Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ISSN: 2040-7467
© M axwell Scientific Organization, 2010
Submitted Date: May 03, 2010 Accepted Date: May 20, 2010 Published Date: August 01, 2010
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to conduct a descriptive survey to study the attitudes and perceptions
of Iranian farmers on the concep ts and thoug hts of sustainable ag riculture and identifying effective factors on
their attitude. T he target pop ulation of this study consisted of 7314 Behbahan farmers of Khuzestan province
of Iran. A sample consisting of 208 respondents was selected through Stratified Sampling. The instrument used
for assessing the attitude of respondents on the co ncepts of sustainable agriculture was a questionnaire by
reliability 0.78. Responses were grouped based on the differences in standard deviation of mean, which
revealed that 73.4% of respondents had moderate attitude towards concepts of sustainable agriculture. The
results of study showed that there is positive correlation between literacy, participation in extension courses,
off-farm income, farmer's knowledge about sustainable agriculture, level of use of sustainab le agriculture
methods, extension contac ts and job satisfaction and n egative correlation between age, experien ce in
agricultural activities, family size and agrarian land with attitude toward sustainable agriculture. According to
result of regression the ‘extension con tacts’, ‘Fa rmers knowledge abou t sustainable agriculture’, ‘Job
satisfaction’ and ‘literacy’ are effective factors on farmers attitude tow ard sustainable agriculture and explained
52.6% of this scale.
Corresponding Author: S. Abolghasem Sadati, Islamic Azad University, Hendijan Center, Iran
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 2(5): 422-427, 2010
practices such as judicious use of chemicals, integrated relationships betw een attitudes and behav iors: attitudes
pest man agem ent, adequate irrigation, and proper care of cause behaviors; behaviors cause attitudes; attitudes and
plant and animal health. Especially, the relationsh ip behavior have mutual causal impact; and attitudes and
between pest sellers and farmers behavior about the behaviors are slightly, if at all related (Bentler and
proper use of pesticides is very important. In a research Speck art, 1981).
conducted by Aktas (2001), the place of pest sellers in the
agricultural extension system was investigated and it was The objectives of the study were a s follows:
found that at the macro level there is a lack of law and C To describe the socio-economic characteristics;
regulations, which will direct the optimal use of chemicals C To measure the farmers attitude toward sustainable
and pesticides. Soil pollution in the locality is b asically agriculture, and
caused by improper use of farm machinery, improper use C To determine the extent to which selected socio-
of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, improper irrigation economic characteristics influence the importance the
and lack of modern irrigation systems such as trickle and farmers’ attitude to sustainable agriculture.
drip irrigation, deforestation, early and excessive gazing
of range lands, and farm land being used for housing and MATERIALS AND METHODS
industrialization purposes.
Attitudes are defined as a disposition to respond This research was done from M arch o f 2009 to
favorably or unfa vorably to an ob ject, person, institution November of 2009 in Behbahan County from Khuzestan
or event. An attitude is (a) directed tow ards an object, Province in Iran. The population of this study consisted of
person, institution, or event; (b) has evaluative, positive or 7314 farmers of Behbahan county of Khuzestan province
negative, elements; (c) is based on cognitive beliefs in Iran. 208 farmers were selected by Stratified Sampling.
towards the attitude-object (i.e., the balancing between The instrument was for data collection w as questionn aire
positive and negative attributes of an object leads to an that consists of two sections. Section one had 24
attitude); and (d) has consequences for behavior statem ents of the sustainable agriculture. Five point Likert
when confronted with the attitude object scale range d from 1 = strongly d isagree to 5 = strongly
(Bergevoet et al., 2004 ). agree. Meanwhile, some of the statements were designed
Attitude is determined by the beliefs that are salient negative. The highest possible value for the general
or important to a person. Attitudes are formed by what an perception in this sca le was 120 and the lowest 24. Higher
individual perceives to b e true about the attitude-object. values indicated positive attitude toward sustainable
This perception may or may not be based upon agriculture concepts. Section two con tained dem ographic
information and knowledge and/or an emotional reaction information, asking farmers' age, years of experience,
towards the object. Many beliefs and values may underpin level of education, literacy, agrarian land and etc.,
an attitude (Willock et al., 1999). Attitude simply refers Que stionnaire reliability was estimated by calculating
to ‘a person’s evaluation of any psyc hological ob ject’. Cronbach's alpha, which was 0.78. Group of respondents
These evaluation judgments are represented as items of for their attitude regarding sustainab le agriculture
knowledge, which are based on three general classes of concepts was used by the interval standard deviation from
i n f o rm a t i o n : cogn itiv e in fo rm atio n , e motional mean:
information, and information about past behaviors
(Allen et al., 2003). A = very low: Min # A< Mean-S t.d,
In fact attitude reflects personal factors. Attitude is a B = low: Mean-St.d # B<Mean,
predisposition to act in a certain way. It is the state of C = moderate: Mean # C<M ean+St.d,
readiness that influences a person to act in a given manner D = high: Mean+St.d #D# Max
(Rahman et al., 1999). Therefore, attitude surveys in
agriculture could lead to a more adequate explanation and Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for
prediction of farmers’ economic behavior and have been the Social Sciences (SPSS-11.5). Appropriate descriptive
used on conservation and environmentally related issues statistics such as frequencies, Percentage scores, mean
focusing on the influence of attitude variables as scores, standard deviations and correlation and multiple
predictors of conservation behavior (Dimara and regression were used to analyze the data.
Skuras, 1999). Dimara and Skuras (1999) concluded from
their research that a significant relationship was found Study area: Behbahan County with extent of 3516 Km 2
between behavior and the goals and intentions of farmers. has located in between longitude of 50°13! and 50°16! at
This relationship is even stronger when statements on East and in latitude of between 34°30! and 30°37! in
attitudes, social n orms and perceived b ehav ioral control North. This county is placed in sem iarid region in east
are included (Bergevoet et al., 2004). Investigators have southern of Khuzestan province of Iran and heig ht of it
taken four different positions concerning causal from sea surface is 300 m. Annual rainfall average of
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 2(5): 422-427, 2010
county is 354 mm , the minimum temp erature is -2.8ºC off-farm activities and 45% of farmers access to
and maximum temperature is 50.2ºC (Anon yms, 2009). agriculture credits for their activities. Only 30% of
Number of exploitable units of county is 7314 units that respo ndents participated in extension courses.
82% of them have a space under 10 ha (An onym s, 2006). The result of study showed that majority of farmers
have low and very low know ledge abou t sustainable
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION agriculture (52.4% ) and 5 3.8 of farmers have low and
very low level use of methods of sustainable agriculture.
The ages of the respon dents ranged from 22 to 81 and According to result of assessment of farmers’ job
the mean age was 44 (SD = 13 .56, N = 208). Majority satisfaction, 50.5% of farmers have low and very low
(56.7%, n =118) of respondent w ere 30 -54 years old. All level of this factor.
of the respondents in the study were male. The years of To group the respondents on their attitude towards
experience of respondents ranged from 3 to 50 and the concepts of sustainable agriculture, the interval of
mean of their ex perien ce w as 22 years. The educational standard deviation from mean was use d. Accord ing to
level of majorities (30%) of farmers was primary, average Table 1 attitudes of 45.7% (n = 95) of respondents on
number of family size of farmers wa s five people. The sustain able agriculture was at the low level. In addition,
average size of farm to each farmer was equal to 5.5 ha, 21.2% (n = 44) of respondents had high attitude and
average of irrigated land was 4.1, and 1.5 ha of their lands 18.7% of them (n = 39) had mod erate attitude and 14.4%
were dry lands. Average num ber of pieces for the farmers of them (n = 30) had very low attitude on the concepts of
under this study was 3.3 pieces. M ajority of farmers w ere sustainable ag riculture (Table 1).
landowner and dominant farming system was agronomy Table 2 shows the mean and standard deviations of
and animal husbandry in this region (45.2% ) and m ostly statem ents used to evaluate the attitude of farmers on
have alternative cropping and they used of labor for their sustainable agriculture.
agricultural activities. 43.3% of farmers in this study have
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Table 3: correlation between attitude toward sustainable agriculture and other variables
Farmers attitude to organic farming
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Variables Correlation p-value
Farmers age - 0.502 * * 0.000
Literacy 0.529 * * 0.000
**
Family size - 0.434 0.000
Experience in agriculture activities - 0.477 * * 0.000
participation in extension courses 0.506 * * 0.000
**
agrarian land - 0.245 0.000
Off -farm income 0.265 * * 0.000
Farm ers kno wled ge ab out su stainable a griculture 0.587 * * 0.000
Level of use of sustainable agriculture methods 0.448 * * 0.000
**
Ex tensio n co ntac ts 0.611 0.000
Job satisfaction 0.181 * * 0.009
Correlation analysis of attitude toward sustainable influence on farmers’ attitude. These variables together
agriculture with some variables: Pearson correlation explained 52.6% of the variance of effective factors on
was used to test the relationship betw een farme r’s attitude farmers attitude toward sustainable agriculture in the
and other variables. According to Tab le 3 there are region selected for the study.
negative correlation between ag e, experience in The variable that entered the regression model first
agricultural activities, family size and agrarian land with was ‘extension co ntacts’ considered alone; this variable
attitude toward sustainable agriculture. In addition, there explained 37.3% of the variance for farmers’ attitude. The
are positive significant relation ships betw een attitudes second variable that entered into model was ‘Farme rs
toward sustainable agriculture with variables such as: knowledge about sustainable agriculture’ and explained
literacy, participation in extension courses, off-farm 6.2% of the variance. The third was ‘Job satisfaction’ and
income, and farmers’ knowledge abou t sustainable explained 7.6% of the variable alone and finally the
agriculture, level of use of sustainable agriculture forth variable was ‘literacy’ that explained 1.5% of the
methods, extension contacts and job satisfaction. Other scale.
variables did not show any significant correlation with the
main scale of this research. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Identifying the effective factors on attitude toward The subject of sustainable agriculture and n ecessity
sustainable agriculture: Table 4 presents the selected of chan ges in the activities of ag riculture sector in a
variables influence on the attitude toward sustainab le direction that would fit sustainable development is an
agriculture. This objective was accomplished using issue recently raised in our country and man y scien tific
multiple regression analysis. Among 11 variables that groups have show n interest to it. Sustainable agriculture,
entered into model, only 4 variables had significant as a system for producing foods and fibers, is more
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 2(5): 422-427, 2010
knowledge - intensiv e than input intensive and needs pressure on natural recourse and inc rease farmers
knowledge, managem ent and skills (Cho and income in other hand;
Boland, 2004). To transfer this knowledge, skills and C Access to more rural infrastructural and credits can
management to farmers, it is necessary to generate increased job satisfaction between farmers.
desirable chan ges in the attitudes of farmers as first step;
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