DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Dollo G, Estebe JP, LeCorre P, dkk. Endotracheal pipa cuffs filled with

lidocaine as a drug delivery system: in vitro dan in vivo investigations. Eur

J Pharm Scien 2001;13:319-323

2. Fagan C, Frizelle H, Laffey J, dkk. The effects of intracuff lidocaine on

endotracheal pipa-induced emergence phenomena after general anesthesia.

Anesth Analg 2000;91:201-5

3. Camporesi EM, Mortola JP, Sant’ambrogio F, dkk. Topical anesthesia of

tracheal receptors. J Appl Physiol 1979;47:1123-6.

4. Nishino T, Hiraga K, Sugimori K. Effects of intravena lignocaine on

airway reflexes elicited by irritation of the tracheal mucosa in humans

anesthetized with enflurane. Br J Anaesth 1990;64:682-7.

5. Prengel AW, Lindner KH, Hahnel JH, dkk. Pharmacokinetics and

technique of endotracheal and deep endotracheal lidocain administration.

Anesth Analg 1993;77:985-9.

6. Gonzalez RM, Bjerke RJ, Drobycki T, dkk. Prevention of endotracheal

pipa-induced coughing during emergence from general anesthesia. Anesth

Analg 1994;79:792-5.

7. Sconzo JM, Moscicki JC, DiFazio CA, dkk. In vitro diffusion of lidocain

across endotracheal pipa cuffs. Reg Anesth 1990;15:37-40.

8. Huang CJ, Tsai MC, Chen CT, dkk. In vitro diffusion of lidocaine across

endotracheal pipa cuffs. Can J Anesth 1999;46:82-86.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

9. Jaichandran VV, Angayarkanni N, Karunakaran C, dkk. Diffusion of

lidocaine buffered to an optimal pH across the endotracheal pipa cuff – an

in-vitro study. Ind J Anaesth 2008;52:536-40.

10. Iskadir T. Derajat nyeri tenggorok pasca intubasi pipa endotrakea:

Perbandingan antara inflasi cuff dengan lidokain 4% dengan NaCl 0,9%.

Karya ilmiah akhir, bagian anestesiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas

Diponegoro, Semarang 2004.

11. Sunaryo. Anestetik lokal. Dalam: Farmakologi dan Terapi. Edisi 4.

Jakarta: Bagian Farmakologi FKUI 1995:234-47.

12. Stoelting RK. Local anesthetics. In: Pharmacology and Physiology in

Anesthetic Practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers

1999:158-78.

13. Lukmanto H (Ed). Informasi akurat produk farmasi di Indonesia. Edisi 2.

Jakarta: CV. EGC Penerbit Buku Kedokteran 1986:844-7.

14. Bulut Y, Hirshman CA, Brown RH. Prevention of lidocaine aerosol-

induced bronchoconstriction with intravenous lidocaine. Anesthesiology

1996;85:853-9.

15. Kai T, Nishimura J, Kobayashi S, dkk. Effects of lidocaine on intracellular

Ca++ and tension in airway smooth muscle. Anesthesiology 1993;78:954-

65.

16. Veering BTh. Local anesthetics. In: Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia.

1st ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company 1996: 188-238.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

17. Covino BG, Kirby RR. Immediate reactions to local anesthetics. In:

Complications in Anesthesiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven

Publishers 1996:541-59.

18. Bishop D, Johnstone RE. Lidocaine toxicity treated with low-dose

propofol. Anesthesiology 1992; 78:788-9.

19. Schnider TW, Gaeta R, Brose W, dkk. Derivation and cross-validation of

pharmacokinetic parameters for computer-controlled infusion of lidocaine

in pain therapy. Anesthesiology 1996;84:1043-50.

20. Yokoyama M, Goto H, Ueda W, dkk. Modification of intravenous

lidocaine-induced convulsions by epinephrine in rats. Can J Anaesth

1993;40:251-6.

21. Johnstone RE, Wax MK, Bishop DJ, dkk. Large doses of topical lidocaine

during microvascular surgery are not associated with toxic blood

concentrations. Anesthesiology 1995;82:593-6.

22. Groeben H, Schwalen A, Irsfeld S, dkk. Intravenous lidocaine and

bupivacaine dose-dependently attenuate bronchial hyperreactivity in

awake volunteers. Anesthesiology 1996;84:533-9.

23. Black AM, Seegobin RD. Pressure in endotracheal pipa cuffs. Anesthesia

1981; 36:44-6.

24. Khine HH, Corddy DH, Kettrick RG, dkk. Comparison of cuffed and

uncuffed endotracheal pipas in young children during general anesthesia.

Anesthesiology 1997;86:627-31.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

25. Brimacombe J, Keller C, Giampalmo M, dkk. Direct measurement of

mucosal pressures exerted by cuff and non-cuff portions of tracheal pipas

with different cuff volumes and head and neck positions. Br J Anaesth

1999;82:708-11.

26. Larson CP. Airway management. In: Clinical Anesthesiology. 3rd ed. New

York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2002:59-85.

27. Stone DJ, Gal TJ. Airway management. In: Anesthesia 5th ed.

Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000: 1414-48.

28. Bunegin LBS, Albin MS, Smith RB. Canine tracheal blood flow after

endotracheal pipa cuff inflation during normotension and hypotension.

Anesth Analg 1993;76:1083-90.

29. Fujiwara M, Mizoguchi H, Kawamura J, dkk. A new endotracheal pipa

with a cuff impervious to nitrous oxide: Constancy of cuff pressure and

volume. Anesth Analg 1995;81:1084-6.

30. Combes X, Schauvliege F, Peyrouset O, dkk. Intracuff pressure and

tracheal morbidity influence of filling cuff with saline during nitrous oxide

anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2001;95:1120-4.

31. Hirota W, Kobayashi W, Igarashi K, dkk. Lidocaine added to a

tracheostomy pipa cuff reduces pipa discomfort. Can J Anesth

2000;47:412-4.

32. Lozano Z, Villasenor JAC, Reyes JR, dkk. Comparison of topical,

intravenous, dan intracuff lidocaine for reducing coughing after extubation

Universitas Sumatera Utara

 during emergence from general anesthesia. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim

2007;54(10):596-601.

33. Estebe JP, Dollo G, LeCorre P. Alkalinization of intracuff lidocaine

improves endotracheal pipa-induced emergence phenomena. Anesth Analg

2002;94:227-30.

34. Estebe JP, Delahaye S, LeCorre P. Alkalinization of intracuff lidocaine

and use of gel lubrication protect against tracheal pipa-induced emergence

phenomena. Br J Anaesth 2004;93(3):361-6.

35. Sutherland AD, Santamaria JD, Nana A. Patient comfort and plasma

lignocaine concentrations during fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Anaesth

Intensive Care 1985;13:370-4.

36. Efthimiou J, Higenbottam T, Holt D, Cochrane GM. Plasma

concentrations of lignocaine during fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Thorax

1982;37:68-71.

37. Bidwai AV, Bidwai VA, Rogers CR, Stanley TH. Blood-pressure and

pulse-rate responses to endotracheal extubation with and without prior

injection of lidocaine. Anesthesiology 1979;51:171-3.

38. Leech P, Barker J, Fitch W. Changes in intracranial pressure and systemic

arterial pressure during the termination of anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth

1974;46:315-6.

39. Steinhaus JE, Gaskin I. A study of intravenous lidocaine as a suppressant

of cough reflex. Anesthesiology 1963;24:285-90.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

40. Wetzel LE, Ancona AL, Cooper AS. The effectiveness of 4% intracuff

lidocaine in reducing coughing during emergence from general anesthesia

in smokers undergoing procedures lasting less than 1.5 hours. AANA J

2008;76(2):105-8.

41. Yukioka H, Yoshimoto N, Nishimura K. Intravenous lidocaine as a

suppressant of coughing during tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg

1985;64:1189-92.

Universitas Sumatera Utara