certification Validation Number 07-14-10 – February 28, 2008 (Revision 2)
(75 closed-circuit, forced draft models)
CTI Model Listing: http://www.cti.org/towers/SPX-MCF.pdf
Information: http://spxcooling.com/en/products/detail/marley-mc-fluid-cooler/
Selection: http://qtcapps.marleyct.com/update/Login.aspx
SPX Cooling Technologies (Marley) – MHF Series of Closed-Circuit Fluid Cooler Line
CTI Certification Validation Number 04-14-07 – October 24, 2005 (Revision 1)
(244 closed-circuit, induced-draft models)
CTI Model Listing: http://www.cti.org/towers/SPX-MHF.pdf
Information: http://spxcooling.com/en/products/detail/marley-mh-fluid-cooler/
Selection: http://qtcapps.marleyct.com/update/Login.aspx
Zhejiang Jinling Refrigeration Engineering Co., Ltd. – JNT Series Cooling Tower Line
CTI Certification Validation Number 05-28-01 – September 29, 2006 (Revision 1)
(27 cross-flow, induced-draft models)
CTI Model Listing: http://www.cti.org/towers/Zhejiang.pdf
Information: www.cnjinling.com/english/product_jnt.asp
Information: www.cnjinling.com/china/product_jnt.asp
Selection: www.cnjinling.com/pdf/jnt_e/2.pdf
Selection: www.cnjinling.com/pdf/jnt/2.pdf
For the Current List of Cooling Towers certified by CTI Under STD-201
Please Check the CTI Website: http://www.cti.org/certification.shmtl