 Ratio:

The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the fraction and we write it as a : b.

In the ratio a : b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or consequent.

5
Eg. The ratio 5 : 9 represents with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9.
9

Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the same non-zero number does
not affect the ratio.

Eg. 4 : 5 = 8 : 10 = 12 : 15. Also, 4 : 6 = 2 : 3.

 Proportion:

The equality of two ratios is called proportion.

If a : b = c : d, we write a : b :: c : d and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion.

Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called mean terms.

Product of means = Product of extremes.

Thus, a : b :: c : d (b x c) = (a x d).

 Fourth Proportional:

If a : b = c : d, then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b, c.

Third Proportional:

a : b = c : d, then c is called the third proportion to a and b.

Mean Proportional:

Mean proportional between a and b is ab.

 Comparison of Ratios:

a c
We say that (a : b) > (c : d) > .
b d

Compounded Ratio:
The compounded ratio of the ratios: (a : b), (c : d), (e : f) is (ace : bdf).

 Duplicate Ratios:

Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a2 : b2).

Sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a : b).

Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a3 : b3).

Sub-triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a1/3 : b1/3).

a c a+b c+d
If = , then = . [componendo and dividendo]
b d a-b c-d

 Variations:

We say that x is directly proportional to y, if x = ky for some constant k and we write, x y.

We say that x is inversely proportional to y, if xy = k for some constant k and

1
we write, x .
y

1.
A and B together have Rs. 1210. If of A's amount is equal to of B's amount, how much
amount does B have?
A.Rs. 460 B. Rs. 484
C. Rs. 550 D.Rs. 664
Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

4 2
A= B
15 5
2 15
A= x
5 4 B
3
A= B
2
A 3
=
B 2
 A : B = 3 : 2.

2
B's share = Rs. 1210 x
= Rs. 484.
5
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2. Two numbers are respectively 20% and 50% more than a third number. The ratio of the two
numbers is:
A.2 : 5 B. 3 : 5
C. 4 : 5 D.6 : 7
Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Let the third number be x.

120x 6x
Then, first number = 120% of x = =
100 5
150x 3x
Second number = 150% of x = =
100 2
6x 3x
Ratio of first two numbers = : = 12x : 15x = 4 : 5.
5 2
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3. A sum of money is to be distributed among A, B, C, D in the proportion of 5 : 2 : 4 : 3. If C

gets Rs. 1000 more than D, what is B's share?
A.Rs. 500 B. Rs. 1500
C. Rs. 2000 D.None of these
Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Let the shares of A, B, C and D be Rs. 5x, Rs. 2x, Rs. 4x and Rs. 3x respectively.

Then, 4x - 3x = 1000

x = 1000.

B's share = Rs. 2x = Rs. (2 x 1000) = Rs. 2000.

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4. Seats for Mathematics, Physics and Biology in a school are in the ratio 5 : 7 : 8. There is a
proposal to increase these seats by 40%, 50% and 75% respectively. What will be the ratio of
increased seats?
A.2 : 3 : 4 B. 6 : 7 : 8
C. 6 : 8 : 9 D.None of these
Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

Originally, let the number of seats for Mathematics, Physics and Biology be 5x, 7x and 8x
respectively.

Number of increased seats are (140% of 5x), (150% of 7x) and (175% of 8x).

140 150 175

x 5x , x 7x and x 8x
100 100 100
21x
7x, and 14x.
2
21x
The required ratio = 7x : : 14x
2

14x : 21x : 28x

2 : 3 : 4.

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5. In a mixture 60 litres, the ratio of milk and water 2 : 1. If the this ratio is to be 1 : 2, then the
quanity of water to be further added is:
A.20 litres B. 30 litres
C. 40 litres D.60 litres
Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

2
Quantity of milk = 60 x
3 litres = 40 litres.

Quantity of water in it = (60- 40) litres = 20 litres.

 New ratio = 1 : 2

Let quantity of water to be added further be x litres.

40
Then, milk : water = .
20 + x
40 1
Now, =
20 + x 2

20 + x = 80

x = 60.

Quantity of water to be added = 60 litres

6. The ratio of the number of boys and girls in a college is 7 : 8. If the percentage increase in the
number of boys and girls be 20% and 10% respectively, what will be the new ratio?
A.8 : 9 B. 17 : 18
C. 21 : 22 D.Cannot be determined
Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Originally, let the number of boys and girls in the college be 7x and 8x respectively.

Their increased number is (120% of 7x) and (110% of 8x).

120 110
x 7x and x 8x
100 100
42x 44x
and
5 5
42x 44x
The required ratio = : = 21 : 22.
5 5
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7. Salaries of Ravi and Sumit are in the ratio 2 : 3. If the salary of each is increased by Rs. 4000,
the new ratio becomes 40 : 57. What is Sumit's salary?
A.Rs. 17,000 B. Rs. 20,000
C. Rs. 25,500 D.Rs. 38,000
Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D
 Explanation:

Let the original salaries of Ravi and Sumit be Rs. 2x and Rs. 3x respectively.

2x + 4000 40
Then, =
3x + 4000 57

57(2x + 4000) = 40(3x + 4000)

6x = 68,000

3x = 34,000

Sumit's present salary = (3x + 4000) = Rs.(34000 + 4000) = Rs. 38,000.

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8. If 0.75 : x :: 5 : 8, then x is equal to:

A.1.12 B. 1.2
C. 1.25 D.1.30
Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

6
(x x 5) = (0.75 x 8) x=
= 1.20
5
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9. The sum of three numbers is 98. If the ratio of the first to second is 2 :3 and that of the second
to the third is 5 : 8, then the second number is:
A.20 B. 30
C. 48 D.58
Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

Let the three parts be A, B, C. Then,

3 3 24
A : B = 2 : 3 and B : C = 5 : 8 = 5 x : 8x =3:
5 5 5
24
A:B:C=2:3: = 10 : 15 : 24
5
 15
B = 98 x= 30.
49
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10.
If Rs. 782 be divided into three parts, proportional to : : , then the first part is:
A.Rs. 182 B. Rs. 190
C. Rs. 196 D.Rs. 204
Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

Given ratio = : : = 6 : 8 : 9.

6
1st part = Rs. 782 x = Rs. 204
23
11. The salaries A, B, C are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5. If the increments of 15%, 10% and 20% are
allowed respectively in their salaries, then what will be new ratio of their salaries?
A.3 : 3 : 10 B. 10 : 11 : 20
C. 23 : 33 : 60 D.Cannot be determined
Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Let A = 2k, B = 3k and C = 5k.

115 115 23k

A's new salary = of 2k = x 2k =
100 100 10
110 110 33k
B's new salary = of 3k = x 3k =
100 100 10
120 120
C's new salary = of 5k = x 5k = 6k
100 100
23k 33k
New ratio : : 6k = 23 : 33 : 60
10 10
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12. If 40% of a number is equal to two-third of another number, what is the ratio of first number
to the second number?
A.2 : 5 B. 3 : 7
C. 5 : 3 D.7 : 3
Answer & Explanation
 Answer: Option C

Explanation:

2
Let 40% of A = B
3
40A 2B
Then, =
100 3
2A 2B
=
5 3
A 2 5 5
= x =
B 3 2 3

A : B = 5 : 3.

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13. The fourth proportional to 5, 8, 15 is:

A.18 B. 24
C. 19 D.20
Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

Let the fourth proportional to 5, 8, 15 be x.

Then, 5 : 8 : 15 : x

5x = (8 x 15)

(8 x 15)
x= = 24.
5
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14. Two number are in the ratio 3 : 5. If 9 is subtracted from each, the new numbers are in the
ratio 12 : 23. The smaller number is:
A.27 B. 33
C. 49 D.55
Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B
 Explanation:

Let the numbers be 3x and 5x.

3x - 9 12
Then, =
5x - 9 23

23(3x - 9) = 12(5x - 9)

9x = 99

x = 11.

The smaller number = (3 x 11) = 33.

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15. In a bag, there are coins of 25 p, 10 p and 5 p in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3. If there is Rs. 30 in all,
how many 5 p coins are there?
A.50 B. 100
C. 150 D.200
Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Let the number of 25 p, 10 p and 5 p coins be x, 2x, 3x respectively.

25x 10 x 2x 5 x 3x 60x
Then, sum of their values = Rs. + + = Rs.
100 100 100 100
60x 30 x 100
= 30 x= = 50.
100 60

Hence, the number of 5 p coins = (3 x 50) = 150.