Ing.

Sismo-Resistencia

Fenómeno Sísmico

MSc. Ing. Victor Ernesto Arana Vasquez

 Estructura de la Tierra

Corte de la Tierra desde el núcleo hasta la exosfera (no está a escala).

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Fuente: es.wikipedia.org/
Estructura de la Tierra

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Origen de los Sismos – Formación de los
Continentes (Alfred Wegener)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLahVJNnoZ4

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 Formación de los Continentes
(Alfred Wegener) – Algunas Evidencias
Plegamiento de falla
Fósiles

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Origen de los Sismos – Tectónica de
Placas

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Principales Fallas

https://commons.wikime
dia.org/wiki/File:Placas_
tect%C3%B3nicas_con_l
%C3%ADmites_detallado
s_(formato_SVG).svg#/m
edia/File:Placas_tect%C3
%B3nicas_con_l%C3%AD
mites_detallados_(forma
to_SVG).svg

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Tectonic plates and world-wide distribution of earthquakes. (Fuente:
Earthquakes, by Bruce A. Bolt. Copyright 1978, 1999 W. H. Freeman and
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Company.
Origen de los Sismos – Epicentro e
Hipocentro

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Origen de los Sismos – Epicentro e
Hipocentro

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Origen de los Sismos – Epicentro e
Hipocentro

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Ondas sísmicas y estructura interna de la Tierra

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 Ondas Sísmicas

Ondas Primarias P:
Hacen que las partículas se muevan en la misma
dirección de su propagación. Causa la compresión y
dilatación del material.
Estas ondas son las más veloces, por lo que
alcanzan primero la superficie.
Pueden viajar en la roca, magma océanos y el aire.

Ondas Secundarias S:
Hacen vibrar la roca en la dirección perpendicular a
la de su propagación. Tienen menor velocidad que
las P, pero mayor a las Ondas de Superficie.
Debido a las deformaciones angulares que
producen, no pueden propagarse en los océanos.

Fuente: Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes, by

Bruce A. Bolt.

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Ondas Sísmicas

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 Ondas Sísmicas

Ondas Love:
Mueven el suelo horizontalmente en dirección
perpendicular a la de su propagación.
Son las causantes de los daños en las
edificaciones.

Ondas Rayleigh:
Mueven las partículas en un plano vertical,
haciéndolas describir elipses. Estas ondas son las
de menor velocidad de propagación.

Fuente: Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes, by

Bruce A. Bolt.
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Velocidades de Onda en la Estructura de la
Tierra

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 Reflexión, Refracción y
Transformación de las ondas de
cuerpo

Fuente: Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes, by Bruce A. Bolt.

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¿Cómo se detectan y registran las ondas
sísmicas?

Seismogram at Berkeley, California,

from a magnitude 5.3 earthquake
located 90 km away, northeast of Santa
Cruz on 27 June 1988. This recording of
the vertical component of ground motion
clearly shows the separate onsets of the
P and S waves. Time increases on the
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Sismogramas

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Localización de Sismos

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Localización de Sismos

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 Medida de los Sismos

Earthquakes are complex multi-dimensional phenomena, the

scientific analysis of which requires measurement. Prior to the
invention of modern scientific instruments, earthquakes were
qualitatively measured by their effect or intensity, which differed
from point-to-point. With the deployment of seismometers, an
instrumental quantification of the entire earthquake event—the
unique magnitude of the event—became possible. These are
still the two most widely used measures of an earthquake, and
a number of different scales for each have been developed,
which are sometimes confused.
Engineering design, however, requires measurement of
earthquake phenomena in units such as force or displacement.

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 Medida de los Sismos – Magnitud

Se relaciona con la cantidad de energía liberada durante el

evento. Se puede decir que mide el tamaño de un sismo

Magnitud Local
M L is local magnitude (which Richter only defined for Southern California), A is the
maximum trace amplitude in microns recorded on a standard Wood-Anderson short-
period torsion seismometer, at a site 100 km from the epicenter, logAo is a standard
value as a function of distance, for instruments located at distances other than 100 km
and less than 600 km

Magnitud de ondas superficiales

where Es is the total energy in ergs. Note that 101.5=31.6, so that an increase of one
magnitude unit is equivalent to 31.6 times more energy release, two magnitude
units increase is equivalent to 1000 times more energy, etc

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 Medida de los Sismos – Magnitud

Subsecuentemente, debido a la observación de que los sismos con

focos en profundidad no se registran a partir de ondas superficiales
con periodos cercanos a 20 s, una Magnitud de Ondas de Cuerpo
(mb) fue definida.

Magnitud de ondas de cuerpo

Body wave magnitudes are more commonly used in eastern North America, due to the
deeper earthquakes there. A number of other magnitude scales have been developed, most of
which tend to saturate — that is, asymptote to an upper bound due to larger earthquakes
radiating significant amounts of energy at periods longer than used for determining the
magnitude (e.g., for M s , defined by measuring 20 s surface waves, saturation occurs at
about Ms > 7.5). More recently, seismic moment has been employed to define a moment
magnitude Mw.

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 Medida de los Sismos – Magnitud

Magnitud momento
where seismic moment M o (dyne-cm) is defined as
where μ is the material shear modulus, A is the area of fault plane rupture, and 𝑢 is the mean
relative displacement between the two sides of the fault (the averaged fault slip).
There is no standard definition for these, but the following is an approximate categorization:

Relación entre la Magnitud Momento y

otras escalas de Magnitud.
Fuente: FromCampbell,
K.W., Strong GroundMotion Attenuation Relations: A
Ten-Year Perspective

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Medida de los Sismos – Magnitud

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Medida de los Sismos – Magnitud

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 Medida de los Sismos –
Intensidad
In general, seismic intensity is a measure of the effect, or the strength, of an earthquake hazard at
a specific location. While the term can be applied generically to engineering measures such as
peak ground acceleration, it is usually reserved for qualitative measures of location-specific
earthquake effects, based on observed human behavior and structural damage. Numerous
intensity scales were developed in pre-instrumental times. The most common in use today are the
Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI), Rossi-Forel (R-F), Medvedev-Sponheur-Karnik (MSK), and
the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) scales.

MMI is a subjective scale defining the level of shaking at specific sites on a scale of I to XII.
(MMI is expressed in Roman numerals to connote its approximate nature). For example,
moderate shaking that causes few instances of fallen plaster or cracks in chimneys constitutes
MMI VI. It is difficult to find a reliable relationship between magnitude, which is a description of
the earthquake’s total energy level, and intensity, which is a subjective description of the level of
shaking of the earthquake at specific sites, because shaking severity can vary with building type,
design and construction practices, soil type, and distance from the event.
Note that MMI X is the maximum considered physically possible due to “mere” shaking, and that
MMI XI and XII are considered due more to permanent ground deformations and other geologic
effects than to shaking.
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Severidad Local de la Sacudida –
Intensidad

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Maremotos
Maremotos

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 Maremotos

También llamados Tsunamis. La palabra “tsunami” es de origen

japonés. tsu significa “puerto” y nami “ola”
Son fenómenos marítimos que se producen a lo largo de las costas.
Consisten en trenes de ondas de periodo largo que pueden alcanzar
alturas de 30 m.
La gran mayoría de maremotos son generados por levantamientos o
hundimientos de los fondos oceánicos causados por sismos de origen
tectónicos (90% de casos).

EFECTOS
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GENERACIÓN PROPAGACIÓN COSTEROS
Propagación

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Plan de Evacuación ante Tsunamis en las
Costas del Callao

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Gracias!