1.

0 Introduction:
Rate of reaction.

To understand the process of ADME, the rate of the processes have to be considered; they
can be characterized by two basic underlying concepts. The rate of a reaction or process is
defined as the velocity at which it proceeds and can be describe as either zero-order or first
order.

a) Zero-order reaction.

Consider the rate of elimination of drug X from the blood circulation/body. If the amount of
initial concentration drug X, is decreasing at a constant rate, then the rate of
distribution/elimination of drug X can be describe as:

𝑑𝑋
−k∗= 𝑑𝑡

Where -k* = the zero order rate constant.

The reaction proceeds at a constant rate and is independent of the concentration of X present
in the body. An Example is the elimination of alcohol. Drugs that show this type of elimination
will show accumulation of plasma levels of the drugs and hence a nonlinear pharmacokinetics.

b) First-order reaction.

If the amount of drug Y is decreasing at a rate that is proportional to Y, the amount of drug
remaining in the body, than the rate of elimination of drug Y can be describe as:

𝑑𝑌
−kY = 𝑑𝑡

Where -k = the first-order rate constant.

The reaction proceeds at a rate that is dependent on the concentration of drug Y present in the
body. It is assumed that the processes of ADME follow first-order reactions and most drugs
are eliminated at this manner.
2.0 Objectives:

 To understands the theoretical order of reaction, of drug distribution and elimination.

 To calculate the plasma concentration of particular reaction orders based on initial dose
of drug.
 To identify and differentiate between order of reaction.

3.0 Methodology / Procedure:

There were two sets of experiment.

Set A:
1. 6 glasses of test tubes were labelled with number 1-6.
2. 5 ml of distilled water was added into each test tube that labelled with 2-6.
3. 10 ml of Methylene Blue sub-stock (SSMB) solution was prepared by diluted 1 ml of
prepared Methylene Blue stock solution (MBS) in 9 ml of distilled water.
4. 10 ml of SSMB was put into the test tube 1.
5.
 4.0 Data Collection.
Date:
Group: 10

Set A ( OD Values ) Set B ( OD Values )

GROUP
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
1 2.213 1.425 0.778 0.416 0.197 0.138 2.220 2.052 1.664 1.214 0.778 0.009
2 1.776 1.189 0.626 0.304 0.126 0.073 2.253 2.060 1.735 1.214 0.539 0.002
3 1.787 1.169 0.582 0.265 0.122 0.092 1.812 1.713 1.459 1.140 0.598 0.007
4 1.820 0.998 0.479 0.223 0.099 0.052 1.738 1.650 1.423 1.069 0.451 0.001
5 2.440 1.571 0.761 0.451 0.260 0.132 2.332 2.119 1.609 1.251 0.471 0.001
6 2.150 1.179 0.575 0.325 0.137 0.074 2.269 2.071 1.640 1.110 0.472 0.007
7 1.810 0.930 0.517 0.265 0.125 0.068 2.244 1.980 1.421 1.109 0.505 0.002
8 1.940 1.128 0.608 0.313 0.140 0.090 1.940 1.746 1.467 1.061 0.533 0.002
9 1.623 0.617 0.236 0.125 0.066 0.051 1.721 1.609 1.390 0.977 0.514 0.000
10 1.898 1.138 0.481 0.250 0.084 0.050 1.952 1.721 1.509 0.894 0.523 0.002
Mean 1.946 1.134 0.5643 0.2937 0.1356 0.082 2.048 1.872 1.532 1.104 0.5384 0.0033
SD ( n =
10 )

1. Analyze the collected data with statistically relevant according to standard

pharmaceutical practice.
2. Present the data into interactive understandable / presentable structure (graph, bar etc..)
with standard statistical analysis (mean, SD, error bar).
3. Briefly discuss the presented data.
4. Transcript and discuss in detail the model of the experiment in the perspective of
clinical practice.
5. Determine the set of reaction order from the experiment.