PRACTICAL RESEARCH II Finals Reviewer

Francis Carlo M. Abelar

12STEM-14
Mr. Janu Ray Baguinon

RESEARCH WRITING

Introduction

 The first part of the main body

 Main focus is to present the research to the
reader
 Unlike the RRL, the main audience is the
people that are not involved in the study. (Ex:
Readers, Researchers, Students, etc)
 Main Parts: Background of the Study,
Statement of the Problem, Hypothesis, Statement of the Problem
Objectives of the Study and Significance of
the Study  A definite and clear description of the current
conflict in a given scenario or topic
Background of the Study  A good statement of the does not offer
 Provides the nature and history of the prepositions; it only declares the problems
research topic  Generates the questions that the research
 Described the subject/s of the research, aims to answer.
opens discussions about the problems or  A well-crafted research question
gaps, and introduces keywords
 Summarized literature reviewer
 Promotes the confidence of the readers
 Main Goal: to capture the attention of the
readers
 Written in a way that it is easy to understand
 Sets the stage and puts the topic into
perspective
 Inverted Pyramid Structure: a deductive
writing method that puts the essential Hypothesis
information first, which it follows with further
detail  A tentative and testable statement that
proposes an explanation of an observable
phenomenon.
 Can predict a possible connection between
two variables within a phenomenon or event
or it can predict a difference between two
groups.
 Must be testable

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Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitation
Methodology
Objectives of the Study
 What the study intends to accomplish
 Divided into two portions: a. Research Aim
(General Objectives) – the main goal of the
research paper. It emphasizes the things that
are to be accomplished. b. Research
Objectives – the specific statement that
indicates the key issues, in detail. Emphasizes
on how the aim/s are to be accomplished.

 The purpose of the study
 Described the most likely contribution of the
paper (upon completion). It also reflects the
extent of the said contribution.
 It bases its narrative from the statement of
the problem
 The justification of the research
 Refers to the parameters that are or are not
included in the study.
 These factors can and will influence the
results
 Scope is the extent or range of the research
and are expected to be achieved
 Limitation are the factors that restrict or
restrain the research. These are often the
factors that cannot be controlled.
 Examples: Methods Used, Extent of Analysis,
Time, Money, and Availability.
 The section that describes the approaches
used to systematically solve the research
problem
 Provides a rationale on the application of
specific techniques or protocols
 Are numerous methods and protocols that
answers the same question
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  The difference lie mainly on how they obtain
the necessary information
 First step: know the nature of your research
Nature of Research
 Includes Quantitative Research and
Qualitative Research
Sampling and Sampling Procedures
Determining the Research Design
 Research Design – overall plan or conceptual
structure that the researchers formulates to
reach its aims
 Constitutes the schemes for the collection,
measurement, and evaluation of data.
 Needed to smoothly advance the research,
making it as efficient and as logical as
possible.
 A Good research design considers these
factors:
 Nature of Research
 The objective or purpose of the
research
 Flexibility to undergo changes
 Skills of the Researchers
 Effectivity and efficiency of the
research design in obtaining data
 Accuracy and reliability of the data
 Time needed, work required, and cost
are counted.
Most Common Research Design: Quantitative
 Descriptive – describes, explains, and
validates the subject. The samples are merely
observed and not controlled.
 Correlational – a research design that
attempts to know the extent of a relationship
between subjects. Conclusions are only
limited to the relationship.
 Casual Comparative – also called as quasi
experimental, used to determine the cause-
and-effect relationships among the subjects
and/or variables
 Experimental – a research design or set-up
where the researcher maintains relative, if
not, absolute control over all the factors.
 Researchers may collect data from a
population, a well-defined group of
individuals or objects sharing a common
characteristic or trait
 The conclusions derived from the study
always refer to the entire population called
the target population.
 Sample Population – a portion of the
used/surveyed by the population.
a. Deliberate Sampling (Non-probability or
purposive): predetermined by the
researcher, often due to their ease of
access; also called convenience sampling;
most susceptible to sampling bias.
b. Simple Random Sampling: relies heavily
on chance or probability; each individual
in the population has an equal chance of
being chosen as sample; least susceptible
to bias; lottery method; using computers
– produces pseudorandom numbers only.
c. Systematic Sampling: relies heavily on
order or arrangement of samples. Then,
the samples are chosen with
predetermined interval size.
d. Stratified Random Sampling: used when
the population consists of a
heterogeneous group or a homogenous
group; non-overlapping subgroups are
called strata.
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e. Cluster Sampling: population is divided
into manageable subgroups called
clusters; can be modified into area
sampling, creating your geographical
clusters
Scientific Controls
Variables
 Anything in research that are capable of
changing and/or exhibiting variations
 Independent: variables are changed by the
researcher; does not rely on any other
variable
 Dependent: observed by the researcher;
respond to changes due to the independent
variable.
 If a set up uses either these variables to
either test the hypothesis or answer the
research question, this set up will be called
the experimental group or treatments.
 Controlled Variables
 Always constant
 Ensures that the independent variable is
the only one affecting the dependent
variable
 Example: Soil, Plant, Amount of Light,
and Water
 Confounding/Extraneous Variables
 Variables that can and will adversely
affect the outcome of the research and
cause false correlation between the
dependent and independent variable
 Example: A group of researchers
surveyed different people at the bar.
After years of data gathering and
analysis, he concluded that “excessive
drinking can lower the life expectancy of
the individual”. What are the possible
confounding variables?
 An experimental set-up that provides the
baseline for the research
 Their results are always known
 An experimental group that is separated from
the rest of the experiment; design to negate
all the influences of other variables; rules out
alternative explanation
 Two Types:
a. Positive Control: always produce a
positive outcome; can suggest if the
experiment is working
b. Negative Control: designed to exhibit a
results that shows no results; make sure
that no confounding variable is present
 Example: suppose you want to know if
malunggay extracts can lower the blood sugar
level of a diabetic individual. You use diabetic
(Type II) lab mice (mus musculus) as test
subject.
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  This can and will be read by your adviser, the
institution, or other researchers
Gantt Charts

 A useful way to show and plant the activities

that need to be finished.
 Upon completion, the chart will allow you to
see: the various activities needed to
accomplish, the time frame of an activity, the
order of all activities, the beginning and the
Planning and Implementing Procedures end date of the entire research process.

1. Review the methods: take note of all the

details in the experiment and understand
and somewhat memorize the methodology.
2. Writing Down the Protocol: A Protocol is a
series of steps of the procedure that the
researcher will use in conductin the
experiment.
3. Obtain Necessary Materials
4. Safety Checks: know importance of safety,
know what to do in case of accidents, dress
appropriately, do not taste or smell the
chemicals, and dispose the waste properly.
5. Performing the experiments: although
methods can be modified, protocols must
be followed.
 Create Replicates to reflect the true
outcome of the experiment. There
are Two Types of Replicates:
 Technical Replicate: repeatedly
measuring a single sample; only an
average can be sought
 Biological Replicate: parallel
measurement of biologically distinct
samples
Logbooks

 Any manuscript or file that documents all the

steps and notes that the researcher did in the
entire duration of the research.
 Contains records of what the researcher
thinks at the moment
 Personal

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