Session- 2019-20

COMPUTER SCIENCE
PROJECT ON
“Book shop Management”.
Submitted by-- Under supervision of--
Ankita Singh Mr. Praveen
12 B1 Agarwal
Class r.no.= 11
Board r.no=
 INDEX
S.no content
1. CERTIFICATE

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3. COMPUTER

4. C++

5. GENERATIONS OF
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

6. CODING

7. OUTPUT

8. BIBILIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE
This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine
investigation work has been carried out to investigate
about the subject matter and the related data collection
and investigation has been completed satisfactorily done
by, Ankita Singh ,a student of class 12 for the
academic session 2019-20, Regarding the computer
science project entitled “Book shop management”.
For computer science department under direct
supervision of the undersigned as per the requirement for
the board examination.
Internal Date External
Examiner Examiner
sign sign

_________ _________ ____________

ACKNOWLEDGEMEnT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my teacher Mr. .Praveen Agarwal as
well as our principal Mr. Kamal Kumar who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic “Book shop Management”,
which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and
I came to know about so many new things I am
really thankful to them. I would also like to thank
my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing
this project within the limited time. I am making this
project not only for marks but to also increase my
knowledge.
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO
HELPED ME!!!!!!!
 COMPUTER
A computer is a machine that can be instructed to
carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations
automatically via computer programming. Modern
computers have the ability to follow generalized sets of
operations, called programs. These programs enable
computers to perform an extremely wide range of tasks.
A "complete" computer including the hardware,
the operating system (main software),
and peripheral equipment required and used for "full"
operation can be referred to as a computer system. This
term may as well be used for a group of computers that
are connected and work together, in particular
a computer network or computer cluster.

Computers are
used as control systems for a wide variety
of industrial and consumer devices. This includes simple
special purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote
controls, factory devices such as industrial
robots and computer-aided design, and also general
purpose devices like personal computers and mobile
devices such as smartphones. The Internet is run on
computers and it connects hundreds of millions of other
computers and their users.

Early computers were

only conceived as calculating devices. Since ancient
times, simple manual devices like the abacus aided
people in doing calculations. Early in the Industrial
Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to
automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns
for looms. More sophisticated electrical machines did
specialized analog calculations in the early 20th
century. The first digital electronic calculating
machines were developed during World War
II. The first transistors in the late 1940s were
followed by the MOS transistor and integrated
circuit in the late 1950s, leading to
the microprocessor and the microcomputer revolution in
the 1970s. The speed, power and versatility of
computers have been increasing dramatically ever since
then, with MOS transistor counts increasing at a
rapid pace, as predicted by Moore's law.

Conventionally,
a modern computer consists of at least one processing
element, typically a central processing unit (CPU),
and some form of memory. The processing element
carries out arithmetic and logical operations, and a
sequencing and control unit can change the order of
operations in response to
stored information. Peripheral devices include input
devices (keyboards, mice, joystick, etc.), output devices
(monitor screens, printers, etc.), and input/output devices
that perform both functions (e.g., the 2000s-
era touchscreen). Peripheral devices allow information
to be retrieved from an external source and they enable
the result of operations to be saved and retrieved.

Charles Babbage, an
English mechanical engineer and polymath,
originated the concept of a programmable computer.
Considered the "father of the computer", he
[16]

conceptualized and invented the first mechanical

computer in the early 19th century. After working on
his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in
navigational calculations, in 1833 he realized that a
much more general design, an Analytical Engine,
was possible. The input of programs and data was to
be provided to the machine via punched cards, a
method being used at the time to direct
mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. For
output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter
and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch
numbers onto cards to be read in later. The Engine
incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the
form of conditional branching and loops, and
integrated memory, making it the first design for a
general-purpose computer that could be described in
modern terms as Turing-complete.

The machine was about

a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his
machine had to be made by hand – this was a major
problem for a device with thousands of parts.
Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision
of the British Government to cease funding.
Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine
can be chiefly attributed to political and financial
difficulties as well as his desire to develop an increasingly
sophisticated computer and to move ahead faster than
anyone else could follow. Nevertheless, his son,
Henry Babbage, completed a simplified version of
the analytical engine's computing unit (the mill) in
1888. He gave a successful demonstration of its use
in computing tables in 1906.
 C++
C++ is a general-purpose programming
language created by Bjarne Stroustrup as an
extension of the C programming language, or "C
with Classes". The language has expanded
significantly over time, and modern C++ has object-
oriented, generic, and functional features in addition to
facilities for low-level memory manipulation. It is
almost always implemented as a compiled language, and
many vendors provide C++ compilers, including
the Free Software
Foundation, LLVM, Microsoft, Intel, and IBM,
so it is available on many platforms.

C++ was designed

with a bias toward system programming and embedded,
resource-constrained software and large systems,
with performance, efficiency and flexibility of use as its
design highlights. C++ has also been found useful in
[7]

many other contexts, with key strengths being software

infrastructure and resource-constrained
applications, including desktop
[7]

applications, servers (e.g. e-commerce, Web

search or SQL servers), and performance-critical
applications (e.g. telephone switches or space probes).
C++ is standardized by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO), with the
latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in
December 2017 as ISO/IEC
14882:2017 (informally known as C++17). The [9]

C++ programming language was initially standardized

in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998, which was then
amended by
the C++03, C++11 and C++14 standards. The
current C++17 standard supersedes these with new
features and an enlarged standard library. Before the
initial standardization in 1998, C++ was developed by
Danish computer scientist Bjarne
Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979 as an
extension of the C language; he wanted an efficient
and flexible language similar to C that also
provided high-level features for program
organization. C++20 is the next planned standard,
[10]

keeping with the current trend of a new version every

three years. In 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, a
Danish computer scientist, began work on "C
with Classes", the predecessor to C++. The
[12]

motivation for creating a new language originated from

Stroustrup's experience in programming for his
PhD. thesis. Stroustrup found that Simula had
features that were very helpful for large software
development, but the language was too slow for practical
use, while BCPL was fast but too low-level to be suitable
for large software development. When Stroustrup
started working in AT&T Bell Labs, he had the
problem of analyzing the UNIX kernel with
respect to distributed computing. Remembering his
Ph.D. experience, Stroustrup set out to enhance
the C language with Simula-like features. C was
chosen because it was general-purpose, fast, portable and
widely used. As well as C and Simula's influences,
other languages also influenced C++,
including ALGOL68, Ada, CLU and

ML.Initially,
Stroustrup's "C with Classes" added features to the
C compiler, Cpre, including classes, derived
classes, strong typing, inlining and default arguments.
[

In 1983, "C with Classes" was renamed to "C++"

(++ being the increment operator in C), adding new
features that included virtual functions, function name
and operator overloading, references, constants, type-safe
free-store memory allocation (new/delete), improved type
checking, and BCPL style single-line comments
with two forward slashes (//). Furthermore, it
included the development of a standalone compiler for
C++, Cfront.
In 1985, the first edition of The C++
Programming Language was released, which became
the definitive reference for the language, as there was
not yet an official standard. The first commercial
implementation of C++ was released in October of the
same year.

In 1989, C++ 2.0 was released,

followed by the updated second edition of The C++
Programming Language in 1991. New features in
2.0 included multiple inheritance, abstract classes, static
member functions, const member functions, and protected
members. In 1990, The Annotated C++
Reference Manual was published. This work
became the basis for the future standard. Later feature
additions included templates, exceptions, namespaces,
new casts, and a boolean type.

After the 2.0

update, C++ evolved relatively slowly until, in 2011,
the C++11 standard was released, adding numerous
new features, enlarging the standard library further,
and providing more facilities to C++ programmers.
After a minor C++14 update released in December
2014, various new additions were introduced
in C++17, and further changes planned for 2020.
As of
2017, C++ remains the third most popular
programming language, behind Java and C.
On January 3, 2018, Stroustrup was announced
as the 2018 winner of the Charles Stark Draper
Prize for Engineering, "for conceptualizing and
developing the C++ programming language".
The C++ language has two main components: a
direct mapping of hardware features provided primarily
by the C subset, and zero-overhead abstractions based
on those mappings. Stroustrup describes C++ as "a
light-weight abstraction programming language
[designed] for building and using efficient and elegant
abstractions"; and "offering both hardware access and
abstraction is the basis of C++. Doing it efficiently is
what distinguishes it from other languages".
 Generations of
Programming
language
In general, a language is a communication medium
between two people. We often use English, German,
French, Hindi etc. etc. languages to share our
thoughts with each other. You might know that a
computer can do nothing automatically if we don’t give
proper instructions to it. So, to communicate with a
computer or to talk with a computer we also need a
language. So that we can tell a computer to play a
song, play a video, copy a file or something else. The
languages used to give such instructions to a computer are
referred as the programming language. There are
different generations of programming languages are
available. In total, there are 4 generations of
programming languages are available. Let’s discuss all
of these 4 generations of programming languages in
details.

FIRST GENERATION LANGUAGE

In the first-generation language, the instructions were

written in the form of binary i.e. 0 and 1. It is fairly
difficult to understand, write as well as modify. Because
how do you understand when an instruction is supposed
to be written like “00011100101010”. The whole
process of writing, updating codes are also time consuming
since it requires a lot of calculations to write anything in
the form of binary. The first generations of
programming languages are also known as machine
language or low-level language. The first generation
programming language doesn’t require any translator or
converter to run the codes by a machine. So, the codes
are very fast and efficient. But for each type of
processor, it requires its own type of language. This is the
reason that the first generation of programming languages
are also known as the machine dependent language.

SECOND GENERATION LANGUAGE

The instructions are written in the form of mnemonics in

the second-generation language to simplify the
program. It is also known as the assembly language.
To execute these instructions, all mnemonics are
converted into binary form with the help of a translator
known as the assembler. The program written using
mnemonics is called source program and the translated
binary form of the source program is called object
program.

American Standard Code for Information

Interchange (ASCII) is commonly used to
translate the source program into the object program.
The second generations of programming languages are
still used to write programs for electronic controls using
microprocessors like computerised copier machine,
computerised telephone billing etc.

THIRD GENERATION LANGUAGE

In the third generations of programming languages,

English language with symbols and digits were used to
write the programs.
The third-generation
programming languages are also known as high-level
languages. FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL,
PASCAL, PROLOG, C, C++ etc are the
commonly used high-level programming languages.
In order to execute the instructions or programs written
in third generation language, the source program is to be
translated to the binary form. This is done by a compiler
or interpreter. The compiler is also used to translate
source program to object program and the interpreter is
also used for translation but it translates the program line
by line.
For example, C language
uses a compiler to translate the programs written in C
language to machine understandable language. To
execute the source program, it is also necessary to create
an executable program to execute those instructions by
linking the input and output devices in the program. The
program which performs this job done is called linker.
The linker links the input-output devices and generates
an executable program from an object program.
FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAUGE

The fourth generations of programming languages

basically referred to the software packages which are
mostly written in one of the high-level languages like C,
C++, JAVA, Python for any specific application.
Here, a user can perform a task without writing any
programs. The user only has to enter the command
which calls the specific program that is available in the
package.
Oracle, SQL, MS
Word, PageMaker, AutoCAD etc are some of the
most commonly used fourth-generation packages. These
programs are specially developed for performing some
specific task and they are also referred as Application
Software. You can also make use of coding tests to
hire developers of the all the generations of programming
languages.
FIFTH GENERATION LANGUAGE

It is any programming language based on problem

solving using constraints given to the program, rather than
using an algorithm written by a programmer.

Most constraint-based and logic

programming languages and some other declarative
languages are fifth-generation languages. Vendors have
been known on occasion to advertise their languages as
5GL. Most of the time they actually
]

sell 4GLs with a higher level of automation

and knowledge base. Because the hype of the 1980s
faded away and the projects were eventually all dropped,
5GL awareness has also dropped; this has opened
doors to the vendors to re-use the term in marketing their
new tools, without causing much controversy among the
current generations of programmers.
BIBILIOGRAPHY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C
%2B%2B
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi
fth-
generation_programming_lang
uage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr
ogramming_language_generati
ons
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C
omputer